digestive system life function nutrition the taking in of food, breaking it down into useable forms...
TRANSCRIPT
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Human Systems
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Digestive system
Life Function Nutrition the taking in of food, breaking it down into useable forms for metabolism
set of organs involved in the digestion of food.Converts foods to simpler molecules that can be absorbed by the cells of the body
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LABEL STRUCTURES1. Mouth
2. Salivary glands3. epiglottis
4. esophagus
7. liver
8. Gall bladder
5. stomach6. pancreas
10. Large intestine9. Small intestine
11. rectum
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FUNCTIONS 1. Mechanical digestion and chemical digestion of carbohydrates and starch.2. Secrets saliva which contains amylase to break down carbohydrates.3.Flap of skin that prevents food from going into the bronchial tubes and lungs.4. Muscular tube that begins peristalsis
to push the food through the digestive system.
5. Secretes hydrochloric acid to begin the digestion of proteins. Also churns for some mechanical digestion.
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6. Secretes enzymes into small intestines, and produces insulin for glucose control.7. Functions to make bile which helps to break down fats by spreading them out. (emulsification)8. Stores bile and transports it to the small intestines.9. Finishes digestion, and absorbs nutrients.10. Removes water from waste products.11. Stores waste for removal from body.
FUNCTIONS
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Mechanical digestion – done by teeth and muscles, increases surface area for digestion
Chemical digestion– enzymes break down food into pieces that can be absorbed
Happens in mouth, stomach, small intestines
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NUTRIENT
ENZYME thatbreaks downnutrient
Where digestion BEGINS
Where digestion ENDS
End Products
Proteins
PEPSINPROTEASE
STOMACH SMALL INTESTINE
AMINO ACIDS
Carbohydrates
AMYLASE MOUTHSALIVARY GLANDS
SMALL INTESTINE
SIMPLE SUGARS
Lipids
LIPASE SMALL INTESTINE
SMALL INTESTINE
GLYCEROL ANDFATTY ACIDS
COMPLETE the CHART below:
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Diseases that effect the digestive system:• Ulcers-- irritation of the lining of the stomach or intestine
• Appendicitis– inflammation of appendix
• Diarrhea– too little water absorption by large intestine
• Constipation– too much water absorption by large intestine
•Homeostasis is disrupted by any of these, because nutrients are not absorbed properly
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RESPIRATORY SYSTEM--
gas exchange
Cell organelle—cell membrane – gas exchange
Life function: Respiration– release of energy from food in the presence of oxygen.
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The Respiratory system consists of 6 main parts
1.Nose2.Pharynx3.Larynx4.Trachea5.Bronchus6.Lungs --
includes bronchioles and alveoli
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HOW DOTHE RESPIRATORY PASSAGEWAYS KEEP THE LUNG TISSUE HEALTHY?
By producing mucus that is swept out of the respiratory system by the cilia that line the passage ways
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Gas exchange:1.Oxygen dissolves on surface of alveoli2.Oxygen diffuses into blood through the
thin-walled capillaries3.Carbon dioxide moves through
membrane from capillary to alveoli4.Hemoglobin increases oxygen carrying
capacity of blood 60x
DESCRIBE HOW GAS EXCHANGE OCCURS IN THE ALVEOLI.
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a. Inhalation – The diaphragm moves down allowing air to fill the lungs
b. Exhalation – the diaphragm moves up to push the air out.
The muscular diaphragm changes the Air Pressure within the chest to allow for gas exchange.
IF THERE ARE NO MUSCLES CONNECTED TO THE LUNGS, WHAT DRIVES AIR INTO AND OUT OF THE LUNGS?
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HOW DOES THE BRAIN AND BLOOD CONCENTRATION LEVEL CONTROL BREATHING RATE?
As carbon dioxide level increases the brain tells us to exhale, and then the carbon dioxide level decreases and the oxygen level increases as we inhale
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Disease Description
Bronchitis Inflamation of bronchial tubes with heavy production of mucus
Emphysema Deterioration of the alveoli
Pneumonia Build up of mucus in the alveoli
Lung cancer Cancerous mass in the lung or lung area.
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Any of these diseases disrupt homeostasis.
•Each interferes with the exchange of gas in the lungs.
•Each lowers the oxygen level in the blood
•Each increases the carbon dioxide level in the blood.
