dielectric barrier discharge, ozone generation, and their applications (jose l. lopez)

7/29/2019 Dielectric Barrier Discharge, Ozone Generation, And Their Applications (Jose L. Lopez)

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Dielectric Barrier Discharge, OzoneDielectric Barrier Discharge, OzoneGeneration, and their ApplicationsGeneration, and their Applications

Complex Plasmas Summer Institute 2008Complex Plasmas Summer Institute 2008

Jose L. LopezJose L. Lopez

Saint PeterSaint Peters Colleges College

Department of Applied Science and TechnologyDepartment of Applied Science and Technology

Physics DivisionPhysics Division

Jersey City, New Jersey (USA)Jersey City, New Jersey (USA)


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Faradays Dielectric CapacitorsFaradays Dielectric Capacitors

Faraday's Dielectric Capacitor

(circa 1837)Michael Faraday (1781 1867) Capacitance INCREASED!


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Historical Ozone Tube of W. Siemens (1857)Historical Ozone Tube of W. Siemens (1857)

Werner v. Siemens

Poggendorfs Annalen der Chemie und Physik 102, 66 (1857)

Ozone Production in an Atmospheric-Pressure

Dielectric Barrier Discharge


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Dielectric Barrier DischargeDielectric - Barrier Discharge Configurations

H.E. Wagner, R. Brandenburg, et. al. The barrier discharge: basic properties and

applications to surface treatment. Vacuum. 71 p417-436 (2003).

Dielectric - Barrier Discharge Configurations

HighVoltage

ACGenerator

High VoltageElectrode

GroundElectrode

DielectricBarrier

DielectricBarrier

High VoltageElectrode

GroundElectrode

Discharge

Discharge


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Electric field strengthEof first breakdown 150 Td (p = 1bar, T=300 K)

Voltage Vpp

320 kV

Repetition frequencyf 50 Hz10 kHz

Pressurep 13 bar

Gap distance g 0.25mm

Dielectric material thickness d 0.52mm

Relative dielectric permittivity r

510 (glass)

Typical operational conditions of barrier dischargesTypical operational conditions of barrier discharges

B. Eliasson and U. Kogelschatz.IEEE Transactions Plasma Science. Vol. 19 Issue 6, 1063-1077 (1991)


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Single and double DBD

Single dielectric Double dielectric


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Role of the Dielectric

Serves two functions:

1. Limits the amount of charge transported bya single microdischarge (microplasma)2.

Distributes the microdischarges over the

entire electrode surface area

The dielectric is the key for the proper

functioning of the discharge.


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Microdischarge Activity and U-Q

Lissajous Figure

B. Eliasson and U. Kogelschatz.IEEE Transactions Plasma Science. Vol. 19 Issue 6, 1063-1077 (1991)


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H.E. Wagner, R. Brandenburg, et. al. The barrier discharge: basic properties and applications to

surface treatment. Vacuum. 71: 417-436 (2003).

Many of relevant plasma processes that areof importance to achieving our goal occuron time scales that allow us to study them.

Optical emission spectroscopic studies willallow us to determine the temporal andspatial development of important plasmaspecies such as radicals (OH, NO, variousoxygen radicals) with high time resolution(less than 10 ns) and a spatial resolution on

the scale of mm in the plasma volumefollowing pulsed plasma excitation.

Time scale of the relevant processes of the DBD.

Fundamental Operation of the Dielectric Barrier DischargeFundamental Operation of the Dielectric Barrier Discharge


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Streamer Propagation in 1 bar Air

A.A. Kulikovsky, IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 25 439-446 (1997).

Electron Density

Outer Contour Line

ne

= 1010

cm-3

Inner Contour Line

ne

= 1014 cm-3

Fundamental Operation of the DBDFundamental Operation of the DBD

Temporal Development (ns)


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E0

=34 kV/cm

Starting Phase of a Microdischarge (1 bar: 20% CO2 / 80% H2)

