dichio - sostenibilità dei sistemi frutticoli
DESCRIPTION
Progetto Factor 20 - Seminario La sfida della sostenibilità energetica per le imprese agricole Metaponto, 9 dicembre 2013TRANSCRIPT
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Cristos Xiloyannis Bartolomeo Dichio
DiCEM- Università degli Studi della Basilicata
Sostenibilità dei sistemi frutticoli e certificazione dell’impronta del carbonio e dell’acqua
SEMINARIO FORMATIVOLa sfida della sostenibilità energetica per le imprese agricolelunedì 09 dicembre 2013
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Source: National Geographic. Oct 2007
Three possible paths for future carbon emissions:
2057
Maintain current r
ate
Past 50 years Next 50 years
Consequences after 2057
Maintain current rate andadopting reducing strategies
REDUCE current rate andadopting reducing strategies
over 800 ppm atmospheric CO2
+ 5°C
525 ppm atmospheric CO2
+ 3°C
450 ppm atmospheric CO2
+ 2°C
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
1957 today
380 ppm
360
340
320
280
Atm
osp
he
re CO
2
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
1957 today
380 ppm
360
340
320
280
Atm
osp
he
re CO
2
380 ppm
360
340
320
280
Atm
osp
he
re CO
2
today1957
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Report Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change (Ipcc) September 2013 – Stockolm
Non ci sono, affatto, le minimizzazioni né i cambiamenti di rotta annunciati -50 billlions tonnes of CO2 eq/year EMISSIONS
- TO MANTAIN THE INCREASE OF TEMP. AROUND 2C WE MUST EMMIT NO MORE THAN 820-1445 BILLIONS TONNES OF CO2 eq TO THE ATMOSPHERE DURING THE REST OF THE CENTURY.
- GLOBAL TEMPERATURES ARE LIKELY TO RISE BY 0.3 TO 5 C BY THE END OF THE CENTURY.
- SEA LEVELS ARE EXPECTED TO RISE A FURTHER 26-82cm BY 2100.
- THE OCEANS HAVE ACIDIFIED HAVING ABSORBED ABOUT A THIRD OF THE CO2 EMITTED.
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3,152EU
595
291
160
421
259
1990
Canada
India
Cina (+ Hong Kong)
Sud Africa
Arabia Saudita
USA
Australia
2010
9.0 4,565EU
595
2,389
291
160
4,844
421
259
1990
20.2 681Canada
2.4 2856India
7.6 10,102Cina (+ Hong Kong)
11.9 589Sud Africa
24.1 186Arabia Saudita
21.1 6,479USA
26.8 583Australia
2010
Total emissions
(Mt CO2eq)
Per capita emissions (t CO2eq/year)
Total and per capita GHG emissions in various country (source: UNFCCC, EEA, DIW Berlin, World Bank )
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Background: Agriculture-related GHG Emitting Activities
Source: Smith, et al., 2007
25% of total GHG emissions in 2004
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The potential role of agriculture in mitigating climate change
• Agriculture is expected to contribute 18% of total GHG emission reductions
• Together with better forest management, the two sources are 33% of the total abatement potential
Source: Smith, et al., 2007.
Sources of expected GHG emission reductions
Other
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CSA is agriculture that
• increases yields (poverty reduction & food security),
• makes yields more resilient in the face of worsening weather conditions (adaptation), and
• transforms the farm into a solution to the climate change problem (mitigation).
(World Bank , 2012)
What is Climate-Smart Agriculture?
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Source: World Bank (Development Indicators Tables)
WORLD ARABLE LAND PER PERSON1961-2010
0,37
0,32
0,27
0,24 0,23
0,20
0
0,05
0,1
0,15
0,2
0,25
0,3
0,35
0,4
1961 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
ha
/ p
ers
on
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Land grabbing: the race for food
• The population growth, the environmental constraints for food production and the consequences of climate change are elements that compose a scenario of a new food scarcity.
• At present, many companies and governments are willing to pay billions to buy or rent large arable land areas, nominally catalogued as virgins, marginal or depopulated; Countries with developing or in transition economies, are increasinlgy well inclined to sell it.
