digestion: obtaining processing food herbivores = plant-eaters herbivores = plant-eaters carnivores...

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Digestion: Obtaining & Digestion: Obtaining & Processing Food Processing Food Herbivores = plant-eaters Herbivores = plant-eaters Carnivores = meat-eaters Carnivores = meat-eaters Omnivores = both plants and other Omnivores = both plants and other animals animals

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Digestion: 4 Stages

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Page 1: Digestion: Obtaining  Processing Food Herbivores = plant-eaters Herbivores = plant-eaters Carnivores = meat-eaters Carnivores = meat-eaters Omnivores

Digestion: Obtaining & Digestion: Obtaining & Processing FoodProcessing Food

Herbivores = plant-eatersHerbivores = plant-eaters Carnivores = meat-eatersCarnivores = meat-eaters Omnivores = both plants and other Omnivores = both plants and other

animalsanimals

Page 2: Digestion: Obtaining  Processing Food Herbivores = plant-eaters Herbivores = plant-eaters Carnivores = meat-eaters Carnivores = meat-eaters Omnivores

Digestion: Obtaining FoodDigestion: Obtaining FoodSolid foods Filtering from water

substrate feeders

fluid feeders

Page 3: Digestion: Obtaining  Processing Food Herbivores = plant-eaters Herbivores = plant-eaters Carnivores = meat-eaters Carnivores = meat-eaters Omnivores

Digestion: 4 StagesDigestion: 4 Stages

Page 4: Digestion: Obtaining  Processing Food Herbivores = plant-eaters Herbivores = plant-eaters Carnivores = meat-eaters Carnivores = meat-eaters Omnivores

DigestionDigestion Mechanical Breakdown: Mechanical Breakdown:

Physically breaking food apart (teeth, Physically breaking food apart (teeth, tongue, stomach, etc)tongue, stomach, etc)

Chemical Breakdown:Chemical Breakdown: enzymes and secretions to break down enzymes and secretions to break down

chemicallychemically

Page 5: Digestion: Obtaining  Processing Food Herbivores = plant-eaters Herbivores = plant-eaters Carnivores = meat-eaters Carnivores = meat-eaters Omnivores

Digestion: Chemical Digestion: Chemical BreakdownBreakdown

Page 6: Digestion: Obtaining  Processing Food Herbivores = plant-eaters Herbivores = plant-eaters Carnivores = meat-eaters Carnivores = meat-eaters Omnivores

Digestion: ProtozoansDigestion: Protozoans Intracellular digestion with oral Intracellular digestion with oral

groove or phagocytosisgroove or phagocytosis

Page 7: Digestion: Obtaining  Processing Food Herbivores = plant-eaters Herbivores = plant-eaters Carnivores = meat-eaters Carnivores = meat-eaters Omnivores

DigestionDigestion Gastrovascular cavity vs specialized Gastrovascular cavity vs specialized

digestive tractdigestive tract Gastrovascular cavity: one openingGastrovascular cavity: one opening cnidarian & flatwormscnidarian & flatworms

Page 8: Digestion: Obtaining  Processing Food Herbivores = plant-eaters Herbivores = plant-eaters Carnivores = meat-eaters Carnivores = meat-eaters Omnivores

Digestion: Alimentary CanalDigestion: Alimentary Canal Most have Most have alimentary alimentary

canalcanal Tube running from Tube running from

mouth to anusmouth to anus divided into divided into

specialized regions specialized regions that process food that process food sequentiallysequentially

Crop: stores foodCrop: stores food Gizzard: grinds food Gizzard: grinds food

(especially if no jaws (especially if no jaws or teeth)or teeth)

Page 9: Digestion: Obtaining  Processing Food Herbivores = plant-eaters Herbivores = plant-eaters Carnivores = meat-eaters Carnivores = meat-eaters Omnivores

Digestion: HumanDigestion: Human Alimentary Canal vs Accessory Alimentary Canal vs Accessory

OrgansOrgans

Page 10: Digestion: Obtaining  Processing Food Herbivores = plant-eaters Herbivores = plant-eaters Carnivores = meat-eaters Carnivores = meat-eaters Omnivores

Digestion: HumanDigestion: Human Alimentary CanalAlimentary Canal

mouth, esophagus, mouth, esophagus, stomach, small stomach, small intestines, large intestines, large intestines, rectum, intestines, rectum, anusanus

Accessory OrgansAccessory Organssalivary glands, salivary glands, liver, gall bladder, liver, gall bladder, pancreaspancreas

Page 11: Digestion: Obtaining  Processing Food Herbivores = plant-eaters Herbivores = plant-eaters Carnivores = meat-eaters Carnivores = meat-eaters Omnivores

