diet and nutrition for nursing

8/12/2019 Diet and Nutrition for nursing

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HYPERTENSION

DEFINITION:

Hypertension, also referred to as high blood pressure, is a condition in which the arteries have

persistently elevated blood pressure. Every time the human heart beats, it pumps blood to thewhole body through the arteries. Blood pressure is the force of blood pushing up against the

blood vessel walls. The higher the pressure the harder the heart has to pump. Hypertension can

lead to damaged organs, as well as several illnesses, such as renal failure (kidney

failure),aneurysm,heart failure,stroke,orheart attack.

Sign and Symptoms:

There is no guarantee that a person with hypertension will present any symptoms of the

condition.

Extremely high blood pressure may lead to some symptoms, however, and these include:

Severeheadaches

Fatigue or confusion

Dizziness

Nausea

Problems with vision

Chest pains

Breathing problems

Irregular heartbeat

Blood in the urine

MANAGEMENT:

The main goal of treatment for hypertension is to lower blood pressure to less than 140/90 - or

even lower in some groups such as people with diabetes, and people with chronic kidney

diseases. Treating hypertension is important for reducing the risk of stroke, heart attack, and

heart failure.

High blood pressure may be treated medically, by changing lifestyle factors, or a combination of

the two. Important lifestyle changes include losing weight,quitting smoking,eating a healthful

diet, reducing sodium intake, exercising regularly, and limiting alcohol consumption.

Medical options to treat hypertension include several classes of drugs. ACE inhibitors, ARB

drugs,beta-blockers,diuretics, *calcium channel blockers, alpha-blockers, and peripheral

vasodilators are the primary drugs used in treatment. These medications may be used alone or

in combination, and some are only used in combination. In addition, some of these drugs are

preferred to others depending on the characteristics of the patient (diabetic, pregnant, etc.).
http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/156993.phphttp://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/156849.phphttp://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/7624.phphttp://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/151444.phphttp://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/73936.phphttp://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/248002.phphttp://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/241302.phphttp://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/173068.phphttp://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/173068.phphttp://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/241302.phphttp://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/248002.phphttp://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/73936.phphttp://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/151444.phphttp://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/7624.phphttp://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/156849.phphttp://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/156993.php


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*Calcium-channel blockers and cancer risk - postmenopausal females who took calcium-

channel blockers for 10 years were found to be 2.5 times more likely to developbreast

cancercompared to women who never took them or those on other hypertension medications.

If blood pressure is successfully lowered, it is wise to have frequent checkups and to take

preventive measures to avoid a relapse of hypertension.

NUTRITION/DIET:

1. Reduce sodium diet.

2. Eat less processed foods.

3. Use herbs instead of salts.

4. Red Rice, brown rice or the darker one is very recommended.

5. Limit amount of Alcohol.

6. Less Carbohydrate in meals.

7. More fruits and vegetables.8. Limit fat intake and meats and dairy products.

9. Drink non-fat Milk.

10. Substitute meat by Tokwa.

11. Use Olive oil instead of ordinary Lard.

12. High in fiber foods and high in potassium such as banana, potatoes etc

13. Avoid sweets use artificial sweetener instead of ordinary sugar.

14. Avoid soda, coffee or any caffeinated drinks.
http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/264446.phphttp://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/37136.phphttp://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/37136.phphttp://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/37136.phphttp://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/37136.phphttp://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/264446.php


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DIABETES MELLITUS

DEFINITION:

Diabetes mellitus, or simply diabetes, is a group of metabolic diseases in which a person has

highblood sugar,either because thepancreas does not produce enoughinsulin,or becausecells do not respond to the insulin that is produced. This high blood sugar produces the classical

symptoms ofpolyuria (frequent urination),polydipsia (increased thirst)

andpolyphagia (increased hunger).

SIGN AND SYMPTOMS:

1. Weight Loss

2. Polyuria or frequent urination

3. Polydipsia or increased thirst

4. Polyphagia or increased hunger.

5. Increased blood glucose.6. Blurred vision.

7. Impaired healing of the wounds.

MANAGEMENT:

Diabetes mellitus is achronic disease,for which there is no known cure except in very specific

situations. Management concentrates on keeping blood sugar levels as close to normal

("euglycemia") as possible, without causing hypoglycemia. This can usually be accomplished

with diet, exercise, and use of appropriate medications such as insulin in the case of type 1

diabetes; oral medications, as well as possibly insulin, in type 2 diabetes.

