dga tools: duval triangles and pentagons -...
TRANSCRIPT
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TRANSFORMATOR’17
DGA Tools: Duval Triangles and Pentagons
C. Beauchemin, TJH2b Analytical Services Inc.
This presentation use some material from Michel Duval and Dynamic Rating training programs
Initially presented at the TechCon SE Asia, Kuala Lumpur, April 10, 2017
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TRANSFORMATOR’17
Dissolved Gas Analysis History
– Oil Filled Transformer: 1880 - 1890
– Buchholz relay: introduced in 1921
– Buchholz gas analysis: Mid 1950
– Early DGA: 1968 (CEGB)
– On-line DGA:
• Single gas: Early 1980
• Multi gas: Mid 1990
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TRANSFORMATOR’17
Dissolved Gas Analysis History
– Early on it was recognized that fault generate combustible gas.
– Combustible gas detector were used to determine if a Buchholz relay trip was caused by an internal fault or not.
– Initial analysis of individual gas indicated the presence of several light Hydrocarbon generated by fault.
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TRANSFORMATOR’17
Dissolved Gas Analysis History
– DGA standardised on the following gas
• H2 CO
• CH4 CO2
• C2H6 N2
• C2H4 O2
• C2H2
– Other gas (C3) are sometime also used
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TRANSFORMATOR’17
How to correlate gas to fault ?
• The objective of DGA is to detect the presence of fault, and identify their nature
• It was recognized early that some gas, or some gas ratio, could be associated with some specific type of fault.
• To be useful, DGA need interpretation methods
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TRANSFORMATOR’17
Relative Gas Generation CIGRE and IEEEE
Source: IEEE C57.104 D3.2, April 2017
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TRANSFORMATOR’17
How to correlate gas to fault ?
• Interpretation methods could be classified in 4 general classes
– Specific gas
– Statistic norms
– True tables with ratio
– Graphical
• All methods are based on the fact that different fault generate gas in different amounts
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TRANSFORMATOR’17
DGA Interpretation History
• Dörnenberg
• Potthoff
• Shanks
• Trilinear Plot
• IEC
• Duval
• ....
• Several methods introduced in the 1970 & 1980
• Statistic threshold
• Rogers
• Halstead
• LCIE
• Laborelec
• GE
• Church
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TRANSFORMATOR’17
DGA Interpretation
• Specific Gas
– IEEE C57.104 Key Gas
– LCIE Sheme
– Potthoff Scheme
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TRANSFORMATOR’17
Key Gas Method
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TRANSFORMATOR’17
DGA Interpretation
• Statistical methods
– IEEE C57.104
– IEC 60599
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TRANSFORMATOR’17
Statistical Methods
• Use population curve to determine some “acceptable” levels
• Look at absolute gas concentrations
• Could be adjusted for population characteristics
• Typical 90% and 95% percentile value used as “Normal – Abnormal” limits
• Introduced by CEGB in 1972
• Adopted by IEEE and IEC
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TRANSFORMATOR’17
Statistical Methods: IEC 60599
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TRANSFORMATOR’17
DGA Interpretation
• Ratio Methods
– Rogers
– Dörnenberg
– IEC
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TRANSFORMATOR’17
Ratio Methods
• Look at ratio between gases rather than absolute value
• Reduce “noise” in DGA results
• Up to four ratios
• Use look-up table for diagnostic
• Rogers
• Dörnenberg
• IEC
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TRANSFORMATOR’17
Example of Look-Up Table: Early Rogers
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TRANSFORMATOR’17
Graphical Method
• Look at single or multiple ratios, or gases values
• Plot value in a graphical system
• Determine fault by pattern or location on the graph
• - Church - Key Gas
• - Doernenberg - GE
• - Duval - IEC
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TRANSFORMATOR’17
Example of Early Graphical Method: Doernenberg
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TRANSFORMATOR’17
Example of Early Graphical Method: Shanks
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TRANSFORMATOR’17
Example of Graphical Method: IEC 60599
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TRANSFORMATOR’17
Example of Graphical Method: IEC 60599
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TRANSFORMATOR’17
Duval Triangles History
Diagnostic Method: Duval Triangles
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TRANSFORMATOR’17
The Origin of the Triangle figure
• Lost in the night of time
• Oldest know description: (Euclid, 323 – 283 BC): any three points not in a line define a triangle (second oldest geometry axiom)
• A complete field of mathematic (Trigonometry)
• Widely used in land survey and to remove the faint of heart from Engineering School
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TRANSFORMATOR’17
The Origin of Modern Triangle Graphs (Trilinear)
• Trilinear graph have been in use for a long time
• J. Williard Gibbs is credited with the first documented use of trilinear coordinates graph (for thermodynamics) in 1873.
• In 1881 Robert Thurston published a paper using trilinear coordinates to express the properties of Copper-Zinc-Tin alloys using contours map
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TRANSFORMATOR’17
How to Read a Trilinear Graph
• Widely used in several fields
• Not as intuitive as XY graphs
• Surface is not infinite, contrary to XY graphs
• Use positive values
• The 3 variable are interlocked
%A + %B + %C = 100%
• As a result, a point could be defined by…any two variables
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TRANSFORMATOR’17
Why use a Trilinear graphs?
