DIASPORAS: MEASUREMENT AND DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES LIKE

REMITTANCESOctober 2012

B. Lindsay LowellDirector of Policy Studies

Institute for the Study of International Migration

Georgetown University

DIASPORA, EXPATS, EMIGRES AND POPULATION ABROAD

• Numbers relative to many source countries large and growing, especially highly educated

• Potential for positive feedback to development is substantial if leveraged

• Programmatic efforts would benefit from improved data:– on stock abroad, but also recurrent migration and

particularly the characteristics and actions of the diaspora

CENSUS BASED MEASURE OF ÉMIGRÉ POPULATIONS, 2000 ROUND

• Foreign-born vs foreigner count in major host / immigrant-receiving countries– Completed education, gender, major occs

• 2000 round of Censuses & databases:– World Bank– OECD– Other

• 2010 Census rounds

Figure 2. Percentage of Immigrant Stock by Place of Residence and Level of Development

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

1975 1985 1995 2005

Source: UN 2006

Per

cent

of G

loba

l Im

mig

rant

Sto

ck

More Developed

Less developed

Least developed

EuropeNorthern America

Latin America and the

Caribbean Asia Oceania Table TotalNumber of Residents

Total 46.5 43.0 0.7 3.4 6.4 100 36,878,487

Europe 64.5 21.1 0.4 3.9 10.2 100 14,408,341 Northern America 27.7 47.4 17.2 4.8 2.9 100 689,008 Latin America & Caribbean 9.2 88.7 0.9 1.0 0.3 100 10,225,946 Asia 48.1 38.7 0.1 7.0 6.0 100 8,001,457 Oceania 17.7 16.3 0.1 1.0 64.9 100 444,750 Africa 89.8 7.9 0.0 0.1 2.2 100 3,108,984

Total 48.8 37.9 0.8 4.5 7.9 100 28,198,445

Europe 56.9 27.0 0.4 3.7 12.0 100 14,003,383 Northern America 26.4 55.2 11.3 5.3 1.8 100 827,915 Latin America & Caribbean 11.6 85.6 1.5 0.9 0.4 100 5,122,185 Asia 49.8 33.6 0.2 11.8 4.6 100 5,667,674 Oceania 18.1 16.1 0.0 1.3 64.5 100 318,488 Africa 93.1 4.8 0.0 0.1 2.0 100 2,258,800

Source: Docquier and Marouk, 2006 (author's tabulations of online database).Note: Includes mobilty across borders and within region. Data collected for OECD receiving nations.

Table 2. Regional Distribution of All Adult Migrants with Less-than-Tertiary Education by Source and Receiving Region

Source Area

Receiving Area

1990

2000

EuropeNorthern America

Latin America and the

Caribbean Asia Oceania Table TotalNumber of Residents

Total 23.6 64.8 0.7 2.4 8.5 100 20,082,686

Europe 36.7 49.9 0.6 1.6 11.3 100 6,686,361 Northern America 24.9 62.1 4.6 2.3 6.1 100 947,801 Latin America & Caribbean 8.0 88.3 1.3 1.4 1.0 100 3,655,136 Asia 14.5 73.1 0.1 4.2 8.0 100 7,041,367 Oceania 22.4 27.2 0.1 0.7 49.6 100 364,055 Africa 47.8 44.5 0.1 0.1 7.6 100 1,387,966

Total 20.3 64.9 1.0 3.2 10.7 100 12,086,508

Europe 27.2 57.2 0.8 0.9 13.9 100 4,803,501 Northern America 19.1 67.2 4.8 2.9 6.0 100 722,634 Latin America & Caribbean 7.9 87.3 2.2 1.2 1.5 100 1,856,287 Asia 13.5 69.0 0.2 7.7 9.6 100 3,836,581 Oceania 15.3 28.5 0.1 0.8 55.3 100 215,591 Africa 46.8 43.2 0.1 0.1 9.8 100 651,916

Source: Docquier and Marouk, 2006 (author's tabulations of online database).Note: Includes mobilty across borders and within region. Data collected for OECD receiving nations.