• China (20% of world population) has recently established a 50 years lease agreement of 3 million hectares of agricultural land with Ukraine, for cultivation and pigs farming. It’s the largest lease agreement concluded by China to the exploitation of farmland abroad .
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Soil fertility
Organic matter in South Italy 0,8 - 1,3%
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Rielaborato da WBGU Special Report: The Accounting of Biological Sinks and Sources Under the Kyoto Protocol
Gestione convenzionale
Gestione sostenibile
Inizio della coltivazione
Anni dall’inizio della coltivazione
3,8
2.6
3.2
4,5
% Sostanza Organica
1.90 20 40 60 80
Frazione della SO duratura
Frazione della SO labile
Inversione della tendenza
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CO2 Emission in Italy (Source: EEA 2004)(Total annual 580.7 Mt)
Industry 50.6%
Urban (Transport, waste + Other ) 40.0%
Agriculture 9.4%
GREENHOUSE GAS SOURCE AND SINK CATEGORIES
2011
CO2
equivalent (Gg)
1. Energy 404.443,53
2. Industrial Processes 31.640,92
3. Solvent and Other Product Use 1.656,28
4. Agriculture 33.530,43
5. Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry(5) -30.590,07
6. Waste 17.520,85
7. Other NA
Total (including LULUCF)(5) 458.201,95
Source: NIR 2011 (UNFCCC CRF)
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Sostenibile convenzionale
Compost (15 t ha-1)Mineral N if necessary
Mineral fertilizers
Soil management
Pruning material
Fertilization
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increase C input
limit C output
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carbon sources
internal external
cover crops
pruning material
senescent leaves
stabilised manure
compost
Biochar, others
increase C input
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use polygenic organic material!!!
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biochar
Biochar is charcoal obtained by pyrolysis of biomass in a low/no oxigen environment.It is a stable solid, rich in carbon and can remain in soil for thousands of years.
Biochar can be used as
•carbon sink
•soil amendment
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COMPOST Contribution
Chemical Properties
Umidity % 25,64pH 8,1C org % C dm 44,6Organic Acids % d.m. 20C/N 14,9Density Kg/dm3 1,3Conducibility µS/cm 2700
Salinitymeq/100gr 22,7
Clorides mg/Kg 2580N tot %N d.m. 3,5P tot % P d.m. 0,4
Namg/Kg d.m. 2059
Kmg/Kg d.m. 11000Other Carbon resource
% C Quantity (Tons/ha)
dry matter (Tons/ha)
C tot (Tons/ha)
Compost 44,06 15,84 11,00 4,85
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Residue quality C/N Lignin/N
highly decomposable < 18 < 5
moderate 18-27 5-7
slow 28-60 7.5-15
least > 60 > 15
Residue quality based on different quality index methods (Praveen-Kumar et al., 2003)
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unità fertilizzanti distribuite con il
compostN P K total
228 33,8 130,8 392,6
N P2O5 K20 total
€ 67,95 € 10,07 € 38,98 € 117,00 0,30€
€ 310,22 € 158,81 € 76,11 € 545,14 1,39€
cost for unit of fertilizzer in the compost
average cost
compost
Mineral fertilizers
The cost of the Compost is 7.8 €/t
Se si considera il costo di trasporto (Veneto) il costo per unità fertilizzante arriva ad 1,67euro
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….. Carbon balance
Carbon Input
Carbon output(respiration roots e microbics)
Net Carbon allocated in soil
Critical point to measuresuolo
CO2 = DM × 0,45 × 3,67(Norby et al., 2004)
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CARBON BALANCE
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Chambers for soil respiration measurements
Closed chamber taking measurements
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Measuring CO2 flux…
Eddy covariance
Chamber-based methods
(static or mobile)
(photo: nrel.colostate.edu)
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EDDY COVARIANCE TOWER
Tagliavini, 2011
GPP = Global Primary Productivity
Reco = Respiration Ecosystem
NEE = Net Exchange Ecosystem
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Reduction of natural CO2 emissions from soil
limit C output
heterotrophic and autotrophic soil respiration
soil water availabilitysoil temperaturessoil microbiological fertility
factors which affect soil respiration
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effect of soil water availability
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how to control soil respiration???
limit C output
use of localized irrigation methods
use of biotechnological techniques (biopolymers able to catalyze oxidative polimerization of organic molecules – IRON PORPHYRIN)
use of soil management techniquesto limit soil mineralization
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mean (2001-2008) Annual Net Primary Productivity (CO2eq, t ha-1 year-1)
1 calculated according to Almagro et al. (2010).2 estimated according to Sofo et al. (2005).3 estimated as the 50% of the annual biomass production of olive trees (Cannell, 1985).
