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Developmental Milestones
Cognitive Skills Age Attention and Memory Reasoning and Academic Skills Perception and Concepts
0-5 Months
6-11 Months
Visually attends to an object for more than 5 seconds
Follows auditory stimulus
Responds positively to physical contact and tactile stimulation
Visually explores the environment
12-17 Months
Follows visual stimulus
Attends to an ongoing sound or activity for 15 or more seconds
Shows awareness of new situations
Feels and explores objects
18-24 Months
Attends to a game of Peek-a-boo for 1 minute
Occupies themselves for less than 5 minutes
Reaches around a barrier to obtain an object
Able to activate a toy without adult demonstration
Turn pages in a book
Imitates simple facial gestures
Physically explores surroundings
2 - 3 Years
Looks at pictures in books, naming and pointing to familiar objects
Uses a stick or other object to get an out-of-reach toy
Understands ‘one’ or ‘all’ (e.g. “give me one block”)
Matches an object to its picture
Inserts shapes into matching slots
Developmental Milestones
3-4 Years
Able to listen to simple stories Matches objects by colour, shape and size
Nests objects inside one another; stacks rings on peg in order of size
Understands concepts of the number 3 (e.g. “give me 3”)
Counts to 5
Identifies familiar objects by their use
Matches simple shapes such as circle, square and triangle
Sorts by colour with demonstration
4 -5 Years
Selects a hand hiding a toy
Attends to a learning task/story in a small group for 5 minutes
Locates hidden items in a simple picture scene
Names colours red, green and blue
Identifies sources of common actions (e.g. “What flies?”, “What barks?”)
Builds a pyramid of six blocks
Counts 20 objects
Understands “biggest”, “tallest”, “same” and “more”
Identifies big and little shapes
Sorts by size with demonstration
Recognises differences between similar shapes
Classifies objects
5-6 Years
Focuses their attention on one task while being aware of but not distracted by surrounding activities
Recalls familiar objects
Repeats 3-4 digit sequence
Recalls facts from an oral story
Gives three objects on request
Identifies larger of two numbers
Names weekdays in order
Tells month and day of birth
Arranges numbered tiles or cards in proper sequence
Identifies different textures
Identifies past and present activities
Developmental Milestones
Social and Emotional Skills Age Emotional Self-
Management Play Self- Awareness Social Awareness Responsible decision
making Relationship Skills
18-24 Months
Has temper tantrums when frustrated
Curious; gets into everything
Usually plays alone even with the presence of other children
Engages in simple make believe and pretend play
Has difficulties sharing
Frequently does the opposite of what is asked of them
Often defiant; says “no” to many requests
2 - 3 Years
Learning to express emotions (Less tantrums
Learning to talk about strong feelings
Becoming more independent
Spends most group time in solitary activity, watching other children
Has a strong sense of self; claims certain articles as being their own
States whether he or she is a boy or girl (able to identify their gender)
Shows pride in accomplishments
Able to ask family members for help when having difficulty
Shy with strangers, especially unfamiliar adults
Says ‘please’ and ‘thankyou’ when reminded
Learning to connect behaviour to their consequences
Separates from parent in familiar surroundings without crying
3 – 4 Years
Better able to express and discuss feelings (occasional
Copies other children’s behaviour/play
Can recognise and identify emotions
Views self as someone
Shows empathy to others
Beginning to realise
Understand right from wrong
Able to start to think
Begins to have real friendships; shows interest in being part of a group
Resolves conflict with the assistance
Developmental Milestones
tantrum when frustrated)
Takes turns/ shares
Plays with other children; cooperative play begins
with a body, mind and feelings
Interested in new experiences
that not everyone thinks and acts like them
Asks to use other peoples belongings
through a problem to find a solution (basic problems)
of adults
Attempts to comfort others in distress; shows affection to younger children by hugging and/or kissing
Separates from parents without crying
4-5 Years
(Kindy)
Able to use words to describe feelings
Able to stop and think before acting
Usually prefers to play with other children rather than alone
Waits for turn when playing group games (e.g. tag, duck duck goose)
Notices difference between self and others
Identifies with a particular gender (may only want to play with one gender)
Indicates that he or she is sorry
Shows concern and sympathy for others
Understands rules of fair play
Has a best friend (usually of the same gender)
Accepts mild, frequent teasing without becoming too agitated.