1mm

An electron avalanche

propagates towards the anode

ne

=108

cm-3

Numerical Results of Microdischarge Formation

in Dielectric-Barrier Discharges

1010

cm-3

Reverse propagation

towards the cathode

1010

cm-3

ne

=1012

cm-3


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E0

=34 kV/cm

Cathode Layer Formation

1mm

J ust before the peak

of the total current



1010

cm-3

Peak current

1010

cm-3

ne

=1012

cm-3

ne

=109

cm-3

1012

1014

1013

1014

1013

N i l R lt f Mi di h F ti


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ne =109

cm

-3 ne =1014 cm-3



Gap

Local Field Collapse in Area Defined by Surface Discharge


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-- - --- - -CG

CD

-- - -CG

CD

Principals

of

DBD MicrodischargesPrincipalsPrincipals

ofof

DBDDBD MicrodischargesMicrodischarges


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DielectricDielectric--Barrier DischargesBarrier Discharges

Excited Species

Chemical Reactions

Ozone

Generation

Surface

Treatment

Pollution

Control

Excimer

FormationCO2 Lasers

Hydrogenation

of CO2

Excimer Lamps Plasma Displays

Electric Field

Breakdown

Electrons & Ions Discharge Physics

Plasma Chemistry


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Plasma Display TelevisionsPlasma Display Televisions


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AC Plasma Display ConfigurationAC Plasma Display Configuration

PhosphorPhosphor

CoatingCoatingAddress ElectrodesAddress Electrodes

Rear Glass PlateRear Glass Plate

Separator RibsSeparator Ribs

TransparentTransparent

Display ElectrodesDisplay Electrodes

Front Glass PlateFront Glass Plate

DielectricDielectric

BarrierBarrier

MgOMgO LayerLayer


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Generation of OzoneGeneration of Ozone

Y

Z

[

\

3 O2 2 O3

HeatHeatHeatHeat

X

X Power source

Y High voltage electrode

Z Glass, Ceramic or Enamel Dielectric

[ Discharge gap

\ Grounded electrode

OO22 OO33++OO22

Dielectric Barrier Discharge

O O3O2 O2

O2O e O2

O O2eO3

O3O2O2 O2


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Properties of Ozone (O3)

Tri-atomic form of oxygen.

Most powerful commercial oxidizing agent

Unstable -

must be generated and used onsite

Limited solubility in water, but more so than

oxygen

Leaves a dissolved residual which ultimatelyconverts back to oxygen


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Discharge Tubes in Ozone GeneratorsDischarge Tubes in Ozone Generators


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Traditional

Ozone Generator

with Glass Tubes


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O i AO i Ad d T h l


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Ozonia Advanced TechnologyOzonia Advanced Technology

Ozone GeneratorOzone Generator


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Generation of OzoneAdvantages of Enamel Dielectrics

Proven, Patented Design

Simplicity

Single Dielctric Component

Reduced number of Dielectrics

Safety

Lower

operating

voltage

(< 4000 V)

Reliabilty

Fused Dielectris ensure continuous

production

Lowest Power Consumption Operational Savings!


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Modern Ozone GeneratorModern Ozone Generator


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G i f O


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Power Supply Unit

Generation of Ozone

O W TO W T


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Easy to useEasy to use

Low energy usageLow energy usage

Mass transferMass transfer

efficiencies to >efficiencies to >90%90%

Bubble DiffusionBubble Diffusion

Ozone Contacting SystemsOzone Contacting Systems

Ozone Water TreatmentOzone Water Treatment


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Ozone

GeneratorsOzone Contact

Chamber

Vaporizers

LOX Tank

LOX

10-12%

O3

O3/O2

OxygenOff-Gas

Blower

OzoneDestruct Unit

Vent to

Atmosphere

Ozone Process Flow DiagramOzone Process Flow Diagram


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Los Angeles, CA 10,000 1986Fairfax, VA Corbalis 9,000 2003MWD, CA Mills 9,000 2003Fairfax Co., VA Griffith 9,000 2004MWD, CA J ensen 18,750 2005

Indianapolis, IN

Belmont AWT 12,000

2007

Indianapolis, IN

Southport AWT 12,000

2007

MWD, CA

Diemer

13,400

2008

MWD, CA

Weymouth 13,400

2009

Ozonia North America - Potable Water Summary

Total Number of Installations: 90

Total Installed Production: > 265,000 lbs/day

Revision -B

Ozonia Installations Ozone Plant Size [lb/day] Start-Up Date

Key Ozonia Installations (Partial List)

Municipal Ozone Installations


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MWD Mills WTP - California

3 x 3,000 lbs/day of ozone3 x 3,000 lbs/day of ozone



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Oxidant:Oxidant:

