digital imaging lesson plan - montana state...

DigitalImages: From Yohkoh to the Internet A printable version of this lesson canbe found here

Overview:Written as a lesson plan for teachers, students completing this activitywill learn aboutdigital images and how satellites orbiting Earth sendinformation and pictures to us over theInternet.

Learning Objectives:

By completing these activities over a one week period, the learner will:

use a digital camera or scanner to put pictures on a computer or WWWhomepage●

observe magnified digital images●

use graph paper to create digital information●

create an information transfer protocol and file compression strategy●

design encrypted messages or pictures●

decode a satellite image from space as a team●

discuss ways to improve digital image resolution and information exchange●

Materials Needed:

digital camera or Scanner and attached computer●

rectangular graph paper and colored markers or crayons●

An encrypted digital image of Sun in X-Rays from the Yohkoh satellite●

Hand Out for Team 1, Hand Out for Team2, Hand Out for Team 3, Hand Out for Team4 (print asportrait)

●

OPTIONAL: spreadsheet program, image processing software,WWW access●

Outline of the ActivityDay One : Anticipatory Set●

Day Two: Exploration●

Day Three: Concept Introduction●

Day Four: Concept Application●

Extension Activities●

Data Pages●

Digital Imaging Lesson Plan

http://solar.physics.montana.edu/YPOP/Classroom/Lessons/Pixels/ (1 of 2) [5/24/1999 2:58:01 PM]

Backto the Classroom or On to the Lesson

Lesson designed by the YPOPTeam

For questions about this lesson, please contactTim Slater


http://solar.physics.montana.edu/YPOP/Classroom/Lessons/Pixels/ (2 of 2) [5/24/1999 2:58:01 PM]

mailto:[email protected]

Digital Images: From Yohkoh to the Internet A printable version of this lesson can be found here

Overview: Written as a lesson plan for teachers, students completing this activity will learn aboutdigital images and how satellites orbiting Earth send information and pictures to us over the

Internet.

Learning Objectives:

By completing these activities over a one week period, the learner will:

use a digital camera or scanner to put pictures on a computer or WWW homepage●

observe magnified digital images●

use graph paper to create digital information●

create an information transfer protocol and file compression strategy●

design encrypted messages or pictures●

decode a satellite image from space as a team●

discuss ways to improve digital image resolution and information exchange●

Materials Needed:

digital camera or Scanner and attached computer●

rectangular graph paper and colored markers or crayons●

An encrypted digital image of Sun in X-Rays from the Yohkoh satellite●

Hand Out for Team 1, Hand Out for Team 2, Hand Out for Team 3, Hand Out for Team 4 (print asportrait)

●

OPTIONAL: spreadsheet program, image processing software, WWW access●

Anticipatory Set (Day One):

Take pictures of students or your school and observe them on the computer (use either a digital camera orscan images taken with a conventional camera). Ask students how the picture or information to make thepicture got inside the computer. Students should be shown other electronic pictures, such as daily weathersatellite images. Tell students that the class is going to learn how electronic information is transferred overthe Internet and displayed on computers.


http://solar.physics.montana.edu/YPOP/Classroom/Lessons/Pixels/pixelprt.html (1 of 9) [5/24/1999 2:58:08 PM]

http://www.weather.com/custom-images/anim/ussat_450x284.gif


Show students magnified images of their pictures on the computer. Extreme magnification will show thatan electronic picture is composed of little squares, called picture elements or pixels. Ask students toexamine the image and count the number of pixels wide various features are. For example, how manypixels wide is your face, your nose, your chair, etc.

Exploration (Day Two):

Direct students to create an image of their name by blacking-out individual squares on rectangular graphpaper. There should be no shading or "half-squares" colored in. First color in the squares; second, addnumbers to identify colors. Provide students an example, such as the one shown below.

Two Color Image ( 0 = White; 1 = Black)

1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0

1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0

1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0

1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0

1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0

1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0

1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0

1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0

1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0

1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1

(rows are horizontal and columns are vertical)



Concept Introduction (Day 3):

Computers often record and transfer information using a series of ones (1) and zeros (0). This is called a"binary system." In the images that students created, a computer would often record each box or PICTUREELEMENT (pixel) as being a zero for white and a one for black.

1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1

0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1

0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1

0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1

Ask students to create a "mystery word" or "mystery picture" on graph paper and "tell" fellow studenthow to recreate exactly the same WITHOUT showing students the picture. Call white squares zero and black squaresone. Suggest to students that they start in the upper left hand corner of the paper and read numbers (one and zeros) all of theway across the page to the end of the line, then, go back to the left side and read the second row.

