different types of cell death - southern medical...
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Different Types of Cell Death
Term Definition
Necrosis Antemortem pathologic
cell death
Apoptosis Antemortem programmed
cell death
Autolysis Postmortem cell death
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Spectrum of morphologic changes
that follow cell death in living tissue
• Increased eosinophilia
• Myelin figures
• Nuclear changes
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binding of eosin to denatured proteins causes increased cytoplasmic eosinophilia more pink
loss of DNA, RNA causes decreased basophilia less blue
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Dead cells are replaced by large whorled phospholipid masses
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Karyolysis : the basophilia of chromatin fades due to breakdown of DNA
Pyknosis : Nuclear shrinkage and increased basophilia
Karyorrhexis : fragmentation of the nucleus
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Coagulative necrosis: the outline of the dead cells are maintained and the tissue is somewhat firm.
Example: myocardial infarction .
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Liquefactive necrosis: the dead cells undergo disintegration and affected tissue is liquefied.
Examples: focus of bacterial infections, cerebral infarction.
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Caseous necrosis: a form of coagulative necrosis (cheese-like).
Example: tuberculosis lesions.
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Fat necrosis: enzymatic digestion of fat.
Example: necrosis of fat by pancreatic enzymes.
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Gangrenous necrosis: Necrosis (secondary to ischemia) usually with superimposed infection.
Dry gangrene
Wet gangrene
Example: necrosis of distal limbs, usually foot and toes in diabetes.
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A pathway of cell death that helps to eliminate unwanted cells by an internally programmed series of events effected by dedicated gene products.
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During development for removal of excess cells during
Programmed destruction of cells during embryogenesis
To maintain cell population in tissues with high turnover of cells, such
as skin, bowels.
Hormone-dependent involution - Endometrium, ovary, breasts etc.
To eliminate immune cells after cytokine depletion, and autoreactive
T-cells in developing thymus.
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During development for removal of excess cells
during
To eliminate cells with DNA damage by radiation,
cytotoxic agents etc.
To remove damaged cells by virus
Cell death in tumors.
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shrinkage of cell volume and shape
chromatin condensation, DNA fragmentation, and peripheral clumping (most characteristic feature of apoptosis)
formation of surface blebs
fragmentation into apoptotic bodies
phagocytosis of apoptotic bodies by macrophages
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Protein cleavage : caspases
DNA breakdown : oligonucleosomes in multiples of 180 – 200 base pairs
Phagocytic recognition : phosphatidylserine, thrombospondin
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Apoptosis may be triggered by:
cytotoxic T cells
receptor-ligand interactions on the cell membrane
withdrawal of growth factors or hormones
injury (radiation, toxins, free radicals)
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NECROSIS APOPTOSIS
STIMULI
irreversible ischemia / hypoxia cytotoxic T cells
receptor-ligand interactions
withdrawal of growth factors or hormones,
injury (radiation, toxins, free radicals)
MORPHOLOGY
cell swelling
random nuclear fragments
inflammation
cell shrinkage
specific DNA fragmentation
no inflammation
TISSUE REACTIONS
enzymatic degradation
denaturation of proteins
shrinkage of cell volume and shape
chromatin condensation
surface blebs
apoptotic bodies
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