digital meters - power quality monitoring and analysis
DESCRIPTION
Digital Meters - Power Quality Monitoring and Analysis. John Levine Mar 21, 2006. Contents. Effects of power quality Power Quality definitions revisited What is needed for PQ monitoring ? GE Multilin’s solution PQMII EPM9000 series Summary. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Digital Meters - Power Quality Monitoring and Analysis](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56816065550346895dcf908d/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
1GE Consumer & Industrial
MultilinApr 22, 2023
Digital Meters - Power Quality Monitoring and AnalysisJohn LevineMar 21, 2006
![Page 2: Digital Meters - Power Quality Monitoring and Analysis](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56816065550346895dcf908d/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
2GE Consumer & Industrial
MultilinApr 22, 2023
Contents
• Effects of power quality • Power Quality definitions revisited• What is needed for PQ monitoring ?• GE Multilin’s solution
o PQMIIo EPM9000 series
• Summary
Monitor and Analyze Power Disturbances, Disruptions & Harmonics
![Page 3: Digital Meters - Power Quality Monitoring and Analysis](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56816065550346895dcf908d/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
3GE Consumer & Industrial
MultilinApr 22, 2023
PQ is a Business ProblemPower Quality issues cause business problems such as:• Lost productivity, idle people and equipment• Lost orders, good will, customers and profits• Lost transactions and orders not being
processed• Revenue and accounting problems • Customer and/or management
dissatisfaction• Overtime required to make up for lost work
timeAccording to Electric Light and Power Magazine, 30 to 40 Percent of All Business Downtime Is Related to Power Quality Problems.
![Page 4: Digital Meters - Power Quality Monitoring and Analysis](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56816065550346895dcf908d/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
4GE Consumer & Industrial
MultilinApr 22, 2023
Is Power Quality Such a Big Problem?
![Page 5: Digital Meters - Power Quality Monitoring and Analysis](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56816065550346895dcf908d/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
5GE Consumer & Industrial
MultilinApr 22, 2023
Why PQ is such a Big Problem?
• The sensitivity of today’s electronic equipment makes it susceptible to power disturbances
• For some devices, a momentary disturbance can cause
o scrambled datao interrupted communicationso a frozen mouse o system crashes and equipment failure
![Page 6: Digital Meters - Power Quality Monitoring and Analysis](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56816065550346895dcf908d/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
6GE Consumer & Industrial
MultilinApr 22, 2023
PQ Problems are Expensive• Berkeley Lab Study Estimates $80 Billion
Annual Cost of Power Interruptions … Research News, Berkeley Lab, February 2, 2005
• $50 billon per year in the USA is lost as a results of power quality breakdowns …. Bank of America Report
• A manufacturing company lost more than $3 million one day last summer in Silicon Valley when the “lights went out.” … New York Times January 2000
• “A voltage sag in a paper mill can waste a whole day of production - $250,000 loss” … Business Week, June 17,, 1996
• Half of all computer problems and one-third of all data loss can be traced back to the power line … Contingency Planning Research, LAN Times
![Page 7: Digital Meters - Power Quality Monitoring and Analysis](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56816065550346895dcf908d/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
7GE Consumer & Industrial
MultilinApr 22, 2023
Who is Affected?
• Lost production• Scrap• Costs to restart• Labor costs• Equipment damage and repair• Other costs
• High Cost Facilitieso Semiconductor plantso Pharmaceuticalso Data centers
• Medium Cost FacilitiesoAutomotive manufacturingoGlass plantsoPlastics & ChemicalsoTextiles
![Page 8: Digital Meters - Power Quality Monitoring and Analysis](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56816065550346895dcf908d/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
8GE Consumer & Industrial
MultilinApr 22, 2023
PQ Definitions RevisitedIEEE CategoriesStd 1159-1995
Short Duration Variations
Typical Duration
Instantaneous Sag 0.5 – 30 cyclesMomentary Sag 30 cycles – 3
secTemporary Sag 3 sec – 1 min
![Page 9: Digital Meters - Power Quality Monitoring and Analysis](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56816065550346895dcf908d/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
9GE Consumer & Industrial
MultilinApr 22, 2023
PQ Definitions RevisitedIEEE CategoriesStd 1159-1995
Short Duration Variations
Typical Duration
Instantaneous Sag 0.5 – 30 cyclesMomentary Sag 30 cycles – 3
sec.Temporary Sag 3 sec – 1 min.Instantaneous Swell 0.5 – 30 cyclesMomentary Swell 30 cycles – 3
sec.Temporary Swell 3 sec – 1 min.