• Any quantifiable property of a 3 components system could be plotted on a trilinear graphs instead of using two XY graphs or long look-up tables
• Here a few examples:
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TRANSFORMATOR’17
Property of Cu – Zn – Sn Mixture
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TRANSFORMATOR’17
Solubility Chart
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TRANSFORMATOR’17
Flammability Chart
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TRANSFORMATOR’17
Color Chart
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TRANSFORMATOR’17
How to Read a Trilinear Graph
• Each corner is 100% of one variable
• The adjacent variable at that corner is 0%
• BTW, the other one too !!
• The progression around the triangle is
0 100 0 100 0 100%
• Progression could be clockwise or counter clockwise
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TRANSFORMATOR’17
How to Read a Trilinear Graph
C
A
B
0% A & 0% B
100% A 0% B & 0% C
100% B
0% C & 0% A100% C
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TRANSFORMATOR’17
How to Read a Trilinear Graph
A
C
A
B0% A
100% A
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TRANSFORMATOR’17
How to Read a Trilinear Graph
C
A
B
0% B
100% B
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TRANSFORMATOR’17
How to Read a Trilinear Graph
C
A
B
0% C
100% C
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TRANSFORMATOR’17
Early Use of Trilinear Graph in DGA Interpretation
• Early attempt for DGA interpretation
• Based on molar ratio of Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen in the Combustible gas mixture
• Complex computation to obtain ratios
• Was not adopted widely
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TRANSFORMATOR’17
Early DGA Interpretation Attempt with Triangle
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TRANSFORMATOR’17
First Trilinear Graph for DGA
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TRANSFORMATOR’17
Duval Triangle (1)
• Second attempt to use trilinear graph with DGA
• Introduced in 1974 by Michel Duval
• Use 3 gas: CH4, C2H4 and C2H2
• Compute 3 ratios (% of gas in mixture)
• Each type of fault is assigned a zone
• Related to Gas Formation Temperature
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TRANSFORMATOR’17
Relative Gas Generation CIGRE and IEEEE
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TRANSFORMATOR’17
Relative Gas Generation Duval Triangle 1
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TRANSFORMATOR’17
Relative Gas Generation Duval Triangle 1
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TRANSFORMATOR’17
Duval Triangle 1: Temperature of gas formation
Duval 1
C2H2
CH4 C2H4
0
100 0
100
0100
< 500°C > 500°C
> 1000°C
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TRANSFORMATOR’17
Duval Triangle 1
Duval 1
C2H2
CH4 C2H4
0
100 0
100
0100
D2
D1
DT
T1
T2
T3
PD
< 500°C > 500°C
> 1000°C
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TRANSFORMATOR’17
How to Place a Point in a Duval Triangle
C2H2
CH4 C2H4
0% CH4
100% CH4
50%
CH4 = 50%
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TRANSFORMATOR’17
How to Place a Point in a Duval Triangle
C2H2
CH4 C2H4
0% C2H4
100% C2H4
50%
30% C2H4
CH4 = 50%
C2H4 = 30%
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TRANSFORMATOR’17
How to Place a Point in a Duval Triangle
C2H2
CH4 C2H4
0% C2H2100% C2H2
50%
30% C2H4
20% C2H2
CH4 = 50%
C2H4 = 30%
C2H2 = 100% - %CH4 - %C2H4 = 20%
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TRANSFORMATOR’17
Duval Triangle 1 Zones
• PD Partial Discharges
• T1 Low Temperature < 300 ºC
• T2 Medium Temperature 300 - 700 ºC
• T3 High Temperature > 700 ºC
• DT Discharges with Thermal
• D1 Discharges of High Energy
• D2 Discharges of Low Energy
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TRANSFORMATOR’17
Duval Triangle 1 and IEC 60599
• Same fault designations as IEC 60599
• IEC use 5 Hydrocarbon
• IEC use 3 ratios of 2 gas
• IEC use Look-up table
• IEC use also a two graphs representation
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TRANSFORMATOR’17
Duval Compared to IEC 60599
Duval 1
C2H2
CH4 C2H4
0
100 0
100
0100
D2
D1
DT
T1
T2
T3
PD
Duval 1 IEC
![Page 51: DGA Tools: Duval Triangles and Pentagons - PTPiREEtransformator.ptpiree.pl/konferencje/transformator/2017/materialy/... · DGA Tools: Duval Triangles and Pentagons C. Beauchemin,](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052209/5ab174c97f8b9abc2f8cb650/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
TRANSFORMATOR’17
Duval Triangle 1
• Widely used today
• Part of IEC 60599 (appendix B)
• Will be part of future revised C57.104
• A study by U of New South Wales (Australia) indicate a success rate of 88%
• Limited to mineral oil transformer
![Page 52: DGA Tools: Duval Triangles and Pentagons - PTPiREEtransformator.ptpiree.pl/konferencje/transformator/2017/materialy/... · DGA Tools: Duval Triangles and Pentagons C. Beauchemin,](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052209/5ab174c97f8b9abc2f8cb650/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
TRANSFORMATOR’17
University of New South Wales Study on 92 Cases
F1 = Low TemperatureF2 = High Temperature
F3 = ArcingF4 = Partial Discharge
F5 = Normal
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TRANSFORMATOR’17