4 estimated as 20% of the above-ground part (Celano et al., 2003).
Net Primary Productivity (NPP)
Sustainable System
Conventional System
CO2 eq (t ha-1 year-1) Above Ground NPP 28.38 11.03
Yield 9.06 3.99 Olive permanent structures1 0.60 0.60
Pruning material 6.11 4.84 Senescent leaves2 1.60 1.60
Spontaneous vegetation epigean biomass
11.01 -
Below Ground NPP 10.43 5.51 Olive root biomass3 7.68 5.51
Spontaneous vegetation root biomass4
2.75 -
Total NPP -38.81 -16.55
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CO2eq emissions and stock variations in the 2 systems
1elaborated from data reported by Almagro et al. (2009) and Testi et al. (2008)
Sustainable System
Conventional System
CO2eq (t ha-1 year-1) Total emissions + 25.42 + 27.37 Anthropogenic + 2.42 + 1.53 Fertilizers, pesticides
Farm operations and transport
Pruning res idues burning - + 4.84 Soil respiration1 + 23.00 + 21.00
Difference -13.39 +10.82
Total NPP - 38.81 - 16.55
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Sustainable Conventional
-8.62 Kg CO2 equivalent/Kg oil +17.59 Kg CO2 equivalent/Kg oil
Oil yield 1552 Kg Oil yield 672 Kg
CO2 Balance in the Orchard
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Kg of CO2 per L of Extra Vergin Oil
Sustain. Conven.
CO2 in orchard -8.62 +17.59
CO2 in Mill +0.13 +0.13
Packing +1.81 +1.81
Balance -6.68 +19.53
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CO2 Balance in a Mature Peach Orchard
+40
+20
0
-20
-40
-60
-80
-100
-120
-140
-160
-180
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Sustainable Conventional
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To increase the Carbon content in the soil of one hectare
of orchard (30 cm depth) from 1% to 2% are necessary
about 10 years and the soil will fix about 15 t ha-1 year-1 of
CO2
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1 2 3 40.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
30-60 cm10-30 cm0-5 cm
Car
boni
o O
rgan
ico
(%)
5-10 cm
Equivalent of about….
The increase of carbon in the soil of olive trees: 2000-2006 (sustainable management without compost).
61 t ha-1 of CO2
In the top 30 cm of soil
2006
2000
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Carbon accumulated in plant structures:
12- 20 t ha-1 Carbon
In 15 years
(45-75 t ha-1 CO2)
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GESTIONE SOSTENIBILE
CO2 CO2 CO2 CO2
CO2 CO2 CO2
CO2 CO2
CO2
CO2
CO2
CO2
CO2CO
2
CO2
CO2GESTIONE convenzionale
???? Euro per t CO2
….vantaggio economico
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Generi più rappresentati di funghi e di Streptomyces
Sostenibile ConvenzionaleAspergillus AspergillusStreptomices MucorPhaeoacremonium
Penicillium
ArmillariaCladosporium Rosellinia
MucorAcremonium Cladosporium
AlternariaPhaeoacremoniumRoselliniaPhyalophoraCylindrocarpon Microdochium
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Maggior numero di funghi (e anche di batteri, non mostrati qui) nel
sistema sostenibile (diluizione 10-2)
Sostenibile
Convenzionale
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…….as intestinal flora for humans……………
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roots with ifes and spores of glomus intraradices (10 X).
