developmental psychology's major issues - … few _____ from the man that reach the egg release...
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Developing Through the Life Span 1
Developmental Psychology's Major
Issues
Objective 5-1:Identify three issues that have engaged
developmental psychologists.
1. Scientists who study physical, cognitive, and social
changes throughout the life cycle are called
_____________________ _____________________ .
2. One of the major issues in developmental psychology
concerns the relative importance of genetic inheritance and
experience in determining behavior; this is called the issue
of _____________________ and_____________________ .
3. A second developmental issue concerns whether
developmental changes are gradual or abrupt; this is called
the issue of _____________________ and
_____________________ .
4. A third controversial issue concerns the consistency of
personality and whether development is characterized more
by _____________________ over time or by change.
Prenatal Development and the
Newborn
Objective 5-2:Discuss the course of prenatal development,
and explain how teratogens affect that development.
5. Conception begins when a woman's
_____________________ releases a mature
_____________________ .
6. The few _____________________ from the man that
reach the egg release digestive _____________________
that eat away the egg's protective covering. As soon as one
sperm penetrates the egg, the egg's surface
_____________________ all other sperm.
7. The egg and sperm _____________________ fuse and
become one.
8. Fertilized human eggs are called
_____________________ . During the first week, the cells
in this cluster begin to specialize in structure and function,
that is, they begin to _____________________ . About 10
days after conception, the fertilized egg attaches to the
_____________________ mother's wall.
9. From about 2 until 8 weeks of age the developing human,
formed from the inner cells of the fertilized egg, is called
a(n) _____________________ . The outer cells become the
_____________________, which transfers
_____________________ and _____________________
from mother to fetus. Along with nutrients, a range of
harmful substances known as _____________________ can
pass through the placenta.
10. During the final stage of prenatal development, the
developing human is called a(n) _____________________ .
11. Moderate consumption of alcohol during pregnancy
(usually does not affect/ can affect) the fetal brain. If a
mother drinks heavily, her baby is at risk for the birth
defects and mental retardation that accompany
_____________________ _____________________
_____________________ .
APPLICATION:
12. Marissa has just learned that she is two months pregnant.
She is concerned about her baby's health because in the
last few months she has been drinking heavily. Marissa is
afraid that her unborn child may be at risk for birth defects
and for future behavior problems,
_____________________ and lower
_____________________ .
Objective 5-3:Describe some abilities of the newborn,
noting how researchers are able to identify their mental
abilities.
13. When an infant's cheek is touched, it will vigorously
_____________________ for a nipple. Other infant reflexes
include _____________________ ,
_____________________ , _____________________ , and
_____________________ .
14. American psychologist _____________________
believed that the newborn experiences a "blooming, buzzing
confusion." This belief is (correct/ incorrect).
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Developing Through the Life Span 2
Give some evidence supporting the claim that a newborn's
sensory equipment is biologically prewired to facilitate
social responsiveness.
15. To study infants' thinking, developmental researchers
have used
_____________________ ,
which involves a
_____________________
in responding with repeated stimulation. Using
_____________________ _____________________
researchers have found that infants prefer sights, such as
faces, that facilitate _____________________
responsiveness.
APPLICATION:
16. Leonardo is only 6 months old so he can't tell his Mom
what he likes. However, by looking away from a mobile
that now seems to bore him, he is saying that he sees
and remembers the mobile. His behavior indicates that
he has _____________________ to the mobile.
Infancy and Childhood
Objective 5-4: Describe some developmental changes in
brain and motor abilities during infancy and childhood.
17. Biological growth processes that enable orderly changes
in behavior are called _____________________ .
18. The developing brain (over/under) produces neurons.
At birth, the human nervous system (is/is not) fully mature.
19. Between 3 and 6 years of age, the brain is developing
most rapidly in the _____________________ lobes, which
enable _____________________ _____________________ .
The last areas of the brain to develop are
the_____________________ _____________________
linked with_____________________ ,
_____________________ , and _____________________ .
20. After puberty, a process of _____________________
shuts down some neural connections and strengthens
others.
21. Infants pass the milestones of _____________________
development at different rates, but the basic
_____________________ of stages is fixed. Infants sit
before they _____________________ and walk before they
_____________________ .
22. Genes playa (major/minor) role in motor development.
23. Until the necessary muscular and neural maturation is
complete, including the rapid development of the brain's
_____________________ experience has a (large/
small) effect on learning to walk, for example.
24. Our earliest memories generally do not occur before age
_____________________ . This phenomenon has been
called _____________________ _____________________ .
25. Research has shown that babies (are/ are not) capable
of learning.
APPLICATION:
26. Calvin, who is trying to impress his psychology professor
with his knowledge of infant motor development, asks
why some infants learn to roll over before they lift their
heads from a prone position, while others develop these
skills in the opposite order. What should Calvin's
professor conclude from this question?
a. Calvin clearly understands that the sequence of
motor development is not the same for all infants.
b. Calvin doesn't know what he's talking about.
Although some infants reach these developmental
milestones ahead of others, the order is the same for
all infants.
c. Calvin needs to be reminded that rolling over is an
inherited reflex, not a learned skill.
d. Calvin understands an important principle:
Motor development is unpredictable.
Objective 5-5: Describe how a child's mind develops from
the perspectives of Piaget, Vygotsky, and today's
researchers.
106 Chapter 5 Developing Through the Life Span
soon as one sperm penetrates the egg, the egg's
surface all other sperm.
7. The egg and sperm fuse and
become one.
8. Fertilized human eggs are called
_______________ . During the first week, the
cells in this cluster begin to specialize in structure
and function, that is, they begin to
_______________ . About 10 days after concep-
tion, the fertilized egg attaches to the
mother's wall.
