developmental psychology
TRANSCRIPT
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Developmental Psychology
The study of YOU from womb to tomb.
We are going to study how we change physically, socially, cognitively and morally over our lifetimes.
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Nature Versus NurtureWhile going through
this unit always been in the back of your head….
Are you who you are because of:
• The way you were born- Nature.
• The way you were raised- Nurture.
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Research Methods
Cross-Sectional Studies• Participants of
different ages studied at the same time.
Longitudinal Studies• One group of people
studied over a period of time.
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Physical Development• Focus on our physical changes over time.
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Prenatal Development• Conception begins
with the drop of an egg and the release of about 200 million sperm.
• The sperm seeks out the egg and attempts to penetrate the eggs surface.
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• Once the sperm penetrates the egg- we have a fertilized egg called……..
The ZygoteThe first stage of
prenatal development. Lasts about two
weeks and consists of rapid cell division.
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Zygotes• Less than half of all
zygotes survive first two weeks.
• About 10 days after conception, the zygote will attach itself to the uterine wall.
• The outer part of the zygote becomes the placenta (which filters nutrients).
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After two weeks, the zygote develops into an….
• Lasts about 6 weeks.• Heart begins to beat
and the organs begin to develop.
Embryo
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Fetus• By nine weeks we have a…• The fetus by about the
6th month, the stomach and other organs have formed enough to survive outside of mother.
• At this time the baby can hear (and recognize) sounds and respond to light.
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Teratogens• Chemical agents that
can harm the prenatal environment.
• Alcohol (FAS)• Other STDs can harm
the baby…..• HIV• Herpes• Genital Warts
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Childbirth
Click the woman in labor to watch a birthing video.Please be aware that it is graphic….beautiful but can be difficult to watch.
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Healthy Newborns• Turn head towards
voices .• See 8 to 12 inches
from their faces.• Gaze longer at
human like objects right from birth.
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Reflexes• Inborn automatic
responses.• Rooting• Sucking• Grasping• Moro• Babinski
Click on pictures to see clips of reflexes.
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Maturation
• Physical growth, regardless of the environment.
• Although the timing of our growth may be different, the sequence is almost always the same.
Click to see movie of Captain Marvel and his maturation.
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Puberty
• The period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing.
Click above to see all you ever need to know about puberty.
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Primary Sexual Characteristics• Body
structures that make reproduction possible.
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Secondary Sexual Characteristics• Non-
reproductive sexual characteristics.
Widening of the Hips
Deeper Voice Breast Development
Body Hair
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Landmarks for Puberty• Menarche for girls.• First ejaculation for
boys.
Click Tampax for one of those ridiculous commercials.
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Adulthood
• All physical abilities essentially peak by our mid twenties.
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Adulthood
•Then is all goes downhill.
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Physical Milestones• Menopause
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Life Expectancy• Life Expectancy
keeps increasing- now about 75.
• Women outlive men by about 4 years.
• But more men are conceived 126 to 100. Then 105 to 100 by birth. In other words, men die easier.
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Death• Elizabeth Kubler-Ross’s
Stages of Death/Grief.1.Denial2.Anger3.Bargaining4.Depression5.Acceptance
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Social Development• Up until about a year,
infants do not mind strange people (maybe because everyone is strange to them).
• At about a year, infants develop stranger anxiety.
• Why do you think it starts at about a year?
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Attachment
• The most important social construct an infant must develop is attachment (a bond with a caregiver).
• Lorenz discovered that some animals form attachment through imprinting.
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Attachment• Harry Harlow and his
monkeys.• Harry showed that
monkeys needed touch to form attachment.
Click the monkey to see a video of Harlow’s experiment.
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Attachment• Critical Periods: the
optimal period shortly after birth when an organism’s exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produce proper development.
• Those who are deprived of touch have trouble forming attachment when they are older.
Click on the monkey to see what a baby monkey does when he HAS attachment and imagine what it is like when he does not (like above).
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Types of Attachment• Mary Ainsworth’s
Strange Situation.
• Three types of attachment:
1. Secure
2. Avoidant
3. Anxious/ambivalent
Click picture to see clip of Ainsworth’s experiment.
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Parenting Styles
• Authoritarian Parents• Permissive
Parents• Authoritative
Parents
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Stage Theorists• These psychologists
believe that we travel from stage to stage throughout our lifetimes.
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Sigmund Freud• We all have a libido
(sexual drive).• Our libido travels to
different areas of our body throughout our development.
• If we become preoccupied with any one area, Freud said we have become fixated on it.
• Together Freud called these stages our Psychosexual Stages of Development.
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Oral Stage• Seek pleasure through
out mouths.• Babies put everything in
their mouths (0-2).• People fixated in this
stage tend to overeat, smoke or have a childhood dependence on things.
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Anal Stage• Develops during
toilet training (2-4).• Libido is focused on
controlling waste and expelling waste.
• A person fixated may become overly controlling (retentive) or out of control (expulsive).
Click to see a classic example of anal retentive and anal expulsive behaviors.
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Phallic Stage• Children first
recognize their gender (4-7).
• Causes conflict in families with the Oedipus and Electra Complexes.
• Fixation can cause later problems in relationships.