University of New South Wales Study on 92 Cases
![Page 54: DGA Tools: Duval Triangles and Pentagons - PTPiREEtransformator.ptpiree.pl/konferencje/transformator/2017/materialy/... · DGA Tools: Duval Triangles and Pentagons C. Beauchemin,](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052209/5ab174c97f8b9abc2f8cb650/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
TRANSFORMATOR’17
Duval Triangles 4 and 5
• Introduced in 2008
• For mineral oil Transformer
– With PD, T1 or T2 in Duval 1
– DO NOT use for T3, D1, D2
– Use with DT with precaution
• To refine/confirm low energy faults
• Different gas and zones than in Triangle 1
• Use H2, CH4, C2H4 and C2H6
![Page 55: DGA Tools: Duval Triangles and Pentagons - PTPiREEtransformator.ptpiree.pl/konferencje/transformator/2017/materialy/... · DGA Tools: Duval Triangles and Pentagons C. Beauchemin,](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052209/5ab174c97f8b9abc2f8cb650/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
TRANSFORMATOR’17
Relative Gas Generation Duval Triangle 1
![Page 56: DGA Tools: Duval Triangles and Pentagons - PTPiREEtransformator.ptpiree.pl/konferencje/transformator/2017/materialy/... · DGA Tools: Duval Triangles and Pentagons C. Beauchemin,](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052209/5ab174c97f8b9abc2f8cb650/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
TRANSFORMATOR’17
Duval Triangle 1
Duval 1
C2H2
CH4 C2H4
0
100 0
100
0100
D2
D1
DT
T1
T2
T3
PD
![Page 57: DGA Tools: Duval Triangles and Pentagons - PTPiREEtransformator.ptpiree.pl/konferencje/transformator/2017/materialy/... · DGA Tools: Duval Triangles and Pentagons C. Beauchemin,](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052209/5ab174c97f8b9abc2f8cb650/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
TRANSFORMATOR’17
Relative Gas Generation Duval Triangle 4
![Page 58: DGA Tools: Duval Triangles and Pentagons - PTPiREEtransformator.ptpiree.pl/konferencje/transformator/2017/materialy/... · DGA Tools: Duval Triangles and Pentagons C. Beauchemin,](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052209/5ab174c97f8b9abc2f8cb650/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
TRANSFORMATOR’17
Duval Triangle 4 for Low Energy Faults
Duval 4 Low Temperature
C2H6
H2 CH4
0
100 0
100
0100
ND
O
S
PD
C
For PD, T1 and T2 of Triangle 1 only
![Page 59: DGA Tools: Duval Triangles and Pentagons - PTPiREEtransformator.ptpiree.pl/konferencje/transformator/2017/materialy/... · DGA Tools: Duval Triangles and Pentagons C. Beauchemin,](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052209/5ab174c97f8b9abc2f8cb650/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
TRANSFORMATOR’17
Relative Gas Generation Duval Triangle 5
![Page 60: DGA Tools: Duval Triangles and Pentagons - PTPiREEtransformator.ptpiree.pl/konferencje/transformator/2017/materialy/... · DGA Tools: Duval Triangles and Pentagons C. Beauchemin,](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052209/5ab174c97f8b9abc2f8cb650/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
TRANSFORMATOR’17
Duval Triangle 5 for Low Energy Faults
Duval 5 Medium Temperature
C2H6
CH4 C2H4
0
100 0
100
0100
NDO
S
PD
C
O
T3 T3
T2
For T2 and T3 of Triangle 1 only
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TRANSFORMATOR’17
Duval Triangles 4 and 5 for Low Energy Faults
• PD Partial Discharge
• S Stray gassing
• C Hot Spot with Paper Carbonization
• O Overheating < 250C
• ND Not Determined (use Duval 1)
• T2 Medium Temperature 300 - 700 ºC
• T3 High Temperature > 700 ºC
![Page 62: DGA Tools: Duval Triangles and Pentagons - PTPiREEtransformator.ptpiree.pl/konferencje/transformator/2017/materialy/... · DGA Tools: Duval Triangles and Pentagons C. Beauchemin,](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052209/5ab174c97f8b9abc2f8cb650/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
TRANSFORMATOR’17
Duval Triangle 4 and 5
• New type of fault give a better description of low energy phenomena
• Less cases classified as PD
• Distinguish between Stray gassing (S) and low temperature oil overheating (O)
• Identify possible paper carbonisation (C)
![Page 63: DGA Tools: Duval Triangles and Pentagons - PTPiREEtransformator.ptpiree.pl/konferencje/transformator/2017/materialy/... · DGA Tools: Duval Triangles and Pentagons C. Beauchemin,](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052209/5ab174c97f8b9abc2f8cb650/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
TRANSFORMATOR’17
Duval Triangle 2
• Introduced in 2008
• Developed to offer DGA interpretation for OLTC
• Apply to non-vacuum OLTC that generate gas in normal operation
• Same gases as Triangle 1
• Generic application
![Page 64: DGA Tools: Duval Triangles and Pentagons - PTPiREEtransformator.ptpiree.pl/konferencje/transformator/2017/materialy/... · DGA Tools: Duval Triangles and Pentagons C. Beauchemin,](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052209/5ab174c97f8b9abc2f8cb650/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
TRANSFORMATOR’17
Duval Triangle 2: OLTC
Duval 2
C2H2
CH4 C2H4
0
100 0
100
0100
N
D1
X3
X1 T2
T3
![Page 65: DGA Tools: Duval Triangles and Pentagons - PTPiREEtransformator.ptpiree.pl/konferencje/transformator/2017/materialy/... · DGA Tools: Duval Triangles and Pentagons C. Beauchemin,](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052209/5ab174c97f8b9abc2f8cb650/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