9. From about 2 until 8 weeks of age the developing
human, formed from the inner cells of the fertil-
ized egg, is called a(n) . The
outer cells become the , which
transfers and
________________ from mother to fetus. Along
with nutrients, a range of harmful substances
known as can pass through
the placenta.
10. During the final stage of prenatal development,
the developing human is called a(n)
11. Moderate consumption of alcohol during preg-
nancy (usually does not
affect/ can affect) the fetal brain. If a mother
drinks heavily, her baby is at risk for the birth
defects and mental retardation that
accompany __
APPLICATION:
12. Marissa has just learned that she is two months
pregnant. She is concerned about her baby's
health because in the last few months she has
been drinking heavily. Marissa is afraid that her
unborn child may be at risk for birth defects and
for future behavior problems, _
and lower __
Objective 5-3:Describe some abilities of the newborn,
noting how researchers are able to identify their men-
tal abilities.
13. When an infant's cheek is touched, it will vigor-
ously for a nipple. Other
infant reflexes include __
,and
14. American psychologist __
believed that the newborn experiences a "bloom-
ing, buzzing confusion." This belief is
_______________ (correct/ incorrect).
Give some evidence supporting the claim that a new-
born's sensory equipment is biologically prewired to
facilitate social responsiveness.
15. To study infants' thinking, developmental
researchers have used
which involves a
in responding with repeated stimulation. Using
researchers have found that infants prefer sights,
such as faces, that facilitate
________________ responsiveness.
APPLICATION:
16. Leonardo is only 6 months old so he can't tell his
Mom what he likes. However, by looking away
from a mobile that now seems to bore him, he is
saying that he sees and remembers the mobile.
His behavior indicates that he has
________________________ to the mob iIe.
Infancy and Childhood
Objective 5-4:Describe some developmental changes
in brain and motor abilities during infancy and
childhood.
17. Biological growth processes that enable orderly
changes in behavior are called
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Developing Through the Life Span 3
27. Cognition refers to all the mental activities associated
with _____________________ , _____________________ ,
_____________________ , and _____________________ .
28. The first researcher to
show that the thought
processes of adults and
children are very different
was _____________________ .
29. To organize and interpret his or her experiences, the
developing child constructs cognitive concepts called
30. The interpretation of new experiences in terms of
existing ideas is called _____________________ . The
adaptation of existing ideas to fit new experiences is called
_____________________ .
31. In Piaget's first stage of development, the
_____________________ stage, children experience the
world through their motor and sensory interactions with
objects. This stage occurs between birth and nearly age
_____________________ .
32. The awareness that things continue to exist even when
they are removed from view is called
_____________________ _____________________ . This
awareness begins to develop at about
_____________________ months of age.
33. Developmental researchers have found that
Piaget and his followers (overestimated/ underestimated)
young children's competence. For instance, babies have an
intuitive grasp of simple laws of _____________________ ,
as seen in their reaction to a ball stopping in midair, and an
understanding of _____________________ , as Karen
Wynn demonstrated.
34. Preschoolers have difficulty perceiving things from
another person's point of view. This inability is called
_____________________. Even adults may overestimate
the extent to which others share their opinions and
perspectives, a trait known as the _____________________
_____________________ _____________________ .
35. According to Piaget, during the preschool years and up
to age _____________________ , children are in the
_____________________ stage.
36. The principle that the quantity of a substance remains
the same even when the shape of its container changes is
called _____________________ . Piaget believed that
preschoolers (have/have not) developed this concept.
37. The child's growing ability to take another's perspective
is evidence that the child is acquiring a
_____________________ _____________________
_____________________ . Between the ages of about
31/2 and 41/2, children come to realize that others may hold
_____________________ _____________________ .
38. (Close-Up) The disorder characterized by deficient
_____________________ and _____________________
interaction and an impaired _____________________
_____________________ _____________________ is
_____________________ . This disorder is related to
malfunctions of brain areas that allow us to take
another's_____________________ .
39. (Close-Up) The term used to encompass a range of
variations is _____________________
_____________________ _____________________ , one of
which is the "high-functioning" form called
_____________________ _____________________ .
40. (Close-Up) Baron-Cohen's theory proposes that autism
represents an "extreme _____________________ brain."
According to this theory, girls tend to be
_____________________, who are better than boys at
reading facial expressions and gestures. Boys tend to be
_____________________ , who understand things in terms
of rules or laws.
41. Piaget believed that children acquire the mental abilities
needed to comprehend mathematical transformations and
conservation by about _____________________ years of
age. At this time, they enter the_____________________
_____________________ stage.
42. In Piaget's final stage, the _____________________
_____________________ stage, reasoning expands from the
purely concrete to encompass _____________________
thinking. Piaget believed most children begin to enter this
stage by age _____________________ .
43. Russian psychologist _____________________ noted
18. The developing brain _
(over/under) produces neurons. At birth, the
human nervous system
_______________ (is/is not) fully mature.
19. Between 3 and 6 years of age, the brain is devel-
oping most rapidly in the _
lobes, which enable _
_______________ . The last areas of the brain to
develop are the __
______________ linked with _
______________ ,and _
20. After puberty, a process of _
shuts down some neural connections and
strengthens others.
21. Infants pass the milestones of _
development at different rates, but the basic
__________ of stages is fixed. Infants sit
before they and walk before
they _
22. Genes playa (major/minor)
role in motor development.
23. Until the necessary muscular and neural matura-
tion is complete, including the rapid develop-
ment of the brain's __
experience has a (large/
small) effect on learning to walk, for example.
24. Our earliest memories generally do not occur
before age . This phenom-
enon has been called _
25. Research has shown that babies _
(are/ are not) capable of learning.
APPLICATION:
26. Calvin, who is trying to impress his psychologyprofessor with his knowledge of infant motordevelopment, asks why some infants learn to rollover before they lift their heads from a proneposition, while others develop these skills in theopposite order. What should Calvin's professorconclude from this question?
a. Calvin clearly understands that the sequenceof motor development is not the same for allinfants.