5-6 Years
(Year 1)
Expresses anger with nonaggressive words rather than physical actions
Likes competitive games
Explains rules of a game to others
Imaginative play including themes of real-life
Can make a choice between two or more options
Works along at a task for 20-30 minutes
Comforts friends in distress
Developmental Milestones
Emotional Self-Awareness: Our abil ity to control our feelings, thoughts, and behavio urs in situations. It ’s also our ability to use appropriate coping
skills when we are under pressure and stressed out.
Self-Awareness: Our abil ity to recognize our feelings and thoughts and how they influence our behavio ur. Additionally, when we are self -aware,
we can accurately (and confidently) identify the things we’re good at and the things we need to work on.
Social Awareness: Our ability to empathize with others and see things from their perspe ctive, even if they are from different cultures or have
different backgrounds. When we’re socially aware, we understand social and ethical norms for how to behave and carry ourselves accordingly.
Responsible Decision Making: Ability to take actions that follow the rules, protect our safety and the safety of others, show respect for
ourselves and others, and we show good character.
Relationship Skills: Having relationship skills means we can make and keep healthy relationships with others, even when they are from different
backgrounds or cultures. We can express ourselves, listen to others, ask for and offer help when needed, resist peer pressure , and resolve
conflicts in appropriate ways.
Developmental Milestones
Age Pencil Grasp Drawing / Pre-Writing Skills Scissor Skills Bilateral Coordination Visual Discrimination
0-2
Months Reflexive grasp.
3-4
Months
Can hold a toy.
Voluntary grasp.
Two handed palmar grasp.
5-6
Months
One handed palmar grasp.
Controlled reach.
Passes object from one hand to
other.
Brings objects to mouth.
7-9
Months
Puts things in mouth.
Smooth transference of objects
from one hand to other.
Picks up small things using fingers
and thumb.
Controlled release of objects.
Uses fingers to point at
things.
10-12
Months
Pokes with index finger.
Releases objects consciously.
Puts things in/out of containers.
Fine Motor Skills
Developmental Milestones
13-18
Months
Hold crayon in palmar
grasp.
End: Scribbles on paper
Can start holding toothbrush.
Functional pincer grip (e.g.
removing socks)
Points to objects to indicate
things.
19-24
Months
Primitive: Palmar
supinate with whole arm
movements
Dominant hand beginning
to emerge.
Beginning: Scribbles on
paper
End: Imitates horizontal,
vertical and circular marks
on paper
Can open and shut
scissors
Snip paper,
playdough, straws etc
Threads beads onto string (2.5cm).
Pours objects from cup to cup.
Can use pincer grip to sort shapes
and colours.
Matches concrete objects
(e.g. block to block) and
picture to object.
Completes simple puzzles.
Places correct shapes in form
board.
Builds towers (4 blocks).
2 - 3
Years
Immature: Digital pronate
(or similar), forearm
down moves together
Copies:
- Vertical line - Horizontal line - Circle
Cuts along a line with
errors
Threads beads onto string (1.5cm).
Unscrews 2.5cm lid.
Can operate toys with levers, rings
and buttons.
Sorts big and little objects.
Matches shapes and colours.
Builds towers (9 blocks)
Completes puzzle (4-5
pieces)
Developmental Milestones
3-4
Years
Transitional: Static tripod
grasp (or similar), wrist,
hands and fingers move
together (“stiff”)
Copies (in addition to ^):
- Plus - Square
Beginning to write name.
