developmental psychology's major issues - … few _____ from the man that reach the egg release...

Developing Through the Life Span 1

Developmental Psychology's Major

Issues

Objective 5-1:Identify three issues that have engaged

developmental psychologists.

1. Scientists who study physical, cognitive, and social

changes throughout the life cycle are called

_____________________ _____________________ .

2. One of the major issues in developmental psychology

concerns the relative importance of genetic inheritance and

experience in determining behavior; this is called the issue

of _____________________ and_____________________ .

3. A second developmental issue concerns whether

developmental changes are gradual or abrupt; this is called

the issue of _____________________ and

_____________________ .

4. A third controversial issue concerns the consistency of

personality and whether development is characterized more

by _____________________ over time or by change.

Prenatal Development and the

Newborn

Objective 5-2:Discuss the course of prenatal development,

and explain how teratogens affect that development.

5. Conception begins when a woman's

_____________________ releases a mature

_____________________ .

6. The few _____________________ from the man that

reach the egg release digestive _____________________

that eat away the egg's protective covering. As soon as one

sperm penetrates the egg, the egg's surface

_____________________ all other sperm.

7. The egg and sperm _____________________ fuse and

become one.

8. Fertilized human eggs are called

_____________________ . During the first week, the cells

in this cluster begin to specialize in structure and function,

that is, they begin to _____________________ . About 10

days after conception, the fertilized egg attaches to the

_____________________ mother's wall.

9. From about 2 until 8 weeks of age the developing human,

formed from the inner cells of the fertilized egg, is called

a(n) _____________________ . The outer cells become the

_____________________, which transfers

_____________________ and _____________________

from mother to fetus. Along with nutrients, a range of

harmful substances known as _____________________ can

pass through the placenta.

10. During the final stage of prenatal development, the

developing human is called a(n) _____________________ .

11. Moderate consumption of alcohol during pregnancy

(usually does not affect/ can affect) the fetal brain. If a

mother drinks heavily, her baby is at risk for the birth

defects and mental retardation that accompany

_____________________ _____________________

_____________________ .

APPLICATION:

12. Marissa has just learned that she is two months pregnant.

She is concerned about her baby's health because in the

last few months she has been drinking heavily. Marissa is

afraid that her unborn child may be at risk for birth defects

and for future behavior problems,

_____________________ and lower

_____________________ .

Objective 5-3:Describe some abilities of the newborn,

noting how researchers are able to identify their mental

abilities.

13. When an infant's cheek is touched, it will vigorously

_____________________ for a nipple. Other infant reflexes

include _____________________ ,

_____________________ , _____________________ , and

_____________________ .

14. American psychologist _____________________

believed that the newborn experiences a "blooming, buzzing

confusion." This belief is (correct/ incorrect).


Give some evidence supporting the claim that a newborn's

sensory equipment is biologically prewired to facilitate

social responsiveness.

15. To study infants' thinking, developmental researchers

have used

_____________________ ,

which involves a

_____________________

in responding with repeated stimulation. Using

_____________________ _____________________

researchers have found that infants prefer sights, such as

faces, that facilitate _____________________

responsiveness.

APPLICATION:

16. Leonardo is only 6 months old so he can't tell his Mom

what he likes. However, by looking away from a mobile

that now seems to bore him, he is saying that he sees

and remembers the mobile. His behavior indicates that

he has _____________________ to the mobile.

Infancy and Childhood

Objective 5-4: Describe some developmental changes in

brain and motor abilities during infancy and childhood.

17. Biological growth processes that enable orderly changes

in behavior are called _____________________ .

18. The developing brain (over/under) produces neurons.

At birth, the human nervous system (is/is not) fully mature.

19. Between 3 and 6 years of age, the brain is developing

most rapidly in the _____________________ lobes, which

enable _____________________ _____________________ .

The last areas of the brain to develop are

the_____________________ _____________________

linked with_____________________ ,

_____________________ , and _____________________ .

20. After puberty, a process of _____________________

shuts down some neural connections and strengthens

others.

21. Infants pass the milestones of _____________________

development at different rates, but the basic

_____________________ of stages is fixed. Infants sit

before they _____________________ and walk before they

_____________________ .

22. Genes playa (major/minor) role in motor development.

23. Until the necessary muscular and neural maturation is

complete, including the rapid development of the brain's

_____________________ experience has a (large/

small) effect on learning to walk, for example.

24. Our earliest memories generally do not occur before age

_____________________ . This phenomenon has been

called _____________________ _____________________ .

25. Research has shown that babies (are/ are not) capable

of learning.

APPLICATION:

26. Calvin, who is trying to impress his psychology professor

with his knowledge of infant motor development, asks

why some infants learn to roll over before they lift their

heads from a prone position, while others develop these

skills in the opposite order. What should Calvin's

professor conclude from this question?

a. Calvin clearly understands that the sequence of

motor development is not the same for all infants.

b. Calvin doesn't know what he's talking about.

Although some infants reach these developmental

milestones ahead of others, the order is the same for

all infants.

c. Calvin needs to be reminded that rolling over is an

inherited reflex, not a learned skill.

d. Calvin understands an important principle:

Motor development is unpredictable.

Objective 5-5: Describe how a child's mind develops from

the perspectives of Piaget, Vygotsky, and today's

researchers.

106 Chapter 5 Developing Through the Life Span

soon as one sperm penetrates the egg, the egg's

surface all other sperm.

7. The egg and sperm fuse and

become one.

8. Fertilized human eggs are called

_______________ . During the first week, the

cells in this cluster begin to specialize in structure

and function, that is, they begin to

_______________ . About 10 days after concep-

tion, the fertilized egg attaches to the

mother's wall.

