digestibility and absorption of calcium by growing pigs - hans h. stein
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Digestibility and absorption of Calcium by growing pigs
Hans H. SteinUniversity of Illinois
http://nutrition.ansci.illinois.edu
Outline
H. H. Stein
IntroductionAbsorption of CaEndogenous CaDigestibility of CaCa requirement
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Caroline Gonzalez-Vega
H. H. Stein
Introduction
• The mineral content in animal body is 2-5%.
• Most abundant minerals in body:– 36-39% Ca (bone ash)– 17-19% P (bone ash)
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Gillespie, 1987; Crenshaw, 2001.
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Ca in body
Ca1% in Extra-and Intra-cellular fluids
99% in bones and teeth
Crenshaw, 2001; Ewing and Charlton, 2007.
Absorption of Ca
Christakos et al., 2014.
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Absorption of Ca
Intrinsic factors• pH (gastric and
intestinal)• Hormones• Vitamin D
Absorption of Ca
Extrinsic factors• Phytate
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Phytate
Phytate
Phytate
Ca
Ca
Ca
Absorption of Ca
Extrinsic factors• Phytate• Microbial phytase
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Phytate
P
IP3
Phytase
P
Phytate
Phytate
Ca
Ca
IP4
P
P
P
Ca
Absorption of Ca
Extrinsic factors• Phytate• Microbial phytase• Fiber• Fat
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Fiber
Increases rate of passageChange pH in GIT
Fat Decreases rate of passageMay form Ca-fat complexes
Fiber and Fat
Ca:P ratioAbsorption and retention of Ca and P are influenced by Ca:P ratio
Crenshaw, 2001; NRC, 2012.
No STTD of Ca
Total Ca: STTD P between 2:1 and 3:1
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Digestibility of Ca
Plant sourcesATTD of Ca: Corn, SBM, canola mealTTTD of Ca: Canola meal
Inorganic sources ATTD of Ca: Calcium carbonate
Animal sources ATTD of Ca: MBM
Requirements of CaBody protein
Total Ca requirements
Body P mass
STTD P requirementsx 2.15
NRC, 2012.
Item 11-25 kg pig
Total Ca, % 0.70
STTD P, % 0.33
STTD Ca, %
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Effect of Ca on ATTD of P
H. H. Stein
Stein et al., 2011
Linear: P < 0.05
Questions on Calcium• Duodenal, ileal, or total tract digestibility?• Endogenous losses of Ca?• Effects of:
– Ca level– Ca source– Phytate– Phytase
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Endogenous losses of Ca?
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Gonzalez-Vega et al., 2013
Diets
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ATTD of Ca, %
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Ca level, %
Ca level: P = 0.03; Phytase: P < 0.01; Ca × phytase: P = 0.56
Gonzalez-Vega et al., 2013
Regression
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Dietary Ca intake (g/kg DM)
Apparent total tract digested Ca (g/kg DMI)
Canola meal without phytase
Canola meal with phytase
-0.16-0.19
Total ECaL Gonzalez-Vega et al., 2013
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TTTD of Ca, %
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Ca level, %
Ca level: P = 0.86; Phytase: P < 0.01; Ca × phytase: P = 0.55
70.0
Gonzalez-Vega et al., 2013
H. H. Stein
Duodenal, ileal, or total tract digestibility
Gonzalez-Vega et al., 2013
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Conclusions on Digestibility of Ca• Dietary Ca affects P-Digestibility• Interactions among Ca, P, phytate, and phytase• Diets should be formulated based on STTD of Ca• Requirements need to be expressed as STTD of
Ca• STTD of Ca in feed ingredients need to be
measured
H. H. Stein
Effects of microbial phytase on STTD of Ca in Ca supplements
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Composition of Ca supplements
MCP18.5% Ca21.6% P
DCP21.6% Ca19.2% P
Calcium carbonate41.8% Ca
0.2% P
Composition of ingredients
Corn0.01% Ca
0.58% Phytate
Potato protein isolate0.04% Ca
0.37% Phytate
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85.977.8
60.4
86.378.9
73.1
0
20
40
60
80
100
MCP DCP CaCO3
Without phytase With phytase
STTD of Ca (%) in Ca supplements
a b
Phytase for weanling pigs
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70
80
90
0 1000 2000 3000 4000
ATTD
of C
a, %
Phytase, FYT/kg
Plateau: 1,155 FYT/kg; 84.7% ATTD of CaAlmeida and Stein, 2013
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Conclusions• Values for STTD of Ca among Ca