Students should pay attention to, and create if possible, ways to speed up the process of telling someonehow to create the picture. Speeding up this process is called FILE COMPRESSION.

Concept Application (Day 4):

Satellites send images from space to Earth by radio waves using a series of ones and zeros. In this activitystudents will decode an actual image from the Yohkoh satellite. The process of sending data from atelescope to the Internet is called TELEMETRY.

Four Color Key

Zero = white One = light gray pencil

Two = dark gray pencil Three =black marker

Divide students into four or eight NASA imaging teams. Each teamneeds one of four attached data sheets, a sheet of graph paper, a blackmarker, and a pencil. IMPORTANT: Students should read acrossrows, one row at a time. Encourage students to figure out ways tomake the process go faster, but keep in mind it is very important to beas accurate as possible.



Team Two Team One

TeamThree

Team Four

Overlay the teams' images as at right with no gaps in the data. These four quadrantsshould combine to create an actual image of our Sun taken by the X-Ray telescopeon board the NASA and Japanese Yohkoh satellite. The black spots show the mostactive regions of our Sun that generate X-Rays. These energetic regions are placeswhere sunspots can often be observed. Additionally, these areas are high energy regions that releaseparticles that can be observed on Earth as the Northern Lights.

Lesson Debriefing:

Digital images are recorded and transferred as pixels. The more pixels that are used, the better or moreclear the image is (this is often referred to as RESOLUTION). However, the more pixels that are used tocreate an image, the more memory is required. Many images found on the Internet are 256 pixels long by256 pixels wide.

How many pixels in a 256 by256 image?

256 * 256 = 65,536 pixels

Many satellite images are 512pixels long by 512 pixels wide.How many pixels is that?

512 * 512 = 262,144

How long would it take you toread that many data points overthe telephone?

262,144 seconds is morethan 3 days working 24hours a day non-stop

This is one reason that scientists must work in teams - to split up the work so the final product can befinished faster.

NASA scientists are always trying to figure out ways to increase the speed at which digital informationcan be converted into pictures. Hopefully, your students were able to come up with strategies to increasethe speed of the process - have your students share these DATA COMPRESSION ROUTINES. For example,students can say the next 20 pixels are all white instead of saying "white" twenty times. Be creative!

Extensions and Investigations:

Investigate the software program that came with your scanner and/or digital camera. These programs willoften let you INVERT pixels, change the number of colors allowed, and even MORPH pictures to changetheir shape. These are powerful programs that might already be on your computer.

Any digital image from the Internet, scanner, or camera can be converted to a GRID of pixels. (Beforeyou begin, use a graphic converter program (such as GraphicConverter for MAC or PaintShopPro for PC)



to convert the image to PICT or TIF format if necessary.) Open the file using an image processingprogram (NIH Image for MAC or Scion ImagePC for PC) and EXPORT the file as TEXT. Then, the filecan be opened in a spreadsheet program such as MS EXCEL.

1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0

1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1

1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1

1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1

1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1

1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1

1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1

Alternatively, any grid of numbers can be drawn in MS EXCEL by plotting a 3-D surface plot or bysaving the data as TEXT and IMPORTing the data into your image processing program.

Attached: Four Parts of the SXT Imaging Team Pixel Map

Hand Out for Team 1, Hand Out for Team 2, Hand Out for Team 3, Hand Out for Team 4 (print as portrait)

SXT Imaging Team 01

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 2 2 1 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 2 2 0 0 0 0



0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 2 2 1 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 2 0 0 0 0

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 1 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 2 2 1 1 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 3 2 2 2 2 3 3 2 2 2 2

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 3 3 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 2

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 1

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 1

SXT Imaging Team 02

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0



0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 0

0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 0

0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 0

0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 0

0 0 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 2 2 2 0 0 0

0 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 0 0

1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 0 0 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 2 2 1 0 0

0 0 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2

0 0 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 2

0 0 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 2 2

SXT Imaging Team 03

0 0 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

0 1 0 0 1 2 2 2 3 2 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1

0 0 0 0 1 2 2 3 3 2 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 2 1 1 1 1 1

