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DIFFERENT BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY 

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Differentbranches

of philosphy

Metaphysics

epistemology

ethics

logic

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Study of knowledge

Study the nature and the scope of the knowledge

What is knowledge?

Tripartite definition –

knowledge is justified truebelief 

Gettier counterexamples to the tripartite definition

(Edmund Gettier)

Causal theory of knowledge (Alvin Goldman, 1961)

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Sources of knowledge

• Perception

• Reason

• Introspection

• Memory

• Testimony

Process of acquiring knowledge

• Empiricism – knowledge is obtained through experience

• Rationalism – knowledge is obtained through the use of 

reason

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METAPHYSICS 

Is a study of existence of nature & origins of 

the world

It is the study of being or reality.

exp: What is the nature of reality? Is there a

God? What is man's place in the universe?

.

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ontology: The study of being &

existance; classification of entities,

physical or mental, the nature of their properties, and the nature of change.

Natural theology: The study of a God

& Gods; based on observed facts &

experience apart from divine

revelation.

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Logic

It tries to avoid imaginary or assumptions without real logical

proof 

Deductive LogicTypes of LogicInductive Logic

Starts with specific details,

followed by reasoning and

general conclusion

Starts with general conclusion

followed by relevant examples

and logical details

The formal systematic study of the principles of valid inferencecorrect reasoning

Stated in the form of a syllogism

"All men are mortal; Socrates is a

man; Therefore Socrates is

mortal."

Can be valid or invalid

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ETHICS ( MORAL PHILOSOPHY )

involves systematizing, defending, and

recommending concepts of right and wrong

behavior 

3 major areas of study in ethics :

Meta-ethics

Normative ethics

 Applied ethics

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META-ETHICS 

the branch of ethics that seeks to understand the

nature of ethical properties, statements, attitudes,

and judgments.

Understanding moral thought, talk, and practice

and their truth values may be determined.

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NORMATIVE ETHICS 

believes that right and wrong are found in an

individual’s behaviour.

The behaviours being judged by Normative Ethics

are actions that have already occurred and are then

being interpreted by the observer.

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 APPLIED ETHICS 

term used to describe attempts to use philosophical

methods to identify the morally correct course of 

action in various fields of human life.

example of applied ethics :

Science and technology ethics

 Animal welfare ethics

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http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/EPISTEMI.html

http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/epistemology/#SOU