TRANSFORMATOR’17
Duval Triangle 2
• N Normal Operation
• T2 Medium Temperature 300 - 700 ºC with Coking
• T3 High Temperature > 700 ºC, with Heavy Coking
• D1 Abnormal Arcing
• X1 Abnormal Arcing/Thermal
• X3 T2 or T3 or possible Abnormal Arcing/Coking
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TRANSFORMATOR’17
Duval Triangle 2a to 2e
• Proposed to IEEE C57.139 in 2012
• Use same triangle zones as Triangle 2
• Add extra Normal zones (N1 to N5)
• OLTC Model specific
• OLTC application specific (High Powers)
• Mostly apply to MR OLTC
![Page 67: DGA Tools: Duval Triangles and Pentagons - PTPiREEtransformator.ptpiree.pl/konferencje/transformator/2017/materialy/... · DGA Tools: Duval Triangles and Pentagons C. Beauchemin,](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052209/5ab174c97f8b9abc2f8cb650/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
TRANSFORMATOR’17
Duval Triangle 2 Type a: MR OilTaps® M & D
Duval 2a
C2H2
CH4 C2H4
0
100 0
100
0100
N
D1
X3
X1 T2
T3
T3
N1
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TRANSFORMATOR’17
Duval Triangle 2 Type b: MR VacuTaps® VR
Duval 2b
C2H2
CH4 C2H4
0
100 0
100
0100
N
D1
X3
X1
T2
T3
T2
N2
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TRANSFORMATOR’17
Duval Triangle 2 Type c: MR VacuTaps® VV
Duval 2c
C2H2
CH4 C2H4
0
100 0
100
0100
N
D1
X3
X1T2
T3
N3
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TRANSFORMATOR’17
Duval Triangle 2 Type d: OilTaps® R & V
Duval 2d
C2H2
CH4 C2H4
0
100 0
100
0100
N
D1
X3
X1
T2
T3
N4
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TRANSFORMATOR’17
Triangle 2 Type e: MR OilTap G®; ABB few UZD®, some UZB®
Duval 2e
C2H2
CH4 C2H4
0
100 0
100
0100
ND1
X3
X1 T2
T3
N5
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TRANSFORMATOR’17
Duval Triangle 3
• Introduced in 2008
• For non mineral oil Transformer
• FR3 ®
• Silicone
• Midel ®
• Biotemp ®
• Same gases and zones as in Triangle 1
• Zone borders adjusted for D1/D2, T1/T2 and T2/T3
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TRANSFORMATOR’17
Duval 3 Silicone Oil
Duval 3 Silicone
C2H2
CH4 C2H4
0
100 0
100
0100
D2
D1
DT
T1
T2
T3
PD
![Page 74: DGA Tools: Duval Triangles and Pentagons - PTPiREEtransformator.ptpiree.pl/konferencje/transformator/2017/materialy/... · DGA Tools: Duval Triangles and Pentagons C. Beauchemin,](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052209/5ab174c97f8b9abc2f8cb650/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
TRANSFORMATOR’17
Duval 3 FR3®
Duval 3 FR3
C2H2
CH4 C2H4
0
100 0
100
0100
D2
D1
DT
T1
T2
T3
PD
![Page 75: DGA Tools: Duval Triangles and Pentagons - PTPiREEtransformator.ptpiree.pl/konferencje/transformator/2017/materialy/... · DGA Tools: Duval Triangles and Pentagons C. Beauchemin,](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052209/5ab174c97f8b9abc2f8cb650/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
TRANSFORMATOR’17
Duval Triangle 3 Midel®
Duval 3 Midel
C2H2
CH4 C2H4
0
100 0
100
0100
D2
D1
DT
T1
T2
T3
PD
![Page 76: DGA Tools: Duval Triangles and Pentagons - PTPiREEtransformator.ptpiree.pl/konferencje/transformator/2017/materialy/... · DGA Tools: Duval Triangles and Pentagons C. Beauchemin,](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052209/5ab174c97f8b9abc2f8cb650/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
TRANSFORMATOR’17
Duval Triangle 3 Biotemp®
Duval 3 Biotemp
C2H2
CH4 C2H4
0
100 0
100
0100
D2
D1
DT
T1
T2
T3
PD
![Page 77: DGA Tools: Duval Triangles and Pentagons - PTPiREEtransformator.ptpiree.pl/konferencje/transformator/2017/materialy/... · DGA Tools: Duval Triangles and Pentagons C. Beauchemin,](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052209/5ab174c97f8b9abc2f8cb650/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
TRANSFORMATOR’17
Duval Triangles 6 and 7 for Low Energy Faults in FR3
• Introduced in 2008
• For FR3 Transformer
– With PD, T1 or T2 (Triangle 3 FR3)
– DO NOT use for T3, D1, D2 and DT
• To refine/confirm low energy faults
• Different gas and zones than Triangle 3
• Use H2, CH4, C2H4 and C2H6
![Page 78: DGA Tools: Duval Triangles and Pentagons - PTPiREEtransformator.ptpiree.pl/konferencje/transformator/2017/materialy/... · DGA Tools: Duval Triangles and Pentagons C. Beauchemin,](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052209/5ab174c97f8b9abc2f8cb650/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
TRANSFORMATOR’17
Duval Triangle 6 Low Energy Faults in FR3
Duval 6 FR3 Low Temperature
C2H6
H2 CH4
0
100 0
100
0100
ND
O
S
PD
C
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TRANSFORMATOR’17
Duval Triangle 7 for Low Energy Faults in FR3
Duval 7 FR3 Low Temperature
C2H6
CH4 C2H4
0
100 0
100
0100
ND
O
S T3
C
![Page 80: DGA Tools: Duval Triangles and Pentagons - PTPiREEtransformator.ptpiree.pl/konferencje/transformator/2017/materialy/... · DGA Tools: Duval Triangles and Pentagons C. Beauchemin,](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052209/5ab174c97f8b9abc2f8cb650/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
TRANSFORMATOR’17
Duval Pentagon 1 and 2
• Introduced in 2014
• For Mineral Oil Transformer
• Combine Triangle 1, 2 and 3