Draws a person with head
and 1 other body part
Cuts out with
accuracy:
- Line Cuts out with some
errors:
- Circle - Square
Screws and unscrews 2.5cm lid.
Beginning to learn to fold paper in
half.
Turns book pages one at a time.
Turns door handles.
Construct 3 block bridge.
Builds towers (more than 9
blocks).
Points to the longer of two
lines.
Matches and sorts shapes.
4-5
Years
(Pre-
school,
Kindy)
Mature: Static tripod
grasp BUT moving
towards more dynamic
Copies (in addition to ^):
- Cross - Triangle
Writes name
Draws a person that is
recognisable with all body
parts and facial expressions
Draws with purpose.
Cuts out with
accuracy:
- Line - Circle - Square
Cuts out with some
errors:
- Complex shapes
Threads beads onto string.
Folds piece of paper in half.
Buttons and unbuttons large
buttons.
Completes puzzles (10
pieces)
Can point to correct shape
and colour on request.
Copies simple patterns.
5-6
Years
(Kindy)
Copies (in addition to ^):
- Diamond - Lower and
uppercase letters Cuts out with
reasonable accuracy:
- Complex shapes
Uses hands together well for
variety of activities. Can problem
solve how to use hands.
Completes puzzles (20
pieces).
All skills should be
developed.
6-7
Years
(Year
One)
Mature: Dynamic tripod
grasp - fingers control
movement
Independent forming of
letters.
Writing words and
sentences.
Developmental Milestones
Age Walking / Running Jumping / Hopping Ball Skills Other Skills
0-2 Months
Holds head up when lying on tummy
Some coordination between arm and leg movement
2-4 months
Pushes weight through legs on hard surface (supported standing)
Holds and steadies head independently
Beginning to roll from tummy to back
Uses hands and eyes together
Pushes to elbows from tummy
Sits for 1-2 seconds
5-6 Months
Supports body weight in supported standing
Rolls from back to tummy
Remain sitting with legs out for 2 seconds
7-9 Months
Stands independently while holding on
Pulls to stand
Crawls
Move into sitting position independently
Sits without support
Gross Motor Skills
Developmental Milestones
10-12 Months
Walks independently using stable objects for support
Few steps or standing unassisted.
Transitions between different positions (hands and knees, lying, sitting)
13-18 Months
Walks independently with wide base.
May run
May walk up steps
Kicks a ball by walking into it
19-24 Months
Walks independently with wide base.
Walks up stairs with hand held/railing.
Walks pulling toy behind.
Squats and picks up toys.
Stands on one foot with help.
Jumps on both feet.
Can throw a ball.
Can run up to ball, pause, and kick in separate movement
Climbs onto a chair.
Sits in a small chair.
Stands on tip-toes
2 - 3 Years
Runs and falls frequently.
Walks up stairs one step at a time, holding rail or hand.
Walks sideways.
Stands on tip-toes.
Walks backwards (3m)
Attempts to walk on balance beam.
Jumps down from low step.
Jumps in different directions.
Begins to hop on one foot.
Catches big ball to chest.
Throws overhand.
Kicks ball by walking into it.
Rides tricycle.
Goes up and down a small slide.
Developmental Milestones
3 - 4 Years
Runs smoothly, avoiding obstacles.
Can walk backwards.
Walks up stairs, one foot per step without holding on.
Walks down stairs two feet per step.
Can run on toes.
Begins to skip and hop.
Jumps forward with 2 feet and balances.
Can walk on a line.
Throws ball over head with two hands.
Kicks ball and keeps balance.
Can hit a suspended ball.
Catches bounced ball with hands to chest
Can climb over play equipment.
Moves to music.
Pedals a tricycle
4-5 Years Walks down stairs one foot per step.
Runs and turns.
Hops on one foot for 2-3 hops.
Jumps over and off low heights.
Catches a medium ball.
Climbs ladders or tree.
Rides tricycles with pedals.
Arms strong enough to hold self up for “wheelbarrows”
5-6 Years All skills should be developed.
