development theory of psychosocial erikson’s · psychosocial theory of development. erikson’s...
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Erikson’s Psychosocial
Theory of Development
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Erikson’s Theory• Biological in belief that there are innate drives
to develop social relationships and that these promote survival (Darwinism)
• Divided life span into eight psychosocial stages, each associated with a different drive and a problem or crisis to resolve
• Outcome of each stage varies along a continuum from positive to negative
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Stage 1: (Birth–1)Trust vs. Mistrust
• Infants must rely on others for care
• Consistent and dependable caregiving and meeting infant needs leads to a sense of trust
• Infants who are not well cared for will develop mistrust
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Stage 2: (1–3 years) Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
• Children are discovering their own independence
• Testing more independence by assuming more self-responsibilities– Toilet, Feeding, Dressing
• Those given the opportunity to experience independence will gain a sense of autonomy
• Children that are overly restrained or punished harshly will develop shame and doubt
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Stage 3: (3–5 years)Initiative vs. Guilt
• Preschoolers learn to plan out and carry out their goals
• Sense of accomplishment leads to initiative• Feelings of guilt can emerge if the child is
made to feel too anxious or irresponsible
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Stage 4: (5–12 years) Industry vs. Inferiority
• Stage of life surrounding mastery of knowledge and intellectual skills
• Sense of competence and achievement leads to industry
• Feeling incompetent and unproductive leads to inferiority
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Stage 5: (Adolescence)Identity vs. Confusion
• Developing a sense of who one is and where one is going in life– The adolescent’s path to successful identity
achievement begins with identity diffusion. – This is followed by a moratorium period. – Gradually, the adolescent arrives at an integrated
identity • Successful resolution leads to positive identity• Unsuccessful resolution leads to identity confusion
or a negative identity
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Stage 6: (Young adulthood)Intimacy vs. Isolation
• Time for sharing oneself with another person• Capacity to hold commitments with others
leads to intimacy• Failure to establish commitments leads to
feelings of isolation
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Stage 7: (Middle adulthood)Generativity vs. Stagnation
• Caring for others in family, friends, and work leads to sense of contribution to later generations
• Stagnation comes from a sense of boredom and meaninglessness
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Stage 8: (Late adulthood to Death)Integrity vs. Despair
• Successful resolutions of all previous crises leads to integrity and the ability to see broad truths and advise those in earlier stages
• Despair arises from feelings of helplessness and the bitter sense that life has been incomplete
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