Diabetes Fundamentals Series

www.DiabetesEd.net

2021

Beverly Dyck Thomassian, RN, MPH, BC-ADM, CDEPresident, Diabetes Education Services

Welcome to Diabetes Fundamentals

� Series of 6 courses designed to provide you with the building blocks of diabetes care

� Within 24 hours of the live broadcast, we will have the recorded version posted on our DiabetesEd University (DEU).

� Updated PowerPoint handouts will have 2021 in Description

� Earn CE certificate by completing the survey, critical thinking tool and test in your DEU Student Center

� Please contact Bryanna with any questions! Info@diabetesed.net

Course Objectives

1. Discuss factors contributing to

increased prevalence of diabetes

2. Describe pathophysiological defects

associated with the development of

diabetes mellitus.

3. Differentiate the different types:

prediabetes, Type 1, Type 2 and

GDM

4. Discuss new language guidelines

5. Describe the impact of insulin

resistance

Foundations of Care – Well Being

Diabetes Care and Education

� Healthy Eating

� Monitoring

� Being Active

� Problem Solving

� Taking Medications

� Reducing Risks

� Healthy Coping

Also known as the ADCES 7 Self-Care Behaviors

Improving Care & Promoting Health

� Start with person centered communication.� Incorporate ind preferences, literacy, life

experiences

� Treatment decisions timely, based on evidence and tailored to individual

� Align care with Chronic Care Model to ensure proactive practice and informed, activated patient.

� Assess social determinants of health: context, including food insecurity, housing stability, financial barriers and apply to treatment decisions.

CDC Announces

35% of

Americans will

have Diabetes

by 2050

Boyle, Thompson, Barker, Williamson

2010, Oct 22:8(1)29

www.pophealthmetrics.com

Diabetes in America 2021

� 30.3 million or > 9.4%

� 27% don’t know they have it

� 37% of US adults have pre diabetes (846mil)

Socioeconomics – Diabetes Diagnosis

� Prevalence varied

significantly by education

level, an indicator of SES

status

� 7.5% - More than high school

education

� 9.7% - High school education

� 13% - Less than high school

education

CDC 2020

Diabetes in America 2021 - CDC� 13% of adults have diabetes (34 mil)

� 21% of those don’t know they have diabetes

� 35% adults have pre diabetes (88 mil)

� 85% of those don’t know they have prediabetes

CDC 2020 Report www.DiabetesEd.net

Diagnosed Diabetes by Ethnic Group

� Highest prevalence among

� Indigenous people

� Mexican and Puerto Ricans

� Asian Indians and Filipinos

U.S. Weight - 68% experiencing overweight or BMI >30

� 34% BMI 25-29

� 34% BMI 30 +� 1/3 of all people with extra weight

don’t get diabetes

� We burn 100 cals less a day at work

� Overall, food costs ~ 10-15% of income

� Calorie Intake is on the rise

Now, let’s get to the Nitty Gritty

Poll Question 1� In the fasting state, hyperglycemia is

directly related to:

a. Increased hepatic glucose

production

b. Defective insulin stimulation of

target tissue glucose disposal

c. Decreased adipocyte lipolysis

d. Loss of pancreatic alpha-cell function

Hormones Effect on Glucose

Hormone

� Glucagon (pancreas)

� Stress hormones (kidney)

� Epinephrine (kidney)

� Insulin (pancreas)

� Amylin (pancreas)

� Gut hormones - incretins (GLP-1) released by L cells of intestinal mucosa, beta cell has receptors)

Effect

Signs of Diabetes

� Polyuria

� Polydipsia

� Polyphasia

� Weight loss

� Fatigue

� Skin and other

infections

� Blurry vision

Glycosuria, H2O losses

Dehydration

Fuel Depletion

Loss of body tissue, H2O

Poor energy utilization

Hyperglycemia increases

incidence of infection

Osmotic changes

PreDiabetes Matters

� 3.7 Prediabetes is associated with heightened

cardiovascular risk; therefore, screening for

and treatment of modifiable risk factors for

cardiovascular disease are suggested.

Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes - 2021. Diabetes Care 2021;44(Suppl. 1)

Poll Question 2

�Pre-diabetes is best defined as

a glucose of:

a. BG of 100-125 mg/dl

b. Any BG above 99 mg/dl

c. Fasting BG 126 -200 mg/dl

d. Fasting BG of 140 mg/dl or

more

Natural History of Diabetes

Healthy

FBG <100

Random <140

A1c <5.7%

Prediabetes

FBG 100-125

Random140- 199

A1c ~ 5.7- 6.4%

50% working pancreas

Diabetes

FBG 126 +

Random 200 +

A1c 6.5% or +

20% working pancreas

Development of type 2 diabetes happens over years or decades

Yes! NO

Poll Question 3

� Diabetes is defined as a random

glucose of

a. 126-199 mg/dl

b. 200 mg/dl or greater

c. 140-199 mg/dl

d. 140 mg/dl or greater

Diagnostic Criteria

� All test should be repeated in the absence of

unequivocal hyperglycemia

� If test abnormal, repeat same test to confirm

diagnosis on a different day

� If one test normal, the other abnormal, repeat

the abnormal test to determine status

� Medicare still using fasting as criteria for

reimbursement for education

A1c Test – To diagnose & eval

� Measures glycation of RBC’s over 2-3

months

� Weighted mean (50% preceding

month)

� Each 1% ~ 29mg/dl

� Accuracy: affected by some anemias,

hemoglobinopathies

� A measurement of glucose in fasting

and postprandial states

� African Americans may have false lows

Poll Question 4

� Each percentage of A1c = how

many mg/dl of blood glucose?

a. 33

b. 27

c. 17

d. 29

A1c and Estimated Avg Glucose (eAG)

A1c (%) eAG__

5 97 (76-120)

6 126 (100-152)

7 154 (123-185)

8 183 (147-217)

9 212 (170 -249)

10 240 (193-282)

11 269 (217-314)

12 298 (240-347)

eAG = 28.7 x A1c-46.7 ~ 29 pts per 1%Translating the A1c Assay Into eAG – ADAG Study

What Kind of Diabetes?

� AJ, a 12 year old female

admitted to the ICU with

a blood glucose of 476

mg/dl, pH of 7.1, anion

gap of 15.

� What further questions

and or testing is needed

to determine if she has

type 1 or type 2

diabetes?

Type 1 Diabetes

26

Diagnostic Criteria for Diabetes

Type 1 rising in Blacks and Asians

https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/research/reports/children-diabetes-rates-rise.html

Baseline incidence rate per year. Type 2 diabetes (4.8%) type 1 (1.9%).Baseline incidence rate per year. Type 2 diabetes (4.8%) type 1 (1.9%).Baseline incidence rate per year. Type 2 diabetes (4.8%) type 1 (1.9%).Baseline incidence rate per year. Type 2 diabetes (4.8%) type 1 (1.9%).

Incidence of Type 1 in Youth

� General Pop 0.3%

� Sibling 4%

� Mother 2-3%

� Father 6-8%

� Rate doubling every 20 yrs

� Many trials underway to detect

and prevent (Trial Net)

Type 1 – 10% of all Diabetes

• Auto-immune pancreatic beta cells destruction

• Most commonly expressed at age 10 - 14

• Insulin sensitive (require 0.5 - 1.0 units/kg/day)

• Expression due to a combo of genes and

environment:

• Autoimmunity tends to run in families

• Exposure to virus or other environmental

factors

• Signs can include:

• Increased thirst and hunger

• Frequent urination or new bed-wetting at hs

• Unintended weight loss

• Fatigue and irritability

29

Diagnostic Criteria for Diabetes

How do we know someone has Type 1

vs Type 2?� Type 1

� Positive antibodies

� GAD

� ICA

� IAA and others

� Younger people develop quickly

� Older people take longer to develop

� Body wt and presentation

Autoantibodies Assoc w/ Type 1

Panel of autoantibodies –

� GAD65 - Glutamic acid decarboxylase –

� ICA - Islet Cell Cytoplasmic Autoantibodies

� IAA - Insulin Autoantibodies

What Does Type 1 Look Like?