1990

2000

Receiving Area

Source Area

Table 3. Regional Distribution of All Adult Migrants with a Tertiary Education by Source and Receiving Region

Scientists resident in OECD countries, 2000 (OECD.stat)

Africa Asia Europe North America

Oceania South and Central America

and Caribbean

Other and unknown places of

birth

All countries of birth

Country of residenceOECD - Total 34,950 206,357 800,549 559,790 217,047 400,653 6,704 2,226,050Canada 21,385 128,270 83,685 548,615 2,155 22,215 675 807,000Australia 6,518 54,487 40,858 4,637 171,173 2,152 3,648 283,473New Zealand 1,488 7,815 9,153 1,302 42,432 177 156 62,523Sweden 1,255 5,925 76,135 745 220 1,120 140 85,540Greece 1,199 871 112,751 813 474 107 17 116,232Ireland 1,173 1,356 70,008 984 372 150 6 74,049Denmark 746 3,713 154,432 537 75 384 665 160,552Norway 555 1,897 56,030 640 71 289 18 59,500Austria 397 1,093 31,273 217 44 146 4 33,174Finland 88 207 46,971 43 6 21 43 47,379Hungary 58 231 44,224 56 7 52 .. 44,628Czech Republic 56 237 54,067 65 4 21 503 54,953Mexico 30 246 1,474 1,131 13 373,816 .. 376,710Slovak Republic 2 9 19,488 5 1 3 829 20,337Spain .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Country of birth

2010 CENSUS ROUNDData Collection on International Migration: UN Statistics Division

Data Collection on International Migration: UN Statistics Division

http://www.un.org/esa/population/meetings/tenthcoord2012/Census%20and%20Migration%20Questions%202012.pdf

Figure 1. Disapora Relations Between Sending and Receiving Countries

RECEIVING COUNTRY

SENDING COUNTRY

DIASPORA

Emigrate

Return

InvestExportLeaders

Import

LinkTransfer

Link

Mediate

MediateReputationEnforce

NostalgicRetail

DIASPORAS AND CHANNELS THAT FOSTER ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT BRAIN STRAIN AND OPTIMAL BRAIN DRAIN•An estimated one in ten tertiary educated adults born in the developing world resides in the developed world; 30 to 50 percent of those trained in science and technology. RETURN MIGRATION•The return of expatriates to their home country is widely perceived as being beneficial; favorable impacts have been attributed to returning scientists and engineers in Korea and China. FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS•Remittances are the best known flow of monies from the diaspora to its homeland, but foreign currency accounts and bonds are designed to attract migrants’ monies, etc. ENTREPRENEURIAL INVESTMENT•There is a substantial amount of evidence of entrepreneurship and investment by the highly skilled. HOMETOWN ASSOCIATIONS•The HTAs are best known for sending “collective remittances” primarily for infrastructure and community-building efforts. IMMIGRATION AND TRADE•Research finds that diasporas have a substantial impact on trade flows. So-called nostalgic trade is simply a first-order creation. PROFESSIONAL DIASPORA NETWORKS•The expansion of networks and the transfer of knowledge are often cited as very important outcomes of diasporas.