Metformin is generally recommended as a first line treatment for type 2 diabetes, as there is

good evidence that it decreases mortality.Routine use ofaspirin,however, has not been found

to improve outcomes in uncomplicated diabetes.

NUTRITION/DIET:

1. Eat a lot of non-starchy vegetables, beans, and fruits such as apples, pears, peaches,

and berries. Even tropical fruits like bananas, mangoes, and papayas tend to have a

lower glycemic index than typical desserts.









http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_sugarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancreashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyuriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polydipsiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphagiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metforminhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspirinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspirinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metforminhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphagiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polydipsiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyuriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancreashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_sugar


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lower glycemic index than typical desserts.7. Eat a lot of non-starchy vegetables, beans, and fruits such as apples, pears, peaches,






A friendly Diet for diabetes:

Hold th e bread (or rice or p asta) if you want dessert.Eating sweets at a meal adds extra

carbohydrates. Because of this it is best to cut back on the other carb-containing foods at thesame meal.

Add s ome healthy fat to your dessert.It may seem counterintuitive to pass over the low-fat or

fat-free desserts in favor of their higher-fat counterparts. But fat slows down the digestive

process, meaning blood sugar levels dont spike as quickly. That doesnt mean, however, that

you should reach for the donuts. Think healthy fats, such as peanut butter, ricotta cheese,

yogurt, or some nuts.

Eat sweets with a meal,rather than as a stand-alone snack. When eaten on their own, sweets

and desserts cause your blood sugar to spike. But if you eat them along with other healthy

foods as part of your meal, your blood sugar wont rise as rapidly.

When yo u eat dessert, truly s avor each bite. How many times have you mindlessly eaten

your way through a bag of cookies or a huge piece of cake. Can you really say that you enjoyed

each bite? Make your indulgence count by eating slowly and paying attention to the flavors and

textures. Youll enjoy it more, plus youre less likely to overeat.

Tricks for cutting down on sugar:

Reduce how muc h soft drinks, soda and juice you drink.A recent study found that for each

12 oz. serving of a sugar-sweetened beverage you drink a day, your risk for diabetes increases

by about 15 percent. If you miss your carbonation kick, try sparkling water with a twist of lemon

or lime or a splash of fruit juice. Reduce the amount of creamers and sweeteners you add to teaand coffee drinks.

Sweeten foods y ourself .Buy unsweetened iced tea, plain yogurt, or unflavored oatmeal, for

example, and add sweetener (or fruit) yourself. Youre likely to add far less sugar than the

manufacturer would have.


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Reduce the amo unt of sugar in recipes by to .If a recipe calls for 1 cup of sugar, for

example, use or cup instead. You can also boost sweetness with cinnamon, nutmeg, or

vanilla extract.

Find healthy ways to satisfy your sw eet tooth.Instead of ice cream, blend up frozen

bananas for a creamy, frozen treat. Or enjoy a small chunk of dark chocolate, rather than your

usual milk chocolate bar.

Start with half of the dessert you n ormally eat,and replace the other half with fruit.


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GASTROENTERITIS

DEFINITION:

Gastroenteritis is an infection of the gut. It causes diarrhoea, and may also cause vomiting,

abdominal pain and other symptoms. In most cases the infection clears over several days, butsometimes takes longer.

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS:

The main symptom is diarrhea, often with vomiting as well. Diarrhea means loose or watery

stools (faeces), usually at least three times in 24 hours. Blood or mucus can appear in the

stools with some infections.

Crampy pains in your abdomen (tummy) are common. Pains may ease for a while each

time you pass some diarrhea.

A high temperature (fever), headache and aching limbs sometimes occur.

If vomiting occurs, it often lasts only a day or so, but sometimes longer. Diarrhea often

continues after the vomiting stops and commonly lasts for several days or more. Slightly loose

stools may persist for a week or so further before a normal pattern returns. Sometimes the

symptoms last longer.

Symptoms of dehydration:

Diarrhea and vomiting may cause dehydration (a lack of fluid in the body). Consult a doctor

quickly if you suspect you are becoming dehydrated. Mild dehydration is common and is usually

easily reversed by drinking lots of fluids. Severe dehydration can be fatal unless quickly treated

because the organs of your body need a certain amount of fluid to function.

Symptoms of dehydration in adults include: tiredness, dizziness or light-headedness,

headache, muscular cramps, sunken eyes, passing little urine, a dry mouth and tongue,

weakness, and becoming irritable.

Symptoms of severedehydration in adults include: weakness, confusion, rapid heart rate,

coma, and producing very little urine. Severe dehydration is a medical emergency and

immediate medical attention is needed.