Infancy and Childhood 107
b. Calvin doesn't know what he's talking about.Although some infants reach these develop-mental milestones ahead of others, the orderis the same for all infants.
c. Calvin needs to be reminded that rolling overis an inherited reflex, not a learned skill.
d. Calvin understands an important principle:Motor development is unpredictable.
Objective 5-5:Describe how a child's mind devel-
ops from the perspectives of Piaget, Vygotsky, and
today's researchers.
27. Cognition refers to all the mental activities associ-ated with _
__ ,and __
28. The first researcher to show L'-.\,'V'""that the thought processes I ...of adults and children are
very different was
29. To organize and interpret
his or her experiences, the developing child con-
structs cognitive concepts called
30. The interpretation of new experiences in terms of
existing ideas is called . The
adaptation of existing ideas to fit new experiences
is called _
31. In Piaget's first stage of development, the
___________ stage, children experience
the world through their motor and sensory inter-
actions with objects. This stage occurs between
birth and nearly age _
32. The awareness that things continue to exist even
when they are removed from view is called
_____________________________ . This
awareness begins to develop at about
______________ months of age.
33. Developmental researchers have found that
Piaget and his followers _
(overestimated/ underestimated) young
children's competence. For instance, babies have
an intuitive grasp of simple laws of
______________ , as seen in their reaction to
a ball stopping in midair, and an understanding
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Developing Through the Life Span 4
that by age _____________________ children stop thinking
aloud and instead rely on_____________________
_____________________ . Talking to themselves helps
children control their _____________________ and
_____________________ and master new skills.
44. Complementing Piaget's emphasis on interaction with
the _____________________ environment is Vygotsky's
emphasis on interaction with the _____________________
environment. To Vygotsky, children were young
_____________________ mentored by parents and others
who give them new words. Thus they provide a
_____________________ upon which the child can build
higher-level thinking.
Explain briefly how contemporary researchers view
Piaget's theory.
STUDY TIP: Jean Piaget was the first major theorist to realize
that each stage of life has its own characteristic way of
thinking. To deepen your understanding of Jean Piaget's
stages of cognitive development, fill in the blanks in the chart
below. Do as much as you can without reviewing the text. To
get you started, the first stage has been completed.
APPLICATIONS:
46. Compared with when he was younger, 4-yearold
Antonio is better able to empathize with his friend's feelings.
This growing ability to take another's perspective
indicates that Antonio is acquiring a _
47. As 8-year-old Gabriella observes, liquid is transferred from
a tall, thin tube into a short, wide jar. She is asked if there
is now less liquid in order to determine if she has
mastered the concept of
48. Caleb is 14 months old and he behaves as though "out of
sight is out of existence." He is in Piaget's
______________ stage of cognitive development.
49. Makayla is 3 years old, can use language, and has trouble
taking another person's perspective. She is in Piaget's
stage of cognitive development.
50. Four-year-old Jamail has a younger sister. When asked if
he has a sister, he is likely to answer ________ (yes/no);
when asked if his sister has a brother, Jamail is likely to
answer (yes/no).
51. In Piaget's theory, conservation is to egocentrism as the
stage is to the stage.
a. sensorimotor; formal operational
b. formal operational; sensorimotor
c. preoperational; sensorimotor
d. concrete operational; preoperational
Infancy and Childhood 109
45. Typical Age Test to DetermineRange Stage New Developments If Someone Is in This Stage
Birth to nearly 2 Sensorimotor Stranger anxiety Have the child's mother leave the roomyears Object permanence Hide a toy under a blanket
2 to
Concrete
About 12through
APPLICATIONS:
46. Compared with when he was younger, 4-year-old Antonio is better able to empathize withhis friend's feelings. This growing ability to takeanother's perspective indicates that Antonio isacq uiring a _
47. As 8-year-old Gabriella observes, liquid is trans-ferred from a tall, thin tube into a short, wide jar.She is asked if there is now less liquid in order todetermine if she has mastered the concept of
48. Caleb is 14 months old and he behaves as though"out of sight is out of existence." He is in Piaget's______________ stage of cognitive
development.
49. Makayla is 3 years old, can use language, and hastrouble taking another person's perspective. Sheis in Piaget's stage ofcognitive development.
50. Four-year-old Jamail has a younger sister. Whenasked if he has a sister, he is likely to answer________ (yes/no); when asked if hissister has a brother, Jamail is likely toanswer (yes/no).
51. In Piaget's theory, conservation is to egocentrismas the stage is to the stage.a. sensorimotor; formal operationalb. formal operational; sensorimotorc. preoperational; sensorimotor
d. concrete operational; preoperational
Objective 5-6:Describe how parent-infant attachmentbonds form.
52. Soon after _____________ emerges and children becomemobile, a new fear, called
emerges.53. This fear emerges at about age _
54. The development of a strong emotional bondbetween infant and parent is called
55. The Harlows' studies ofmonkeys have shownthat mother-infantattachment does notdepend on the motherproviding nourishmentas much as it does on herproviding the comfort of
Another key to attachment is _
56. Human attachment involves one person provid-ing another with a ________________ when distressed and a______________________ fromwhich to explore.
57. In some animals, attachment will occur only dur-ing a restricted time called a _______________ .Konrad Lorenz discoveredthat young birds would follow almost any objectif it were the first moving thing they observed.This phenomenon is called _
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Developing Through the Life Span 5
Objective 5-6:Describe how parent-infant attachment
bonds form.
52. Soon after _____________________
_____________________ emerges and children become
mobile, a new fear, called _____________________
_____________________ emerges.
53. This fear emerges at about age
_____________________ .
54. The development of a strong emotional bond between
infant and parent is called _____________________ .