![Page 10: Digital Meters - Power Quality Monitoring and Analysis](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56816065550346895dcf908d/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
10GE Consumer & Industrial
MultilinApr 22, 2023
PQ Definitions RevisitedIEEE CategoriesStd 1159-1995
Short Duration Variations
Typical Duration
Instantaneous Sag 0.5 – 30 cyclesMomentary Sag 30 cycles – 3
sec.Temporary Sag 3 sec – 1 min.Instantaneous Swell 0.5 – 30 cyclesMomentary Swell 30 cycles – 3
sec.Temporary Swell 3 sec – 1 min.Momentary Interruptions
0.5 – 30 cycles
Temporary Interruptions
30 cycles – 3 sec.
![Page 11: Digital Meters - Power Quality Monitoring and Analysis](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56816065550346895dcf908d/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
11GE Consumer & Industrial
MultilinApr 22, 2023
PQ Definitions RevisitedIEEE CategoriesStd 1159-1995
Long Duration Variations
Typical Duration
Sustained interruptions
> 1 min
Under voltages > 1 minOver voltages > 1 min
![Page 12: Digital Meters - Power Quality Monitoring and Analysis](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56816065550346895dcf908d/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
12GE Consumer & Industrial
MultilinApr 22, 2023
PQ Definitions RevisitedIEEE CategoriesStd 1159-1995
Long Duration Variations
Typical Duration
Sustained interruptions
> 1 min
Under voltages > 1 minOver voltages > 1 minVoltage imbalance Steady stateWaveform Distortion
![Page 13: Digital Meters - Power Quality Monitoring and Analysis](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56816065550346895dcf908d/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
13GE Consumer & Industrial
MultilinApr 22, 2023
PQ Definitions RevisitedIEEE CategoriesStd 1159-1995
Long Duration Variations
Typical Duration
Sustained interruptions
> 1 min
Under voltages > 1 minOver voltages > 1 minVoltage imbalance Steady stateWaveform DistortionDC offset Steady stateHarmonics Steady stateInter harmonics Steady state
For Electric Utilities Control of Voltage and Prevention of Outages is Power Quality
![Page 14: Digital Meters - Power Quality Monitoring and Analysis](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56816065550346895dcf908d/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
14GE Consumer & Industrial
MultilinApr 22, 2023
Sources of PQ ProblemsUtility Sources• Lightning• PF Correction Equipment• Faults• Switching
Internal Sources•Individual Loads –Lighting, Elevators,
Coolers, HVAC•Uninterruptible Power Supplies •Variable Frequency Drives •Battery Chargers •Large Motors During Startup •Electronic Dimming Systems •Lighting Ballasts (esp. Electronic) •Arc Welders, and Other Arc Devices •Medical Equipment, e.g. MRIs and X-Ray
Machines •Office Equipment and Computers•Wiring
![Page 15: Digital Meters - Power Quality Monitoring and Analysis](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56816065550346895dcf908d/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
15GE Consumer & Industrial
MultilinApr 22, 2023
PQ Problems and Possible CausesTypical problems Disturbance Type Possible Causes
Overheated neutralIntermittent lock-upsFrequency deviations
Steady-state Shared neutralsImproper or inadequate wiringHigh source impedanceSCR/Rectifiers and notchingHarmonics
![Page 16: Digital Meters - Power Quality Monitoring and Analysis](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56816065550346895dcf908d/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
16GE Consumer & Industrial
MultilinApr 22, 2023
PQ Problems and Possible CausesTypical problems Disturbance Type Possible Causes
Overheated neutralIntermittent lock-upsFrequency deviations
Steady-state Shared neutralsImproper or inadequate wiringHigh source impedanceSCR/Rectifiers and notchingHarmonics
InterruptionGarbled dataRandom increase in harmonics levels
Utility faultsInrush currentsInadequate wiring