Justice Sonia Sotomayor

Bret Michaels

Mary Tyler Moore

Nick Jonas

Poll Question 5

What factors would make you

suspect type 1 diabetes?

a. History of vitiligo

b. Presents with low HDL

cholesterol

c. Friend tells you she has been

eating "tons of sweets“

d. Unresponsive to statins

Initial Eval – Looking for Autoimmunity

� Type 1 - Autoimmune Conditions� Hashimoto Thyroiditis (hypo)

� Graves disease (hyper)

� Addison’s disease

� Celiac disease

� Vitiligo (loss of skin pigment)

� Autoimmune hepatitis, gastritis

� Myasthenia gravis (muscle weakness)

� Pernicious anemia (vita B-12 deficiency due to lack of due to lack of intrinsic factor in stomach)

� Dermatomyositis

� (distinctive skin rash, muscle weakness, and inflammatory myopathy)

Type 1 Summary� Autoimmune pancreatic destruction

� Need insulin replacement therapy

� Often first present in DKA

� At risk for other autoimmune diseases

� Eval coping strategies

Patti Labelle"divabetic”

“I have diabetes, it

doesn’t have me”

Path to Type 2 Diabetes

BMI Categories

With Underweight Healthy weight Experiencing overweight Experiencing obesity

Insulin Resistance is the Seed

American College of Endocrinology

Factors Associated with Insulin

Resistance

� Abdominal obesity� Sedentary lifestyle� Genetics / Ethnicity� Gestational Diabetes� Polycystic ovary syndrome� Acanthosis Nigricans� Obstructive Sleep Apnea� Cancer� Fatty liver disease

Acanthosis Nigricans

Acanthosis Nigricans (AN)

� Signals high insulin levels in bloodstream

� Patches of darkened skin over parts of body that bend or rub against each other� Neck, underarm, waistline, groin, knuckles, elbows,

toes

� Skin tags on neck and darkened areas around eyes, nose and cheeks.

� No cure, lesions regress with treatment of insulin resistance

Screening Tool

Pre Diabetes & Type 2- Screening

Guidelines (ADA Clinical Practice Guidelines)

1. Start screening all people at age 45 or anyone who is overweight (BMI ≥ 25, Asians BMI ≥ 23 ) with one or > additional risk factor:

� First-degree relative w/ diabetes

� Member of a high-risk ethnic population

� Habitual physical inactivity

� PreDiabetes

� History of heart disease

Diabetes 2 - Who is at Risk?(ADA Clinical Practice Guidelines)

Risk factors cont’d

� HTN - BP > 140/90

� HDL < 35 or triglycerides > 250

� history of Gestational Diabetes

Mellitus

� Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)

� Other conditions assoc w/ insulin

resistance:

� Severe obesity, acanthosis nigricans

(AN)

Poll Question 6

� Frequent skin and yeast infections

in people with diabetes are:

a. A sign of poor hygiene

b. Due to poor diet

c. A sign of ongoing hyperglycemia

d. A result of high sugar intake

What is Type 2 Diabetes?

� Complex metabolic disorder ….

(Insulin resistance and deficiency)

with social, behavioral and environmental risk

factors unmasking the effects of genetic

susceptibility.

New Diagnosis? Call 800 – DIABETES to request “Getting Started Kit”www.Diabetes.org

Natural Progression of Type 2 Diabetes

-20 -10 0 10 20 30

Years of Diabetes

Relative β-Cell

Function

PlasmaGlucose

Insulin resistance

Insulin secretion

126 mg/dLFasting glucose

Postprandial glucose

Prior to diagnosis After diagnosis

Adapted from Bergenstal et al. 2000; International Diabetes Center.

Ominous Octet

Increased glucagon

secretion

Decreased

amylin, β-cell secretion

80% loss at dx

Increase

glucose

production

Increased

lipolysis

Decreased glucose

uptake

I

I

Decreased

satiation neuro-

transmission

Increased renal

glucose reabsorption

Decreased

Gut hormones

Life Study – Mrs. JonesMrs. Jones is 62 years old, with a BMI of 36 and

complains of feeling tired and urinating several times a night. She has an urinary tract infection. Her A1c is 8.3%, glucose 237.

She is hypertensive with a history of gestational diabetes. No ketones in urine.

� What are her risk factors and signs of diabetes?

� You find a few moments to teach and she asks you some questions.

