diagnosing and treating diseases

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2014 WINTER WEBINAR SERIES SHEEP & GOAT HEALTH PART III: DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF DISEASES SUSAN SCHOENIAN & JEFF SEMLER – UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND EXTENSION

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This is the 3rd webinar in a 5-art series on Sheep & Goat Health.

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Page 1: Diagnosing and treating diseases

2014 WINTER WEBINAR SERIESSHEEP & GOAT HEALTH

PART III: DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF DISEASES

SUSAN SCHOENIAN & JEFF SEMLER – UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND EXTENSION

Page 2: Diagnosing and treating diseases

DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF DISEASES

DIAGNOSIS TREATMENT

Sometimes, we can’t identify the disease or causative organism; Sometimes, all we can do is treat symptoms. Sometimes, we never know.

Page 3: Diagnosing and treating diseases

THERE ARE SEVERAL WAYS TO DIAGNOSE DISEASE PROBLEMS IN SMALL RUMINANTS.

• Clinical signs (symptoms)

• Physical exam

• Case history

• Response to treatment

• Serology (blood testing)

• Other tests

• Necropsy (post-mortem)

Page 4: Diagnosing and treating diseases

MOST (BUT NOT ALL) DISEASES HAVE CLINICAL SIGNS (SYMPTOMS). KEEN OBSERVATION IS THE KEY.

• Appetite• Behavior• Gait• Recumbency • Body condition• Discharges (vaginal, nasal)• Hair or wool loss• Fecal consistency (dagginess)• Color of mucous membranes• Lesions• Abscesses• Swelling• Pus• Pain • Breathing

Sheep and goats are generally slow to show clinical signs.

Page 5: Diagnosing and treating diseases

MANY DISEASE CONDITIONS ARE DIAGNOSED ON THE BASIS OF CLINICAL SIGNS (SYMPTOMS).

• Acidosis

• Bloat

• Floppy kid syndrome

• Grass tetany (Mg deficiency)

• Hoof diseases

• Listeriosis (circling disease)

• Mastitis

• Meningeal worm (deer, brain worm)

• Milk fever (low blood Ca)

• Ovine progressive pneumonia (OPP)

• Polioencephalomalacia (polio)(thiamine deficiency)

• Pregnancy toxemia (low blood glucose)

• Prolapses (rectal, uterine, vaginal)

• Scrapie

• Sore mouth

• Tetanus

• Urinary calculi (kidney stones)

• White muscle disease

Page 6: Diagnosing and treating diseases

A PHYSICAL EXAM WILL IDENTIFY MANY DISEASE PROBLEMS IN SHEEP AND GOATS.

• Body temperature

• FAMACHA© score (1-5)

• Body condition score (1-5)

• Fecal consistency, dagginess

• Heart rate

• Respiratory rate

• Rumen activity

• Breathing

• Close inspection of body for abscesses, swelling, pain, obstruction, skin irritation, infection, etc.

Normal is 102-103°F (101-104°F).

Page 7: Diagnosing and treating diseases

MANY DISEASES ARE DIAGNOSED AFTER A THOROUGH PHYSICAL EXAM IS CONDUCTED.

• Arthritis

• Bloat

• Club lamb fungus (ringworm)

• Dystocia (malpresentation)

• Dystocia (ringwomb)

• Epididymitis

• External parasites

• Hernia

• Hoof diseases

• Mastitis

• Ovine progressive pneumonia (OPP)

• Pink eye

• Pneumonia

• Skin diseases

• Sore mouth

• Urinary calculi (kidney stones)

Page 8: Diagnosing and treating diseases

CASE HISTORIES ARE USEFUL FOR DIAGNOSING DISEASE PROBLEMS.

• Weight, age, and of animal

• Other animals affected

• Other deaths

• Other symptoms

• Nutritional management

• Changes in feed and management

• Vaccination history

• Treatment history

• Reproductive management

Page 9: Diagnosing and treating diseases

SOME DISEASES ARE CONFIRMED BASED ON THE RESPONSE TO TREATMENT.

• Floppy kid syndrome(sodium bicarbonate)

• Grass tetany(magnesium)

• Milk fever(calcium)

• Polioencephalomalacia(thiamine)

• Pregnancy toxemia(glucose)

Milk fever or pregnancy toxemia?

Page 10: Diagnosing and treating diseases

FECAL TESTS ARE AN IMPORTANT DIAGNOSTIC TOOL FOR SMALL RUMINANT PRODUCERS.

GASTRO-INTESTINAL PARASITES

• Simple fecal flotation

• Fecal egg count (FEC)

• Fecal oocyte count (FOC)

• Fecal egg count reduction test (FECRT)

• DrenchRite® larval development assay

• Fecal coproculture (larvae ID)

• Leptin staining test

OTHER DISEASE CONDITIONS

• Infectious diarrhea (scours)

• Johne’s disease

Page 11: Diagnosing and treating diseases

SEROLOGY (BLOOD TESTING) CAN BE USED TO DIAGNOSE OR CONFIRM MANY DISEASE PROBLEMS.

