deviance as pathology. 1876, cesare lombroso: the criminal man ◦ "atavistic anomalies" ...
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Deviance as Pathology
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1876, Cesare Lombroso: The Criminal Man◦ "atavistic anomalies"
Phrenology (late 1700s through mid 1800s)
Benjamin Rush (1785): disease model of alcoholism
Body Types
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Determinism Positivism Organismic Dysfunction/Infection
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Earnest Hooten
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William Sheldon
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Endomorph
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Ectomorph
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Mesomorph
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Richard Dugdale◦ The Jukes: A Study in Crime, Pauperism, Disease
and Heredity (1877) Margaret Jukes, “The Mother of Criminals”
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Henry Goddard The Kallikak Family: A Study in the
Heredity of Feeble-Mindedness (1912)
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Kallikak family tree http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Goddard/chart2.gif
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Xx female Xy male Xxy Klinefelter’s syndrome
◦ “Low masculinity” 1961, Patricia Jacobs
◦ Xyy “Supermale syndrome” NIMH study: no
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Sigmund Freud: Psychoanalysis◦ id, ego, superego◦ developmental stages
Oral Anal Phallic
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The Psychopath (Sociopath)◦ Hervey Cleckley, The Mask of Sanity
Problems with psychological explanations◦ Causal logic
Circularity◦ Sample◦ Over-determinism◦ Little predictive value
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Sterilization◦ Harry Laughlin (Eugenics Records Office)
Model Eugenical Sterilization Law 1914◦ By 1914, 12 states
By 1924, 3,000 sterilized
"...At one hearing, Laughlin plastered the walls of the meeting room with photographs taken at Ellis Island. Above the photos hung a banner that read 'Carriers of the Germ Plasm of the Future American Population.'"
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◦ 1924, Virginia: Eugenical Sterilization Act Carrie Buck (17, single mom) James Bell (Sup’t, VA State Colony for Epileptics &
Feebleminded (to have Buck sterilized)◦ Arthur Estabrook
Sociologist, Eugenics Record Office◦ Upheld by Circuit Court◦ Upheld by Supreme Court
O. W. Holmes “3 generations of imbeciles are enough”
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◦ By 1935: 28 states, 6 pending◦ Between 1907-1935: 21,359 involuntary
sterilizations in the U.S. ◦ 1936: Laughlin’s honorary degree
University of Heidelberg For his work in “the science of racial cleansing”
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◦ 1942: Skinner v. Oklahoma Chicken thief; armed robbery To U.S. Supreme Court William O. Douglas: violates “equal protection”
14th amendment OK law: Can sterilize a chicken thief but not an
embezzler
◦ Sterilization cont’d through 1970s 60,000 Buck v. Bell never overturned
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Psychosurgery◦ Gottlieb Burckhardt (Switzerland, 1892)◦ Antonio Moniz (Portugal, 1935)
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Walter Freeman & James Watt (U.S., 1950)◦ “Ice-Pick” Lobotomy◦ 1967 last surgery◦ Stripped of license
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Freeman performing a lobotomy◦ Howard Dully’s surgery
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Howard Dully, 2005◦ Bus driver in California
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Biological & Psychological Pathology◦ Good Intentions ◦ Ignores choice◦ Ignores social factors◦ Dubious claims to moral neutrality