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soil water holding capacity
SUSTAINABLE SOIL MANAGEMENT AND
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Inerbito
a
a
a
a
a
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
40-50
30-40
20-30
10-20
0-10
pro
fon
dit
à (
cm
)
Macroporosità (%)
Regolari
Irregolari
Allungati
Lavorato
a
b
b
b
ab
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
40-50
30-40
20-30
10-20
0-10
pro
fon
dit
à (c
m)
Macroporosità (%)
Regolari
Irregolari
Allungati
0-10 cm
10-20 cm
0-10 cm
10-20 cm
sustainable
Macroporosity %
Dep
th c
mD
epth
cm
Dep
th c
m
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Tesi Ksat (Guelph)(mm d-1)
Classe di Conducibilità satura
(Rossi Pisa 1997)
Inerbito (tubo) 160 media
Lavorato (tubo) 13 molto bassa
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apr giu ago ott dic feb0
40
80
120
160
200
ET0
precipitazioni
deficit = 855 mmE
To
- P
reci
pita
zion
i (m
m)
mesi dell'anno
Massimizzare l’immagazzinamento delle acque meteoriche nel suolo esplorato dalle radici
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Agire su scala aziendale per ridurre l’incidenza della componete BLUE
BLUE WF
GREEN WF
GREY WF
BLUE WF
GREEN WF
GREY WF
• Aumentare la capacità di immagazzinamento idrico da parte del suolo
• Migliorare l’assorbimento/trasporto da parte della pianta (es. micorrizze)
• Migliorare la gestione dei “contenitori”
• Integrare attuali conoscenze di fisiologia del trasporto idrico e dello stress idrico
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29-03-2007
Soil
layer (cm)
SS CS Δ
0-50 108.6 85.6 23.0
50-100 115.7 59.2 56.5
100-150 104.3 39.0 65.3
150-200 80.1 39.0 41.1
total 0-200 408.7 222.8 185.9
31-03-2008
SS CS Δ
110.9 102.1 8.8
110.0 91.2 18.8
111.1 90.3 20.8
110.1 80.9 29.1
442.0 364.5 77.5
Soil Water Content – SWC (mm)TOP POSITION
SS: Sustainable SystemCS: Conventional System
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S. Giuliano’s Dam
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dam
erosionerosion
S. Giuliano Dam (Basilicata Region)Reduction of the maximum volume (110Mm3)
capacity of about 30 Mm3 in 50 years
reservoir sedimentation
reservoir
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Agriculture: reasons for otpimism
• It is probably still possible to increment the area of cultivated lands, without damages for the enviromnent
• Technologies and science can help to increase resource use efficiency in agriculture (water, fertilizers, pesticides, energy) and biotechnologies can be used in a smart way, to ameliorate genetics of cultivated plants and control roots-soil biological processes.
• Food scarcity problem can be also reduced through changes in dietary habits (eg: introduction of high efficiency foods) and eliminating food losses and waste (per capita food waste by consumers in Europe and North-America is 95-115 kg/year).
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Le Norme
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Agreenment s.r.l.Spin Off AccademicoUniversità degli Studi della Basilicatawww.agreenment.it
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C. Xiloyannis B. Dichio V. Nuzzo G. Celano G. Montanaro G. Tataranni A. Sofo A. Palese E. Lardo A. Mininni A. Tuzio A. Fiore
Il gruppo di lavoro:
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Definizione• Il Carbon Footprint è
l’ammontare totale delle emissioni di diossido di carbonio (CO2) e di altri gas serra (GHG) associati alla realizzazione di un prodotto o servizio.
• L’analisi e la quantificazione della Carbon Footprint sono delle azioni fondamentali per prevenire l’incremento dei volumi di CO2 presenti nell’atmosfera.
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Introduction
New Viticulture role
ORGANIC MATTER
=
SOIL QUALITY
SOIL CONSERVATION
TERRITORY AND BIODIVERSITY PROTECTION
Celano et al., 2002; Sofo et al., 2005
Palese et al., 2004 Xiloyannis et al., 2003
More C “Sink” Reducing loss of O.M.
Compost Distribution
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Annual global carbon emissions during the past 50 years (billions metric tons per year)
Source: National Geographic. Oct 2007 - IPCC
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
1957 today
380 ppm
360
340
320
280
Atm
osphere CO
2
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Limits of the green revolution
• To increase the surface of cultivated lands is still possible, but not indefinitely
• It is necessary to increase the production rate per unit of land, through the introduction of new technologies.
• The main limit of the first green revolution was that poverty and corruption blocked the expansion of new technologies on which the revolution is based, having as consequence an excessive depletion of natural resources.