Dehydration in adults with gastroenteritis is more likely to occur in:

Elderly or frail people. Pregnant women.

People with severe diarrhea and vomiting. In particular, if you are not able to replace the

fluid lost with enough drinks.


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MANAGEMENT:

1. Fluids - have lots to drink. The aim is to prevent dehydration, or to treat dehydration if it

has developed.

2. Rehydration drinks are recommended for people who are frail, or over the age of 60, or

who have underlying health problems. They are made from sachets that you can buy

from pharmacies.

3. Anti-secretory medicines are designed to be used with rehydration treatment. They

reduce the amount of water that is released into the gut during an episode of diarrhea.

4. Eat as normally as possible. It used to be advised to not eat for a while if you had

gastroenteritis. However, now it is advised to eat small, light meals if you can. Be guided

by your appetite. You may not feel like food and most adults can do without food for a

few days. Eat as soon as you are able - but don't stop drinking. If you do feel like eating,

avoid fatty, spicy or heavy food at first. Plain foods such as wholemeal bread and rice

are good foods to try eating first.5. Medication. Antidiarrheal medicines are not usually necessary. However, you may wish

to reduce the number of trips that you need to make to the toilet. You can buy

antidiarrhoeal medicines from pharmacies. The safest and most effective is loperamide.

The adult dose of this is two capsules at first. This is followed by one capsule after each

time you pass some diarrhoea up to a maximum of eight capsules in 24 hours. It works

by slowing down your gut's activity. You should not take loperamide for longer than five

days. Antibiotic medicine as prescribed.

6. For fever. Paracetamol or ibuprofen is useful to ease a high temperature or headache.

7. Prevent spead of Infection:

a. Wash your hands thoroughly after going to the toilet. Ideally, use liquid soap in

warm running water, but any soap is better than none. Dry properly after

washing.

b. Don't share towels and flannels.

c. Don't prepare or serve food for others.

d. Regularly clean the toilets that you use, with disinfectant. Wipe the flush handle,

toilet seat, bathroom taps, surfaces and door handles with hot water and

detergent at least once a day. Keep a cloth just for cleaning the toilet (or use a

disposable one each time).

e. Stay off work, college, etc, until until at least 48 hours after the last episode of

diarrhoea or vomiting.

f. Food handlers: if you work with food and develop diarrhoea or vomiting, youmust immediately leave the food-handling area. For most, no other measures are

needed, other than staying away from work until at least 48 hours after the last

episode of diarrhoea or vomiting. Some special situations may arise and

sometimes longer time off is needed. Specialist advice may be needed for some

uncommon causes of gastroenteritis. If in doubt, seek advice from your employer

or GP.


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g. If the cause of gastroenteritis is known to be (or suspected to be) a microbe

called Cryptosporidium spp., you should not swim in swimming pools for two

weeks after the last episode of diarrhoea.

NUTRITION/DIET:

1. Drink fluids such as GATORADE (or any other sports drink), broth, tea, flat soda or

tonic, clear fruit juices such as apple juice or eat Jello. Wait at least 30 minutes after

vomiting and then start fluids in small, frequent sips.

2. White toast, crackers and dry cereal (not whole grain)

3. Rice, pasta or potato (without margarine, butter, oil, or sauce)

4. Bananas, applesauce

5. Baked, broiled or boiled lean meat (chicken, turkey, fish, beef.

6. It is important that you have several small meals spaced throughout the day rather

than three large meals.

7. You may begin to eat small amounts of cooked vegetables, fruits and juices, skim or

low fat milk products.8. It is helpful to avoid fried foods, uncooked fruits or vegetables, whole milk products,

large amounts of butter, margarine, cooking oils or cream until your bowel rebuilds its

protective lining.


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LIVER CIRRHOSIS

DEFINITION:

Cirrhosis is a slowly progressing disease in which healthy liver tissue is replaced with scar

tissue, eventually preventing the liver from functioning properly. The scar tissue blocks the flow

of blood through the liver and slows the processing of nutrients, hormones, drugs, and naturally

produced toxins. It also slows the production of proteins and other substances made by the

liver.

SIGN AND SYMPTOMS:

1. Loss of appetite

2. Weight loss.

3. Tiredness and weakness.

4. Nausea.

5. Ascites.

6. Bruising and bleeding.

7. Jaundice.

8. Spider naevi.- These are dilated blood vessels in the skin with a spidery

appearance.