Hops well.
Skips for long distances.
Stands on one foot for 8-10 sec.
Catches ball with two hands. Kicks with accuracy.
Participates in ball play.
Developmental Milestones
Age Toileting Eating Dressing Bathing Grooming
0-4 Months
Coordinates sucking, swallowing and breathing.
Swallows strained or pureed foods
Uses tongue to move food in mouth
Brings hands to mouth
Places both hands on bottle
5-9 Months
Bites and chews toys
Bites food voluntarily
Drinks from cup held for them
Chews food with coordinated movements
Holds own bottle
Holds spoon
Self-Help Skills
Developmental Milestones
10-18 Months
Shows bladder and bowel control pattern
Indicates discomfort over soiled pants verbally or by gesture
Distinguishes between edible and inedible objects
Cooperates with dressing by extending arm or leg
Removes socks
19-24 Months
Starting to use the toilet
Will forget if busy- therefore needs reminders
Can finger feed self.
Scoops food with spoon and brings to mouth.
Gives up bottle.
Holds and drinks from cups, some spilling
Removes shoes if laces undone.
Helps pull pants down.
Finds armholes in pullover shirt.
Removes a coat
Interest in bathing begins.
Brushes teeth with parent doing ‘real’ clean.
Washes and dries hands partially
2 - 3 Years
Accepts a toileting routine.
Will ask to go to the toilet.
Manages simple clothing
Distinguishes between urination and bowel movements
Competent with spoon use.
Uses fork with simple spills.
Holds and uses cup with one hand.
Unwraps food.
Removes pants.
Help needed for top.
Puts on socks and shoes (no laces)
Large buttons and zips undo
Helps with the washing Washing hands with supervision.
Developmental Milestones
3 - 4 Years
Stays dry during the day.
Usually dry during the night.
Goes to the toilet independently.
May need help with wiping and difficult clothing.
Uses fork without spills.
Pours from small jug into cup.
Unscrews lid of container.
Undresses independently.
Pull shirt over head and one arm in.
Pulls pants up from floor
Consistent correct identification of front and back.
Assists with washing and drying
Brushes teeth with supervision.
Independent washing hands.
4-5 Years
Independent with all aspects of toileting.
Remains dry 4 out of 5 nights
Spreads with a knife.
Beginning to use knife and fork together.
Dresses with supervision
Do laces and normal zips
Wash and dry self with supervision
Independent brushing of teeth with most directions
5-6 Years
Cuts with a knife.
Uses knife and fork with increased skill.
Dresses unsupervised
Independent wash and dry
Parents prepare temperature depth etc until approx 8 years.
Brushes teeth competently with all brush strokes.
Developmental Milestones
Age Receptive language Expressive language
0-6 months
Glances momentarily to the person speaking
Enjoys caregiver’s attention (smiles, coos, relaxes)
Reacts to sounds other than voices in the environment
Turns head to locate sound source
Actively searches to find speaker
Discriminates one sound from another
Cooing - vowel like sounds (1-4 mths) e.g. ku, koo, goo, gu
Marginal Babbling – vowel and consonant like sounds approximating CV or VC syllables (4-6mths) e.g. ba or ab
Varies pitch, length or volume of cries
Vocalises pleasure and displeasure sounds
Vocalises when talked to, moving arms and legs during vocalisations
6-12 months
Interrupts activity when name called
Anticipates what will happen next
Actively searches for sound source when source is not visible
Looks at objects or people the caregiver calls attention to
Understands what you want when you extend your hand and say “come with me”
Responds to no
Canonical babbling/Reduplicated babbling (6-8mths) e.g. baba baba or didi didi
Variegated Babbling (6-9mths) e.g. gabida
Jargon – syllable strings produced with adult like intonation (9-12months)
Gestures and vocalises to show intent to obtain objects
Name or requests objects using a consistent string of sounds
Language Skills
Developmental Milestones
Understands a specific word or phrase for family members, pet, objects and social routines
12-18 months
Uses more than one object in play
Follows routines and familiar directions with cues
Demonstrates appropriate use of objects in play
Identifies familiar objects from a group of objects
First words
Copies individual words
Has a vocabulary of approximately 50 words
Initiates a turn taking game or social routine
Extends toys or point to objects to show others
18 – 24 months
Listens to stories or as objects/pictures are named and indicates favourite
Understands basic categories toys, foods, clothes
Understands simple commands e.g. “push the bus”
Identifies photos of familiar objects
Understands inhibitory words
Identifies body parts
Understands verbs in context
Two word phrases
Has a vocabulary of 200-300 words
Frequently labels objects
Frequently asks “watdis?”
