digest feb 13

8/7/2019 Digest Feb 13

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Digestive SystemMuhaimin Rifai, PhD., Med.Sc

[email protected]


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Human

Digestive Tract


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Digestive Tracts

of Carnivore &

Herbivore


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F

ig. 6.9


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ENERGY

HOMEOSTASISEXISTENCE

E=M.C2 ???


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Nucleus?

Mengapa darah merah berumur pendek?


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MajorFunction of DS

1. Ingestion (solid, liquid)

2. Mastication

3. Propulsion4. Mixing

5. Secretion (mucus, water,

enzyme)

6. Digestion (mechanical,chemical)

7. Absorptions

8. Elimination (fecesdefecation)

Mineral, Water, Vitamin???


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Function of the Liver

Bile productionStorage (glycogen, fat, vitamin A, B12, D, E, K, iron, copper)Prevent hyperglycemiaNutrient Interconversion (ammino acids----ATP, lipid, glucose)(fat:choline:phosphorus-----phospholipid)Detoxification (amonia-----urea)

Phagocytosis (Kuffer cells)Shynthesis (albumin, fibrinogen, globulin, heparin, clotting factors


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Erythrocyte Death & Disposal

RBCs live for 120 days

membrane fragility -- lysis in

narrow channels in the spleen Macrophages in spleen

digest

separate heme from globin

hydrolyze globin (amino acids)

remove iron from heme

convert heme to biliverdin

convert biliverdin to bilirubin

becomes bile product in feces


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Hemoglobin Structure

Hemoglobin consists of 4protein chains calledglobins (2 alpha & 2

beta) Each protein chain is

conjugated with a hemegroup which bindsoxygen to ferrous ion(Fe+2)

Hemoglobin molecule can

carry four O2


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Classification of Animals byPreferred Ingested Feedstuffs

Carnivore consume animal products dogs, cats

komodo dragon, tigers, eagles, sharks, polarbear

Herbivore consume plant products

cattle, sheep, goats, horses

giant panda, gorilla, elephant, ostrich, greeniguana, giraffe, American bison

Omnivore plant and(or) animal products

pigs

opossum, raccoon, blue jays, black bear, human


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Saliva

Salivary amylase

Glucose/polysaccharides disaccharides (maltose, isomaltose)

Lysozyme

Immunoglobulin A


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Stomach

Mucus (chyme, juice)

HCLHistamine

Pepsinogen

Intrinsic factor (glycoprotein-B12)


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Specialized Herbivores

Ambivore - feeds on grasses and broad leaf plantsExudativore - feeds on gums, resins, and sapFolivore - feeds on foliage (leaves or trees)

Forbivore - feeds on forbs (i.e. flowering plants)Frugivore - feeds on fruitGraminivore - feeds on grassesGranivore - feeds on grainsGumivore - feeds on gums secreted by some plants

Lignivore - feeds on woodMellivore - feeds on honeyNectarivore - feeds on nectarNucivore - feeds on nutsPhytisuccivore - feeds on (tree) sap

Radicivore - feeds on roots


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Specialized Carnivores

Aphidivore - feeds on aphidsApivore - feeds on beesErucivore - feeds on caterpillars

Insectivore - feeds on insectsLarvivore - feeds on larvaeMyrmevore - feeds on antsMucivore - feeds on fliesPiscivore - feeds on fish

Pupivore - feeds on pupaeRanivore - feeds on frogsSanguivore - feeds on bloodZoosuccivore - feeds on liquid

animal secretions of

decaying animal matter


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Mouth

Functions

Grasp food

Taste

Masticate food

Mix with saliva


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Stomach

Monogastric One compartment

Varies in size by species

Ruminant 4 compartments

Reticulum Rumen

Omasum

Abomasum


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GIT Classifications - Dog

Monogastric carnivore with

limited post-gastric

fermentation Simple stomach, not capable of

effective utilization of forage-

based (high fiber) diets

Unable to digest some of thesubstances in grains, fruits and

vegetables

Similar to cat


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GIT Classifications - Pig Monogastric omnivore

with limited post-gastric

fermentation Simple stomach, not

capable of effectiveutilization of forage-based

(high fiber) diets Unable to digest some of

the substances in grains,fruits and vegetables

Similar to human


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Pig_________________________________________

Large Intestine

(16, 2 gal)

Cecum

(10, 0.5 gal)

Small intestine

(60, 2.5 gal)

Stomach

(2 gal)

Esophagus

Mouth


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Rat


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GIT Classifications - Horse

Monogastric herbivorewith extensive post-

gastric fermentation Simple stomach incapable

of utilization of forage-based (high fiber) diets

Extensive fermentationafter primary sites ofdigestion and absorption


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Horse_________________________________________

Large Colon

(12, 19 gal)

Cecum

(4, 8 gal)

Small intestine

(70, 12 gal)

Stomach (3.5 gal)

Esophagus

Mouth

Small Colon (12, 3 gal)


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GIT Classifications - Sheep

Ruminant herbivore with

extensive pre-gastric

fermentation

Highly developed sacculated

stomach capable of extensive

and effective utilization of

forage-based (high fiber) diets

Extensive fermentation before

primary sites of digestion and

absorption

Similar to cattle and goats


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Cow

_________________________________________

Small intestine

(150, 16 gal)

Abomasum(glandular)

(5 gal)

Omasum

(4 gal)

Cecum

(3, 3 gal)

Esophagus

Mouth

Rumen (paunch)

(43 gal)

Reticulum(honeycomb)

(2.5 gal)

Large intestine

(33, 8 gal)


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GIT Classifications

Avian system is modified monogastric

Beaks replace lips and teeth

Crop (enlarged area of esophagus) stores and

softens feed prior to entering stomach

Proventriculus glandular part of stomach

Gizzard muscular part of stomach

Branched cecum some postgastric

fermentation

Cloaca receives fecal and urinary waste

Uric acid rather than urea (insoluble)


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ChickenBeak

Esophagus

Crop (2)

Small Intestine (55)

Proventriculus

Gizzard (2)Pancreas

Ceca (7)

Large Intestine (4)

Cloaca

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