development of vaccine approaches for bovine tuberculosis in free-ranging white-tailed deer
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Development of Vaccine Approaches for Bovine Tuberculosis in Free-Ranging White-tailed Deer. Mitchell Palmer, Ray Waters, Tyler Thacker National Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA Ames, IA. Wildlife Vaccines. P ublic health: rabies, plague, Lyme disease - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Development of Vaccine Approaches for Bovine Tuberculosis in Free-Ranging White-tailed Deer
Mitchell Palmer, Ray Waters, Tyler ThackerNational Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA
Ames, IA
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Wildlife Vaccines
• Public health: rabies, plague, Lyme disease
• Livestock production: bovine TB, brucellosis, pseudorabies
• Iconic or endangered species: pasteurellosis (Bighorn sheep), anthrax (Black rhino)
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Wildlife Vaccines-Challenges-
• Multiple species in natural transmission cycle
• Effective oral vaccine
• Safety of non-target species
• Fastidious feeding behavior
• Instability of vaccine in prevailing environmental conditions
• High reproductive rates and population turnover
• Requirement for low unit cost
– Government funding (development, purchase, delivery)
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Agent
• Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex> 99.95% sequence homology
• M. tuberculosis• M. bovis – broadest host range• M. caprae• M. africanum• M. canetti• M. microti• M. pinnipedii• M. mungi
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Cattle are often the original
source of M. bovis in wildlife.
As the prevalence of bovine tuberculosis
decreases in livestock, the relative
importance of wildlife reservoirs
increases.
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Tuberculosis Eradication
• 1900- tuberculosis leading cause of death
– 10-25% of human tuberculosis due to M. bovis
• 1917- USDA eradication program
– 15,000 deaths to M. bovis
– 3x- number of foodborne deaths today
• Current surveillance is slaughter surveillance
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Obstacles to Bovine Tuberculosis Eradication
• Importation of infected cattle– Need rapid, reliable and inexpensive test to at border crossings.
• Inability to Test and Remove Cattle– Need reliable, accurate tests to remove infected cattle without
whole herd depopulation.
• Wildlife Reservoirs– Need for vaccines for wildlife.
• Safe vaccines• Vaccine delivery systems
– Need for vaccines for cattle.• Infected vs Vaccinated
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Tuberculosis in Wildlife• Traditional eradication methods used for livestock DO
NOT work with wildlife reservoirs.
• No country with an established wildlife reservoir of tuberculosis has successfully eradicated tuberculosis from domestic livestock.
• Vaccines viewed as possible control measure.
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Mycobacterium bovis bacille Calmette-Guerín (BCG)
• BCG was developed 1906-1919.
• Originally isolated from a cow.
• Continuous passage led to decreased virulence
• Oldest of vaccines in use today.
• World’s most widely used vaccine (3 billion doses since 1920).
• Vaccinated individual may have positive skin test.
Albert CalmetteCamille Guerin
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Vaccination in the US
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Efficacy
Does vaccination prevent infection?
Does vaccination prevent disease (lesion development)?
Does vaccination decrease transmission?
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Stage 1 Stage 2
Stage 3 Stage 4
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Medial retropharyngeal LN
Total Score
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Medial retropharyngeal LNBCG Danish: no lesionsBCG Pasteur and non-vaccinates: Stages I-V
LungBCG Danish: Stages I-IIIBCG Pasteur: Stages I- IIINon-vaccinates: Stages I-IV
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Mediastinal LNStage I Stage II Stage III Stage IV Total
Oral 0 0 0 0 0
Oral Bait 0 0 0 0 0
Parenteral 4 0 11 3 18
Non-vaccinated 18 2 8 18 46
LungStage I Stage II Stage III Stage IV Total
Oral 0 0 0 0 0
Oral Bait 0 0 0 0 0
Parenteral 12 5 2 6 25
Non-vaccinated 6 8 20 15 49
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Oral vaccination of white-tailed deer with M. bovis BCG
Vaccinates Non-vaccinates
Gross Lesions 2/17 11/16
Microscopic Lesions 4/17 11/16
M. bovis isolation 5/17 9/16
Number of tissues 8 22
Med retro LN I II III IV
Vaccinates 9 0 0 0
Non-vaccinates 26 9 5 11
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Is it safe?
• Adverse reactions
• Non-target species
• Public health concerns– Possible exposure through venison
consumption
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Will vaccination of deer interfere with cattle testing?
• Possible cattle exposure to BCG
• False positive skin test results
• False positive IFN-gamma test results
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Cattle (n=12): no conversion on skin test or Bovigam, all culture results negative
Unvaccinated sentinel deer (n=10)
BCG SC vaccinated deer (n=19)
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13 vaccinated deer9 in-contact deer7 calves
27 weeks of indirect contact
No residual BCG
No evidence of transmission of BCG from Vaccinated deer to cattle
Immunological evidence of deer to deertransmission of BCG
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Possums- NZBadgers- UK, Ireland
Wild boar- Spain
White-tailed deer- US
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Testing a molasses-based bait for oral vaccination of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) against Mycobacterium bovis- M. R. Stafne, BS, Iowa State University, College of Veterinary Medicine
Physical stability
BCG Survivability
Observations
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Future• Bait
– Alternative Baits– Vaccine Delivery Mechanism– More field testing (attraction, stability, non-targets)
• Vaccine– Duration of immunity– Protection through secondary vaccination– Effect of high doses on protection
• Red tape– USDA, Michigan DNR, Michigan Department of Agriculture Approval
for BCG in deer– Environmental impact statement, etc.