differential dyspnea-tachypnea - small animal medicine
DESCRIPTION
Explain the differential diagnose of dyspnea or tachypnea in small animalTRANSCRIPT
Small Animal Practice
Veterinary Teaching Hospital
Airlangga University
Differential Diagnose
• Dyspnea, defined as difficult or labored breathing, can be observed in dogs or cats as forced or difficult breathing, particularly when the dog or cat is at rest.
• Tachypnea, defined as increased of respiratory rate or excessive rapid breathing.
Physiological causes
• Exercise
• Fear
• High ambient temperature
• Pain
Upper airways disorders
• Cervical tracheal disease – Extraluminal compression – Foreign body – Hypoplasia/stenosis – Neoplasia
• Extraluminal • Intraluminal [Adenocarcinoma; Chondroma;
Chondrosarcoma; Leiomyoma; Lymphoma; Osteochondroma; Osteosarcoma; Plasmacytoma; Polyps; Rhabdomyosarcoma; Squamous cell carcinoma]
– Tracheal collapse* – Trauma
Upper airways disorders
• Pharyngeal disease
– Elongated or oedematous soft palate* (Dog)
– Enlarged tonsils*
• Laryngeal disease
– Everted saccules* (Dog)
– Laryngeal paralysis* (Dog)
– Neoplasia
– Oedema*
Upper airways disorders
• Nasal disease, e.g.
– Aspergillosis
– Foreign body*
– Inflammatory disease*
– Nasopharyngeal polyp
– Neoplasia
– Stenotic nares
Lower airways disorders
• Thoracic tracheal disease, e.g.
– Extraluminal compression
– Foreign body
– Hypoplasia/stenosis
– Neoplasia (extra- or intraluminal)
– Tracheal collapse*
– Trauma
Lower airways disorders
• Bronchial disease – Bronchiectasis – Broncho-oesophageal fistula – Chronic bronchitis* (Dog) – Cystic-bullous lung disease, e.g. secondary to
emphysema – Eosinophilic bronchitis* – Extraluminal compression
• Enlarged left atrium • Hilar lymphadenopathy, e.g. [Fungal disease; Granulomatous
disease; Neoplasia] • Neoplasia
Lower airways disorders
• Bronchial disease
– Feline asthma* (Cat)
– Foreign body
– Lungworm
– Neoplasia
– Primary ciliary dyskinesia
Lower airways disorders
• Pulmonary parenchymal disease – Foreign body
• Abscess • Chronic pulmonary fibrosis • Eosinophilic bronchopneumonopathy • Eosinophilic pneumonitis • Eosinophilic pulmonary granulomatosis • Hilar lymph node enlargement • Inhalation pneumonia
– Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis – Inflammatory disease – Irritating gases
Lower airways disorders
• Pulmonary parenchymal
– Near drowning
– Neoplasia*
– Paraquat toxicity
– Pneumonia/infectious disease*
• Bacterial, e.g. [Bordetella bronchiseptica; Chlamydophila psittaci; E. coli; Klebsiella pneumoniae; Mycobacterium spp; Mycoplasma pneumoniae; Pasteurellosis]
Lower airways disorders
• Parenchymal – Endogenous lipid pneumonia
– Fungal, e.g. [Aspergillosis; Blastomycosis; Coccidioidomycosis; Cryptococcosis; Histoplasmosis; Pneumocystis]
– Parasitic, e.g. [Aelurostrongylus abstrusus; Angiostrongylus vasorum; Capillaria aerophila; Crenosoma vulpis; Oslerusspp; Paragonimus kellicotti; Visceral larva migrans]
– Protozoal, e.g. [Toxoplasmosis; Rickettsial]
– Viral, e.g. [Canine distemper virus* (Dog); Feline calicivirus* (Cat); Feline immunodeficiency virus* (Cat); Feline leukaemia virus* (Cat)]
Lower airways disorders
• Parenchymal – Pulmonary oedema
– Pulmonary thromboembolism, e.g. • Cardiac disease
• Heartworm disease
• Hyperadrenocorticism
– Smoke inhalation
– Trauma, e.g. • Pulmonary contusions
• Pulmonary haemorrhage
Restrictive Disorders
• Diaphragmatic hernia, e.g. – Peritoneopericardial diaphragmatic hernia – Traumatic*
• Large intra-abdominal mass • Neoplasia
– Mediastinal – Thoracic wall
• Pickwickian syndrome (extreme obesity) • Pleural effusion* • Pneumothorax*
Restrictive Disorders
• Severe ascites
• Severe gastric distension
• Severe hepatomegaly
• Thoracic wall abnormalities, e.g.
– Neoplasia
– Pectus excavatum
– Trauma*
Systemic and miscellaneous disorders
• Anaemia*
• Central neurological disease causing damage to respiratory centres, e.g. – Head trauma
– Hyperthermia*
– Hyperthyroidism* (Cat)
– Hypoxia*
– Metabolic acidosis
– Neuromuscular weakness, e.g. polyradiculoneuritis
– Shock/hypovolaemia*
Systemic and miscellaneous disorders
• Acute respiratory distress syndrome – Aspiration of acidic substances – Drug reaction – Inhalation injury – Lung lobe torsion – Multiple transfusions – Pancreatitis – Sepsis – Shock – Surgery – Trauma
Drugs/toxins
• Benzalkonium chloride • Blue-green algae • Dichlorophen • Ibuprofen • Metaldehyde • Naproxen • Paracetamol (methaemoglobinaemia) • Paraquat • Salbutamol • Strychnine • Terfenadine
Thank you….