9. From about 2 until 8 weeks of age the developing

human, formed from the inner cells of the fertil-

ized egg, is called a(n) . The

outer cells become the , which

transfers and

________________ from mother to fetus. Along

with nutrients, a range of harmful substances

known as can pass through

the placenta.

10. During the final stage of prenatal development,

the developing human is called a(n)

11. Moderate consumption of alcohol during preg-

nancy (usually does not

affect/ can affect) the fetal brain. If a mother

drinks heavily, her baby is at risk for the birth

defects and mental retardation that

accompany __

APPLICATION:

12. Marissa has just learned that she is two months

pregnant. She is concerned about her baby's

health because in the last few months she has

been drinking heavily. Marissa is afraid that her

unborn child may be at risk for birth defects and

for future behavior problems, _

and lower __

Objective 5-3:Describe some abilities of the newborn,

noting how researchers are able to identify their men-

tal abilities.

13. When an infant's cheek is touched, it will vigor-

ously for a nipple. Other

infant reflexes include __

,and

14. American psychologist __

believed that the newborn experiences a "bloom-

ing, buzzing confusion." This belief is

_______________ (correct/ incorrect).

Give some evidence supporting the claim that a new-

born's sensory equipment is biologically prewired to

facilitate social responsiveness.

15. To study infants' thinking, developmental

researchers have used

which involves a

in responding with repeated stimulation. Using

researchers have found that infants prefer sights,

such as faces, that facilitate

________________ responsiveness.

APPLICATION:

16. Leonardo is only 6 months old so he can't tell his

Mom what he likes. However, by looking away

from a mobile that now seems to bore him, he is

saying that he sees and remembers the mobile.

His behavior indicates that he has

________________________ to the mob iIe.

Infancy and Childhood

Objective 5-4:Describe some developmental changes

in brain and motor abilities during infancy and

childhood.

17. Biological growth processes that enable orderly

changes in behavior are called


27. Cognition refers to all the mental activities associated

with _____________________ , _____________________ ,

_____________________ , and _____________________ .

28. The first researcher to

show that the thought

processes of adults and

children are very different

was _____________________ .

29. To organize and interpret his or her experiences, the

developing child constructs cognitive concepts called

30. The interpretation of new experiences in terms of

existing ideas is called _____________________ . The

adaptation of existing ideas to fit new experiences is called

_____________________ .

31. In Piaget's first stage of development, the

_____________________ stage, children experience the

world through their motor and sensory interactions with

objects. This stage occurs between birth and nearly age

_____________________ .

32. The awareness that things continue to exist even when

they are removed from view is called

_____________________ _____________________ . This

awareness begins to develop at about

_____________________ months of age.

33. Developmental researchers have found that

Piaget and his followers (overestimated/ underestimated)

young children's competence. For instance, babies have an

intuitive grasp of simple laws of _____________________ ,

as seen in their reaction to a ball stopping in midair, and an

understanding of _____________________ , as Karen

Wynn demonstrated.

34. Preschoolers have difficulty perceiving things from

another person's point of view. This inability is called

_____________________. Even adults may overestimate

the extent to which others share their opinions and

perspectives, a trait known as the _____________________

_____________________ _____________________ .

35. According to Piaget, during the preschool years and up

to age _____________________ , children are in the

_____________________ stage.

36. The principle that the quantity of a substance remains

the same even when the shape of its container changes is

called _____________________ . Piaget believed that

preschoolers (have/have not) developed this concept.

37. The child's growing ability to take another's perspective

is evidence that the child is acquiring a

_____________________ _____________________

_____________________ . Between the ages of about

31/2 and 41/2, children come to realize that others may hold

_____________________ _____________________ .

38. (Close-Up) The disorder characterized by deficient

_____________________ and _____________________

interaction and an impaired _____________________

_____________________ _____________________ is

_____________________ . This disorder is related to

malfunctions of brain areas that allow us to take

another's_____________________ .

39. (Close-Up) The term used to encompass a range of

variations is _____________________

_____________________ _____________________ , one of

which is the "high-functioning" form called

_____________________ _____________________ .

40. (Close-Up) Baron-Cohen's theory proposes that autism

represents an "extreme _____________________ brain."

According to this theory, girls tend to be

_____________________, who are better than boys at

reading facial expressions and gestures. Boys tend to be

_____________________ , who understand things in terms

of rules or laws.

41. Piaget believed that children acquire the mental abilities

needed to comprehend mathematical transformations and

conservation by about _____________________ years of

age. At this time, they enter the_____________________

_____________________ stage.

42. In Piaget's final stage, the _____________________

_____________________ stage, reasoning expands from the

purely concrete to encompass _____________________

thinking. Piaget believed most children begin to enter this

stage by age _____________________ .

43. Russian psychologist _____________________ noted

18. The developing brain _

(over/under) produces neurons. At birth, the

human nervous system

_______________ (is/is not) fully mature.

19. Between 3 and 6 years of age, the brain is devel-

oping most rapidly in the _

lobes, which enable _

_______________ . The last areas of the brain to

develop are the __

______________ linked with _

______________ ,and _

20. After puberty, a process of _

shuts down some neural connections and

strengthens others.

21. Infants pass the milestones of _

development at different rates, but the basic

__________ of stages is fixed. Infants sit

before they and walk before

they _

22. Genes playa (major/minor)

role in motor development.

23. Until the necessary muscular and neural matura-

tion is complete, including the rapid develop-

ment of the brain's __

experience has a (large/

small) effect on learning to walk, for example.

24. Our earliest memories generally do not occur

before age . This phenom-

enon has been called _

25. Research has shown that babies _

(are/ are not) capable of learning.

APPLICATION:

26. Calvin, who is trying to impress his psychologyprofessor with his knowledge of infant motordevelopment, asks why some infants learn to rollover before they lift their heads from a proneposition, while others develop these skills in theopposite order. What should Calvin's professorconclude from this question?

a. Calvin clearly understands that the sequenceof motor development is not the same for allinfants.