0 0 0 1 1 1 2 3 3 3 2 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 1

0 0 0 1 1 1 2 2 3 3 2 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2

0 0 0 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1

0 0 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0



0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

SXT Imaging Team 04

1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 1 0 1 2 2 1 1

2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 1 0

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 1 0

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 1 1 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 1 1 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 0 1 1 1 0 0 0

0 1 0 0 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 1 1 1 0 0 0 0

1 0 0 0 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0

1 1 0 1 3 3 2 2 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0

1 1 1 2 3 2 2 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

1 1 2 2 3 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

1 1 2 2 2 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

1 1 2 2 2 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

1 1 1 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0



0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Lesson designed by the YPOP Team

For questions about this lesson, please contact Tim Slater




SXT Imaging Team 01

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 2 2 1 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 2 2 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 2 2 1 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 2 0 0 0 0

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 1 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 2 2 1 1 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 3 2 2 2 2 3 3 2 2 2 2

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 3 3 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 2

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 1

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 1


http://solar.physics.montana.edu/YPOP/Classroom/Lessons/Pixels/p_data1.html [5/24/1999 2:58:10 PM]

SXT Imaging Team 02

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 0

0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 0

0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 0

0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 0

0 0 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 2 2 2 0 0 0

0 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 0 0

1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 0 0 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 2 2 1 0 0

0 0 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2

0 0 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 2

0 0 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 2 2



SXT Imaging Team 03

0 0 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

0 1 0 0 1 2 2 2 3 2 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1

0 0 0 0 1 2 2 3 3 2 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 2 1 1 1 1 1

0 0 0 1 1 1 2 3 3 3 2 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 1

0 0 0 1 1 1 2 2 3 3 2 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2

0 0 0 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1

0 0 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0



SXT Imaging Team 04

1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 1 0 1 2 2 1 1

2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 1 0

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 1 0

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 1 1 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 1 1 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 0 1 1 1 0 0 0

0 1 0 0 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 1 1 1 0 0 0 0

1 0 0 0 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0

1 1 0 1 3 3 2 2 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0

1 1 1 2 3 2 2 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

1 1 2 2 3 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

1 1 2 2 2 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

1 1 2 2 2 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

1 1 1 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0



Learning about Digital Pictures

Anticipatory Set (Day One):

Take pictures of students or your school and observe them on the computer (use either a digital camera orscan images taken with a conventional camera). Ask students how the picture or information to make thepicture got inside the computer. Students should be shown other electronic pictures, such as daily weathersatellite images. Tell students that the class is going to learn how electronic information is transferred overthe Internet and displayed on computers.

Show students magnified images of their pictures on the computer. Extreme magnification will show thatan electronic picture is composed of little squares, called picture elements or pixels. Ask students toexamine the image and count the number of pixels wide various features are. For example, how manypixels wide is your face, your nose, your chair, etc.

Back to the Lesson Overview or On to the Exploration




http://solar.physics.montana.edu/YPOP/Classroom/Lessons/Pixels/index2.html [5/24/1999 2:58:12 PM]



http://solar.physics.montana.edu/YPOP/Classroom/Lessons/Pixels/index.html

http://solar.physics.montana.edu/YPOP/Classroom/Lessons/Pixels/index.html


Exploration (Day Two)

Direct students to create an image of their nameby blacking-out individual squares onrectangular graph paper. There should be noshading or "half-squares" colored in. First colorin the squares; second, add numbers to identifycolors. Provide students an example, such as theone shown below.

Two Color Image ( 0 = White; 1 = Black)

1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0

1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0

1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0

1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0

1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0

1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0

1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0

1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0

1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0

1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1

(rows are horizontal and columns are vertical)

Back to the Anticipatory Set or On to the Concept Introduction






Concept Introduction (Day 3)

Computers often record and transfer information using a series of ones (1) and zeros (0). This is called a"binary system." In the images that students created, a computer would often record each box or PICTUREELEMENT (pixel) as being a zero for white and a one for black.

1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1

0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1

0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1

0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1

Ask students to create a "mystery word" or "mystery picture" on graph paper and "tell" fellow studenthow to recreate exactly the same WITHOUT showing students the picture. Call white squares zero andblack squares one. Suggest to students that they start in the upper left hand corner of the paper and readnumbers (one and zeros) all of the way across the page to the end of the line, then, go back to the left sideand read the second row.

Students should pay attention to, and create ifpossible, ways to speed up the process of tellingsomeone how to create the picture. Speeding upthis process is called FILE COMPRESSION.