• Use H2, C2H6, CH4, C2H4 and C2H6
• Pentagon 1
– “Classic” designation fault zones
• Pentagoe 2
– “Modern” designation fault zones
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TRANSFORMATOR’17
Duval Pentagons: H2, C2H6, CH4, C2H4 and C2H2
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TRANSFORMATOR’17
Duval Pentagons: Combine Triangles 1, 4 and 5
Triangle 4
Triangle 1Triangle 5
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TRANSFORMATOR’17
Duval Pentagons: Energy levels
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TRANSFORMATOR’17
Duval Pentagons: place % of gas on each axis
H2 = 75 ppm
C2H6 = 57 ppm
CH4 = 35 ppm
C2H4 = 25 ppm
C2H2 = 0 ppm
Total = 192 ppm
Gas
![Page 85: DGA Tools: Duval Triangles and Pentagons - PTPiREEtransformator.ptpiree.pl/konferencje/transformator/2017/materialy/... · DGA Tools: Duval Triangles and Pentagons C. Beauchemin,](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052209/5ab174c97f8b9abc2f8cb650/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
TRANSFORMATOR’17
Duval Pentagons: place % H2
H2 = 75 ppm
C2H6 = 57 ppm
CH4 = 35 ppm
C2H4 = 25 ppm
C2H2 = 0 ppm
39 %
Total = 192 ppm
Gas % of Total
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TRANSFORMATOR’17
Duval Pentagons: place % C2H6
H2 = 75 ppm
C2H6 = 57 ppm
CH4 = 35 ppm
C2H4 = 25 ppm
C2H2 = 0 ppm
39 %
30 %
Total = 192 ppm
Gas % of Total
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TRANSFORMATOR’17
Duval Pentagons: place % CH4
H2 = 75 ppm
C2H6 = 57 ppm
CH4 = 35 ppm
C2H4 = 25 ppm
C2H2 = 0 ppm
39 %
30 %
18 %
Total = 192 ppm
Gas % of Total
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TRANSFORMATOR’17
Duval Pentagons: place % C2H4
H2 = 75 ppm
C2H6 = 57 ppm
CH4 = 35 ppm
C2H4 = 25 ppm
C2H2 = 0 ppm
39 %
30 %
18 %
13 %
Total = 192 ppm
Gas % of Total
![Page 89: DGA Tools: Duval Triangles and Pentagons - PTPiREEtransformator.ptpiree.pl/konferencje/transformator/2017/materialy/... · DGA Tools: Duval Triangles and Pentagons C. Beauchemin,](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052209/5ab174c97f8b9abc2f8cb650/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
TRANSFORMATOR’17
Duval Pentagons: place % C2H2
H2 = 75 ppm
C2H6 = 57 ppm
CH4 = 35 ppm
C2H4 = 25 ppm
C2H2 = 0 ppm
39 %
30 %
18 %
13 %
0 %Total = 192 ppm
Gas % of Total
![Page 90: DGA Tools: Duval Triangles and Pentagons - PTPiREEtransformator.ptpiree.pl/konferencje/transformator/2017/materialy/... · DGA Tools: Duval Triangles and Pentagons C. Beauchemin,](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052209/5ab174c97f8b9abc2f8cb650/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
TRANSFORMATOR’17
Duval Pentagons: Compute Centroid
Duval Pentagon
H2
C2H6
CH4 C2H4
C2H2
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TRANSFORMATOR’17
Duval Pentagons: Select inner 40%
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TRANSFORMATOR’17
Duval Pentagons: Add Zones
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TRANSFORMATOR’17
Reference
IEEE Electrical Insulation MagazineNovember/December 2014, Vol 30, No 60883-7554/12/2014/IEEE
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TRANSFORMATOR’17
Using the Triangle Method
Material Of Dr. DuvalDO NOT REPRODUCE WITHOUT PERMISSION
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TRANSFORMATOR’17
Duval Pentagon 1 Typical faults
Material Of Dr. DuvalDO NOT REPRODUCE WITHOUT PERMISSION
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TRANSFORMATOR’17
Duval Pentagon 2 Typical faults
Material Of Dr. DuvalDO NOT REPRODUCE WITHOUT PERMISSION
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TRANSFORMATOR’17
DGA Example
Arcing on windings and hot spot on lead found by inspection
Material Of Dr. DuvalDO NOT REPRODUCE WITHOUT PERMISSION
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TRANSFORMATOR’17
DGA Example
Hot spot and flashover found by inspection
Material Of Dr. DuvalDO NOT REPRODUCE WITHOUT PERMISSION
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TRANSFORMATOR’17
Mixtures of faults
Inspected cases of single faults of IEC TC 10 and mixtures of faults of CIGRE WG47 (S.Spremic)
Material Of Dr. DuvalDO NOT REPRODUCE WITHOUT PERMISSION
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TRANSFORMATOR’17
Mixtures of faults
Material Of Dr. DuvalDO NOT REPRODUCE WITHOUT PERMISSION
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TRANSFORMATOR’17
Mixtures of faults
Material Of Dr. DuvalDO NOT REPRODUCE WITHOUT PERMISSION
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TRANSFORMATOR’17
Mixtures of faults
Material Of Dr. DuvalDO NOT REPRODUCE WITHOUT PERMISSION
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TRANSFORMATOR’17
Duval Methods
• 15 Duval Triangles
• 2 Pentagons
• 112 Zones
• 20 Diagnostics
• 5 Insulating Fluids
• 2 Type of equipment
– Transformer
– OLTC
• 8 Models of OLTC
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TRANSFORMATOR’17
Today DGA Interpretation Methods
• Since 1970
• Transformer / OLTC / CT / PT / Bushing
• Mineral / Ester / Silicone
• 7 Gases
• 4 Different interpretation methodologies
• More than 100 gas level limits
• More than 20 ratios
• More than 40 faults conditions
• More than 10 rates of rise
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TRANSFORMATOR’17
Conclusion
Yes, life is complicated!!