Infancy and Childhood 107

b. Calvin doesn't know what he's talking about.Although some infants reach these develop-mental milestones ahead of others, the orderis the same for all infants.

c. Calvin needs to be reminded that rolling overis an inherited reflex, not a learned skill.

d. Calvin understands an important principle:Motor development is unpredictable.

Objective 5-5:Describe how a child's mind devel-

ops from the perspectives of Piaget, Vygotsky, and

today's researchers.

27. Cognition refers to all the mental activities associ-ated with _

__ ,and __

28. The first researcher to show L'-.\,'V'""that the thought processes I ...of adults and children are

very different was

29. To organize and interpret

his or her experiences, the developing child con-

structs cognitive concepts called

30. The interpretation of new experiences in terms of

existing ideas is called . The

adaptation of existing ideas to fit new experiences

is called _

31. In Piaget's first stage of development, the

___________ stage, children experience

the world through their motor and sensory inter-

actions with objects. This stage occurs between

birth and nearly age _

32. The awareness that things continue to exist even

when they are removed from view is called

_____________________________ . This

awareness begins to develop at about

______________ months of age.

33. Developmental researchers have found that

Piaget and his followers _

(overestimated/ underestimated) young

children's competence. For instance, babies have

an intuitive grasp of simple laws of

______________ , as seen in their reaction to

a ball stopping in midair, and an understanding

---.-----.--- -..-..--------------~==============================


that by age _____________________ children stop thinking

aloud and instead rely on_____________________

_____________________ . Talking to themselves helps

children control their _____________________ and

_____________________ and master new skills.

44. Complementing Piaget's emphasis on interaction with

the _____________________ environment is Vygotsky's

emphasis on interaction with the _____________________

environment. To Vygotsky, children were young

_____________________ mentored by parents and others

who give them new words. Thus they provide a

_____________________ upon which the child can build

higher-level thinking.

Explain briefly how contemporary researchers view

Piaget's theory.

STUDY TIP: Jean Piaget was the first major theorist to realize

that each stage of life has its own characteristic way of

thinking. To deepen your understanding of Jean Piaget's

stages of cognitive development, fill in the blanks in the chart

below. Do as much as you can without reviewing the text. To

get you started, the first stage has been completed.

APPLICATIONS:

46. Compared with when he was younger, 4-yearold

Antonio is better able to empathize with his friend's feelings.

This growing ability to take another's perspective

indicates that Antonio is acquiring a _

47. As 8-year-old Gabriella observes, liquid is transferred from

a tall, thin tube into a short, wide jar. She is asked if there

is now less liquid in order to determine if she has

mastered the concept of

48. Caleb is 14 months old and he behaves as though "out of

sight is out of existence." He is in Piaget's

______________ stage of cognitive development.

49. Makayla is 3 years old, can use language, and has trouble

taking another person's perspective. She is in Piaget's

stage of cognitive development.

50. Four-year-old Jamail has a younger sister. When asked if

he has a sister, he is likely to answer ________ (yes/no);

when asked if his sister has a brother, Jamail is likely to

answer (yes/no).

51. In Piaget's theory, conservation is to egocentrism as the

stage is to the stage.

a. sensorimotor; formal operational

b. formal operational; sensorimotor

c. preoperational; sensorimotor

d. concrete operational; preoperational


45. Typical Age Test to DetermineRange Stage New Developments If Someone Is in This Stage

Birth to nearly 2 Sensorimotor Stranger anxiety Have the child's mother leave the roomyears Object permanence Hide a toy under a blanket

2 to

Concrete

About 12through

APPLICATIONS:

46. Compared with when he was younger, 4-year-old Antonio is better able to empathize withhis friend's feelings. This growing ability to takeanother's perspective indicates that Antonio isacq uiring a _

47. As 8-year-old Gabriella observes, liquid is trans-ferred from a tall, thin tube into a short, wide jar.She is asked if there is now less liquid in order todetermine if she has mastered the concept of

48. Caleb is 14 months old and he behaves as though"out of sight is out of existence." He is in Piaget's______________ stage of cognitive

development.

49. Makayla is 3 years old, can use language, and hastrouble taking another person's perspective. Sheis in Piaget's stage ofcognitive development.

50. Four-year-old Jamail has a younger sister. Whenasked if he has a sister, he is likely to answer________ (yes/no); when asked if hissister has a brother, Jamail is likely toanswer (yes/no).

51. In Piaget's theory, conservation is to egocentrismas the stage is to the stage.a. sensorimotor; formal operationalb. formal operational; sensorimotorc. preoperational; sensorimotor


Objective 5-6:Describe how parent-infant attachmentbonds form.

52. Soon after _____________ emerges and children becomemobile, a new fear, called

emerges.53. This fear emerges at about age _

54. The development of a strong emotional bondbetween infant and parent is called

55. The Harlows' studies ofmonkeys have shownthat mother-infantattachment does notdepend on the motherproviding nourishmentas much as it does on herproviding the comfort of

Another key to attachment is _

56. Human attachment involves one person provid-ing another with a ________________ when distressed and a______________________ fromwhich to explore.

57. In some animals, attachment will occur only dur-ing a restricted time called a _______________ .Konrad Lorenz discoveredthat young birds would follow almost any objectif it were the first moving thing they observed.This phenomenon is called _


Objective 5-6:Describe how parent-infant attachment

bonds form.

52. Soon after _____________________

_____________________ emerges and children become

mobile, a new fear, called _____________________

_____________________ emerges.

53. This fear emerges at about age

_____________________ .

54. The development of a strong emotional bond between

infant and parent is called _____________________ .