Back to the Exploration or On to the Application


http://solar.physics.montana.edu/YPOP/Classroom/Lessons/Pixels/index4.html (1 of 2) [5/24/1999 2:58:16 PM]

Concept Application (Day 4)Satellites send images from space to Earth by radio waves using a series of ones and zeros. In thisactivity students will decode an actual image from the Yohkoh satellite. The process of sending datafrom a telescope to the Internet is called TELEMETRY.

Four Color Key

Zero = white One = light gray pencil

Two = dark gray pencil Three =black marker

Divide students into four or eight NASA imaging teams. Each teamneeds one of four attached data sheets, a sheet of graph paper, a blackmarker, and a pencil. IMPORTANT: Students should read acrossrows, one row at a time. Encourage students to figure out ways tomake the process go faster, but keep in mind it is very important to beas accurate as possible.

Team Two Team One

TeamThree

Team Four

Overlay the teams' images as at right with no gaps in the data. These four quadrantsshould combine to create an actual image of our Sun taken by the X-Ray telescopeon board the NASA and Japanese Yohkoh satellite. The black spots show the mostactive regions of our Sun that generate X-Rays. These energetic regions are placeswhere sunspots can often be observed. Additionally, these areas are high energy regions that releaseparticles that can be observed on Earth as the Northern Lights.

Back to the Concept Introduction or On to the Extensions and Debriefing






Bringing it All Together

Lesson Debriefing:

Digital images are recorded and transferred as pixels. The more pixels that are used, the better or moreclear the image is (this is often referred to as RESOLUTION). However, the more pixels that are used tocreate an image, the more memory is required. Many images found on the Internet are 256 pixels long by256 pixels wide.

How many pixels in a 256 by256 image?

256 * 256 = 65,536 pixels

Many satellite images are 512pixels long by 512 pixels wide.How many pixels is that?

512 * 512 = 262,144

How long would it take you toread that many data points overthe telephone?

262,144 seconds is morethan 3 days working 24hours a day non-stop

This is one reason that scientists must work in teams - to split up the work so the final product can befinished faster.

NASA scientists are always trying to figure out ways to increase the speed at which digital informationcan be converted into pictures. Hopefully, your students were able to come up with strategies to increasethe speed of the process - have your students share these DATA COMPRESSION ROUTINES. For example,students can say the next 20 pixels are all white instead of saying "white" twenty times. Be creative!

Extensions and Investigations:

Investigate the software program that came with your scanner and/or digital camera. These programs willoften let you INVERT pixels, change the number of colors allowed, and even MORPH pictures to changetheir shape. These are powerful programs that might already be on your computer.

Any digital image from the Internet, scanner, or camera can be converted to a GRID of pixels. (Beforeyou begin, use a graphic converter program (such as GraphicConverter for MAC or PaintShopPro forPC) to convert the image to PICT or TIF format if necessary.) Open the file using an image processingprogram (NIH Image for MAC or Scion ImagePC for PC) and EXPORT the file as TEXT. Then, the filecan be opened in a spreadsheet program such as MS EXCEL.

1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0



1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0

1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1

1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1

1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1

1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1

1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1

1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1

Alternatively, any grid of numbers can be drawn in MS EXCEL by plotting a 3-D surface plot or bysaving the data as TEXT and IMPORTing the data into your image processing program.

Back to the Application or Back to the Classroom






Four Parts of the SXT Imaging Team Pixel Map

Hand Out for Team 1, Hand Out for Team 2, Hand Out for Team 3, Hand Out for Team 4 (print as portrait)

SXT Imaging Team 01

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 2 2 1 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 2 2 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 2 2 1 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 2 0 0 0 0

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 1 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 2 2 1 1 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 3 2 2 2 2 3 3 2 2 2 2

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 3 3 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 2

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 1

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 1


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SXT Imaging Team 02

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 0

0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 0

0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 0

0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 0

0 0 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 2 2 2 0 0 0

0 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 0 0

1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 0 0 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 2 2 1 0 0

0 0 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2

0 0 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 2

0 0 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 2 2



SXT Imaging Team 03

0 0 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

0 1 0 0 1 2 2 2 3 2 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1

0 0 0 0 1 2 2 3 3 2 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 2 1 1 1 1 1

0 0 0 1 1 1 2 3 3 3 2 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 1

0 0 0 1 1 1 2 2 3 3 2 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2

0 0 0 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1

0 0 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

SXT Imaging Team 04

1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 1 0 1 2 2 1 1



2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 1 0

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 1 0

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 1 1 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 1 1 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 0 1 1 1 0 0 0