•Each makes the individual out of breath and tired
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Circulatory System: Transports Oxygen and nutrients to cells and takes away waste
Life Function: Transport– distribution of materials
Organelle– cell membrane and cytoplasm
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Label structures:
1.Superior vena cava2.Aorta3.Venules4.Pulmonary artery5.Pulmonary vein6.Capillary beds7.Inferior vena cava8.Descending aorta9.Capillary bed in lungs
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Type of circulation
Where it goes to and from
Pulmonary Between heart and lungs
Systemic Between heart and body
coronary Heart to heart
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Type of vessel
Size Direction of blood flow
Oxygen content
Arteries LargestThick wall
Away from heart
High
Veins (valves)
Thin wall Return to heart
low
Capillaries SmallestOne cell thick
In middle exchange
Lymph Thin Two and from lymph nodes
none
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AN AVERAGE ADULT’S BLOOD PRESSURE IS _120/80___.The 1st number is the SYSTOLIC PRESSURE Force in arteries when ventricles contract
The 2nd number is the DIASTOLIC PRESSURE- force in arteries when ventricles relax.
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# Structure Function
1Aorta Carry blood
away from heart
2Vena Cava
Carry blood to heart
3Pulmonary artery(r)
Carries blood to lungs
4Pulmonary vein (r)
Carries blood away from lungs
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Atrium Receive blood
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Ventricle pump blood out
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Pictures Red blood cells - carry oxygen
White blood cells - fight infections in the body
Platelets - aid in clotting the blood
Plasma - clear fluid in blood that carries nutrients and waste
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Many disorders of the circulatory system stem from a condition known as ATHEROSCLEROSIS-
fatty deposits(plaque) build up on walls of arteries
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Disorder DescriptionHIGH BLOOD PRESSURE
Hypertension-- pressure in arteries increases, weakens heart
HEART ATTACK
Arteries that feed heart are blocked, no nutrients-muscle dies
STROKE Blood clot in vessel to brain is blocked
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Cardiovascular Disease is any disease that involves the heart and or blood vessels
HOW DOES THIS SYSTEM HELP MAINTAIN HOMEOSTASIS?
Unable to get oxygen and nutrients to were they are needed
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Excretory System— removes metabolic (cellular) wastes from the body.
LIFE FUNCTION:Excretion– the elimination of
metabolic waste productsCell organelles responsible -- Cell
membrane and waste vacuole
Organs involved in excretion:1.liver 2. kidney3. lungs 4. Skin
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ORGAN WASTE REMOVED DISORDER AFFECT ON HOMEOSTASIS
1. LIVER Old blood cells
Toxins (drugs, alcohol)
Cirrhosis Limits blood flowExcess tissue growth
2. KIDNEY UREA, SALTS ,WATER (urine)Nitrogenous waste from proteins
Uremia
Gout
Kidney stones
Waste not filtered
Waste collects in joins causing pain
Waste becomes solid and causes a blockage
3. Lung (alveoli)
Carbon dioxide Asthma Difficulty getting oxygen to the blood.
4. Skin HeatExcess waterSalts
Burns Disrupts ability to maintain body temperatureInfectioncancer
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Structures and Functions: Urinary system
1.Ureter: Transports urine from kidney to bladder2.Renal vein: moves blood away from kidney3.Renal artery: moves blood to kidney4.Kidney: filters blood5.Urinary bladder: stores urine
Urethra6
6. Urethra: Eliminates urine from body
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1.cortex– contains nephrons2.Medulla – contains “loop of Henley”3.Renal Artery – carries non filtered blood into kidney4.Renal Vein – carries filtered blood out of kidney5.Ureter – caries urine to bladder
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6. Glomerulus – network of capillaries (site of exchange of materials) 7. Bowman's capsule – surrounds glomerus and collects materials to be filtered out FITRATION
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8. Collecting duct– waste products collect here and go to the ureter URINE PROCESSING9. Renal tube (loop of Henley)– filtrates are collected here. Substances that are not waste, re-enter the circulatory system. SECRETION AND REABSORPTION
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BLOOD PURIFICATION HAS 3 DISTINCT PROCESSES:WHERE DOES IS HAPPEN? MATERIALS INVOLVED
1. FILTRATION Nephron (glomerus, bowman's capsule)
removal of water, salt, urea, glucose and amino acids
2. REABORPTION
Loop of Henley
water and nutrients are reabsorbed
3. SECRETION Skin Urea, salt and water are removed in sweat.?
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This system maintains homeostasis, by removing nitrogenous (metabolic) waste from the blood and body.
HOW DOES THIS SYSTEM PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN MAINTAINING HOMEOSTASIS?
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NERVOUS SYSTEM controls and coordinates functions throughout body and responds to stimuli
LIFE FUNCTION: Regulation (control)Cell Organelle: NucleusThe messages carried by the nervous system are electrical signals called impulses. The cells that transmit these impulses are called neurons.