55. The Harlows' studies of monkeys have shown that

mother-infant attachment

does not depend on the

mother providing

nourishment as much as it

does on her providing the

comfort of

_____________________

_____________________.

Another key to attachment is_____________________ .

56. Human attachment involves one person providing

another with a_____________________

_____________________ when distressed and a

_____________________ _____________________ from

which to explore.

57. In some animals, attachment will occur only during a

restricted time called a _____________________

_____________________ . Konrad Lorenz discovered that

young birds would follow almost any object if it were the

first moving thing they observed. This phenomenon is

called_____________________ .

58. Human infants (do/ do not) have a precise critical

period for becoming attached. However, because

of_____________________ _____________________ , they

attach to what they know.

APPLICATION:

59. In a 1998 movie, a young girl finds that a flock of geese

follows her wherever she goes because she was the first

"object" they saw after they were born. This is an

example of

a. conservation. c. egocentrism.

b. imprinting. d. basic trust.

Objective 5-7:Describe how psychologists study attachment

differences, and discuss their findings.

60. Placed in a research setting called

the_____________________ _____________________ ,

children show one of two patterns of attachment:

_____________________ attachment or

_____________________ attachment.

Contrast the responses of securely and insecurely attached

infants to strange situations.

Discuss the impact of responsive parenting on infant

attachment.

61. A father's love and acceptance for his children are

(comparable to/less important than) a mother's love in

predicting their children's health and well-being.

62. Separation anxiety peaks in infants around

_____________________ months, then (gradually declines /

remains constant for about a year). This is true of children

(in North America/throughout the world).

63. According to Erikson, securely attached infants

approach life with a sense of _____________________

_____________________ .

64. Most researchers now believe that early attachments

(do/do not) form the basis of adult attachments. Attachment


45. Typical Age Test to DetermineRange Stage New Developments If Someone Is in This Stage

Birth to nearly 2 Sensorimotor Stranger anxiety Have the child's mother leave the roomyears Object permanence Hide a toy under a blanket

2 to

Concrete

About 12through

APPLICATIONS:

46. Compared with when he was younger, 4-year-old Antonio is better able to empathize withhis friend's feelings. This growing ability to takeanother's perspective indicates that Antonio isacq uiring a _

47. As 8-year-old Gabriella observes, liquid is trans-ferred from a tall, thin tube into a short, wide jar.She is asked if there is now less liquid in order todetermine if she has mastered the concept of

48. Caleb is 14 months old and he behaves as though"out of sight is out of existence." He is in Piaget's______________ stage of cognitive

development.

49. Makayla is 3 years old, can use language, and hastrouble taking another person's perspective. Sheis in Piaget's stage ofcognitive development.

50. Four-year-old Jamail has a younger sister. Whenasked if he has a sister, he is likely to answer________ (yes/no); when asked if hissister has a brother, Jamail is likely toanswer (yes/no).

51. In Piaget's theory, conservation is to egocentrismas the stage is to the stage.a. sensorimotor; formal operationalb. formal operational; sensorimotorc. preoperational; sensorimotor


Objective 5-6:Describe how parent-infant attachmentbonds form.

52. Soon after _____________ emerges and children becomemobile, a new fear, called

emerges.53. This fear emerges at about age _

54. The development of a strong emotional bondbetween infant and parent is called

55. The Harlows' studies ofmonkeys have shownthat mother-infantattachment does notdepend on the motherproviding nourishmentas much as it does on herproviding the comfort of

Another key to attachment is _

56. Human attachment involves one person provid-ing another with a ________________ when distressed and a______________________ fromwhich to explore.

57. In some animals, attachment will occur only dur-ing a restricted time called a _______________ .Konrad Lorenz discoveredthat young birds would follow almost any objectif it were the first moving thing they observed.This phenomenon is called _


style is also associated with _____________________ :

Securely attached people exhibit greater drive to achieve.

APPLICATION:

65. Layla and Christian Bishop have a 13-month-old boy.

According to Erikson, the Bishops' sensitive, loving care

of their child contributes to the child's

_____________________ _____________________ .

Objective 5-8:Describe how parental neglect, abuse, or

family disruption affect children's attachment.

66. The Harlows found that when monkeys reared in social

isolation were placed with other monkeys, they reacted with

either fear or _____________________ .

67. Most abused children (do / do not) later become

abusive parents.

68. Although most children who grow up under adversity

are _____________________ and become normal adults,

early abuse and excessive exposure to

_____________________ _____________________ may

alter the development of the brain chemical

_____________________ .

Objective 5-9:Describe the effect of day care on children.

69. Experts agree that child care per se (does/does not)

constitute a risk factor in children's development.

70. High-quality child care consists of warm, supportive

interactions with adults in an environment that is

_____________________ , _____________________ , and

_____________________ .

71. More important than time spent in day care in

influencing a child's aggression are ____________________

__________________________________________ .

Objective 5-10:Trace the onset and development of

children' s self-concept.

72. The primary social achievement of childhood is the

development of a _____________________ which occurs in

most children by age _____________________ .

73. A child's self-image generally becomes stable between

the ages of _____________________ and

_____________________ , when children begin to describe

themselves in terms of gender, group memberships,

psychological_____________________ ,and

_____________________ and _____________________

compared with other children.

Identify several characteristics of children who have formed

a positive self-image.

Objective 5-11:Describe three parenting styles, and explain

how children's traits relate to them.

74. Parents who impose rules and expect obedience are

exhibiting a(n) _____________________ style of

parenting.

75. Parents who make few demands of their children and

tend to submit to their children's desires are identified as

_____________________ parents.

76. Setting and enforcing standards after discussion with

their children is the approach taken by

_____________________ parents.

77. Studies have shown that children with the highest self-

esteem, self-reliance, and social competence usually have

_____________________ parents.

Explain why the correlation between authoritative

parenting and social competence does not necessarily reveal

cause and effect.