Digestion: MouthDigestion: Mouth Mechanical DigestionMechanical Digestion

Teeth, tongueTeeth, tongue Chemical DigestionChemical Digestion

Saliva moistens itSaliva moistens it Salivary enzymes Salivary enzymes amylaseamylase begin breakdown of begin breakdown of

starchstarch Tongue pushes the chewed food into the Tongue pushes the chewed food into the

pharynxpharynx

Page 12: Digestion: Obtaining  Processing Food Herbivores = plant-eaters Herbivores = plant-eaters Carnivores = meat-eaters Carnivores = meat-eaters Omnivores

Digestion: EsophagusDigestion: Esophagus PeristalsisPeristalsis: :

muscle muscle contractions contractions pushing down pushing down bolusbolus (food) (food)

Page 13: Digestion: Obtaining  Processing Food Herbivores = plant-eaters Herbivores = plant-eaters Carnivores = meat-eaters Carnivores = meat-eaters Omnivores

Digestion: StomachDigestion: Stomach

Page 14: Digestion: Obtaining  Processing Food Herbivores = plant-eaters Herbivores = plant-eaters Carnivores = meat-eaters Carnivores = meat-eaters Omnivores

Digestion: StomachDigestion: Stomach Stomach mixes food with gastric juice from Stomach mixes food with gastric juice from

gastric glandsgastric glands Gastric glands – make HCl, pepsinogen, Gastric glands – make HCl, pepsinogen,

mucousmucous HCl activates HCl activates pepsinogenpepsinogen (inactive enzyme) to form (inactive enzyme) to form

pepsinpepsin (enzyme to breakdown protein) (enzyme to breakdown protein) HCl also kills germsHCl also kills germs Mucous – lines & protects stomach wallsMucous – lines & protects stomach walls

ChymeChyme (partially digested food) enters (partially digested food) enters duodenumduodenum (beginning of small intestines via (beginning of small intestines via pyloric sphincterpyloric sphincter

Page 15: Digestion: Obtaining  Processing Food Herbivores = plant-eaters Herbivores = plant-eaters Carnivores = meat-eaters Carnivores = meat-eaters Omnivores

Digestion: Small IntestinesDigestion: Small Intestines

Page 16: Digestion: Obtaining  Processing Food Herbivores = plant-eaters Herbivores = plant-eaters Carnivores = meat-eaters Carnivores = meat-eaters Omnivores

Digestion: Digestion: Small Intestine / Small Intestine / Pancreas / Liver / Gall BladderPancreas / Liver / Gall Bladder

Most of chemical digestion and absorption take Most of chemical digestion and absorption take place in small intestinesplace in small intestines

PancreasPancreas Makes bicarbonate (HCOMakes bicarbonate (HCO33

--), base that neutralizes ), base that neutralizes stomach acidstomach acid

Pancreatic enzymes digest polysaccharides, proteins, Pancreatic enzymes digest polysaccharides, proteins, nucleic acids, and fatsnucleic acids, and fats

BileBile (made in liver, stored in gall bladder) (made in liver, stored in gall bladder) emulsifiesemulsifies (mechanical breakdown) fat droplets (mechanical breakdown) fat droplets for attack by pancreatic for attack by pancreatic lipaselipase

TrypsinTrypsin breaks down protein in base environment breaks down protein in base environment

Page 17: Digestion: Obtaining  Processing Food Herbivores = plant-eaters Herbivores = plant-eaters Carnivores = meat-eaters Carnivores = meat-eaters Omnivores

Digestion: Small IntestineDigestion: Small Intestine Absorption by Absorption by villi villi

Page 18: Digestion: Obtaining  Processing Food Herbivores = plant-eaters Herbivores = plant-eaters Carnivores = meat-eaters Carnivores = meat-eaters Omnivores

Digestion: Large IntestinesDigestion: Large Intestines Absorption of Absorption of

waterwater E Coli live in LI, E Coli live in LI,

make Vitamin Kmake Vitamin K Undigested Undigested

material = material = fecesfeces

Page 19: Digestion: Obtaining  Processing Food Herbivores = plant-eaters Herbivores = plant-eaters Carnivores = meat-eaters Carnivores = meat-eaters Omnivores

Digestion: Digestion: Evolutionary AdaptationsEvolutionary Adaptations

Plant harder Plant harder to digest to digest than meat than meat because of because of cellulosecellulose

Herbivores Herbivores have longer have longer digestive digestive tracttract

Page 20: Digestion: Obtaining  Processing Food Herbivores = plant-eaters Herbivores = plant-eaters Carnivores = meat-eaters Carnivores = meat-eaters Omnivores

DigestionDigestion Cows have 4 stomach chambers to Cows have 4 stomach chambers to

break down cellulosebreak down cellulose