Asks two word questions “Where ball?”
Developmental Milestones
2-3 years
Recognises actions in pictures
Understands pronouns (me, my, your)
Understands use of objects
Follows two-part commands without cues
Understands the concepts of colour, size, shape and location (in, off, out of)
Understands part/whole relationships
Understands simple descriptive concepts e.g. big, little, wet
Three to four word phrases and simple sentences
Family members understand what is said
Draws attention to something by naming it or commenting on it e.g. wow
Asks and answers simple wh-questions
Vocabulary of 800-900 words
Uses “big” and “little”
Uses articles e.g. “the” and “a”
Uses plurals
Uses grammatical words and word endings – copula, auxillary verbs, past tense, personal pronouns
Maintains topics for several turns during book reading or when telling a story related to their immediate context
3-4 years
Understands quantity concepts e.g. one, some, the rest, all, more, less
Understands all pronouns
Understands negatives
Makes inferences
Produces 4-5 word sentences in length with an increasing number of compound or complex sentences.
Frequently asking wh-questions including Why? How? Where? When?
Appropriately uses plurals, possessives and adjectives in sentences
Developmental Milestones
Identifies categories of objects in pictures
Understands more and most
Maintains longer detailed conversation or narratives about topics that are present or imaginary
Uses the pronouns “he”, “she”, “you”, “me”, “I”, “mine”
4-5 years
Understands 10000 or more words
Understands time concepts before/after, yesterday/tomorrow
Follows one and two step instructions
Understands qualitative concepts (tall, long, short)
Understands spatial concepts (under, in back of, in front of, next to)
Understands –er ending as one who...
Understands time concepts (night and day)
Understands noun + two modifying adjectives
Produces sentences 5- 8 words in length with few grammatical errors
Uses indirect requests
Requests clarification
Adjusts speaking style foe listeners of different ages
Tells relatively detailed narratives about own experiences in the past using “adult like” grammar
5-7 years
Finds the odd one out
Understands numbers
Understands body parts
Formulates meaningful, grammatically correct questions
Describes similarities
Names items to fit into categories
Developmental Milestones
Understands passive voice
Orders pictures from largest to smallest
Understands half and whole
Understands time concepts (first, last)
Identifies initial sounds
Understands “each”
Understands rhyming sounds
Adds and subtracts numbers to five
Makes grammatical judgments
Completes similes
Counts items and gives correct number
Defines words
Repairs grammatical errors
Rhymes words
Segments words
Tell a story in correct sequence
Use irregular plurals
Express quantity
7-9 years
Follows four step instructions
Understands direction words
Understands words with multiple meanings
Identifies clearly when they haven’t understood
Able to reason and predict
Uses a range of words related to time and measurement
Uses a wide range of verbs to express their thoughts or about cause and effect
Uses complex grammar and sentences to clarify, summarise, explain and plan
Stories have a good structure with a distinct plot, an exciting event, clear resolution
Developmental Milestones
Uses formal language when appropriate and in unfamiliar situations
Understands conversational rules
Uses tone of voice, stress on words and gestures naturally to add meaning
9-11 years
Follow longer instructions that are not familiar
Understand different question types e.g. open, closed, rhetorical
Understands simple jokes and simple idioms based on sound and ambiguity
Forms opinions based on evidence
Listens for specific purposes
Makes choices from a wide and varied vocabulary
Knows that words can have two meanings and uses them appropriately
Uses long and complex sentence structures
Uses questions to help conversations flow.