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LABEL THE NEURON(nerve cell)
1. Axon terminals2. Nodes3.myelin sheath4.Axon5.Cell body 6.Nucleus7.dendrites
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3 types of neurons
Impulses carriedTO:
FROM:
1. Sensory Interneuron receptor(eyes,ears,nose,skin)
2. Interneuron Motor sensory
3. Motor Effector interneuronThe location at which a neuron can transfer an impulse to another cell is called a _______Synapse________. _______Neurotransmitters_______ are chemicals used by a neuron to transmit an impulse across a synapse to another cell.
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LABEL THE BRAIN
1. cerebrum2. hypothalamus3. pituitary4. skip5. Medulla oblongata6. Spinal cord7. cerebellum8.skip9. thalamus
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Part of Central NS
What functions are controlled here?
CEREBRUM Thinking, learningCEREBELLUM Balance,
coordinationMEDULLA (brain stem)
Heartbeat, blood pressure, breathing
HYPOTHALAMUS
Hunger, thirst, fatigue
SPINAL CORD
Reflex-inborn, automatic response
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THE PATHWAY OVER WHICH THE NERVE IMPULSES TRAVEL IN A REFLEX IS CALLED A REFLEX ARC
LIST THE STEPS OF A REFLEX ARC:____Receptor____ (sensory organs) are stimulated and send the message to the_____sensory______ neuron which sends the message to the____interneuron______ located in the spinal cord, which sends the message to the _____motor______ neuron which sends the message to the_______effector_______which are muscles or glands.
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Fill in the CONCEPT MAP using the following terms: don’t forget the connecting wordsNERVOUS SYSTEM CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEMBRAIN SPINAL CORD CEREBRUM CEREBELLUM MEDULLASOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEMVOLUNTARY INVOLUNTARY
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NS MALFUNCTION
DESCRIPTION
Cerebral palsy Genetic disease that prevents nerve responses to muscles
Meningitis Infection in the spinal column
Stroke Blockage of blood vessel to brain causing nerve cells to die
Polio Viral disease that causes damage to nerve cells to muscles
Alzheimer’s disease
Deterioration of nerve cells in the brain
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM – glands secrete hormones throughout body by blood stream to affect target cells.
LIFE FUNCTION: Regulation (control)Cell Organelle: nucleus, secretory vesicles
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VOCABULARY:HORMONES- substance produced in one part of an organism that affects part of the same individual.TARGET CELLS- cells that have receptors for a particular hormone.
EXOCRINE GLANDS- gland that releases its secretions through tube like structures called ducts.
ENDOCRINE GLANDS- gland that releases its secretions directly into the blood stream.
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1. Adrenal glands- Deals with stress2.ThymusStimulates T cell development3.Parathyroid glandRegulates calcium level4.Pituitary glandRegulates other glands5.HypothalamasControls pituitary
LABEL STRUCTURES and give function of each
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6. Pineal glandRhythmic activities (sleep cycle)
7.ThyroidRegulates metabolism
8. PancreasRegulates glucose level in blood
9. Ovaryegg production
10.TestisSperm production
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THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM IS REGULATED BY feedback Mechanisms TO MAINTAIN HOMEOSTASIS.
Thyroxin regulation
Increases TSH, which causes the release of thyroxin. As the thyroxin increases in the blood, the level of TSH decreases. This causes a decrease in thyroxin, which causes an increase in TSH and then begins again.
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Gland Hormone Produced
Affects of Hormone
PITUITARY GROWTH Stimulates the elongation of long bones
PITUITARY THYROID-STIMULATINGHORMONE (TSH)
Stimulates the thyroid gland to produce its hormone, thyroxin.
PITUITARY FOLLICLE-STIMULATING HORMONE (FSH)
Stimulates activity in the ovaries and testis.
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THYROID Thyroxin {iodine}
Regulates the rate of metabolism in the body and is essential for normal, physical and mental development.
PARATHYROID Parathromone Controls the metabolism of calcium, which is necessary for nerve function blood clotting and proper growth of teeth and bones.
ADRENAL (adrenal medulla)
adrenalin Adrenaline increases the blood sugar level + accelerates the heart + breathing rates.
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PANCREAS(Islets of Langerhans)
insulin Facilitates the entrance of glucose into the cells
glucagon Stimulates the release of sugar from the liver and raises the blood sugar level.
TESTES testosterone The male sex gland
OVARIES estrogen Female sex gland responsible for the secretion of several hormones.
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Endocrine System Disorder
Description
GOITER Enlargement of the thyroid gland usually resulting from the glands inability to manufacture Thyroxin.
DIABETES Disorder characterized by an insulin deficiency that results in an evaluated blood sugar level and an in ability of the body to store the sugar as glycogen in the liver.
