diagnosis and management of abnormal professor hassan nasrat chairman department of obstetrics and...
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Diagnosis and Management of Abnormal
Professor Hassan NasratChairman Department of Obstetrics and
Gynecology
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Pattern of Normal Labour
• Normal Labour: Regular Uterine Contractions (force) That Cause Progressive Dilation And
Effacement Of The Cervix (Passage) Descent of the Fetal Head (Passenger)
•
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Definition: Normal Labor
Pattern of Normal Labor (Stages and Phases)
Consequence of Abnormal Labor (Dystocia)
Types of Abnormal Labour
Diagnosis Abnormal Labour
Causes of Abnormal Labour
Management of Abnormal Labor
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• Regular Uterine Contractions (force)
• That Cause Progressive Dilation And Effacement Of The Cervix (Passage)
• Descent of the Fetal Head (Passenger)
Normal Labor
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Definitions (Normal and Abnormal Labor)
Consequence of Abnormal Labor ((Dystocia)
Pattern of Normal Labor (Stages and Phases)
Types of Abnormal Labour
Diagnosis Abnormal Labour
Causes of Abnormal Labour
Management of Abnormal Labor
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Duration:
Pattern of Progress of Normal Labour:
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• Second stage: Time from complete cervical dilatation to expulsion of the fetus Head Descent
• Third stage: Time from expulsion of the fetus to expulsion of the placenta
latent
Active
Acceleration Phase
Maximum slope
Deceleration phase
• First stage:
Time from the onset of labor until complete cervical dilatation Cervical Changes
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Characteristics of the average cervical dilatation curve for nulliparous labor. Friedman EA: 1978.)
First Stage
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Second Stage
Latent phase - Contractions short, mild, irregular - cervical changes softening, effacement, and dilatation
Active phase Accelerate cx dilation at least 1 to 2 cm/ h
Head Descent
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Characterized by: short, mild, irregular uterine contractions and cervical changes (i.e. softening, effacement, and dilatation) (< 1 cm/h).
latent phase:
• Starts at 3 to 5 cm dilation cervical dilation.
• Accelerate to at least 1 to 2 cm/ h (depending on parity) per hour and the fetus descends into the birth canal
Active phase :
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Cx changes
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The partogram
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Duration of “Normal” Labour
First Stage
Duration 6-8 2-10 hRate of cervical Dilatation 1 cm/h >1.2 cm/ hDuring Active Phase
Duration >3o/m-3h 5-30/m
Second Stage
Primigravida Multigravida
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Definitions (Normal and Abnormal Labor)
Consequence of Abnormal Labor
Pattern of Normal Labor (Stages and Phases)
Types of Abnormal Labour
Diagnosis Abnormal Labour
Causes of Abnormal Labour
Management of Abnormal Labor
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Consequence of Abnormal Labor
Short Term On the Mother: • Postpartum hemorrhage.• Increased rate if traumatic complications: Lacerations, injuries
to adjacent organs.• Increased risk of infection (prolonged labor)• Increased rate of difficult operative delivery.
Long Term Consequences:
• Psychological trauma of Traumatic Experience
On the Fetus: {increased rate of perinatal morbidity and mortality }• Potential Complications of traumatic delivery• Low Apgar score• Neonatal complications (Birth Asphyxia, trauma ..etc.)
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Definitions (Normal and Abnormal Labor)
Consequence of Abnormal Labor
Pattern of Normal Labor (Stages and Phases)
Types of Abnormal Labour
Causes of Abnormal Labour
Diagnosis Abnormal Labour
Management of Abnormal Labor
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• Protraction disorders: refer to slower-than-normal labor progress.
• Arrest disorders: refer to complete cessation of progress.
Protraction and arrest disorders may occur in both the first and second stage of labor
Types – Of Labor Abnormalities: (for each Stage)
• Precipitate Labour: Complete Deliver within 1 hour
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Classification Of Labor Abnormalities By Stages:
Abnormalities in the Latent Phase:
Abnormalities in the Active Phase
Second Stage Abnormalities:
Prolonged (prolonged) Latent Phase (20 Hours For The Nullipara And 14 Hours For The Multiparous Woman .Occur In 4-6%)
Protracted Active Phase
Secondary Arrest of Cervical Dilation
Failure of Head Descent Arrest of Head Descent
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Second Stage
Latent phase - Prolonged Latent Phase
Active phase-Protraction-Secondary Arrest of Cervical Dilation
Head Descent
-Failure -Arrest
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Latent Phase
An Abnormally Long Latent Phase (4-6%)
-20 Hours For The Nullipara-14 Hours For The Multiparous Woman .