Objective 5-12:Define adolescence, and identify the major

physical changes during this period.

78. Adolescence is defined as the transition period between

_____________________ and _____________________ .

79. The "storm and stress" view of adolescence is credited to

_____________________ , one of the first American

psychologists to describe adolescence.


80. Adolescence begins with the time of developing sexual

maturity known as _____________________ . A two-year

period of rapid physical development begins in girls at

about the age of _____________________ and in boys at

about the age of

_____________________ .

This growth spurt is marked

by the development of the

reproductive organs and

external genitalia, or

_____________________ _____________________

characteristics, as well as by the development of traits such

as pubic hair and enlarged breasts in females and facial hair

in males. These nonreproductive traits are known as

_____________________ _____________________

characteristics.

81. The first menstrual period is called

_____________________ . In boys, the first ejaculation is

called _____________________ .

82. The (timing/sequence) of pubertal changes is more

predictable than their (timing/sequence).

83. Boys who mature (early /late) tend to be more popular,

self-assured, and independent; they also are at increased

risk for __________________________________________

________________________________________________.

For girls, (early/late) maturation can be stressful, especially

when their bodies are out of sync with their

_____________________ _____________________ . This

reminds us that _____________________ and

_____________________ interact.

84. The adolescent brain undergoes a selective

_____________________ of unused neurons and

connections. Also, teens' occasional impulsiveness and risky

behaviors may be due, in part, to the fact that development

in the brain's _____________________

_____________________ lags behind that of

the_____________________ _____________________ .

APPLICATION:

85. Based on the text discussion of maturation and popularity,

who among the following is probably the most popular

sixth grader?

a. Jessica, the most physically mature girl in the

class

b. Roger, the most intellectually mature boy in the

class

c. Rob, the tallest, most physically mature boy in the

class

d. Cindy, who is average in physical development

and is on the school debating team

Objective 5-13:Describe adolescent cognitive and moral

development, according to Piaget, Kohlberg, and later

researchers.

86. Adolescents' developing cognitive ability enables them

to think about what is _____________________ possible

and _____________________ that with imperfect reality.

87. During the early teen years, reasoning is often

_____________________ , as adolescents often feel their

experiences are unique.

88. Piaget's final stage of cognitive development is the stage

of _____________________ _____________________ .

Adolescents in this stage are capable of thinking logically

about _____________________ as well as concrete

propositions. This enables them to detect

_____________________ in others' reasoning and to spot

hypocrisy.

89. The theorist who proposed that moral thought

progresses through stages is _____________________ .

These stages are divided into three basic levels:

_____________________ , _____________________ ,and

_____________________ .

90. In the preconventional stages of morality, characteristic

of children, the emphasis is on obeying rules to avoid or

gain concrete _

91. Conventional morality usually emerges by early

_____________________ . The emphasis is on gaining

social _____________________ or maintaining the

71. More important than time spent in day care in

influencing a child's aggression are _

Objective 5-10:Trace the onset and development of

children' s self-concept.

72. The primary social achievement of childhood is

the development of a ___

which occurs in most children by age

73. A child's self-image generally becomes stable

between the ages of and

______________ , when children begin to

describe themselves in terms of gender, group

memberships, psychological _

and and _

compared with other children.

Identify several characteristics of children who have

formed a positive self-image.

Objective 5-11:Describe three parenting styles, and

explain how children's traits relate to them.

74. Parents who impose rules and expect obedience

are exhibiting a(n) _

style of parenting.

75. Parents who make few demands of their children

and tend to submit to their children's desires are

identified as parents.

76. Setting and enforcing standards after discussion

with their children is the approach taken by

_______________ parents.

77. Studies have shown that children with the high-

est self-esteem, self-reliance, and social compe-

tence usually have parents.

Adolescence 111

Explain why the correlation between authoritative

parenting and social competence does not necessarily

reveal cause and effect.

AdolescenceObjective 5-12:Define adolescence, and identify themajor physical changes during this period.

78. Adolescence is defined as the transition periodbetween and

79. The "storm and stress" view of adolescence is

credited to , one of the first

American psychologists to describe adolescence.

80. Adolescence begins with the time of developing

sexual maturity known as .A

two-year period of rapid physical development

begins in girls at about the age of

__________ andin

boys at about the age

of . This

growth spurt is marked by

the development of the

reproductive organs and

external genitalia, or _

-- characteristics, as well as by

the development of traits such as pubic hair and

enlarged breasts in females and facial hair in

males. These nonreproductive traits are known as

characteristics.

81. The first menstrual period is called

_______________ . In boys, the first ejaculation

is called _

82. The (timing/sequence) of

pubertal changes is more predictable than their

______________ (timing/sequence).


social_____________________ .

92. Individuals who base moral judgments on their own

perceptions of basic ethical principles are said by Kohlberg

to employ _____________________ morality.

Explain why critics fault Kohlberg's theory of moral

development.

93. The idea that moral feelings precede moral reasoning is

expressed in the moral _____________________ view of

morality. Research studies using _____________________

_____________________ support the idea that moral

judgment involves more than merely thinking; it is also gut-

level feeling.

94. Morality involves doing the right thing, and what we do

depends on influences. Today's _____________________

_____________________ _____________________ focus

on moral issues and doing the right thing. They teach

children _____________________ for others' feelings.

95. Children who learn to delay _____________________

become more socially responsible, often engaging in

responsible action through _____________________

learning. They also become more _____________________

successful and more productive.