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The hypothalamus produces hormones which influence the pituitary gland Together they control all other glands in body.
Failure of a gland disrupts homeostasis.
If the pancreas does not make insulin, then your blood has too much sugar in it, and other parts of your body begin to fail
HOW DO THE HYPOTHALAMUS AND THE PITUITARY GLAND WORK TOGETHER TO HELP MAINTAIN HOMEOSTASIS?
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IMMUNE SYSTEM– body’s defense against infectionLIFE FUNCTION: Homeostasis- maintain a balance
Cell organelle-- lysosome
DISEASE-any change that disrupts the normal functions of the body
PATHOGENS-infectious disease-causing agents
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A disease can be acquired in 3 ways:1. inherited2.Materials in environment (smoke, pollen)3. bacteria, virus and fungi
Ways infectious diseases are spread from person to person.1. coughing, sneezing, physical contact2. Contaminated water or food3. Infected animals
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What are they?
ACTIVE orPASSIVEIMMUNITY
Definition of immunity
ANTIBODIES
Proteins that destroy pathogens
Active Body makes defense
ANTIBIOTICS
Compounds that kill bacteria
Passive Body given defense protects only once
VACCINATION
Weak pathogen
Active Body makes defense memory B cells
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IMMUNE SYSTEM: NONSPECIFIC DEFENSES
A.First Line of Defense 3 ways that the body Protects itself from pathogens.
Organ Defense
Skin, mucus, sweat tears
Keeps pathogens out
Nose and throat
Mucus traps viruses and bacteria
Stomach Destroys pathogens with digestive enzymes
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B. Second Line of Defense- inflammatory response IMMUNE SYSTEM: SPECIFIC DEFENSESIf a pathogen is able to get past the body’s nonspecific defenses, an immune response occurs. A substance that triggers this response is known as an __antigen____.
ANTIGENS – carbohydrates, proteins and lipids on the surfaces of viruses, bacteria and other pathogens
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macrophage
1
2 4
3
5 6
8
7
9
B cell
Memory B cells
antibodies
HUMORAL IMMUNE RESPONSE DIAGRAM
1.Large phagocyte (macrophage) engulfs a bacterium
2.Bacteria antigens on surface of macrophage
3. T cell binds to macrophage4.Bacterial antigens stimulate B
cells5. T cell becomes helper T cell6. Helper T cell assists B cell to
develop into antibody-producing plasma cell
7. Plasma cell produces ANTIBODIES released into blood stream
8. B cells produce clones of memory cells
9.Antibodies bind to antigens; help other immune cells destroy bacteria
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T cells and B cells are Lymphocyte (white blood cells) That are made in the bone marrowImmune System Disorder
Description
ALLERGIES asthma Overreaction of immune system
AUTOIMMUNE DIEASE Immune system attacks the body’s own cells
Allergies cause release of histamines, which cause sneezing, runny nose, itchy eyes
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MAINTAIN HOMEOSTASIS by reducing disruptions by invaders of the body
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SKELETAL/MUSCULAR SYSTEMS – provides support and locomotion
LIFE FUNCTION: Growth– increase in number of cells (blood)
Cell ORGANELLE –cytoskeleton
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LIST 5 important FUNCTIONS of the SKELETAL SYSTEM:
1. Supports the body2. Protects internal organs3. Provides movement4. Stores mineral reserves5. Provides a site for blood cell formation
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1 cranium, skull2 mandible3 clavicle4 sternum5 humerus6 rib7 vertebra8 pelvis9 radius10 ulna
11 carpals12 metacarpals13 phalanges14 femur15 patella16 tibia17 fibula18 tarsals19 metatarsals20 phalanges
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BONE VS. CARTILAGE
SIMILAR- both protect and support
DIFFERENT-cartilage is more flexible and it cushions. Bone is hard
Skeleton of embryo made mostly of cartilage.
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Type of Muscle
Smooth or Striated?
Voluntary or Involuntary?
Found where?
1.Skeletal Striated Voluntary Leg, arm2. Visceral
Smooth Involuntary
Digestive tract
3.Cardiac Striated Involuntary
heart
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Connective TissueLIGAMENTS- connect bone to boneTENDONS- connect muscle to bone
MUSCLE CONTRACTIONA muscle contracts when the thin
filaments (made of protein called_________________) in the muscle fiber slide over the thick filaments (made of protein called _________________).
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Locomotive malfunction
description
Arthritis Inflammation of joints. Pain and stiffness
Tendonitis Inflammation of a tendon
Osteoporosis
Brittle bonesLack of minerals
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Affect on homeostasis:
Provides ability to find food, shelter, and other essentials