However, new software tools exist to make your life simpler and sort out all these possibilities
Experts are also there to help you!
Thank to Dynamic Rating and Michel Duval for permission to use their training material
To obtain a worksheet of Duval Triangles and Pentagons
Make a request to Michel Duval at: [email protected]
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TRANSFORMATOR’17
DGA Tools: Duval Triangles and Pentagons
C. Beauchemin, TJH2b Analytical Services Inc.
This presentation use some material from Michel Duval and Dynamic Rating training programs
Initially presented at the TechCon SE Asia, Kuala Lumpur, April 10, 2017
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TRANSFORMATOR’17
Dissolved Gas Analysis History
– Oil Filled Transformer: 1880 - 1890– Buchholz relay: introduced in 1921– Buchholz gas analysis: Mid 1950– Early DGA: 1968 (CEGB)– On-line DGA:
• Single gas: Early 1980• Multi gas: Mid 1990
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TRANSFORMATOR’17
How to correlate gas to fault ?
• The objective of DGA is to detect the presence of fault, and identify their nature
• It was recognized early that some gas, or some gas ratio, could be associated with some specific type of fault.
• To be useful, DGA need interpretation methods
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TRANSFORMATOR’17
Relative Gas Generation CIGRE and IEEEE
Source: IEEE C57.104 D3.2, April 2017
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TRANSFORMATOR’17
How to correlate gas to fault ?
• Interpretation methods could be classified in 4 general classes– Specific gas– Statistic norms– True tables with ratio– Graphical
• All methods are based on the fact that different fault generate gas in different amounts
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TRANSFORMATOR’17
DGA Interpretation History
• Dörnenberg• Potthoff• Shanks• Trilinear Plot• IEC• Duval• ....
• Several methods introduced in the 1970 & 1980
• Statistic threshold
• Rogers• Halstead• LCIE• Laborelec• GE• Church
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TRANSFORMATOR’17
Key Gas Method
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TRANSFORMATOR’17
Statistical Methods: IEC 60599
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TRANSFORMATOR’17
Example of Look-Up Table: Early Rogers
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TRANSFORMATOR’17
Example of Early Graphical Method: Doernenberg
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TRANSFORMATOR’17
Example of Graphical Method: IEC 60599
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TRANSFORMATOR’17
Duval Triangles History
Diagnostic Method: Duval Triangles
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TRANSFORMATOR’17
The Origin of the Triangle figure
• Lost in the night of time• Oldest know description: (Euclid, 323 – 283
BC): any three points not in a line define a triangle (second oldest geometry axiom)
• A complete field of mathematic (Trigonometry)• Widely used in land survey and to remove the
faint of heart from Engineering School
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TRANSFORMATOR’17
The Origin of Modern Triangle Graphs (Trilinear)
• Trilinear graph have been in use for a long time
• J. Williard Gibbs is credited with the first documented use of trilinear coordinates graph (for thermodynamics) in 1873.
• In 1881 Robert Thurston published a paper using trilinear coordinates to express the properties of Copper-Zinc-Tin alloys using contours map
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TRANSFORMATOR’17
How to Read a Trilinear Graph
• Widely used in several fields• Not as intuitive as XY graphs• Surface is not infinite, contrary to XY graphs• Use positive values• The 3 variable are interlocked
%A + %B + %C = 100%• As a result, a point could be defined by…
any two variables
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TRANSFORMATOR’17
Why use a Trilinear graphs?