Breaks double carbonBreaks double carbon

bondsbonds

Creates OHCreates OH radicalsradicals

which break higher carbonwhich break higher carbon

bondsbonds

Increased temp. and pHIncreased temp. and pH

accelerates Oaccelerates O33decomposition to OHdecomposition to OH

Disinfectant:Disinfectant:

Kills by cellKills by cell lysinglysing ororcausing the cell wall tocausing the cell wall torupturerupture

AttacksAttacks allall bacteriabacteriavirus, cysts and sporesvirus, cysts and sporesin varying degreesin varying degrees

OzoneOzone -- How it works:How it works:



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Micro-organism / DNA

Typical Bacterium DNA

Cellmembrane

Nuclear

material

Capsule

Cell wall

AdenineAdenine

ThymineThymine

CytosineCytosine

GuanineGuanine


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Microbial Growth at Various Ozone

Concentrations

0.004 0.008 0.012 0.016 0.020

Growth likely

Growth possible

NO GROWTH

Ozone concentration (mg/l)


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Typical Water Treatment UsageTypical Water Treatment Usage

Ultra Pure Water 0.05 - 0.25 sec. min.

Water bottling 0.4 1.0 5 10 min.

Swimming pools &spas

0.1 0.75 4 minutes

Potable, taste & odordisinfection

1.5 5.0 5 10 min.

Microfloculation 1.0 3.0 5 10 min.

Lignin & tamminremoval

3.0 10.0 10 30 min.

Municipal wastewater 5.0 15.0+ 15 30 min.

Application O3 mg/l Contact time


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OzoneOzone Municipal ApplicationsMunicipal Applications

Taste and OdorTaste and Odor

Color RemovalColor Removal

Disinfection Without THMDisinfection Without THMss

Improved Filtration Efficiency and FlocculationImproved Filtration Efficiency and Flocculation

Cryptosporidium DeactivationCryptosporidium Deactivation

Giardia & Virus InactivationGiardia & Virus Inactivation

OxidationOxidation -- Organics, Fe & MnOrganics, Fe & Mn

Wastewater disinfectionWastewater disinfection

BOD, COD and TOC reductionBOD, COD and TOC reduction


A li ti f O


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Wastewater Treatment

Disinfection of Secondary and TertiaryEffluents

Color Reduction

TOC Oxidation (Industrial)

Oxidation of Odor Causing Compounds

Oxidation of Endocrine Disruptors (EDCs)and Pharmaceutically Active Compounds(PACs)

Applications of Ozone


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What are Endocrine Disruptors (EDCWhat are Endocrine Disruptors (EDCs) ands) and

Pharmaceutically Active Compounds (PACPharmaceutically Active Compounds (PACs)?s)?

EDCEDCs and PACs and PACs are Naturally and Synthetics are Naturally and Synthetic

compounds that may affect the balance or normalcompounds that may affect the balance or normal

functions in animals and humansfunctions in animals and humans


What can EDCWhat can EDCs and PACs and PACs do?s do?

Even in very small concentrations these compoundsEven in very small concentrations these compoundscancan disruptdisrupt normal bodily functionsnormal bodily functions

ManMan--made chemicals can trick the bodies endocrinemade chemicals can trick the bodies endocrine

systemsystem


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Examples of Endocrine Disruptors

Synthetic HormonesSynthetic Hormones

Naturally Occurring EstrogensNaturally Occurring Estrogens

Health and Beauty AidsHealth and Beauty Aids

SolventsSolvents

PesticidesPesticides

SurfactantsSurfactants

PlasticsPlastics

FungicidesFungicides

1000s of compounds that may be Investigated as

EDCs Some examples are:



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-- Ultrapure Water for Pharmaceutical ApplicationsUltrapure Water for Pharmaceutical Applications

-- Wastewater disinfection / color removalWastewater disinfection / color removal

-- Soil and Groundwater RemediationSoil and Groundwater Remediation

-- Cooling Tower Water TreatmentCooling Tower Water Treatment

-- Food ProcessingFood Processing

-- Aquaculture / AquariumsAquaculture / Aquariums

-- Beverage ApplicationsBeverage Applications

-- Pulp & Paper BleachingPulp & Paper Bleaching

OzoneOzone -- Industrial ApplicationsIndustrial Applications



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High Purity OzonationHigh Purity Ozonation

Microchip manufacturing


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What are the current

issues in large-scale

ozone generation?