• Anemia (Haemonchosis)(packed cell volume)

• Bluetongue

• Caseous lymphadentitis (CL)

• Caprine arthritic encephalitis (CAE)(antibodies against the virus)

• Diarrhea (infectious)

• Epididymitis (B. ovis)

• Floppy kid syndrome(metabolic acidosis)

• Grass tetany (Mg deficiency)

• Johne’s disease

• Leptospirosis

• Milk fever (low blood Ca)

• Other: cancer, kidney infection/disease . . .

• Ovine progressive pneumonia (OPP)

• Polioencephalomalacia(thiamine deficiency)

• Pregnancy toxemia (low blood glucose)

• Toxicities and deficiencies

• Toxoplasmosis (abortion)

Page 12: Diagnosing and treating diseases

MANY OTHER TESTS CAN BE CONDUCTED TO MAKE OR CONFIRM A DISEASE DIAGNOSIS.

• Acidosis, indigestionRumen pH

• Caseous lymphadentitis (CL)Pus - culture superficial abscess

• Club lamb fungus (ringworm)hair, skin samples

• EpididymitisSemen - B. ovis

• Listeriosis (circling disease)Cerebral spinal fluid

• Mastitis - milkCalifornia Mastitis Test - SCCsCulture and antibiotic sensitivity

• Pregnancy toxemia Urine - ketone bodies

• ScrapieRectal biopsyThird eyelid test

• Skin diseasesSkin scrapings

• Toxicities and deficienciesTissue culture: liver, kidneyFeed, water, and soil analysis

Page 13: Diagnosing and treating diseases

SOME DISEASES CAN ONLY BE DIAGNOSED OR CONFIRMED BY NECROPSY (POST MORTEM EXAM).

• Abortion (many kinds)

• Caseous lymphadenitis (CL)internal abscesses

• Coccidiosis(nodules on small intestines)

• Diarrhea

• Enterotoxemia (Clostridia)

• Listeriosis (circling disease)

• Lungworms

• Meningeal worm (deer, brain worm)

• Plant toxicities

• Pneumonia

• Polioencephalomalacia (pneumonia)

• Rabies

• Scrapie (brain tissue)

• Stomach worms

Many times, a necropsy is unable to determine the cause of death.

Page 14: Diagnosing and treating diseases

NECROPSIES

• If a flock or herd experiences too many unexplained deaths, specimens should be submitted to a diagnostic laboratory.

• Fresh specimens increase the probability of getting a diagnosis.

• A complete clinical history should be provided with the specimen(s).

• Ideally, you should work with your veterinarian when submitting samples to a state diagnostic lab.

• Producers can learn to do simple on-farm necropsies, “digital” necropsies, and/or harvest tissues for testing

Page 15: Diagnosing and treating diseases

TREATING DISEASES

• Anthelmintics

• Antibiotics

• Anti-inflammatories

• Other injectable medications

• Other medications and treatments

• Home remedies

• Homeopathic remedies

Page 16: Diagnosing and treating diseases

ANTHELMINTICS (DEWORMERS)

Trade name Drug Class

IndicationsDrug

Resistance

FDA approval

Roundworms

Tape worms

Lungworms

Flukes Larvae Hypobiotic External Sheep Goats

Cydectin® Moxidectin ML * ✗ **

Ivomec® Ivermectin ML nasal bots ****

Prohibit® Levamisole IMID ? ? *

Rumatel ® Morantel IMID ?

SafeGuard ® Fenbendazole BZ * ****

Valbazen ® Albendazole BZ **** flukes

Zolvix® Monepantel AAD 0 Not available yet

•All dewormers should be administered orally, using drench formulations.•Goats should be given 1.5 to 2x the sheep dose.•Fenbendazole and ivermectin are the drugs of choice for the meningeal worm.•Drug resistance varies by geographic region and individual farm. You must test to figure it out for your farm.

Page 17: Diagnosing and treating diseases

ANTIBIOTICSTradename Drug Indications Sheep Goats

Aureomycin® Chlortetracycline Vibrionic abortion (Camplylobacter) OTC OTC Rx

Di-methox, Albon®

Sulfadimethoxine Streptococcus, staphylococcus, some e. coli and salmonella, and coccidia organisms

OTC RxOTC Rx

Excenel® Ceftioflur Hydrochoride Broad spectrum antibiotic Rx Rx

Gallimycin® Erythromycin Upper respiratory infections and lamb dysentery OTC OTC Rx

LA-200®Oxy-200

Oxytetracycline General bacterial infections, pneumonia, diarrhea, footrot, uterine infections and pink eye