9. Gallstones.

10. Reddening of the palms of the hands.

11. Enlarged breast tissue in men

12. Mental disturbances.

13. Sensitivity to medicines.

14. Varices.

MANAGEMENT:

Because cirrhosis is irreversible, treatment aims to stop the disease from getting any worse.

The treatment you are offered will depend on the cause of your cirrhosis.

1. If cirrhosis is caused by viral hepatitis, may be treated with anti-viral drugs to reduce

permanent damage. Treatment of hepatitis B and C in the early stages is increasingly

successful at preventing cirrhosis. Autoimmune hepatitis may be treated with steroids or

other medicines that supress the immune system.

2. Avoid alcohol.3. Cirrhosis caused by Wilsons disease is treated with medications to remove the excess

copper from the body. Similarly, cirrhosis caused by haemochromatosis is treated by

letting blood every so often to use up the excess iron in the body.

4. Some symptoms of cirrhosis can be helped by medications. Ascites and fluid retention

can be treated with medicines known as diuretics that help remove excess fluid. A low-

sodium diet and restricting fluid intake can also help with these problems.


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5. Medications may be given to help reduced mental functioning and your doctor may

advise making changes to your diet to assist this process. Meals that are high in protein

can often precipitate confusion known as hepatic encephalopathy in people with

liver failure. Also, if itching is a symptom, your doctor will probably be able to prescribe

something to help stop or reduce the itching.

6. If severe, liver transplant is the best way to do.

NUTRITION/DIET:

1. Avoid salty foods, salt in cooking, and salt at the table. Anything that tastes salty (such

as tomato sauce, salsa, soy sauce, canned soups) probably has too much salt. Spice

things up with lemon juice or herbs, instead of salt. Fresh foods usually are a better bet

than processed foods.

2. Avoid fast-food restaurants. Most fast foods are very high in sodium.

3. Go easy on meats, especially red meats, which are high in sodium. When possible,

consider vegetarian (meat-free) alternatives.

4. People with cirrhosis may need more extra calories and protein.

5. It can help to eat small, frequent meals (4 to 7 times a day), including an evening snack.

Doctor even may recommend high-nutritional supplement drinks, such as Ensure or

Boost.


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IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA.

DEFINITION:

As the name implies, iron deficiency anemia is due to insufficient iron. Without enough iron, your

body can't produce enough hemoglobin, a substance in red blood cells that enables them tocarry oxygen. As a result, iron deficiency anemia may leave you tired and short of breath.

SIGN AND SYMPTOMS:

1. Extreme fatigue

2. Pale skin

3. Weakness

4. Shortness of breath

5. Headache

6. Dizziness or lightheadedness

7. Cold hands and feet

8. Irritability

9. Inflammation or soreness of your tongue

10. Brittle nails

11. Fast heartbeat

12. Unusual cravings for non-nutritive substances, such as ice, dirt or starch

13. Poor appetite, especially in infants and children with iron deficiency anemia

14. An uncomfortable tingling or crawling feeling in your legs (restless legs syndrome)

MANAGEMENT.

1 . Phycians may prescribed iron supplements. to replenish the iron stores in our body. To

improve the chances that your body will absorb the iron in the tablets, you may be instructed to:

Take iron tablets on an empty stomach. If possible, take iron tablets when stomach is

empty. However, because iron tablets can upset stomach, may need to take iron tablets with

meals.

Take iron tablets with vitamin C. Vitamin C improves the absorption of iron. Doctor might

recommend taking iron tablets with a glass of orange juice or with a vitamin C supplement.


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2. Iron deficiency can't be corrected overnight. May need to take iron supplements for several

months or longer to replenish iron reserves.

3. Treating underlying causes of iron deficiency:

a. Medications, such as oral contraceptives to lighten heavy menstrual flow

b. Antibiotics and other medications to treat peptic ulcers

c. Surgery to remove a bleeding polyp, a tumor or a fibroid

If iron deficiency anemia is severe, blood transfusions can help replace iron and hemoglobin

quickly.

NUTRITION/DIET:

The following are recommended diet:

1. red meat2. poultry

3. fish

4. eggs

5. dried beans and lentils

6. green leafy vegetables

7. nuts

8. seeds

9. wholegrain breads and cereals.

Absorption of iron from plant foods can be improved by eating food rich in vitamin c in the same

meal. Try citrus fruits, red capsicum or kiwi fruit.

Absorption of iron from plant foods can be inhibited by tea, coffee and cola drinks. It is best to

have these drinks between meals.

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