96. Moral ideas grow (stronger/weaker) when acted on.

APPLICATIONS:

97. Thirteen-year-old Irene has no trouble defeating her 11-

year-old brother at a detective game that requires

following clues in order to deduce the perpetrator of a

crime. How might Piaget explain Irene's superiority at the

game?

a. Being older, Irene has had more years of

schooling.

b. Girls develop intellectually at a faster rate than

boys.

c. Being an adolescent, Irene is beginning to develop

abstract reasoning skills.

d. Girls typically have more experience than boys at

playing games.

98. Jake, a junior in high school, regularly attends church

because his family and friends think he should. Jake is in

Kohlberg's _____________________ stage of moral

reasoning.

99. In Jada's country, people believe in family togetherness

above all else. Because her culture does not give priority

to _____________________ . Kohlberg would say that

she is not at his highest level of moral reasoning, the

_____________________ level.

Objective 5-14: Describe the social tasks and challenges of

adolescence.

Complete the missing information in the following table of

Erikson's stages of psychosocial development.

100. To refine their sense of

identity, adolescents in

individualistic cultures

experiment with different

“_____________________” in

different situations. The result

may be role

_____________________, which

is resolved by forming a self-definition, or

_____________________ . The aspect of peoples self-

concept that forms around their group membership is their

_____________________ _____________________ .

95. Children who learn to delay _

become more socially responsible, often engaging

in responsible action through _

learning. They also become more _


96. Moral ideas grow (stronger/

weaker) when acted on.

APPLICATIONS:

97. Thirteen-year-old Irene has no trouble defeatingher 11-year-old brother at a detective game thatrequires following clues in order to deduce theperpetrator of a crime. How might Piaget explainIrene's superiority at the game?a. Being older, Irene has had more years of

schooling.b. Girls develop intellectually at a faster rate than

boys.c. Being an adolescent, Irene is beginning to

develop abstract reasoning skills.d. Girls typically have more experience than boys

at playing games.

98. Jake, a junior in high school, regularly attendschurch because his family and friends think heshould. Jake is in Kohlberg's _

stage of moral reasoning.

99. In Jada's country, people believe in familytogetherness above all else. Because her culturedoes not give priority to _

Kohlberg would say that she is not at his highestlevel of moral reasoning, the _level.

Objective 5-14:Describe the social tasks and chal-

lenges of adolescence.

Complete the missing information in the follOWing

table of Erikson's stages of psychosocial develop-

ment.

Group Age Psychosocial Stage

Infancy

Autonomy vs. shame

and doubt

Preschooler

Competence vs. inferiority

Adolescence

Intimacy vs. isolation

Middle adulthood

Integrity vs. despair

Adolescence 113

100. To refine their sense of iden-

tity, adolescents in individual-

istic cultures experiment with

different " _

in different situations. The

result may be role

________ , which is

resolved by forming a self-

definition, or _

The aspect of peoples self-concept that forms

around their group membership is

their _

101. Some adolescents forge their identity early, sim-

ply by their parents' values

and expectations. Others may adopt the identity

of a particular __

102. During the early to mid-teen years, self-esteem

generally (rises/falls/

remains stable). During the late teens and twen-

ties, self-esteem generally __

(rises/falls/remains stable) and agreeableness

and emotional stability scores

_______________ (increase/ decrease).

103. Erikson saw the formation of identity as a pre-

requisite for the development of

_______________ in young adulthood.

Objective 5-15:Contrast parental and peer influences

during adolescence.

104. Adolescence is typically a time of increasing

influence from one's ___

and decreasing influence from

105. Most adolescents report that they

- (do/ do not) get along with

their parents. They see their parents as having

the most influence in shaping their

for example.

95. Children who learn to delay _

become more socially responsible, often engaging

in responsible action through _

learning. They also become more _


96. Moral ideas grow (stronger/

weaker) when acted on.

APPLICATIONS:

97. Thirteen-year-old Irene has no trouble defeatingher 11-year-old brother at a detective game thatrequires following clues in order to deduce theperpetrator of a crime. How might Piaget explainIrene's superiority at the game?a. Being older, Irene has had more years of

schooling.b. Girls develop intellectually at a faster rate than

boys.c. Being an adolescent, Irene is beginning to

develop abstract reasoning skills.d. Girls typically have more experience than boys

at playing games.

98. Jake, a junior in high school, regularly attendschurch because his family and friends think heshould. Jake is in Kohlberg's _

stage of moral reasoning.

99. In Jada's country, people believe in familytogetherness above all else. Because her culturedoes not give priority to _

Kohlberg would say that she is not at his highestlevel of moral reasoning, the _level.

Objective 5-14:Describe the social tasks and chal-

lenges of adolescence.

Complete the missing information in the follOWing

table of Erikson's stages of psychosocial develop-

ment.

Group Age Psychosocial Stage

Infancy

Autonomy vs. shame

and doubt

Preschooler

Competence vs. inferiority

Adolescence

Intimacy vs. isolation

Middle adulthood

Integrity vs. despair

Adolescence 113

100. To refine their sense of iden-

tity, adolescents in individual-

istic cultures experiment with

different " _

in different situations. The

result may be role

________ , which is

resolved by forming a self-

definition, or _

The aspect of peoples self-concept that forms

around their group membership is

their _

101. Some adolescents forge their identity early, sim-

ply by their parents' values

and expectations. Others may adopt the identity

of a particular __


generally (rises/falls/

remains stable). During the late teens and twen-

ties, self-esteem generally __

(rises/falls/remains stable) and agreeableness

and emotional stability scores

_______________ (increase/ decrease).

103. Erikson saw the formation of identity as a pre-

requisite for the development of

_______________ in young adulthood.

Objective 5-15:Contrast parental and peer influences

during adolescence.

104. Adolescence is typically a time of increasing

influence from one's ___

and decreasing influence from

105. Most adolescents report that they

- (do/ do not) get along with

their parents. They see their parents as having

the most influence in shaping their

for example.