• Any quantifiable property of a 3 components system could be plotted on a trilinear graphs instead of using two XY graphs or long look-up tables
• Here a few examples:
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TRANSFORMATOR’17
Flammability Chart
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TRANSFORMATOR’17
Color Chart
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TRANSFORMATOR’17
How to Read a Trilinear Graph
• Each corner is 100% of one variable• The adjacent variable at that corner is 0%• BTW, the other one too !!• The progression around the triangle is
0 100 0 100 0 100%• Progression could be clockwise or
counter clockwise
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TRANSFORMATOR’17
How to Read a Trilinear Graph
A
BC
C
A
B0% A & 0% B
100% A 0% B & 0% C
100% B
0% C & 0% A100% C
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TRANSFORMATOR’17
Early Use of Trilinear Graph in DGA Interpretation
• Early attempt for DGA interpretation• Based on molar ratio of Carbon, Hydrogen
and Oxygen in the Combustible gas mixture• Complex computation to obtain ratios• Was not adopted widely
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TRANSFORMATOR’17
Early DGA Interpretation Attempt with Triangle
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TRANSFORMATOR’17
First Trilinear Graph for DGA
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TRANSFORMATOR’17
Duval Triangle (1)
• Second attempt to use trilinear graph with DGA
• Introduced in 1974 by Michel Duval• Use 3 gas: CH4, C2H4 and C2H2• Compute 3 ratios (% of gas in mixture)• Each type of fault is assigned a zone• Related to Gas Formation Temperature
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TRANSFORMATOR’17
Relative Gas Generation CIGRE and IEEEE
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TRANSFORMATOR’17
Relative Gas Generation Duval Triangle 1
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TRANSFORMATOR’17
Relative Gas Generation Duval Triangle 1
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TRANSFORMATOR’17
Duval Triangle 1: Temperature of gas formation
Duval 1
C2H2
CH4 C2H4
0
100 0
100
0100
< 500°C > 500°C
> 1000°C
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TRANSFORMATOR’17
Duval Triangle 1
Duval 1
C2H2
CH4 C2H4
0
100 0
100
0100
D2
D1
DT
T1
T2
T3
PD
< 500°C > 500°C
> 1000°C
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TRANSFORMATOR’17
Duval Triangle 1 Zones
• PD Partial Discharges• T1 Low Temperature < 300 ºC• T2 Medium Temperature 300 - 700 ºC• T3 High Temperature > 700 ºC• DT Discharges with Thermal• D1 Discharges of High Energy• D2 Discharges of Low Energy
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TRANSFORMATOR’17
How to Place a Point in a Duval Triangle
C2H2
CH4 C2H4
0% CH4
100% CH4 0% C2H4
100% C2H40% C2H2100% C2H2
50%
30% C2H4
20% C2H2
CH4 = 50%
C2H4 = 30%
C2H2 = 100% - %CH4 - %C2H4 = 20%
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TRANSFORMATOR’17
Duval Triangle 1 and IEC 60599
• Same fault designations as IEC 60599• IEC use 5 Hydrocarbon• IEC use 3 ratios of 2 gas• IEC use Look-up table• IEC use also a two graphs representation
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TRANSFORMATOR’17
Duval Compared to IEC 60599
Duval 1
C2H2
CH4 C2H4
0
100 0
1000100
D2
D1
DT
T1
T2
T3
PD
Duval 1 IEC
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TRANSFORMATOR’17
Duval Triangle 1
• Widely used today• Part of IEC 60599 (appendix B)• Will be part of future revised C57.104• A study by U of New South Wales (Australia)
indicate a success rate of 88%• Limited to mineral oil transformer
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TRANSFORMATOR’17
Duval Triangles: Other options
• Triangle 1 issues:– Low energy faults (Stray gassing, low temp
overheating, catalytic) almost always give a PD diagnostic
– Applicable only to transformers– Applicable only to Mineral Oil
• So Variations have been added
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TRANSFORMATOR’17
Duval Triangles 4 and 5
• Introduced in 2008• For mineral oil Transformer
– T4: With PD, T1 or T2 in Duval 1– T5: With T2 or T3 in Duval 1– DO NOT use for D1, D2 – Use with DT with precaution
• To refine/confirm low energy faults• Different gas and zones than in Triangle 1• Use H2, CH4, C2H4 and C2H6
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TRANSFORMATOR’17
Relative Gas Generation Low Temperature
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TRANSFORMATOR’17
Duval Triangle 4 for Low Energy Faults
Duval 4 Low Temperature
C2H6
H2 CH4
0
100 0
100
0100
ND
O
S
PD
C
For PD, T1 and T2 of Triangle 1 only
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TRANSFORMATOR’17
Relative Gas Generation: Intermediate Temperature
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TRANSFORMATOR’17
Duval Triangle 5 for Low Energy Faults
Duval 5 Medium Temperature
C2H6
CH4 C2H4
0
100 0
100
0100
NDO
S
PD
C
O
T3 T3
T2
For T2 and T3 of Triangle 1 only
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TRANSFORMATOR’17
Duval Triangles 4 and 5 for Low Energy Faults
• PD Partial Discharge• S Stray gassing• C Hot Spot with Paper Carbonization• O Overheating < 250C• ND Not Determined (use Duval 1)• T2 Medium Temperature 300 - 700 ºC• T3 High Temperature > 700 ºC