supplements were different– MCP had the greatest STTD of Ca
• Microbial phytase increased the STTD of Ca in Calcium Carbonate
• Microbial phytase increased the ATTD of Ca in corn-SBM-CaCO3 diets
Digestible Ca requirements
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Nutrient composition of dietsSTTD P, % 0.36 0.33 0.40
STTD Ca, % 0.32 0.40 0.48 0.56 0.64 0.72 0.72 0.72
Total P, % 0.56 0.53 0.61
Total Ca, % 0.40 0.54 0.67 0.80 0.93 1.06 1.07 1.05
Total Ca:Total P 0.71:1 0.96:1 1.20:1 1.43:1 1.66:1 1.89:1 2.02:1 1.72:1
STTD P, % 0.36 0.33 0.40
Total Ca, % 0.40 0.54 0.67 0.80 0.93 1.06 1.07 1.05
Total Ca:STTD P 1.11:1 1.50:1 1.86:1 2.22:1 2.58:1 2.94:1 3.24:1 2.63:1
Ingredient composition of diets
STTD P, % 0.36 0.33 0.40
STTD Ca, % 0.32 0.40 0.48 0.56 0.64 0.72 0.72 0.72
Corn, SBM, lactose 92.5 92.5 92.5 92.5 92.5 92.5 92.5 92.5
MCP 1.15 1.15 1.15 1.15 1.15 1.15 1.00 1.35
CaCO3 0.05 0.40 0.73 1.05 1.39 1.72 1.80 1.59
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Exp. 1• 256 pigs (Initial BW:11.4 ± 1.2 kg) • 8 diets with 8 replicate pens (4 pigs/pen)• BW (0, 10, and 22 d), ADFI, ADG, G:F
Exp. 1• 1 pig/pen was euthanized • Femurs were collected• Bone ash, bone Ca, and bone P were determined
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Exp. 2• 80 growing pigs (Initial BW:13.1 ± 1.8 kg) • Fecal and urine samples were collected using marker-
to-marker approach
ResultsExp. 1
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STTD Ca requirement, %
0.5
0.53
0.56
0.59
0.62
0.65
0.68
0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
ADG,
kg/
d
Standardized total tract digestible Ca, %
0.36
STTD Ca requirement, %
0.63
0.66
0.69
0.72
0.75
0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
G:F
Standardized total tract digestible Ca, %
0.43
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STTD Ca requirement, %
66.5
77.5
88.5
99.510
0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
Bon
e as
h, g
Standardized total tract digestible Ca, %
0.48
STTD Ca requirement, %
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
Bon
e C
a, g
Standardized total tract digestible Ca, %
0.48
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STTD Ca requirement, %
1
1.25
1.5
1.75
2
0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
Bon
e P,
g
Standardized total tract digestible Ca, %
0.56
Growth performance (d0 to d22)
0.59
0.93
0.640.56
0.91
0.630.62
0.97
0.64
0.00
0.25
0.50
0.75
1.00
ADG, kg/d ADFI, kg/d G:F
0.33 0.36 0.40 STTD P, %
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Bone
8.11
3.051.45
9.05
3.45
1.61
10.23
3.82
1.830.00
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
Bone ash, g Bone Ca, g Bone P, g
0.33 0.36 0.40 STTD P, %
Linear P < 0.001
ResultsExp. 2
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Absorbed Ca, g/d
2.282.96
3.794.14
4.95 5.25
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0.32 0.40 0.48 0.56 0.64 0.72
Linear P < 0.001
STTD Ca, %
Urine Ca output, mg/d
122 204383
731
1124
1534
0
500
1000
1500
0.32 0.40 0.48 0.56 0.64 0.72
Linear P < 0.001Quadratic P < 0.001
STTD Ca, %
25
Urine P output, mg/d
548
287
13182 84 88
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
0.32 0.40 0.48 0.56 0.64 0.72
Linear P < 0.001Quadratic P < 0.001
STTD Ca, %
STTD Ca requirement, %
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
Ca
rete
ntio
n, g
/d
Standardized total tract digestible Ca, %
0.52
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STTD Ca requirement, %
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
P re
tent
ion,
g/d
Standardized total tract digestible Ca, %
0.48
Ca and P in bodyPig Ca:PHigh-lean, 20 kg (g/kg empty BW) 1.38Low-lean, 20 kg (g/kg empty BW) 1.41Barrow, 20 kg (g/kg empty BW) 1.4120 kg (%, FFEBW) 1.54
Ca:P ratio 1.38-1.54
Mahan and Shields, 1998; Wiseman et al., 2009.
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STTD Ca:STTD PPig Break pointBone ash 0.48Bone Ca 0.48Ca retention 0.52P retention 0.48
STTD Ca:STTD P1.331.331.441.33
Ca:P ratio 1.38-1.54
Conclusions• STTD Ca requirements for 11 to 25 kg
pigs:– ADG is between 0.36 and 0.56%, G:F is 0.43%– Bone ash, bone Ca, and bone P is between
0.48 and 0.56%– Ca retention and P retention is between 0.48
and 0.52%
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http://nutrition.ansci.Illinois.edu
H. H. Stein
H. H. Stein
Acknowledgement
http://nutrition.ansci.illinois.edu