E i t l S t


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Front view of the two units after the redesign and reworking of

the gas, water and instruments connections.

Experimental Setup


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Experimental SetupTop view of the twoexperimental units.

Spectroscope (not

shown) is to the left

of the DBD. Theunits were different

with respect to their

electrodes: one had

only the electrode

coated with the

dielectric (single-

coated), the other

one had the

electrode and theanode coated with

the dielectric

(double-coated).

G ti f OG ti f O


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Spectroscopy

Plasma

Pl Ab i SPl Ab i S


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Plasma Absorption SpectroscopyPlasma Absorption Spectroscopy


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IR spectra in pure oxygen (black curve) and at approximately 10wt% N2

admixture (red line). N2

O5

peaks

appear at 1245 cm-1

and at 1725 cm-1.

Infrared Absorption SpectroscopyInfrared Absorption Spectroscopy


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Infrared Absorption SpectroscopyInfrared Absorption Spectroscopy

IR spectra of several methane variations. The green curve envelopes all of the methane peaks at 1325

cm-1,

recorded at smaller methane admixtures. Simultaneously, the N2

O5

peaks disappear as the methane peaksappear.

N O F tiN O F ti


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N2

O5

FormationN2

O5

Formation

p=2 bara, cw t=20C, q=3.5kW/m2, f=1450Hz

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

5 7 9 11 13 15 17

ozone conc. [wt%]

NOxcontent[ppm

V]@3

wt%N2Ble

nding

N2O5 AT95

N2O AT95

N2O5 IGS

N2O IGS

N2O5 LG

N2O LG

Amount of formed N2

O5

and N2

O as a function of ozone concentration at 3 wt% of nitrogen admixture and forvarious electrode arrangements.

Pl E i i S tPl E i i S t


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Plasma Emission SpectroscopyPlasma Emission Spectroscopy


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Relative Emissions of the Ozonizer plasmaRelative Emissions of the Ozonizer plasma

Region 300- 850 nm from ind ividual (calibrated) regions (smoothed by PeakFit). Single-coated ozone generator.

Inlet side.

0.0E+00

5.0E+05

1.0E+06

1.5E+06

2.0E+06

2.5E+06

3.0E+06

3.5E+06

280 300 320 340 360 380 400 420 440 460 480 500 520 540 560 580 600 620 640 660 680 700 720 740 760 780 800 820 840 860

Wavelength, nm

Intensity,a.u.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7 9

8 10

11 12

13

14

15

16

17

Ab l t E i i f th DBD PlAb l t E i i f th DBD Pl


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Absolute Emission of the DBD PlasmaAbsolute Emission of the DBD Plasma

Intensi ties in (O2+3 wt%N2) plasma

0.00E+00

2.00E+03

4.00E+03

6.00E+03

8.00E+03

1.00E+04

1.20E+04

200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 850

Wavelength, nm

Intens

ity(a.u.)

Intensities in 3 wt%N2+O2 plasma

O*(777)

Plasma emission diagnostics: role of NPlasma emission diagnostics: role of N


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O N2*

Dry Air

O2 N2e - e -

NO2*

O3 NO

O2 N O2

O3

NO2

N2O

NO3

O2O3

N

NON*

N2O4

NO2O3

NO2

N2O5

NO2

NO3

N

O

O

N

N

Plasma emission diagnostics: role of N2

Plasma emission diagnostics: role of N2

With N2

present

less oxygen

atoms are formed. However,

the difference in intensity is

very small.Modeling of plasma chemistry incl. the NxOy chemistry up to N2O5, fordifferent Oxygen Nitrogen mixtures, varying power deposition scenarios

and initial ozone background concentrations (up to 15%) previously done.

The Role of nitrogen (N ) in o one generationThe Role of nitrogen (N ) in o one generation


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The role of N2 must be related to its by-products reacting on the surface of theelectrode.

The following facts, which were verified on various oxygen-fed ozone generator vessels

(utilized with and without pickling and passivation) were established.

Above 8wt% of O3:

1. Deterioration of the generator performance without N2 admixture, even withp&p; (removal of the p&p oxide layer during aggressive cleaning of surfaces isequivalent to the case without p&p).

2.