55. The Harlows' studies of monkeys have shown that
mother-infant attachment
does not depend on the
mother providing
nourishment as much as it
does on her providing the
comfort of
_____________________
_____________________.
Another key to attachment is_____________________ .
56. Human attachment involves one person providing
another with a_____________________
_____________________ when distressed and a
_____________________ _____________________ from
which to explore.
57. In some animals, attachment will occur only during a
restricted time called a _____________________
_____________________ . Konrad Lorenz discovered that
young birds would follow almost any object if it were the
first moving thing they observed. This phenomenon is
called_____________________ .
58. Human infants (do/ do not) have a precise critical
period for becoming attached. However, because
of_____________________ _____________________ , they
attach to what they know.
APPLICATION:
59. In a 1998 movie, a young girl finds that a flock of geese
follows her wherever she goes because she was the first
"object" they saw after they were born. This is an
example of
a. conservation. c. egocentrism.
b. imprinting. d. basic trust.
Objective 5-7:Describe how psychologists study attachment
differences, and discuss their findings.
60. Placed in a research setting called
the_____________________ _____________________ ,
children show one of two patterns of attachment:
_____________________ attachment or
_____________________ attachment.
Contrast the responses of securely and insecurely attached
infants to strange situations.
Discuss the impact of responsive parenting on infant
attachment.
61. A father's love and acceptance for his children are
(comparable to/less important than) a mother's love in
predicting their children's health and well-being.
62. Separation anxiety peaks in infants around
_____________________ months, then (gradually declines /
remains constant for about a year). This is true of children
(in North America/throughout the world).
63. According to Erikson, securely attached infants
approach life with a sense of _____________________
_____________________ .
64. Most researchers now believe that early attachments
(do/do not) form the basis of adult attachments. Attachment
Infancy and Childhood 109
45. Typical Age Test to DetermineRange Stage New Developments If Someone Is in This Stage
Birth to nearly 2 Sensorimotor Stranger anxiety Have the child's mother leave the roomyears Object permanence Hide a toy under a blanket
2 to
Concrete
About 12through
APPLICATIONS:
46. Compared with when he was younger, 4-year-old Antonio is better able to empathize withhis friend's feelings. This growing ability to takeanother's perspective indicates that Antonio isacq uiring a _
47. As 8-year-old Gabriella observes, liquid is trans-ferred from a tall, thin tube into a short, wide jar.She is asked if there is now less liquid in order todetermine if she has mastered the concept of
48. Caleb is 14 months old and he behaves as though"out of sight is out of existence." He is in Piaget's______________ stage of cognitive
development.
49. Makayla is 3 years old, can use language, and hastrouble taking another person's perspective. Sheis in Piaget's stage ofcognitive development.
50. Four-year-old Jamail has a younger sister. Whenasked if he has a sister, he is likely to answer________ (yes/no); when asked if hissister has a brother, Jamail is likely toanswer (yes/no).
51. In Piaget's theory, conservation is to egocentrismas the stage is to the stage.a. sensorimotor; formal operationalb. formal operational; sensorimotorc. preoperational; sensorimotor
d. concrete operational; preoperational
Objective 5-6:Describe how parent-infant attachmentbonds form.
52. Soon after _____________ emerges and children becomemobile, a new fear, called
emerges.53. This fear emerges at about age _
54. The development of a strong emotional bondbetween infant and parent is called
55. The Harlows' studies ofmonkeys have shownthat mother-infantattachment does notdepend on the motherproviding nourishmentas much as it does on herproviding the comfort of
Another key to attachment is _
56. Human attachment involves one person provid-ing another with a ________________ when distressed and a______________________ fromwhich to explore.
57. In some animals, attachment will occur only dur-ing a restricted time called a _______________ .Konrad Lorenz discoveredthat young birds would follow almost any objectif it were the first moving thing they observed.This phenomenon is called _
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Developing Through the Life Span 6
style is also associated with _____________________ :
Securely attached people exhibit greater drive to achieve.
APPLICATION:
65. Layla and Christian Bishop have a 13-month-old boy.
According to Erikson, the Bishops' sensitive, loving care
of their child contributes to the child's
_____________________ _____________________ .
Objective 5-8:Describe how parental neglect, abuse, or
family disruption affect children's attachment.
66. The Harlows found that when monkeys reared in social
isolation were placed with other monkeys, they reacted with
either fear or _____________________ .
67. Most abused children (do / do not) later become
abusive parents.
68. Although most children who grow up under adversity
are _____________________ and become normal adults,
early abuse and excessive exposure to
_____________________ _____________________ may
alter the development of the brain chemical
_____________________ .
Objective 5-9:Describe the effect of day care on children.
69. Experts agree that child care per se (does/does not)
constitute a risk factor in children's development.
70. High-quality child care consists of warm, supportive
interactions with adults in an environment that is
_____________________ , _____________________ , and
_____________________ .
71. More important than time spent in day care in
influencing a child's aggression are ____________________
__________________________________________ .
Objective 5-10:Trace the onset and development of
children' s self-concept.
72. The primary social achievement of childhood is the
development of a _____________________ which occurs in
most children by age _____________________ .
73. A child's self-image generally becomes stable between
the ages of _____________________ and
_____________________ , when children begin to describe
themselves in terms of gender, group memberships,
psychological_____________________ ,and
_____________________ and _____________________
compared with other children.
Identify several characteristics of children who have formed
a positive self-image.
Objective 5-11:Describe three parenting styles, and explain
how children's traits relate to them.
74. Parents who impose rules and expect obedience are
exhibiting a(n) _____________________ style of
parenting.
75. Parents who make few demands of their children and
tend to submit to their children's desires are identified as
_____________________ parents.
76. Setting and enforcing standards after discussion with
their children is the approach taken by
_____________________ parents.
77. Studies have shown that children with the highest self-
esteem, self-reliance, and social competence usually have
_____________________ parents.
Explain why the correlation between authoritative
parenting and social competence does not necessarily reveal
cause and effect.