101. Some adolescents forge their identity early, simply by

_____________________ their parents' values and

expectations. Others may adopt the identity of a particular

_____________________ _____________________ .


generally (rises/falls/remains stable). During the late teens

and twenties, self-esteem generally (rises/falls/remains

stable) and agreeableness and emotional stability scores

(increase/ decrease).

103. Erikson saw the formation of identity as a prerequisite

for the development of _____________________ in young

adulthood.

Objective 5-15: Contrast parental and peer influences

during adolescence.

104. Adolescence is typically a time of increasing influence

from one's _____________________ and decreasing

influence from _____________________.

105. Most adolescents report that they (do/ do not) get

along with their parents. They see their parents as having

the most influence in shaping their for example.

106. Research on social relationships between parents and

their adolescent children shows that high school girls who

have the most _____________________ relationships with

their mothers tend to enjoy the most

_____________________ friendships with girlfriends.

107. When rejected adolescents withdraw, they are

vulnerable to _____________________, low

_____________________ , and _____________________ .

APPLICATION:

108. Fourteen-year-old Cassandra feels freer and more open

with her friends than with her family. Knowing this is the

case, Cassandra's parents should

a. be concerned, because deteriorating parent-teen

relationships, such as this one, are often followed by

a range of problem behaviors.

b. encourage Cassandra to find new friends.

c. seek family counseling.

d. not worry, since adolescence is typically a time of

growing peer influence and diminishing parental

influence.

Objective 5-16:Discuss the characteristics of emerging

adulthood.

109. As a result of increased_____________________

_____________________ and weakened

_____________________-_____________________ bonds,

sexual maturity is beginning (earlier /later) than in the past.

110. Because the time from 18 to the mid-twenties is

increasingly a not-yet-settled phase of life, some

psychologists refer to this period as a time of

_____________________ _____________________ .



111. Stage theories that have been considered include the

theory of cognitive development proposed by

_____________________, the theory of moral development

proposed by _____________________ and the theory of

psychosocial development proposed by

_____________________.

112. Although research casts doubt on the idea that life

proceeds through age-linked _____________________,

there are spurts of _____________________ growth during

childhood and puberty that correspond roughly to the

stages proposed by_____________________ .

Adulthood

Objective 5-17:Identify the physical changes that occur

during middle and late adulthood.

113. During adulthood, age (is/is not) a very good predictor

of people's traits.

114. The mid-twenties are the peak years for

_____________________ , _____________________ ,

_____________________ , and _____________________ .

Because they mature earlier, (women/men) also peak

earlier.

115. During early and middle adulthood, physical vigor has

less to do with _____________________ than with a

person's _____________________ and habits.

116. The cessation of the menstrual cycle, known as

_____________________ , occurs within a few years of


_____________________ . A woman's experience during

this time depends largely on her _____________________

and _____________________ .

117. Although men experience no equivalent to menopause,

they do experience a more gradual decline in

_____________________ count, level of the hormone

_____________________, and speed of erection and

ejaculation during later life.

118. Worldwide, life expectancy at birth has increased from

49 years in 1950 to _____________________ years and

beyond in 2010in some developed countries. Women

outlive men by nearly _____________________ years

worldwide.

119. With age, the tips of our chromosomes, called

_____________________, shorten.

120. The human spirit also affects life expectancy. The

death rate increases when people reach their birthdays, a

finding referred to as the _____________________-

_____________________ phenomenon.

121. With age, the eye's pupil (shrinks/ enlarges) and its

lens becomes (more/less) transparent. As a result, the

amount of light that reaches the retina is

(increased/reduced).

122. Although older adults are (more/less) susceptible to

life-threatening ailments, they suffer from short-term

ailments such as flu (more/less) often than younger adults.

123. Aging (slows/speeds/has no effect on) neural

processing and causes a gradual loss of

_____________________ _____________________ .

124. Physical exercise stimulates _____________________

_____________________

development and

_____________________

connections, thanks

perhaps to increased

_____________________

and nutrient flow.

125. The mental erosion

that results from progressive damage to the brain is called

_____________________ .

126. The irreversible disorder that causes progressive brain

deterioration is _____________________ disease. This

disease has been linked to a deterioration of neurons that

produce the neurotransmitter _____________________ .

Objective 5-18: Assess the impact of aging on memory.

127. Studies of developmental changes in learning and

memory show that during adulthood there is a decline in

the ability to (recall/recognize) new information but not in

the ability to (recall/ recognize) such information. One

factor that influences memory in older people is the

_____________________ of material.

128. Adults' _____________________ memory remains

strong when events help trigger recall.

129. Cognitive abilities among 70-year-olds are (less/more)

varied than among 20-year-olds.

130. A research study in which people of various ages are

compared with one another is called a

_____________________-_____________________ study.

131. A research study in which the same people are retested

over a period of years is called a _____________________

study.

132. Especially in the last three or four years of life,

cognitive decline typically accelerates. Researchers call this

near-death drop _____________________

_____________________ .

APPLICATION:

133.Which statement illustrates cognitive development during

the course of adult life?

a. Forty-three-year-old Sophia has better recognition

memory than 72-year-old Kylie.

b. Both Sophia and Kylie have strong recall and

recognition memory.

c. Kylie's recognition memory decreased sharply at

age 50.

Objective 5-19: Discuss the themes and influences that

mark the social journey from early adulthood to death.

134. Contrary to popular opinion, job and marital

dissatisfaction do not surge during the forties, thus

a result, the amount of light that reaches the ret-ina is (increased/reduced).

122. Although older adults are _(more/less) susceptible to life-threatening ail-ments, they suffer from short-term ailmentssuch as flu (more/less)often than younger adults.