Prolonged Latent Phase Is Responsible For 30 % Abnormalities In Nulliparas And Over 50 % Of
Abnormalities In Multiparous Women
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Role of Epidural analgesia:
Dystocia due to cephalopelvic disproportion:(Absolute) :
Absolute CPD: True disparity between fetal and maternal pelvic dimensions e.g. Macrosomia, Hydroceph, Contracted pelvis.
Causes of Abnormality (Dystocia) Protraction or Arrest) Of Active Phase:
Relative CPD: Dystocia due to malposition: E.G. Occiput posterior (OP), Mentum posterior, Brow
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Occipitofrontal Diameter
Diameter of the OP Position
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Risks: - Longer second stage.- higher incidence of operative delivery.- larger episiotomies.- more severe perineal lacerations.
Occiput posterior position
A small increase in second stage length in the presence of a reassuring fetal heart rate, favorable clinical assessment of fetal relative to maternal size, and progress in the second stage does not mandate rotation or operative delivery.
Management of OP:
Operative Delivery From OP Position. Manual Or Instrumental Rotation To Occiput Anterior. Cesarean Delivery.
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Diagnostic Criteria For Abnormal Pattern in Active Labour
Active Phase
Protracted (slow) Dilation <1.2 /h <1.5 /hArrested Dilation >2/ h >2 / h
Arrest of Descent (epidural) >3/ h >2/ hArrest of descent (no epidural) >2/ h >1/ h
Second Stage
Nulligravida Multigravida
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Curves of Normal and Abnormal Labor
Prolonged Latent Phase
Protracted Active Phase
2ry Arrest of Dilation
Prolonged Latent Phase
Protracted Active Phase
2ry Arrest of Dilation
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Definitions (Normal and Abnormal Labor)
Consequence of Abnormal Labor
Pattern of Normal Labor (Stages and Phases)
Types of Abnormal Labour
Diagnosis Abnormal Labour
Causes of Abnormal Labour
Management of Abnormal Labor
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ETIOLOGY OF PROTRACTION AND ARREST DISORDERS :
Abnormal labor can be the result of one or more abnormalities (i.e. The Passage, The passenger and the Force):
o The cervix.o The maternal pelviso The Fetus. o The uterus.
The Passage
The Passenger
The Force
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Definitions (Normal and Abnormal Labor)
Consequence of Abnormal Labor
Pattern of Normal Labor (Stages and Phases)
Types of Abnormal Labour
Diagnosis Abnormal Labour
Causes of Abnormal Labour
Management of Abnormal Labor
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Diagnosis of Abnormal Labor
Risk Factors The Partogram
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Management of Abnormal Labor
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Prevention: by proper management of labor:
The diagnosis of labor.
Monitoring of labor progress.
assessment of maternal and fetal well-being. (Women should undergo cervical examination every one to two hours once active labor is diagnosed to determine whether progression is
adequate)
The use of partogram
APPROACH TO THE PATIENT WITH ABNORMAL LABOR
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MANAGEMENT OPTIONS OF A PROLONGED LATENT PHASE:
• Therapeutic rest
• Oxytocin
• Amniotomy
• Cervical ripening
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Diagnosis:
When There Is No Progress (Protraction Disorder Persists) Despite Oxytocin Therapy For Greater Than Two Hours.
MANAGEMENT OPTIONS OF
Active Phase Arrest
Treatment:
Cesarean Delivery Is Typically Performed At This Point
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• Amniotomy • Oxytocin for treatment of Hypo contractile uterine activity Low dose regimens: (to avoid uterine hyperstimulation) High dose regimens: (shorten labor )
Management of Dystocia in the first stage:
Oxytocin is typically infused to titrate dose to effect, as prediction of a women's response to a particular dose is not possible
Options f management include
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It refers to uterine activity that is either not sufficiently strong or not appropriately coordinated to dilate the cervix and expel the fetus.
Is the most common cause of protraction or arrest disorders in the first stage of labor.
It occurs in 3 to 8 percent of parturients and can be quantified as uterine contraction pressures less than 200 Montevideo units.
Defect in The Force: (Hypo contractile uterine activity)
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Continued observation.
Attempt at operative vaginal delivery.
Cesarean delivery.
Prolonged (Dystocia) in the second stage
Risk factors include: nulliparity, diabetes, macrosomia, epidural anesthesia, oxytocin usage, and chorioamnionitis
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Observation: Most women with a prolonged 2nd stage ultimately deliver vaginally.
Suggested noninvasive interventions:
- changes in maternal position. - continuous emotional support of the parturient - delaying pushing if the fetal head is high in the pelvis at full dilatation and the woman has no urge to do so
- active management using high dose oxytocin.
Operative vaginal delivery :
The choice of instrument require careful assessment of the mother and fetus.
success is dependent upon the training and skill of the obstetrician.
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Sacral Promon
tory
Vaginal examination to determine the diagonal conjugate
Symphysis Pubis