Knows when a sentence is not grammatically correct and can explain rules of grammar
Uses complex joining words e.g. meanwhile, therefore
Realises when people don’t understand and tries to repair conversation breakdown.
Developmental Milestones
Age Speech Sounds Inventory
0-6 months Children’s speech consists of: Cooing - vowel like sounds(1-4 mths) e.g. ku, koo, goo, gu Marginal Babbling – vowel and consonant like sounds approximating CV or VC syllables (4-6mths) e.g. ba or ab
6 months - 1 year Children’s speech consists of: Canonical babbling/Reduplicated babbling (6-8mths) e.g. baba baba or didi didi Variegated Babbling (6-9mths) e.g. gabida Jargon – syllable strings produced with adult like intonation (9-12mnts) Single words – using early developing sounds
Children are understood by unfamiliar listeners 25% of the time Typical speech sound errors are common
2-3 years Most children have learned to produce these sounds accurately: p, b, m, d, n, h, t, k, g, w, ng, f, y
Children are understood by unfamiliar listeners 50 – 75% of the time Typical speech sound errors are common.
4 years Most children have now also learned to produce these sounds accurately: l, j, ch, s, v, sh, z
Children are understood by unfamiliar listeners almost 100% of the time Typical speech sound errors occur but are less common
5 years Most children have now also learned to produce these sounds accurately: r, zh
Children are understood by unfamiliar listeners 100% of the time. Few to no typical speech sound errors occur
6 years Most children have now also learned to produce this sound accurately: th
Children are understood by unfamiliar listeners 100% of the time Speech sound errors at this age are not common
Speech sound inventory milestones taken from: McLeod, S. & Crowe, K. (2018
Speech Sound Inventory
Developmental Milestones
Phonological Process Examples Typically gone by
Pre-vocalic voicing ‘pig’ -> “big” ‘tip’ -> “dip”
3 years
Word final devoicing ‘bug’ -> “buck” 3 years
Stopping ‘f’ and ‘s’ ‘food’ -> “bood” ‘fish’ -> “tish” ‘soap’ -> “doap” ‘bus’ -> “bud”
3 years
Final consonant deletion ‘cat’ -> “ca” ‘phone’ -> “pho”
3 years 3 months
Stopping ‘v’ and ‘z’ ‘glove’ -> “glub” ‘seven’ -> “seben” ‘zip’ -> “dip” ‘zoo’ -> “doo”
3 years 6 months
Fronting ‘cup’ -> “tup” ‘go’ -> “do” ‘shoe’ -> “soe”
3 years 6 months
Assimilation ‘dog’ -> “gog” ‘mine’ -> “mime”
Weak syllable deletion ‘banana’ -> “nana” ‘tomato’ -> “mato”
4 years
Cluster reduction ‘school’ -> “cool” ‘plate’ -> “pate” ‘snake’ -> “nake”
4 years
Deaffrication ‘chip’ -> “ship” ‘bridge’ -> “bridz”
4 years
Stopping ‘sh’, ‘j’ and ‘ch’ ‘ship’ -> “dip” ‘gem’ -> “dem” ‘chair’ -> “tair”
4 years 6 months
Gliding ‘red’ -> “wed” ‘log’ -> “wog” ‘log’ -> “yog”
5 years
Speech Errors
Bowen, C. (1998). Developmental phonological disorders. A practical guide for families and teachers. Melbourne: ACER Press.
Grunwell, P. (1997). Natural phonology. In M. Ball & R. Kent (Eds.), The new phonologies: Developments in clinical linguistics. San Deigo, CA: Singular Publishing Group, Inc.
Developmental Milestones