Objective 5-12:Define adolescence, and identify the major
physical changes during this period.
78. Adolescence is defined as the transition period between
_____________________ and _____________________ .
79. The "storm and stress" view of adolescence is credited to
_____________________ , one of the first American
psychologists to describe adolescence.
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Developing Through the Life Span 7
80. Adolescence begins with the time of developing sexual
maturity known as _____________________ . A two-year
period of rapid physical development begins in girls at
about the age of _____________________ and in boys at
about the age of
_____________________ .
This growth spurt is marked
by the development of the
reproductive organs and
external genitalia, or
_____________________ _____________________
characteristics, as well as by the development of traits such
as pubic hair and enlarged breasts in females and facial hair
in males. These nonreproductive traits are known as
_____________________ _____________________
characteristics.
81. The first menstrual period is called
_____________________ . In boys, the first ejaculation is
called _____________________ .
82. The (timing/sequence) of pubertal changes is more
predictable than their (timing/sequence).
83. Boys who mature (early /late) tend to be more popular,
self-assured, and independent; they also are at increased
risk for __________________________________________
________________________________________________.
For girls, (early/late) maturation can be stressful, especially
when their bodies are out of sync with their
_____________________ _____________________ . This
reminds us that _____________________ and
_____________________ interact.
84. The adolescent brain undergoes a selective
_____________________ of unused neurons and
connections. Also, teens' occasional impulsiveness and risky
behaviors may be due, in part, to the fact that development
in the brain's _____________________
_____________________ lags behind that of
the_____________________ _____________________ .
APPLICATION:
85. Based on the text discussion of maturation and popularity,
who among the following is probably the most popular
sixth grader?
a. Jessica, the most physically mature girl in the
class
b. Roger, the most intellectually mature boy in the
class
c. Rob, the tallest, most physically mature boy in the
class
d. Cindy, who is average in physical development
and is on the school debating team
Objective 5-13:Describe adolescent cognitive and moral
development, according to Piaget, Kohlberg, and later
researchers.
86. Adolescents' developing cognitive ability enables them
to think about what is _____________________ possible
and _____________________ that with imperfect reality.
87. During the early teen years, reasoning is often
_____________________ , as adolescents often feel their
experiences are unique.
88. Piaget's final stage of cognitive development is the stage
of _____________________ _____________________ .
Adolescents in this stage are capable of thinking logically
about _____________________ as well as concrete
propositions. This enables them to detect
_____________________ in others' reasoning and to spot
hypocrisy.
89. The theorist who proposed that moral thought
progresses through stages is _____________________ .
These stages are divided into three basic levels:
_____________________ , _____________________ ,and
_____________________ .
90. In the preconventional stages of morality, characteristic
of children, the emphasis is on obeying rules to avoid or
gain concrete _
91. Conventional morality usually emerges by early
_____________________ . The emphasis is on gaining
social _____________________ or maintaining the
71. More important than time spent in day care in
influencing a child's aggression are _
Objective 5-10:Trace the onset and development of
children' s self-concept.
72. The primary social achievement of childhood is
the development of a ___
which occurs in most children by age
73. A child's self-image generally becomes stable
between the ages of and
______________ , when children begin to
describe themselves in terms of gender, group
memberships, psychological _
and and _
compared with other children.
Identify several characteristics of children who have
formed a positive self-image.
Objective 5-11:Describe three parenting styles, and
explain how children's traits relate to them.
74. Parents who impose rules and expect obedience
are exhibiting a(n) _
style of parenting.
75. Parents who make few demands of their children
and tend to submit to their children's desires are
identified as parents.
76. Setting and enforcing standards after discussion
with their children is the approach taken by
_______________ parents.
77. Studies have shown that children with the high-
est self-esteem, self-reliance, and social compe-
tence usually have parents.
Adolescence 111
Explain why the correlation between authoritative
parenting and social competence does not necessarily
reveal cause and effect.
AdolescenceObjective 5-12:Define adolescence, and identify themajor physical changes during this period.
78. Adolescence is defined as the transition periodbetween and
79. The "storm and stress" view of adolescence is
credited to , one of the first
American psychologists to describe adolescence.
80. Adolescence begins with the time of developing
sexual maturity known as .A
two-year period of rapid physical development
begins in girls at about the age of
__________ andin
boys at about the age
of . This
growth spurt is marked by
the development of the
reproductive organs and
external genitalia, or _
-- characteristics, as well as by
the development of traits such as pubic hair and
enlarged breasts in females and facial hair in
males. These nonreproductive traits are known as
characteristics.
81. The first menstrual period is called
_______________ . In boys, the first ejaculation
is called _
82. The (timing/sequence) of
pubertal changes is more predictable than their
______________ (timing/sequence).
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Developing Through the Life Span 8
social_____________________ .
92. Individuals who base moral judgments on their own
perceptions of basic ethical principles are said by Kohlberg
to employ _____________________ morality.
Explain why critics fault Kohlberg's theory of moral
development.
93. The idea that moral feelings precede moral reasoning is
expressed in the moral _____________________ view of
morality. Research studies using _____________________
_____________________ support the idea that moral
judgment involves more than merely thinking; it is also gut-
level feeling.
94. Morality involves doing the right thing, and what we do
depends on influences. Today's _____________________
_____________________ _____________________ focus
on moral issues and doing the right thing. They teach
children _____________________ for others' feelings.
95. Children who learn to delay _____________________
become more socially responsible, often engaging in
responsible action through _____________________
learning. They also become more _____________________
successful and more productive.
96. Moral ideas grow (stronger/weaker) when acted on.
APPLICATIONS:
97. Thirteen-year-old Irene has no trouble defeating her 11-
year-old brother at a detective game that requires
following clues in order to deduce the perpetrator of a
crime. How might Piaget explain Irene's superiority at the
game?
a. Being older, Irene has had more years of
schooling.
b. Girls develop intellectually at a faster rate than
boys.
c. Being an adolescent, Irene is beginning to develop
abstract reasoning skills.
d. Girls typically have more experience than boys at
playing games.