0 1 0 0 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 1 1 1 0 0 0 0

1 0 0 0 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0

1 1 0 1 3 3 2 2 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0

1 1 1 2 3 2 2 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

1 1 2 2 3 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

1 1 2 2 2 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

1 1 2 2 2 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

1 1 1 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0






The YPOP Solar Classroom is filled with hands-on, solar related activities. There is something foreveryone. Many of these activities teach you about the Sun itself. Others teach a physical concept,like rotation, using the Sun as an example. We invite teachers, students, parents and children of allages to experiment with the activities below. Enjoy!

Hands-On Solar Learning Activities

SOLAR CYCLES:

Investigate the cycles of the Sun with 250 years of data! Learn torecognize common features and match x-ray images of the sun withvisible light images from the same day.

This lesson has been adapted into an exciting ICEBREAKERACTIVITY as well!

IMAGE FILTERING:

Build your own inexpensive, color, filter wheel and use it to study animage of the Crab Nebula! Discover why scientists use differentfilters to study astronomical images. View several images of the Sunas seen through different solar filters.

Solar Learning Activities

http://solar.physics.montana.edu/YPOP/Classroom/index.html (1 of 3) [5/24/1999 2:58:27 PM]

http://solar.physics.montana.edu/YPOP/Classroom/Lessons/Cycles

http://solar.physics.montana.edu/YPOP/Intermission/Icebreaker/index.html

http://solar.physics.montana.edu/YPOP/Intermission/Icebreaker/index.html

http://solar.physics.montana.edu/YPOP/Classroom/Lessons/Filters

SATELLITE ORBITS:

Have you ever seen a satellite passing overhead at night? Did youwonder how high up it was? In this lesson you will obtain the periodof the Yohkoh satellite from an image of its orbital path which isupdated regularly. With this information you will calculate theheight of the satellite above the Earth's surface.

FUN WITH PIXELS:

Magnify images of your school or yourself and see what happens.Learn about the pixels that make up all images. Use pixels to createsecret messages to your friends, or uncover a mystery picture!

THE EARTH'S ORBIT:

Investigate the shape of the Earth's orbit based on the apparentchanging size of the Sun. Is the orbit elliptical? Is it circular?Compare the difference in the Sun's diameter as measured from twopoints in the Earth's orbit and see what you discover!

MODEL SATELLITE:

Build a model of the Yohkoh solar satellite. With a cardboard boxand some paper you can make a model of the Yohkoh satellite.Instrument blueprints are provided along with detailed instructionsfor construction.

ROTATION:

Study the rotation rate of the Sun and the planets. This lessonincludes several hands-on activities to familarize yourself with theconcept of rotation. You will then use movies made with actual solarimages to study the rotation rate of the Sun.



http://solar.physics.montana.edu/YPOP/Classroom/Lessons/Orbits

http://solar.physics.montana.edu/YPOP/Classroom/Lessons/Pixels

http://solar.physics.montana.edu/YPOP/Classroom/Lessons/Eccentricity

http://solar.physics.montana.edu/YPOP/Classroom/Lessons/Model/

http://solar.physics.montana.edu/YPOP/Classroom/Lessons/Rotation/

MEASURING SUNSPOTS:

Learn image processing skills that will help you measure the size ofsolar sunspots. You will be able to use these skills to measurefeatures on any electronic image. Graphics processing software isneeded. Download links are provided in the lesson.

SUNDIALS:

Learn how to make a portable, inexpensive sundial of your own.Wear it as a necklace or make a keychain!Novice, Intermediate, and Expert instructions are provided.

After spending some time in the Solar Classroom, visit the Spotlight Room to learn more interesting factsabout the Sun. There is even a Solar Tour!. You also might enjoy a look at the latest solar images fromspace.