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TRANSFORMATOR’17
Duval Triangle 4 and 5
• New type of fault give a better description of low energy phenomena
• Less cases classified as PD• Distinguish between Stray gassing (S) and
low temperature oil overheating (O)• Identify possible paper carbonisation (C)
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TRANSFORMATOR’17
Duval Triangle 2
• Introduced in 2008• Developed to offer DGA interpretation
for OLTC• Apply to non-vacuum OLTC that generate
gas in normal operation• Same gases as Triangle 1• Generic application
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TRANSFORMATOR’17
Duval Triangle 2: OLTC
Duval 2
C2H2
CH4 C2H4
0
100 0
100
0100
ND1
X3
X1 T2
T3
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TRANSFORMATOR’17
Duval Triangle 2
• N Normal Operation• T2 Medium Temperature 300 - 700 ºC
with Coking • T3 High Temperature > 700 ºC,
with Heavy Coking• D1 Abnormal Arcing• X1 Abnormal Arcing/Thermal• X3 T2 or T3 or possible Abnormal
Arcing/Coking
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TRANSFORMATOR’17
Duval Triangle 2a to 2e
• Proposed to IEEE C57.139 in 2012• Use same triangle zones as Triangle 2• Add extra Normal zones (N1 to N5)• OLTC Model specific• OLTC application specific (High Powers)• Mostly apply to MR OLTC
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TRANSFORMATOR’17
Duval Triangle 2 Type a: MR OilTaps® M & D
Duval 2a
C2H2
CH4 C2H4
0
100 0
100
0100
ND1
X3
X1 T2
T3
T3
N1
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TRANSFORMATOR’17
Duval Triangle 2 Type b: MR VacuTaps® VR
Duval 2b
C2H2
CH4 C2H4
0
100 0
100
0100
ND1
X3
X1
T2
T3
T2
N2
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TRANSFORMATOR’17
Duval Triangle 2 Type c: MR VacuTaps® VV
Duval 2c
C2H2
CH4 C2H4
0
100 0
100
0100
ND1
X3
X1T2
T3
N3
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TRANSFORMATOR’17
Duval Triangle 2 Type d: OilTaps® R & V
Duval 2d
C2H2
CH4 C2H4
0
100 0
100
0100
ND1
X3
X1
T2
T3
N4
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TRANSFORMATOR’17
Triangle 2 Type e: MR OilTap G®; ABB few UZD®, some UZB®
Duval 2e
C2H2
CH4 C2H4
0
100 0
100
0100
ND1
X3
X1 T2
T3
N5
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TRANSFORMATOR’17
Duval Triangle 3
• Introduced in 2008• For non mineral oil Transformer
• FR3 ®
• Silicone• Midel ®
• Biotemp ®
• Same gases and zones as in Triangle 1• Zone borders adjusted for D1/D2,
T1/T2 and T2/T3
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TRANSFORMATOR’17
Duval 3 Silicone Oil
Duval 3 Silicone
C2H2
CH4 C2H4
0
100 0
100
0100
D2
D1
DT
T1
T2
T3
PD
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TRANSFORMATOR’17
Duval 3 FR3®
Duval 3 FR3
C2H2
CH4 C2H4
0
100 0
100
0100
D2
D1
DT
T1
T2
T3
PD
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TRANSFORMATOR’17
Duval Triangle 3 Midel®
Duval 3 Midel
C2H2
CH4 C2H4
0
100 0
100
0100
D2
D1
DT
T1
T2
T3
PD
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TRANSFORMATOR’17
Duval Triangle 3 Biotemp®
Duval 3 Biotemp
C2H2
CH4 C2H4
0
100 0
100
0100
D2
D1
DT
T1
T2
T3
PD
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TRANSFORMATOR’17
Duval Pentagons: Simplifying process
• Use of Triangle 1, 4 and 5 could be cumbersome
• It could be also confusing• It could be misused
• So, a simplified approach was proposed by Michel Duval: Combine Triangles 1, 4 and 5 in a Pentagon
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TRANSFORMATOR’17
Duval Pentagon 1 and 2
• Introduced in 2014• For Mineral Oil Transformer• Combine Triangle 1, 2 and 3• Use H2, C2H6, CH4, C2H4 and C2H2
• Pentagon 1– “Classic” designation fault zones
• Pentagon 2– “Modern” designation fault zones
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TRANSFORMATOR’17
Duval Pentagons: H2, C2H6, CH4, C2H4 and C2H2
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TRANSFORMATOR’17
Duval Pentagons: place % of gas on each axis
H2 = 75 ppm
C2H6 = 57 ppm
CH4 = 35 ppm
C2H4 = 25 ppm
C2H2 = 0 ppm
39 %
30 %
18 %
13 %
0 %Total = 192 ppm
Gas % of Total
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TRANSFORMATOR’17
Duval Pentagons: Compute Centroid
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TRANSFORMATOR’17
Duval Pentagons: Select inner 40%
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TRANSFORMATOR’17
Duval Pentagons: Add Zones
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TRANSFORMATOR’17
Duval Methods
• 15 Duval Triangles• 2 Pentagons• 112 Zones• 20 Diagnostics• 5 Insulating Fluids• 2 Type of equipment
– Transformer– OLTC
• 8 Models of OLTC
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TRANSFORMATOR’17
Today Interpretation Methods
• Since 1970• Transformer / OLTC / CT / PT / Bushing• Mineral / Ester / Silicone• 7 Gases• 4 Different interpretation methodologies• More than 100 gas level limits• More than 20 ratios• More than 40 faults conditions• More than 10 rates of rise
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TRANSFORMATOR’17
Conclusion
Yes, life is complicated!!However, new software tools exist to make your life
simpler and sort out all these possibilitiesExperts are there to help you
Thank to Dynamic Rating and Michel Duval for permission to use their training material
To obtain a worksheet of Duval Triangles and Pentagons
Make a request to Michel Duval at: [email protected]