![Page 17: Digital Meters - Power Quality Monitoring and Analysis](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56816065550346895dcf908d/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
17GE Consumer & Industrial
MultilinApr 22, 2023
PQ Problems and Possible CausesTypical problems Disturbance Type Possible Causes
Overheated neutralIntermittent lock-upsFrequency deviations
Steady-state Shared neutralsImproper or inadequate wiringHigh source impedanceSCR/Rectifiers and notchingHarmonics
InterruptionGarbled dataRandom increase in harmonics levels
Utility faultsInrush currentsInadequate wiring
Intermittent lock-upsLights flickerGarbled data
Sags/Swell Source voltage variationsInrush/surge currentsInadequate wiring
![Page 18: Digital Meters - Power Quality Monitoring and Analysis](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56816065550346895dcf908d/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
18GE Consumer & Industrial
MultilinApr 22, 2023
PQ Problems and Possible CausesTypical problems Disturbance Type Possible Causes
Overheated neutralIntermittent lock-upsFrequency deviations
Steady-state Shared neutralsImproper or inadequate wiringHigh source impedanceSCR/Rectifiers and notchingHarmonics
InterruptionGarbled dataRandom increase in harmonics levels
Utility faultsInrush currentsInadequate wiring
Intermittent lock-upsLights flickerGarbled data
Sags/Swell Source voltage variationsInrush/surge currentsInadequate wiring
Component failureDielectric breakdownLock-upsGarbled dataWavy CRTs
ImpulsesEMI/RFI
LightningLoad switchingCapacitor switchingStatic dischargeHand-held radiosLoose wiring/arcing
![Page 19: Digital Meters - Power Quality Monitoring and Analysis](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56816065550346895dcf908d/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
19GE Consumer & Industrial
MultilinApr 22, 2023
PQ Problems and Possible CausesTypical problems Disturbance Type Possible Causes
Overheated neutralIntermittent lock-upsFrequency deviations
Steady-state Shared neutralsImproper or inadequate wiringHigh source impedanceSCR/Rectifiers and notchingHarmonics
InterruptionGarbled dataRandom increase in harmonics levels
Utility faultsInrush currentsInadequate wiring
Intermittent lock-upsLights flickerGarbled data
Sags/Swell Source voltage variationsInrush/surge currentsInadequate wiring
Component failureDielectric breakdownLock-upsGarbled dataWavy CRTs
ImpulsesEMI/RFI
LightningLoad switchingCapacitor switchingStatic dischargeHand-held radiosLoose wiring/arcing
Overheated transformers and motorsVoltage and current distortionsGarbled dataLock-ups
Harmonics Electronic loadsSCR/rectifier
![Page 20: Digital Meters - Power Quality Monitoring and Analysis](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56816065550346895dcf908d/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
20GE Consumer & Industrial
MultilinApr 22, 2023
Major PQ Problems
Source: EPRI, 1994
Spikes, 7%
Sags, 56%
Outages, 6%
Swells, 31%
Sags (Dips)Associated with system faults
Switching of heavy loadsStarting of large motors
SwellsSystem fault conditions
Switching on a large capacitor bankSwitching off a large load
![Page 21: Digital Meters - Power Quality Monitoring and Analysis](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56816065550346895dcf908d/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
21GE Consumer & Industrial
MultilinApr 22, 2023
Cost of Voltage Sags
Textile Industry
Plastics Industry
Glass Industry
Process Industry
Semiconductors
$1k $10k
$100k $1M $10M
Losses per Voltage Sag Event
Source: EPRI “The Economics of Custom Power”, IEEE T&D Show 2003
![Page 22: Digital Meters - Power Quality Monitoring and Analysis](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56816065550346895dcf908d/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
22GE Consumer & Industrial
MultilinApr 22, 2023
Cost of Momentary Outages
Momentary Outages create problems when computers and clocks reset, equipment stalls, and work stops.
