development of the weather observations network at the...
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Development of the weather observations network at the
Icelandic Meteorological Office
Sibylle von Löwis
Vilhjálmur Þorvaldsson
31st Nordic Meteorological Meeting
Reyjavík, 18-20 June 2018
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Weather observation network before 1990
➢ 44 Manned
synoptic stations
➢ 39 Manned
precipitation
stations
➢ 33 Manned
climatological
stations
➢ No automatic
weather stations
+ climate station* precipitation station▪ synoptic station
20 June 2018
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Weather observations network 2000
➢ 46 Manned
synoptic stations
➢ 59 Manned
precipitation
stations
➢ 22 Manned
climatological
stations
➢ 45 Automatic
weather stations
(AWS)
➢ 19 air pressure
sensor
➢ 25 precipitation
sensor
20 June 2018
+ climate station* precipitation station▪ synoptic station
□ AWS
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Weather observations network 2010
➢ 30 Manned
synoptic stations
➢ 53 Manned
precipitation
stations
➢ 7 Manned
climatological
stations
➢ 121 AWS
➢ 41 air pressure
sensor
➢ 48 precipitation
sensor
20 June 2018
+ climate station* precipitation station▪ synoptic station
□ AWS
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Weather observations network 2018
➢ 16 Manned
synoptic stations
➢ 53 Manned
precipitation
stations
➢ No
climatological
stations
➢ 141 AWS
➢ 45 pressure
sensors
➢ 52 precipitation
sensors
20 June 2018
+ climate station* precipitation station▪ synoptic station
□ AWS
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Development last 30 years
20 June 2018
1990 2000 2010 2018
Synoptic weather station
44 46 30 16
Precipitation station 39 59 53 53
Climatological station
33 22 7 0
Human observations 116 127 90 69
AWS 0 45 121 141
Stykkishólmur, 2014
Þverfjall, 2013
Grímsstaðir á Fjöllum, 1992
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Instrumentation at manned weather stations - Measurement site at IMO
20 June 2018
Reykjavík, 1994
• Stevenson screens (modified)
• Rain gauge with Niper wind shield
• Cup anemometer and wind vane
• Measurement sticks for snow depth
• Dry and wet bulb thermometer
• Minimum and maximum thermometer
Reykjavík
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Instrumentation at manned weather stations
20 June 2018
Rain gauge with Niper wind shield
Reykjahlíð
Akureyri, 1997
Barograph, Mercury barometer, Mechanical wind recorder, Wind direction screen
Akureyri, 2016
Campbell-Stokes sunshine recorder
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Instrumentation at automatic weather stations
➢ Meteorological parameters
➢ Temperature
➢ relative humidity
➢ atmospheric pressure
➢ wind direction and speed
➢ amount of precipitation
➢ cloud height and cover
➢ visibility
➢ sunshine duration
➢ direct and diffuse solar
radiation
➢ UV radiation
20 June 2018
Höfn í Hornafirði, 2017
Bolungarvík, 2018
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Challenges - Changes in environment
20 June 2018
Húsavík, 2005 Húsavík, 2016
Húsavík, 2013
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Changes in Environment
20 June 2018
Skaftafell, 2003 Skaftafell, 2014
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Challenges - Icing
20 June 2018
Skálafell, 2007
Arnkatla, 2014
Gagnheiði, 2015
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Other weather observation instruments
➢ Remote sensing
➢ seven Ceilometers
(Vaisala CL31, CL51)
➢ two fixed C-Band
Radars: Keflavík,
Teigsbjarg; two
mobile X-Band Radars
➢ one fixed Lidar:
Keflavík, one mobile
in a trailer
➢ Radiosonde launching
stations
➢ two fixed: Keflavík,
Egilsstaðir, one mobile
radiosonde station20 June 2018
Lidar Keflavík, 2014Reykjavík, 2015
Mobile radar, 2012 (G. Sigurðsson)
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Reykjavík, 2007
Summary and Outlook
➢ Weather observation network changed a lot during last 30
years
➢ Human observations replaced by electronical sensors and
instruments
➢ Ceilometer and radar network will expand
➢ Data quality and data traceability must be secured