Nearly a one-third of world’s utilized energy appears as friction in one form or another. Conserving such high energy losses is a higher importance due to ever growing demand for energy.

Surface texturing of cylinder liner honing to prevent seizers, surfaces of modern magnetic storage devices are commonly textured, to overcome adhesion and stiction in MEMS devices, mechanical seals

Different Techniques to manufacture textures

Machining, ion beam texturing, etching techniques, laser texturing

Alternate methods to improve the tribological behaviour

Lubricant density change, wobble and bounce, non-Newtonian effects and surface roughness.

Literature

I Etsion (1999), spherical dimple, generalized Reynolds equation, ratio of depth over diameter has more significant on the average pressure when compared with the radius ratio, area density of the pores.

Y Kligerman (2001), uses FEM using non-uniform grid, a variational galrekin formulation, bilinear biquadratic lagrange polynomials were used as shape functions, newton gradient method.

Siripuram (2004), different texture shapes like square, circle, triangle and hexagon, friction coeffeicient is independent of shape but flow is dependent on shape, size and orientation.

I Etsion (2004), unilateral and bilateral textures on thrust bearing with un-textured thrust bearing for friction coefficient. Unilateral shows minimum friction.

Ramin Rahmani (2007), using simple in-house search/optimization genetic algorithm code, the optimum values of height ratios and length ratios of the dimple can be calculated. Increasing the number of dimples in partial texturing would not help in any improvement of load and friction.

Haiwu (2010), shape and orientation has significant effect on the load and friction. Under same area ratio and dimple depth, ellipse (parallel to flow) and triangle parallel have less load carrying capacity than circle, but in orientation it shows good result.

M B Dobrica (2007), The validity of Reynolds equation not only depends on the Reynolds number but it can also depend on the dimple length to dimple depth ratio. Reynolds Equation is applicable when the difference in local pressure is less than 10% with respect to Navier-Stokes model.

T A Stolarski, Wei chai (2008), they concluded from the results that the inertia effect in squeeze air film is negligible.

S Cupillard (2009), compares the stokes solution with navier-stokes solution; above the critical depth of texture, inertia has negative effect; Finite volume method using CFX 11.0,

Jing Han (2010), 3-D Spherical pore, finite volume method, no cavitations condition used, load carrying capacity increases with Re and dimple width, with increases in Re optimum depth reduces and with increases in width optimum depth increases.