Category Minimum MaximumIndustrialSemiconductor Manufacturing $20.0 $60.0Electronics $8.0 $12.0Automobile Manufacturing $5.0 $7.5Pharmaceutical $5.0 $50.0Glass $4.0 $6.0Rubber and Plastics $3.0 $4.5Petrochemical $3.0 $5.0Food Processing $3.0 $5.0Textile $2.0 $4.0Metal Fabrication $2.0 $4.0Mining $2.0 $4.0Paper $1.5 $2.5Printing(Newspapers) $1.0 $2.0CommercialHospitals, banks, civil service $2.0 $3.0Communications, information processing $1.0 $10.0Resturants, bars, hotels $0.5 $1.0Commercial shops $0.1 $0.5Source: EPRI “The Economics of Custom Power”, IEEE T&D 2003
Cost of Momentary Interuption($/kW Demand)
![Page 23: Digital Meters - Power Quality Monitoring and Analysis](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56816065550346895dcf908d/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
23GE Consumer & Industrial
MultilinApr 22, 2023
High Speed Waveform Capture
High Speed Waveform Capture Is the Most Important PQ Troubleshooting Tool
![Page 24: Digital Meters - Power Quality Monitoring and Analysis](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56816065550346895dcf908d/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
24GE Consumer & Industrial
MultilinApr 22, 2023
Benefits of Continuous PQ Monitoring
Continuous PQ Monitoring Detects, Records, and Leads to the Prevention of PQ Problems
• Power Quality monitoring provides a continuous “Health Check” of a facility’s power system … for example:
o Harmonic interaction between loads and power conditioning equipment spotted
o High Inrush currents from equipment startup detected
o Transients from load switching are seen• It provides data to see, diagnose and
avert looming problems – “like squeaky brakes on a car”
o Trends can be detectedo JIT equipment maintenance
programs can be established• It acts like a “Black Box” on an airplane to
tell you what, when, and where a Power Quality event occurred … to prevent it from reoccurring
![Page 25: Digital Meters - Power Quality Monitoring and Analysis](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56816065550346895dcf908d/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
25GE Consumer & Industrial
MultilinApr 22, 2023
What is needed for PQ Monitoring?PQ Monitors must detect and record the 7 types of PQ problems
•Transients•Interruptions•Sag/Under Voltage•Swell/Over Voltage•Waveform Distortion•Voltage Fluctuations•Frequency Variations
These include Flicker and Compliance to ITI(CBEMA), IEEE and ISO Standards
Plus they must …
• Be easy to use• Be Suitable for continuously
monitoring indoors and outdoors
• Interface with standard PQ analysis Software…PQDif format
• Be fast enough to capture high speed events that produce equipment problems
• Have enough storage to save the waveforms you need
• Have PQ analysis tools that produce usable, actionable recommendations
ITI: Information Technology Industry Council (Computer & Business Equipment Manufacturer’s Association)
![Page 26: Digital Meters - Power Quality Monitoring and Analysis](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56816065550346895dcf908d/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
26GE Consumer & Industrial
MultilinApr 22, 2023
Real Time Field Recorded Events
Source: AGA BrazilMeter: EPM9650
Period: Jan 2005 – Dec 2005
Continuous Monitoring of the Station for PQ Problems
![Page 27: Digital Meters - Power Quality Monitoring and Analysis](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56816065550346895dcf908d/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
27GE Consumer & Industrial
MultilinApr 22, 2023
PQ Meter ITI Capture
Equipment Interrupting Voltage Sags as Recorded
Damage Inducing Voltage Surges as Recorded
ITI Acceptable Power Disturbance Envelope
ITI: Information Technology Industry Council (Computer & Business Equipment Manufacturer’s Association)
![Page 28: Digital Meters - Power Quality Monitoring and Analysis](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56816065550346895dcf908d/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
28GE Consumer & Industrial
MultilinApr 22, 2023
Instantaneous Sag Event
![Page 29: Digital Meters - Power Quality Monitoring and Analysis](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56816065550346895dcf908d/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
29GE Consumer & Industrial
MultilinApr 22, 2023
Instantaneous Swell Event
![Page 30: Digital Meters - Power Quality Monitoring and Analysis](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56816065550346895dcf908d/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
30GE Consumer & Industrial
MultilinApr 22, 2023
Harmonic & Interharmonic Spectrum
![Page 31: Digital Meters - Power Quality Monitoring and Analysis](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56816065550346895dcf908d/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
31GE Consumer & Industrial
MultilinApr 22, 2023
Flicker Recording
![Page 32: Digital Meters - Power Quality Monitoring and Analysis](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56816065550346895dcf908d/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
32GE Consumer & Industrial
MultilinApr 22, 2023
Flicker Recording
![Page 33: Digital Meters - Power Quality Monitoring and Analysis](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56816065550346895dcf908d/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
33GE Consumer & Industrial
MultilinApr 22, 2023
SummaryGE Multilin provides the necessary tools for a successful PQ disturbance analysis and allows users to take remedial actions
Accurate Measurement to determine actual
stateExaminations
Remedial actionsRemedy
Feels the pulse of the power system network
Symptoms
High resolution recordings for longer
durationsGE Communicator
software
Diagnosis
![Page 34: Digital Meters - Power Quality Monitoring and Analysis](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56816065550346895dcf908d/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
34GE Consumer & Industrial
MultilinApr 22, 2023
Finally…
If You Can’t Measure it You Can’t Manage it
If You Can Measure it You Can Manage it