Language of Diabetes Education

Old Way New Way

� Control diabetes

� Test BG

� Patient

� Normal BG

� Non-adherent,

compliant

� Refuse

� Manage

� Check

� Participant

� BG in target range

� Focus on what they

are accomplishing

� Decided, chose

Terminology matters in medical

communication about obesity

� For people with BMI >30, preferred terms

� “person with elevated BMI”.

� “person with obesity”

� “person with excess weight”

� For descriptions of BMI >40

� “class III obesity”

� “severe BMI” and

� “extreme BMI”

Pearl RL, et al. JAMA Surg. Sept2018; doi:10.1001/jamasurg.2018.2702

Let’s use language that (is)

� Imparts hope

� Neutral,

nonjudgmental

� Based on fact,

actions or biology

� Free from stigma

� Respectful, inclusive

� Fosters collaboration

between person and

provider

� Avoids shame and

blame

Mrs. Jones asks you

What Do You Say?

� What is diabetes?

� They say I am a diabetic because I am obese?

� How am I going to control this?

� What is a normal blood sugar?

� Do I have to test my blood sugars?

� My doctor told me to stay away from white foods. Is that true?

Mrs. Jones asks you

What Do You Say?

� You are wondering if your weight caused your diabetes?

� You can manage your diabetes and improve your health at the same time.

� For people without diabetes, fasting blood sugar is less than 100 and A1c is less than 5.7%

� Checking blood sugars can help you figure out if the plan in working.

Empowerment Defined

� “Helping people discover and develop

their inherent capacity to be

responsible for their own lives and

gain mastery over their diabetes”.

� Posits:

� Choices made by the person (not HCPs) have

greatest impact.

� PWD are in control of their self-management

� The consequences of self-management

decisions affect PWD most. It is their right and

responsibility to be the primary decision

makers.

Traditional vs Empowerment Based

Traditional Empowerment

� DM is a physical illness

� HCP is viewed as teacher responsible for outcomes

� Emotional issues are separate components

� Lack of goal attainment is viewed as failure

� Behavior change are externally

� DM is biopsychosocial

� PWD is viewed as problem solver /self manager

� Experiences are integral with clinical content

� Lack of goal attainment is a learning experience

� Behavior change is internally motivated

Diabetes is also associated with

� Fatty liver disease

� Obstructive sleep apnea

� Cancer; pancreas, liver,

breast

� Alzheimer’s

� Depression

Other Types of Diabetes

� Gestational

� Other specific types of diabetes

Other Causes of Hyperglycemia

� Steroids

� Agent Orange

� Tube feedings / TPN

� Transplant medications

� Cystic Fibrosis

Regardless of

cause, requires

treatment

� Insulin always

works

� Sign of

pancreatic

malfunction

Poll Question 7

� Which of the following is true about

gestational diabetes? A. GDM can be identified in the first

trimester.

B. Children of women w/ GDM are at

greater risk of type 1

C. The rates of GDM are decreasing

D. Women can decrease their risk of

getting GDM

Gestational DM ~ 7% of all Pregnancies

� GDM prevalence increased

� ∼10–100% during the past 20 yrs

� Native Americans, Asians,

Hispanics, African-American

women at highest risk

� Immediately after

pregnancy, 5% to 10% of

GDM diagnosed with type 2

diabetes

� Within 5 years, 50% chance of

developing DM in next 5 years.

Increasing Prevalence –

A public health perspective

� Body weight before and during pregnancy

influences risk of GDM and future diabetes

� Children born to women with GDM at greater

risk of diabetes

� Focus on prevention

Screen Pregnant Women

Before 13 weeks

� Screen for undiagnosed Type 2 at the first prenatal visit using standard risk factors.

� Women found to have diabetes at their initial prenatal visit treated as “Diabetes in Pregnancy”

� If normal, recheck at 24-28 weeks

Postpartum after GDM

� 50% risk of getting diabetes in 5 years

� Screen at 4-12 wks post partum (75 gm OGTT)

� Repeat at 3 yr intervals or signs of DM� Encourage Breast Feeding

� Decreases risk of diabetes in mom 50%

� Encourage weight control

� Encourage exercise

� Make sure connected with health care

� Lipid profile/ follow BP

� Preconception counseling

Key points

� At the center of

diabetes is someone

living with it

everyday.

� Focus on their

successes

� Coach and support

Join US on Social Media / Blogs

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questions

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