CLASSROOM | FILM FESTIVAL | FILM ARCHIVES | GUESTBOOKINTERMISSION | PROGRAM | PROJECTION ROOM | SPOTLIGHT

YPOP HOMEPAGE



http://solar.physics.montana.edu/YPOP/Classroom/Lessons/Sunspots/

http://solar.physics.montana.edu/YPOP/Classroom/Lessons/Sundials/sundials.html

http://solar.physics.montana.edu/YPOP/Spotlight

http://solar.physics.montana.edu/YPOP/Spotlight/Tour

http://solar.physics.montana.edu/YPOP/ProjectionRoom/latest.html

http://solar.physics.montana.edu/YPOP/Spotlight/index.html

http://solar.physics.montana.edu/YPOP/ProjectionRoom/index.html

http://solar.physics.montana.edu/YPOP/Program/index.html

http://solar.physics.montana.edu/YPOP/Intermission/index.html

http://solar.physics.montana.edu/YPOP/GuestBook/index.html

http://solar.physics.montana.edu/YPOP/FilmArchives/index.html

http://solar.physics.montana.edu/YPOP/FilmFestival/index.html

http://solar.physics.montana.edu/YPOP/index.html

http://solar.physics.montana.edu/YPOP/FilmFestival/index.html

http://solar.physics.montana.edu/YPOP/FilmArchives/index.html

http://solar.physics.montana.edu/YPOP/GuestBook/index.html

http://solar.physics.montana.edu/YPOP/Intermission/index.html

http://solar.physics.montana.edu/YPOP/Program/index.html

http://solar.physics.montana.edu/YPOP/ProjectionRoom/index.html

http://solar.physics.montana.edu/YPOP/Spotlight/index.html

http://solar.physics.montana.edu/YPOP/index.html

Yohkoh Public OutreachProject

Yohkoh Public Outreach Project (YPOP) TeamThe YPOP team is funded by NASA as one of the IITA Cooperative Agreement Teams.

We Are:

Principal Investigator:

James Lemen (Lockheed Martin Solar and Astrophysics Laboratory)

Co-Investigators:

Loren Acton (Montana State University)

David Alexander (Lockheed Martin Solar and Astrophysics Laboratory)

Samuel Freeland (Lockheed Martin Solar and Astrophysics Laboratory)

David Thomas (Montana State University)

Other key members:

Michelle Larson (Montana State University)

David McKenzie (Montana State University)

Tom Metcalf (Lockheed Martin Solar and Astrophysics Laboratory)

Tim Slater (Montana State University)

Lee Slone (Lockheed Martin Solar and Astrophysics Laboratory)

The goals of the YPOP strongly emphasize educational and public outreach. We have formed a team ofspecialists that will help to formulate the plans of this project and to evaluate the educational and publicoutreach products. We call this team the Creative Design and Definition Team (CCDT).

Creative Design and Definition Team (CDDT)Loren Acton (Montana State University)

David Alexander (Lockheed Martin Solar and Astrophysics Laboratory)

Sam Freeland (Lockheed Martin Solar and Astrophysics Laboratory)

Frank Friedlaender (Lockheed Martin Solar and Astrophysics Laboratory)

YPOP People

http://solar.physics.montana.edu/YPOP/Program/ypop_people.html (1 of 2) [5/24/1999 2:58:29 PM]

http://www.montana.edu/~wwwph/faculty/acton.html

http://diapason.lmsal.com/~alexande/

Michelle Larson (Montana State University)

James Lemen (Lockheed Martin Solar and Astrophysics Laboratory; PI)

David McKenzie (Montana State University)

Tom Metcalf (Lockheed Martin Solar and Astrophysics Laboratory)

Tim Slater (Montana State University)

Keith Strong (Lockheed Martin Solar and Astrophysics Laboratory)

David Thomas (Montana State University)

Teacher InvolvementThe YPOP project involves the participation of the following teachers and educators from across thecountry.

Joann Watson (Chief Joseph Middle School , Bozeman, Montana)

Donna Governor (Hallmark Elementary School, Pensacola, Florida)

Claudia Khourey-Bowers (Canton City Schools, Canton, Ohio)

Marion J. French (Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas)

Keith Goering (Chanute, Kansas)

Elizabeth Roettger (Ed-Ventures Forest Park, Illinois)

YPOP Homepage

[email protected]

YPOP People

http://solar.physics.montana.edu/YPOP/Program/ypop_people.html (2 of 2) [5/24/1999 2:58:29 PM]

http://solar.physics.montana.edu/larson/

http://solar.physics.montana.edu/mckenzie/

http://diapason.lmsal.com/~metcalf/

http://www.math.montana.edu/~tslater/

http://www.math.montana.edu/faculty/dthomas.html

http://solar.physics.montana.edu/YPOP/Program/teachers2.html


http://www.pen.net/~dulci



http://www.nthelp.com/eer/

http://www.lmsal.com/YPOP/homepage.html

http://www.lmsal.com/YPOP/homepage.html


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