“BRAIN CIRCULATION NETWORKS" PROMOTED BY WORLD BANK, EXPAT NETWORKS CAN COUNTERBALANCE

BRAIN STRAINExamples:•Kea New Zealand (30,000 members worldwide)

– http://www.keanewzealand.com/

•Indian global entrepreneurs' network: TIE– https://www.tie.org/

•Scotland's government funded, Global Scot– https://www.sdi.co.uk/globalscot.aspx

•Australian expat organisation based in North America: Advance

– http://advance.org/

World Bank’s African Diaspora Program (ADP)

World Bank African Diaspora Program Action Points Action Area 1: Formalize working relations with the African Union (AU)

Action Area 2: Work with the African Development Bank to establish and support a Diaspora Remittance Investment Fund based

Action Area 3: Use World Bank lending instruments, and in collaboration with African member countries, find ways of engaging the Diaspora

Action Area 4: Establishing a multi-donor trust-funded African Diaspora Engagement and Facilitation Fund (ADEFF) to provide grant and technical assistance support to Diaspora organizations,

Action Area 5: Work closely with partner country governments to assist in creating the “enabling environments” for Diaspora engagement Action Area 6: Work with Diaspora organizations and professionals, donor agencies and African governments to share knowledge and improve communications http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/AFRICAEXT/EXTDIASPORA/0,, contentMDK:21496629~pagePK:64168427~piPK:64168435~theSitePK:4246098,00.html

SURVEY NATIONAL GOVERNMENTS

• IOM Engaging Diasporas

IOM’s Engaging Diasporas as Agents for Development, 2005

• 49 countries responded to the questionnaire

• questionnaire contains 18 multiple-choice questions

• answered by diverse governmental institutions & entities

– Take stock of existing policies, institutions, tools & instruments – Understand policies for diasporas abroad & foreign nationals– Identify specific policy needs & priorities – Identify major obstacles – Explore the relationship between migration & development– Define regional trends.

• http://www.iom.int/jahia/webdav/site/myjahiasite/shared/shared/mainsite/policy_and_research/research/Diaspora%20questionnaire%20analysis.pdf

IOM’s Engaging Diasporas as Agents for Development, 2005

SURVEYS OF NATIONAL/REGIONAL DIASPORA INDIVIDUALS ABROAD

• IOM’s African MIDA project– Tanzanian survey– African online diaspora survey

IOM, Migration for Development in Africa (MIDA)

• Several modalities to transfer the competencies of the diaspora are possible. The innovations in the MIDA programme are its uses of the new information technologies to facilitate the mobility of competencies.

• MIDA Database / Who should register? – You are a member of the African diaspora, and you would like to contribute to the development of your country of origin in key sectors such as: Agriculture, Arts and Humanities, Business and Commerce, Education, Health, Law, Public Administration and Services; Science and Technology– http://www.iom.int/jahia/Jahia/activities/by-theme/migration-

development/mida-africa/diaspora-database

• Ethiopia online diaspora questionnaire:– http://ethiopiandiaspora.org/questionaireform.asp

• Africa recruit, capacity building:– http://www.africarecruit.com/

Survey for Tanzania Diaspora Investment and Skills Forum (April 08)• Total of 676 responses

– Respondents in UK, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Finland, USA, others– 13% of the respondents belong to a Diaspora Association– Wide range of professional backgrounds with business, IT, finance significant

• Reasons left: Career (67%) Family (18%) Economic (13%) Political (4%)• How long ago did you leave? –0-3 years to over 15 years ago (1/3rd) • 83% consider going back home at some point • 70% remit for sustenance• 34% remit for investment

• http://www.africarecruit.com/SurveyonRemittances.htm

Survey for Tanzania Diaspora Investment and Skills Forum (April 08)

African Diaspora Survey on Remittances and Investment (2005)

• 879 online survey forms completed• 58% remit for sustenance• 52% of these also remit for investment• 33% remit for investment

• http://www.africarecruit.com/SurveyonRemittances.htm

African Diaspora Survey on Remittances and Investment (2005)

African Diaspora Survey on Remittances and Investment (2005)

Kea New Zealand's global census, Every One Counts, 2006

• Online survey of 29,000+ New Zealanders in 155 countries– 18,000 responses from expatriates, plus– 11,000 spouses and children of respondents

• 80% have tertiary education (compare 35% domestically)

• 50% have some economic connection with New Zealand

• http://www.keanewzealand.com/global/every-one-counts