98. Jake, a junior in high school, regularly attends church
because his family and friends think he should. Jake is in
Kohlberg's _____________________ stage of moral
reasoning.
99. In Jada's country, people believe in family togetherness
above all else. Because her culture does not give priority
to _____________________ . Kohlberg would say that
she is not at his highest level of moral reasoning, the
_____________________ level.
Objective 5-14: Describe the social tasks and challenges of
adolescence.
Complete the missing information in the following table of
Erikson's stages of psychosocial development.
100. To refine their sense of
identity, adolescents in
individualistic cultures
experiment with different
“_____________________” in
different situations. The result
may be role
_____________________, which
is resolved by forming a self-definition, or
_____________________ . The aspect of peoples self-
concept that forms around their group membership is their
_____________________ _____________________ .
95. Children who learn to delay _
become more socially responsible, often engaging
in responsible action through _
learning. They also become more _
successful and more productive.
96. Moral ideas grow (stronger/
weaker) when acted on.
APPLICATIONS:
97. Thirteen-year-old Irene has no trouble defeatingher 11-year-old brother at a detective game thatrequires following clues in order to deduce theperpetrator of a crime. How might Piaget explainIrene's superiority at the game?a. Being older, Irene has had more years of
schooling.b. Girls develop intellectually at a faster rate than
boys.c. Being an adolescent, Irene is beginning to
develop abstract reasoning skills.d. Girls typically have more experience than boys
at playing games.
98. Jake, a junior in high school, regularly attendschurch because his family and friends think heshould. Jake is in Kohlberg's _
stage of moral reasoning.
99. In Jada's country, people believe in familytogetherness above all else. Because her culturedoes not give priority to _
Kohlberg would say that she is not at his highestlevel of moral reasoning, the _level.
Objective 5-14:Describe the social tasks and chal-
lenges of adolescence.
Complete the missing information in the follOWing
table of Erikson's stages of psychosocial develop-
ment.
Group Age Psychosocial Stage
Infancy
Autonomy vs. shame
and doubt
Preschooler
Competence vs. inferiority
Adolescence
Intimacy vs. isolation
Middle adulthood
Integrity vs. despair
Adolescence 113
100. To refine their sense of iden-
tity, adolescents in individual-
istic cultures experiment with
different " _
in different situations. The
result may be role
________ , which is
resolved by forming a self-
definition, or _
The aspect of peoples self-concept that forms
around their group membership is
their _
101. Some adolescents forge their identity early, sim-
ply by their parents' values
and expectations. Others may adopt the identity
of a particular __
102. During the early to mid-teen years, self-esteem
generally (rises/falls/
remains stable). During the late teens and twen-
ties, self-esteem generally __
(rises/falls/remains stable) and agreeableness
and emotional stability scores
_______________ (increase/ decrease).
103. Erikson saw the formation of identity as a pre-
requisite for the development of
_______________ in young adulthood.
Objective 5-15:Contrast parental and peer influences
during adolescence.
104. Adolescence is typically a time of increasing
influence from one's ___
and decreasing influence from
105. Most adolescents report that they
- (do/ do not) get along with
their parents. They see their parents as having
the most influence in shaping their
for example.
95. Children who learn to delay _
become more socially responsible, often engaging
in responsible action through _
learning. They also become more _
successful and more productive.
96. Moral ideas grow (stronger/
weaker) when acted on.
APPLICATIONS:
97. Thirteen-year-old Irene has no trouble defeatingher 11-year-old brother at a detective game thatrequires following clues in order to deduce theperpetrator of a crime. How might Piaget explainIrene's superiority at the game?a. Being older, Irene has had more years of
schooling.b. Girls develop intellectually at a faster rate than
boys.c. Being an adolescent, Irene is beginning to
develop abstract reasoning skills.d. Girls typically have more experience than boys
at playing games.
98. Jake, a junior in high school, regularly attendschurch because his family and friends think heshould. Jake is in Kohlberg's _
stage of moral reasoning.
99. In Jada's country, people believe in familytogetherness above all else. Because her culturedoes not give priority to _
Kohlberg would say that she is not at his highestlevel of moral reasoning, the _level.
Objective 5-14:Describe the social tasks and chal-
lenges of adolescence.
Complete the missing information in the follOWing
table of Erikson's stages of psychosocial develop-
ment.
Group Age Psychosocial Stage
Infancy
Autonomy vs. shame
and doubt
Preschooler
Competence vs. inferiority
Adolescence
Intimacy vs. isolation
Middle adulthood
Integrity vs. despair
Adolescence 113
100. To refine their sense of iden-
tity, adolescents in individual-
istic cultures experiment with
different " _
in different situations. The
result may be role
________ , which is
resolved by forming a self-
definition, or _
The aspect of peoples self-concept that forms
around their group membership is
their _
101. Some adolescents forge their identity early, sim-
ply by their parents' values
and expectations. Others may adopt the identity
of a particular __
102. During the early to mid-teen years, self-esteem
generally (rises/falls/
remains stable). During the late teens and twen-
ties, self-esteem generally __
(rises/falls/remains stable) and agreeableness
and emotional stability scores
_______________ (increase/ decrease).
103. Erikson saw the formation of identity as a pre-
requisite for the development of
_______________ in young adulthood.
Objective 5-15:Contrast parental and peer influences
during adolescence.
104. Adolescence is typically a time of increasing
influence from one's ___
and decreasing influence from
105. Most adolescents report that they
- (do/ do not) get along with
their parents. They see their parents as having
the most influence in shaping their
for example.