The experiments performed by Pontiga et al. in 2004 confirm the above conclusion.The by-products seem to just conserve the properties of a surface; it willdeteriorate without them. A deterioration of the surface is due to oxidation, whichextends the thickness of the oxide layer. N2

O5

is found to deposit as crystallinesubstance on surfaces, which are slightly cooler than the N2

O5

-carrying gas. An

N2

O5

layer seems to inhibit the advanced oxidation of the stainless steel surface.

The role of N2 must be related to its by-products reacting on the surface of theelectrode.

The following facts, which were verified on various oxygen-fed ozone generator vessels

(utilized with and without pickling and passivation) were established.

Above 8wt% of O3:

1. Deterioration of the generator performance without N2 admixture, even withp&p; (removal of the p&p oxide layer during aggressive cleaning of surfaces isequivalent to the case without p&p).

2.

The experiments performed by Pontiga et al. in 2004 confirm the above conclusion.The by-products seem to just conserve the properties of a surface; it willdeteriorate without them. A deterioration of the surface is due to oxidation, whichextends the thickness of the oxide layer. N2

O5

is found to deposit as crystallinesubstance on surfaces, which are slightly cooler than the N2

O5

-carrying gas. An

N2

O5

layer seems to inhibit the advanced oxidation of the stainless steel surface.

The Role of nitrogen (N2

) in ozone generationThe Role of nitrogen (N2

) in ozone generation

The Role of nitrogen (N ) in ozone generationThe Role of nitrogen (N ) in ozone generation


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The Role of nitrogen (N2

) in ozone generationThe Role of nitrogen (N2

) in ozone generation

Three possibilities have to be considered for the oxygen-fedozone generator:

Excited N2 molecules lead to an increased O

2

dissociation; in

such case, an increased efficiency is correlated to the N2

admixture

The by-products perform a chemical/physical process on theelectrodes, which turns out to be beneficial

The UV emission from O2

dissociation that leads to photon or

light splitting of O3

is suppressed by N2

Three possibilities have to be considered for the oxygen-fedozone generator:

Excited N2 molecules lead to an increased O2

dissociation; in

such case, an increased efficiency is correlated to the N2

admixture

The by-products perform a chemical/physical process on theelectrodes, which turns out to be beneficial

The UV emission from O2

dissociation that leads to photon or

light splitting of O3

is suppressed by N2


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Effect of methane on ozone efficiency and specific powerEffect of methane on ozone efficiency and specific power

Effect of Methane on Ozone Content in Outle t Gas and on Specific

Pow er. Pure O2 .

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

0.0E+00 2.0E+03 4.0E+03 6.0E+03 8.0E+03 1.0E+04 1.2E+04

Methane in feedgas , ppm

Ozonec

ontent,wt%

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

Specif

icpower,

kW

h/lb

Ozone content in the outlet gas Specific power of the ozone generator

Eff f N d CHEff f N d CH


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Effects

of

N2

and CH4

Effects

of

N2

and CH4

without

H2O

withH2O

Picture of an amorphous-crystalline N2

O5

structure

captured at the Orlando Skylake water plant in 2006.


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Plasma Chemistry

with

CH4

Impurities

O N2*

OxygenO2 N2

e - e -

NO2*

O3 NO

O2 N O2 O3

NO2

N2O

NO3

O2O3

N

NON*

N2O4

NO2O3

NO2

N2O5

NO2

NO3

N

HNO3

OH

NO2

CH4e-

Effect of methane on electrode surface


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Effect of methane on electrode surface

Electrode of the ozone generator after:

*several hours in CH8

/O2

and up to 2 wt% of methane (a, b, c)

*three hours in CH8

/O2

+traces of N2

and up to 1 wt% of methane (d)

Visible change of discharge character at about 1/3 length of electrode (a, d)

Inlet OutletOutlet

Inlet Inlet

a). b).

c). d).

Ki i f CH C i i h N


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Kinetics

of

CHx

Conversion

withoutN2

O2 + CHx 12wt% O3 + CO2+H2O

conversion by collisions

deposition vaporizationby sputtering

reversible process below 1000ppm CH4

Effect of water on electrode surface with N


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Effect of water on electrode surface with N2

Electrode of the ozone generator after several hours in H2

O/O2

/N2

Inlet

Outlet

Inlet

Effect of water on electrode surface


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Long term effect (800 hrs) of H2O/O2/N2


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Kinetics

of

CHx

Conversion

withN2

O2 + N2 +CHx 12wt%O2 + CO2+H2O + HNO3

conversion by collisionsHNO3 formation

deposition vaporizationby sputtering

irreversible process above a N2 threshold (??)