OTC Rx OTC Rx

Naxcel® Ceftiofur General bacterial infections including pneumonia Rx Rx

Neomycin Salmonella, e. coli, clostridium, and camplyobacter OTC OTC

Nuflor® Florfenicol Pneumonia and upper respiratory infections Rx Rx

Penicillin G Procaine General bacterial infections, pneumonia, and mastitis OTC OTC Rx

Spectam® Spectinomycin Scours and other infections OTC Rx OTC Rx

Sulmet® Sulfamethazine General bacterial infections, pneumonia, diarrhea, and uterine infections OTC Rx OTC Rx

Terramycin® Oxytetracycline Bacterial enteritis, bacterial pneumonia OTC OTC Rx

Today® Cephapirin sodium Intramammary treatment for clinical and sub-clinical mastitis OTC Rx OTC Rx

Tomorrow® Cephapirin Intramammary treatment of dry animal for mastitis OTC Rx OTC Rx

Tylan® Tylosin Respiratory and general bacterial infections OTC Rx OTC Rx

Page 18: Diagnosing and treating diseases

ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUGS

Trade name Drug Indications Sheep Goats

Aspirin Acetylsalicylic acidWhere pain relief or fever reduction is needed (infection, muscle damage, arthritis, joint pain)

OTC OTC

Banamine®Flunixin meglumine

Use for fever, mastitis, bacterial infection muscle damage, intestinal or stomach pain.

Rx Rx

Bute PhenylbutazoneWhere pain relief or fever reduction is needed (infection, muscle damage, arthritis, joint pain)

Rx Rx

DexamethasoneSteroid anti-inflammatory.Stronger than prednisone .Use when severe inflammation or pain.

Rx Rx

Page 19: Diagnosing and treating diseases

OTHER INJECTABLE MEDICATIONSTradename Drug Indications Sheep Goats

Bo-Se®Selenium and vitamin E

Prevent retained placentas and treat muscle/tendon problems or white muscle disease due to selenium deficiency

Rx Rx

Cal-Dextro® Calcium Treat milk fever and grass tetany Rx Rx

CMPK Calcium Treat milk fever and grass tetanus Rx or OTC Rx or OTC

Epinephrine Allergic reactions Rx Rx

Lutalyse® PGF2A Induce abortion or parturition Rx Rx

Oxytocin Induce labor, contract uterus Rx Rx

Thiamine HCL Vitamin B1 Treat thiamine deficiency (polioencephalomalacia Rx Rx

Vitamin A-D-E Increase vitamin A, D, and E status of animals OTC OTC

Vitamin B complex Stimulate appetite OTC Rx

Page 20: Diagnosing and treating diseases

OTHER MEDICATIONS / TREATMENTSDrug Indications Sheep GoatsBimusal(Pepto Bismal)

Non-infectious diarrhea OTC OTC

Kaolin Pectin(Kaopectate)

Non-infectious diarrhea OTC OTC

Mineral oil Constipation and acidosis OTC OTC

Nutri-drench Nutritional supplement OCT OCT

Probios® Appetite stimulant OCT OCT

Propylene glycolLiquid source of energy.Treat pregnancy toxemia, rumenitis

OTC OTC

Red Cell Nutritional supplement for horses OTC OTC

Therabloat Treat bloat OTC OTC

Zinc sulfate Treat foot rot and scald OTC OTC

Page 21: Diagnosing and treating diseases

COMMON HOME REMEDIESDrug Indications

Antacid Neutralize acid in rumen, treat bloat

Baking soda Neutralize acid in rumen

Corn oil Homemade “nutri-drench”

Gatorade Electrolytes

Honey Source of energy

Karo syrupSource of energyHomemade “nutri-drench”

Molasses Source of energy

Pedialyte Electrolytes

Vegetable oil Treat bloat

Yogurt

Restore health bacteria to rumen.Treat non-infectious diarrheaStimulate appetiteTreat stress

Page 22: Diagnosing and treating diseases

EXTRA-LABEL DRUG USE

• Few drugs are FDA-approved for use in sheep; even fewer for goats.

• Sheep and goat producers depend on extra-label drug use to treat their animals.

• Any use of a drug that is inconsistent with its label must meet the requirements of the extra-label drug use law (ELDU).

1. Different speciesExample: deworming a goat with Cydectin®

2. Different dosageExample: doubling SafeGuard® dosage for goats

3. Different route of administrationExample: administering Penicillin to sheep subcutaneously (SQ)

Page 23: Diagnosing and treating diseases

EXTRA-LABEL DRUG USE

• Only a licensed veterinarian may administer, prescribe, or dispense a drug extra-labelly.

• Extra-label drug use (ELDU) law

• A valid veterinarian-client patient relationship must exist.

• The animal’s health must be threatened.

• There is no approved drug that contains the same active ingredient in the required dosage form and concentration.

• Substantially extended withdrawal period.

• Extra-label drug use must not create a violative residue.

Page 24: Diagnosing and treating diseases

NEXT WEBINARTHURSDAY, FEB 20, 7 PM EST

TOPICCOMMON HEALTH PROBLEMS