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Developing Through the Life Span 9
101. Some adolescents forge their identity early, simply by
_____________________ their parents' values and
expectations. Others may adopt the identity of a particular
_____________________ _____________________ .
102. During the early to mid-teen years, self-esteem
generally (rises/falls/remains stable). During the late teens
and twenties, self-esteem generally (rises/falls/remains
stable) and agreeableness and emotional stability scores
(increase/ decrease).
103. Erikson saw the formation of identity as a prerequisite
for the development of _____________________ in young
adulthood.
Objective 5-15: Contrast parental and peer influences
during adolescence.
104. Adolescence is typically a time of increasing influence
from one's _____________________ and decreasing
influence from _____________________.
105. Most adolescents report that they (do/ do not) get
along with their parents. They see their parents as having
the most influence in shaping their for example.
106. Research on social relationships between parents and
their adolescent children shows that high school girls who
have the most _____________________ relationships with
their mothers tend to enjoy the most
_____________________ friendships with girlfriends.
107. When rejected adolescents withdraw, they are
vulnerable to _____________________, low
_____________________ , and _____________________ .
APPLICATION:
108. Fourteen-year-old Cassandra feels freer and more open
with her friends than with her family. Knowing this is the
case, Cassandra's parents should
a. be concerned, because deteriorating parent-teen
relationships, such as this one, are often followed by
a range of problem behaviors.
b. encourage Cassandra to find new friends.
c. seek family counseling.
d. not worry, since adolescence is typically a time of
growing peer influence and diminishing parental
influence.
Objective 5-16:Discuss the characteristics of emerging
adulthood.
109. As a result of increased_____________________
_____________________ and weakened
_____________________-_____________________ bonds,
sexual maturity is beginning (earlier /later) than in the past.
110. Because the time from 18 to the mid-twenties is
increasingly a not-yet-settled phase of life, some
psychologists refer to this period as a time of
_____________________ _____________________ .
Objective 5-1:Identify three issues that have engaged
developmental psychologists.
111. Stage theories that have been considered include the
theory of cognitive development proposed by
_____________________, the theory of moral development
proposed by _____________________ and the theory of
psychosocial development proposed by
_____________________.
112. Although research casts doubt on the idea that life
proceeds through age-linked _____________________,
there are spurts of _____________________ growth during
childhood and puberty that correspond roughly to the
stages proposed by_____________________ .
Adulthood
Objective 5-17:Identify the physical changes that occur
during middle and late adulthood.
113. During adulthood, age (is/is not) a very good predictor
of people's traits.
114. The mid-twenties are the peak years for
_____________________ , _____________________ ,
_____________________ , and _____________________ .
Because they mature earlier, (women/men) also peak
earlier.
115. During early and middle adulthood, physical vigor has
less to do with _____________________ than with a
person's _____________________ and habits.
116. The cessation of the menstrual cycle, known as
_____________________ , occurs within a few years of
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Developing Through the Life Span 10
_____________________ . A woman's experience during
this time depends largely on her _____________________
and _____________________ .
117. Although men experience no equivalent to menopause,
they do experience a more gradual decline in
_____________________ count, level of the hormone
_____________________, and speed of erection and
ejaculation during later life.
118. Worldwide, life expectancy at birth has increased from
49 years in 1950 to _____________________ years and
beyond in 2010in some developed countries. Women
outlive men by nearly _____________________ years
worldwide.
119. With age, the tips of our chromosomes, called
_____________________, shorten.
120. The human spirit also affects life expectancy. The
death rate increases when people reach their birthdays, a
finding referred to as the _____________________-
_____________________ phenomenon.
121. With age, the eye's pupil (shrinks/ enlarges) and its
lens becomes (more/less) transparent. As a result, the
amount of light that reaches the retina is
(increased/reduced).
122. Although older adults are (more/less) susceptible to
life-threatening ailments, they suffer from short-term
ailments such as flu (more/less) often than younger adults.
123. Aging (slows/speeds/has no effect on) neural
processing and causes a gradual loss of
_____________________ _____________________ .
124. Physical exercise stimulates _____________________
_____________________
development and
_____________________
connections, thanks
perhaps to increased
_____________________
and nutrient flow.
125. The mental erosion
that results from progressive damage to the brain is called
_____________________ .
126. The irreversible disorder that causes progressive brain
deterioration is _____________________ disease. This
disease has been linked to a deterioration of neurons that
produce the neurotransmitter _____________________ .
Objective 5-18: Assess the impact of aging on memory.
127. Studies of developmental changes in learning and
memory show that during adulthood there is a decline in
the ability to (recall/recognize) new information but not in
the ability to (recall/ recognize) such information. One
factor that influences memory in older people is the
_____________________ of material.
128. Adults' _____________________ memory remains
strong when events help trigger recall.
129. Cognitive abilities among 70-year-olds are (less/more)
varied than among 20-year-olds.
130. A research study in which people of various ages are
compared with one another is called a
_____________________-_____________________ study.
131. A research study in which the same people are retested
over a period of years is called a _____________________
study.
132. Especially in the last three or four years of life,
cognitive decline typically accelerates. Researchers call this
near-death drop _____________________
_____________________ .
APPLICATION:
133.Which statement illustrates cognitive development during
the course of adult life?
a. Forty-three-year-old Sophia has better recognition
memory than 72-year-old Kylie.
b. Both Sophia and Kylie have strong recall and
recognition memory.
c. Kylie's recognition memory decreased sharply at
age 50.
Objective 5-19: Discuss the themes and influences that
mark the social journey from early adulthood to death.
134. Contrary to popular opinion, job and marital
dissatisfaction do not surge during the forties, thus
a result, the amount of light that reaches the ret-ina is (increased/reduced).
122. Although older adults are _(more/less) susceptible to life-threatening ail-ments, they suffer from short-term ailmentssuch as flu (more/less)often than younger adults.