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Formation of NO and NO2

depends on O3

, N2

and gas temperature.

Conclusion: N2 admixture is the key factor!

Plasma Chemistry

with

CH4

ImpuritiesPlasma Chemistry

with

CH4

Impurities

S


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SummarySummaryThe mechanisms of formed NOx

by-products follows the same

principles as the air fed ozone generators; the amount of formed

N2

O5

is found to depend on just three parameters: ozone concentrationnitrogen admixture

cooling water temperature ( = gas temperature)

The conversion of methane to OH and H2

O is found to depend on:

dissociation by electron impact ( microdischarge)

energy distribution of electrons in the microdischarges (

discharge gap)

The mechanisms of formed NOx

by-products follows the same

principles as the air fed ozone generators; the amount of formed

N2

O5

is found to depend on just three parameters:ozone concentrationozone concentration

nitrogen admixture

cooling water temperature ( = gas temperature)

The conversion of methane to OH and H2

O is found to depend on:

dissociation by electron impact ( microdischarge)

energy distribution of electrons in the microdischarges (

discharge gap)


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How to you optimize

an ozone generator?


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c [wt%]

f [Hz]

q [kW/m2]

c [wt%]

f [Hz]

q [kW/m2]

1.02.8

4.6

6.4

8.2

3.9

10.7

17.6

24.4

0.0

3.0

6.0

9.0

12.0

15.0

18.0

efficiency[%]

power density

[kW/m2]

ozone conc.

[wt%]

( )

[]/CC:][0,parameteradjustable:

[F]sliceisdielectricofecapacitanc:C

[Hz]frequency:f

[V]sliceivoltageminimum:iUmin,

[V]voltagepeak:Upeak

[]cylinderperslicesofamount:n

slicei:i

where

[kW]UUU

1

1Cf4P

iD,iG,i

th

iD,

th

th

n

1i

imin,peakimin,

i

iD,

+

= =

Theoretical Experimental

Scientific

ApproachScientific

Approach

I f P I d i


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Impact of Power Induction

12

3 4

Reference

Arr. B: unstable

Arr. C: -2%Arr. D: +0%

Arr. E: +4.5%Arr. F: +7%

Arr. G: +3%

0.0%

5.0%

10.0%

15.0%

20.0%

25.0%

30.0%

35.0%

40.0%

Fra

ctionofAppliedPowe

Position (1:inlet, 4:outlet)

E i t l T t Ri


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Experimental Test Rig

E i t l T t Ri


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Experimental Test Rig

Outer grounded electrode (left picture) and the

dielectric covered inner electrodes (right).

R f A t


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Reference Arrangement

Inlet OutletGas flow direction

O ti i d A t


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Optimized Arrangement

Inlet OutletGas flow direction

I lli G S (IGS)


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Intelligent Gap System (IGS)

Molecular Oxygen (O2

)

Ozone (O3

)

O2O3

ParticleParticle SizeSize SynthesisSynthesis::


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ByBy--ProductsProducts

Cluster FormationCluster Formationhigh diffusion and deposition to surfaces

low diffusion rate, good transport

high sedimentation on the structure


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C l iC l i


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ConclusionsConclusionsBenefits from DBD Plasma Tailoring:

Reduced power consumption of up to 10%improvement

Increased ozone concentrations of up to

14% now achievable Improved neutralization and conditioning ofdetrimental by-products Reduced system capital and operationalcost!!!


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AckownledgementsAckownledgements


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AckownledgementsAckownledgements

This research was funded in part by the Electro-Energetic

Physics Program of the U.S. Air Force Office of

Scientific Research (AFOSR).

This research was partly funded and

done in collaboration with the

Degremont Technologies

R&D

Spectroscopic and analytical equipment was purchased

through a grant for the National Aeronautics and Space

Administration (NASA) for enhancement of student

research.

This research was funded in part by the American

Chemical Societys Petroleum Research Fund.


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Questions???


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For more information:

Prof. Jose L. Lopez, PhD

Saint Peters College

Department of Applied Science and TechnologyPhysics Division, Gannon Hall

Telephone: (201) 761-6352Email: [email protected]

Thank You!

dielectric barrier discharge, ozone generation, and their applications (jose l. lopez)

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