123. Aging (slows/speeds/hasno effect on) neural processing and causes agradual loss of _

124. Physical exercise stimulates ___________ development and______________ connections, thanks perhapsto increased and nutrientflow.

125. The mental erosion thatresults from progressivedamage to the brain iscalled _

126. The irreversible disorderthat causes progressivebrain deterioration is_________ disease. This disease hasbeen linked to a deterioration of neurons thatproduce the neurotransmitter __

Objective 5-18:Assess the impact of aging onmemory.

127. Studies of developmental changes in learningand memory show that during adulthood thereis a decline in the ability to _(recall/recognize) new information but not inthe ability to (recall/ rec-ognize) such information. One factor that influ-ences memory in older people is the______________ of material.

128. Adults' memory remainsstrong when events help trigger recall.

129. Cognitive abilities among 70-year-olds are_______________ (less/more) varied thanamong 20-year-olds.

Adulthood 115

130. A research study in which people of variousages are compared with one another is called a________________________ study.

131. A research study in which the same people areretested over a period of years is called a________________ study.

132. Especially in the last three or four years oflife, cognitive decline typically accelerates.Researchers call this near-death drop

APPLICATION:

133.Which statement illustrates cognitive develop-ment during the course of adult life?a. Forty-three-year-old Sophia has better recog-

nition memory than 72-year-old Kylie.b. Both Sophia and Kylie have strong recall and

recognition memory.c. Kylie's recognition memory decreased sharply

at age 50.a. Forty-three-year-old Sophia has better recall

memory than 72-year-old Kylie.

Objective 5-19:Discuss the themes and influencesthat mark the social journey from early adulthood todeath.

134. Contrary to popular opinion, job and maritaldissatisfaction do not surge during the forties,thus suggesting that a midlife _need not occur.

135. The term used to refer to the culturally pre-ferred timing for leaving home, getting a job,marrying, and so on is the __________ . Today, the timing of suchlife events is becoming _(more/less) predictable. More important thanage are _

and chance encounters.

136. According to Erikson, the two basictasks of adulthood are achieving _and .According to Freud,the healthy adult is one who can______________ and _

137. Human societies have nearly always includeda relatively bond. Marriagebonds are usually lasting when couples marry


suggesting that a midlife _____________________ need not

occur.

135. The term used to refer to the culturally preferred

timing for leaving home, getting a job, marrying, and so on

is the _____________________ _____________________ .

Today, the timing of such life events is becoming

(more/less) predictable. More important than age are

_____________________ _____________________ and

chance encounters.

136. According to Erikson, the two basic tasks of adulthood

are achieving _____________________ and

_____________________ . According to Freud, the healthy

adult is one who can _____________________ and

_____________________ .

137. Human societies have nearly always included a

relatively _____________________ bond. Marriage bonds

are usually lasting when couples marry after age

_____________________ and are _____________________

_____________________ .

138. Marriages today are (half/twice) as likely to end in

divorce as they were in the 1960s.Couples who live together

before marrying have a (higher/ lower) divorce rate than

those who do not.

139. Marriage is a predictor of _____________________ ,

_____________________ _____________________ ,

_____________________ , and physical and mental

_____________________ . Lesbian couples report

(greater/less) well-being than those who are alone.

140. As children begin to absorb time and energy,

satisfaction with the marriage itself (increases / decreases).

This is particularly true among _____________________

women, who shoulder most of the burden.

141. For most couples, the children's leaving home

produces a(n) (increase/ decrease) in marital satisfaction.

142. During the first two years of college or university,

most students (can/ cannot) predict their later careers.

APPLICATION:

143. After a series of unfulfilling relationships, 30-year-old

Carlos tells a friend that he doesn't want to marry

because he is afraid of losing his freedom and

independence. Erikson would say that Carlos is having

difficulty with the psychosocial task of

a. trust versus mistrust.

b. autonomy versus doubt.

c. intimacy versus isolation.

d. identity versus role confusion.

Objective 5-20:Describe trends in people's self-confidence

and life satisfaction across the life span.

144. From early adulthood to midlife, people typically

experience a strengthening sense of

_____________________ , _____________________ , and

_____________________ .

145. According to studies, older people (do/do not) report

as much happiness and satisfaction with life as younger

people do. In addition, their feelings (do/do not) mellow.

146. As we age, the brain area called the

_____________________ shows (increased/ decreased)

activity in response to negative events.

147. More and more people flourish into later life, thanks to

influences.

APPLICATION:

148. The text discusses well-being across the life span. Which

of the following people is likely to report the greatest life

satisfaction?

a. Billy, a 7-year-old second-grader

b. Kathy, a 17-year-old high-school senior

c. Mildred, a 70-year-old retired teacher

d. too little information to tell

Objective 5-21:Describe the range of reactions to the death

of a loved one.

149. Grief over a loved one's death is especially severe

when it comes _____________________

__________________________________________ .

150. Reactions to a loved one's death (do/ do not) vary

according to cultural norms. Those who express the

strongest grief immediately (do/ do not) purge their grief


more quickly.

151. Terminally ill and bereaved people (do/do not) go

through predictable stages.

152. According to Erikson, the final task of adulthood is to

achieve a sense of _____________________ .



153. The first two years of life (do/do not) provide a good

basis for predicting a person's eventual traits.

154. Research on the consistency of personality shows that

some traits, such as those related to

_____________________ , are more stable than others,

such as social attitudes.

APPLICATION:

155. In thinking about stability and change over the life span,

most developmental psychologists believe that

a. Development occurs in a series of sharply defined

stages.

b. The first two years are the most crucial in

determining the individual's personality.

c.. The consistency of personality in most people

tends to increase over the life span.

d. Social and emotional style are among the

characteristics that show the least stability over the

life span.

developmental psychology's major issues - … few _____ from the man that reach the egg release...

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