123. Aging (slows/speeds/hasno effect on) neural processing and causes agradual loss of _
124. Physical exercise stimulates ___________ development and______________ connections, thanks perhapsto increased and nutrientflow.
125. The mental erosion thatresults from progressivedamage to the brain iscalled _
126. The irreversible disorderthat causes progressivebrain deterioration is_________ disease. This disease hasbeen linked to a deterioration of neurons thatproduce the neurotransmitter __
Objective 5-18:Assess the impact of aging onmemory.
127. Studies of developmental changes in learningand memory show that during adulthood thereis a decline in the ability to _(recall/recognize) new information but not inthe ability to (recall/ rec-ognize) such information. One factor that influ-ences memory in older people is the______________ of material.
128. Adults' memory remainsstrong when events help trigger recall.
129. Cognitive abilities among 70-year-olds are_______________ (less/more) varied thanamong 20-year-olds.
Adulthood 115
130. A research study in which people of variousages are compared with one another is called a________________________ study.
131. A research study in which the same people areretested over a period of years is called a________________ study.
132. Especially in the last three or four years oflife, cognitive decline typically accelerates.Researchers call this near-death drop
APPLICATION:
133.Which statement illustrates cognitive develop-ment during the course of adult life?a. Forty-three-year-old Sophia has better recog-
nition memory than 72-year-old Kylie.b. Both Sophia and Kylie have strong recall and
recognition memory.c. Kylie's recognition memory decreased sharply
at age 50.a. Forty-three-year-old Sophia has better recall
memory than 72-year-old Kylie.
Objective 5-19:Discuss the themes and influencesthat mark the social journey from early adulthood todeath.
134. Contrary to popular opinion, job and maritaldissatisfaction do not surge during the forties,thus suggesting that a midlife _need not occur.
135. The term used to refer to the culturally pre-ferred timing for leaving home, getting a job,marrying, and so on is the __________ . Today, the timing of suchlife events is becoming _(more/less) predictable. More important thanage are _
and chance encounters.
136. According to Erikson, the two basictasks of adulthood are achieving _and .According to Freud,the healthy adult is one who can______________ and _
137. Human societies have nearly always includeda relatively bond. Marriagebonds are usually lasting when couples marry
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Developing Through the Life Span 11
suggesting that a midlife _____________________ need not
occur.
135. The term used to refer to the culturally preferred
timing for leaving home, getting a job, marrying, and so on
is the _____________________ _____________________ .
Today, the timing of such life events is becoming
(more/less) predictable. More important than age are
_____________________ _____________________ and
chance encounters.
136. According to Erikson, the two basic tasks of adulthood
are achieving _____________________ and
_____________________ . According to Freud, the healthy
adult is one who can _____________________ and
_____________________ .
137. Human societies have nearly always included a
relatively _____________________ bond. Marriage bonds
are usually lasting when couples marry after age
_____________________ and are _____________________
_____________________ .
138. Marriages today are (half/twice) as likely to end in
divorce as they were in the 1960s.Couples who live together
before marrying have a (higher/ lower) divorce rate than
those who do not.
139. Marriage is a predictor of _____________________ ,
_____________________ _____________________ ,
_____________________ , and physical and mental
_____________________ . Lesbian couples report
(greater/less) well-being than those who are alone.
140. As children begin to absorb time and energy,
satisfaction with the marriage itself (increases / decreases).
This is particularly true among _____________________
women, who shoulder most of the burden.
141. For most couples, the children's leaving home
produces a(n) (increase/ decrease) in marital satisfaction.
142. During the first two years of college or university,
most students (can/ cannot) predict their later careers.
APPLICATION:
143. After a series of unfulfilling relationships, 30-year-old
Carlos tells a friend that he doesn't want to marry
because he is afraid of losing his freedom and
independence. Erikson would say that Carlos is having
difficulty with the psychosocial task of
a. trust versus mistrust.
b. autonomy versus doubt.
c. intimacy versus isolation.
d. identity versus role confusion.
Objective 5-20:Describe trends in people's self-confidence
and life satisfaction across the life span.
144. From early adulthood to midlife, people typically
experience a strengthening sense of
_____________________ , _____________________ , and
_____________________ .
145. According to studies, older people (do/do not) report
as much happiness and satisfaction with life as younger
people do. In addition, their feelings (do/do not) mellow.
146. As we age, the brain area called the
_____________________ shows (increased/ decreased)
activity in response to negative events.
147. More and more people flourish into later life, thanks to
influences.
APPLICATION:
148. The text discusses well-being across the life span. Which
of the following people is likely to report the greatest life
satisfaction?
a. Billy, a 7-year-old second-grader
b. Kathy, a 17-year-old high-school senior
c. Mildred, a 70-year-old retired teacher
d. too little information to tell
Objective 5-21:Describe the range of reactions to the death
of a loved one.
149. Grief over a loved one's death is especially severe
when it comes _____________________
__________________________________________ .
150. Reactions to a loved one's death (do/ do not) vary
according to cultural norms. Those who express the
strongest grief immediately (do/ do not) purge their grief
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Developing Through the Life Span 12
more quickly.
151. Terminally ill and bereaved people (do/do not) go
through predictable stages.
152. According to Erikson, the final task of adulthood is to
achieve a sense of _____________________ .
Objective 5-1:Identify three issues that have engaged
developmental psychologists.
153. The first two years of life (do/do not) provide a good
basis for predicting a person's eventual traits.
154. Research on the consistency of personality shows that
some traits, such as those related to
_____________________ , are more stable than others,
such as social attitudes.
APPLICATION:
155. In thinking about stability and change over the life span,
most developmental psychologists believe that
a. Development occurs in a series of sharply defined
stages.
b. The first two years are the most crucial in
determining the individual's personality.
c.. The consistency of personality in most people
tends to increase over the life span.
d. Social and emotional style are among the
characteristics that show the least stability over the
life span.