Click the baby to see real Oedipus Complex
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Latency Stage• Libido is hidden
(7-11).• Cooties stage.• Freud believed
that fixation in this stage could lead to sexual issues.
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Genital Stage• Libido is focused on
their genitals (12-death).
• Freud thought fixation in this stage is normal.
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Erik Erikson• A neo-Freudian• Worked with Anna
Freud• Thought our personality
was influenced by our experiences with others.
• Stages of Psychosocial Development.
• Each stage centers on a social conflict.
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Trust v. Mistrust• Can a baby trust the
world to fulfill its needs?
• The trust or mistrust they develop can carry on with the child for the rest of their lives.
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Autonomy V. Shame & Doubt• Toddlers begin to
control their bodies (toilet training).
• Control Temper Tantrums
• Big word is “NO”• Can they learn
control or will they doubt themselves?
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Initiative V. Guilt• Word turns from
“NO” to “WHY?”• Want to understand
the world and ask questions.
• Is there curiosity encouraged or scolded?
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Industry v. Inferiority• School begins• We are for the first
time evaluated by a formal system and our peers.
• Do we feel good or bad about our accomplishments?
• Can lead to us feeling bad about ourselves for the rest of our lives…inferiority complex.
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Identity v. Role Confusion• In our teenage years
we try out different roles.
• Who am I?• What group do I fit
in with?• If I do not find
myself I may develop an identity crisis.
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Intimacy v. Isolation• Have to balance
work and relationships.
• What are my priorities?
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Marriage• At least a 5 to 1
ratio of positive to negative interactions is a clear indicator of a healthy relationship.
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Generativity v. Stagnation• Is everything going
as planned?• Am I happy with
what I created?• Mid –life crisis!!!
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Integrity v. Despair• Look back on life.• Was my life
meaningful or do I have regret?
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Cognitive Development• It was thought that
kids were just stupid versions of adults.
• Then came along Jean Piaget
• Kids learn differently than adults
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Schemas
• Children view the world through schemas (as do adults for the most part).
• Schemas are ways we interpret the world around us.
• It is basically what you picture in your head when you think of anything.
Right now in your head, picture a model.
These 3 probably fit into your concept (schema) of a model.
But does this one?
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Assimilation• Incorporating new
experiences into existing schemas.
If I teach my 3 year that an animal with 4 legs and a tail is a dog….
What would he call this?
Or this?
What schema would you assimilate this into?
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Assimilation in High School• When you first meet
somebody, you will assimilate them into a schema that you already have.
If you see two guys dressed like this, what schema would you assimilate them into?•Would you always be right?
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Accommodation• Changing an
existing schema to adopt to new information.
If I tell someone from the mid-west to picture their schema of the Bronx they may talk about the ghetto areas.
But if I showed them other areas of the Bronx, they would be forced to accommodate (change) their schema to incorporate their new information.
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Stages of Cognitive Development
Sensorimotor Stage
• Experience the world through our senses.
• Do NOT have object permanence.
• 0-2
Click Mom to see a baby with no object permanence.
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Preoperational Stage
• 2-7• Have object
permanence• Begin to use language to
represent objects and ideas
• Egocentric: cannot look at the world through anyone’s eyes but their own.
• Do NOT understand concepts of conservation.
Click the boy to see kids with egocentrism.
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Conservation• Conservation refers
to the idea that a quantity remains the same despite changes in appearance and is part of logical thinking.
Click the boy to see kids trying to grasp conservation.
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Concrete Operational Stage• Can demonstrate
concept of conservation.
• Learn to think logically
Click the penguin to see kids try to grasp concrete logic.
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Formal Operational Stage• What would the world
look like with no light?• Picture god• What way do you best
learn?
• Abstract reasoning• Manipulate objects
in our minds without seeing them
• Hypothesis testing• Trial and Error• Metacognition• Not every adult gets
to this stage
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Criticisms of Piaget• Some say he
underestimates the abilities of children.
• Information-Processing Model says children to not learn in stages but rather a gradual continuous growth.
• Studies show that our attention span grows gradually over time.
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Types of Intelligence
Crystallized Intelligence• Accumulated knowledge.• Increases with age.
Fluid Intelligence• Ability to solve
problems quickly and think abstractly.
• Peaks in the 20’s and then decreases over time.
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Moral Development
Three Stage Theory by Lawrence Kohlberg!!!
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Pre-conventional Morality• Morality based on
rewards and punishments.
• If you are rewarded then it is OK.
• If you are punished, the act must be wrong.
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Conventional Morality• Look at morality
based on how others see you.
• If your peers , or society, thinks it is wrong, then so do you.
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Post-Conventional Morality• Based on self-
defined ethical principles.
• Your own personal set of ethics.
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Criticisms of Kohlberg• Carol Gilligan pointed
out that Kohlberg only tested boys.
• Boys tend to have more absolute value of morality.
• Girls tend top look at situational factors.
Heinz Example of Morality
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Gender Development• Biology (neuroscience)
perspective: Corpus Callosum larger in woman.
• Psychodynamic perspective: Competition for opposite sex parent.
• Social-Cognitive Perspective : Gender Schema Theory
• Behavioral Perspective: Social Learning Theory