development part 4: streetcar era david a. lanegran geography department macalester college...
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DevelopmentDevelopmentPart 4: Streetcar EraPart 4: Streetcar Era
David A. LanegranDavid A. Lanegran
Geography Geography DepartmentDepartment
Macalester Macalester CollegeCollege
Geography of the Twin Cities
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The greatest cause of expansion of the residential neighborhoods was the development of the streetcar. The greater efficiency of the streetcars increased the speed and lowered the cost of the commute. This enabled both middle and upper income households to move to the edge of the city.
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At first the companies were known as Street
Railroad companies and they worked with local governments
to get an exclusive franchise to run their rails down the public
right-of-ways. Therefore, each city had its own company
which developed a system of tracks in the downtowns. There
were very few cross links in these networks, and in 1913, only
two links between the two cities existed. Gradually the system
developed a more complex pattern with cross links, and finally
there were four connections between the systems. The
streetcars made it possible for downtowns to grow because
the systems could focus large numbers of workers and
shoppers on the urban cores. The streetcar system did not
get much denser after the 1930s.
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Although the streetcar companies were operated by some of the best businessmen
(and the wealthiest) in the community, they were chronically short of cash. Eventually, eastern
investors required the companies to merge to qualify for further financing. The result was a very
extensive system that ran from Lake Minnetonka, where the company operated lake steamers in
the summer, and east as far as the communities on the St. Croix and the prison at Bayport.
Faster and heaver "inter-urban" cars served the suburban communities. The streetcar company
also operated amusement parks on both Lake Minnetonka and White Bear Lake to generate
weekend traffic. Most of the neighborhoods of Minneapolis and St. Paul were developed during
the streetcar era.
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The streetcar lines created a pattern of
accessibility that in turn resulted in variations in
land use. Those businesses that could afford
higher rents or land prices located on the more
accessible streetcar lines and intersections of
lines. Their increased accessibility enabled them
to reach a larger market and make more money.
This map from the 1917 Plan for Minneapolis
shows the patterns of land use that were created
by the streetcar lines.
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This view of a neighborhood in St. Paul shows the sort of middle-
class neighborhood that the developers were creating during the streetcar
era. The houses are called St. Paul Eclectic Cubes (in Minneapolis they are
called something else) and reflect the builders taste and ability to pay.
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This map developed by John R. Borchert of the University of Minnesota Geography
Department illustrates the pattern of land use in 1900. It shows that most of the area of the two cities
was densely built up, but suburban expansion was also occurring. We see the various directions of
growth with tongues of growth toward the industrial suburbs and resort, summer home, and
suburban villa communities around the lakes.