development of the gastrointestinal tract
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Development of the Gastrointestinal Tract
Professor Mahmoud M.S Abu-KhalafDepartment of Surgery
Faculty of Medicine &Jordan University Hospital
University of Jordan Amman-Jordan
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Reference
Larsen’s Human Embryology Gary C. SchoenwolfSteven B. BleylPhilip R. BrauerPhilipia H. Francis-West
ElsevierChurchillLivingstone
2008
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Body Folding
The endodermal gut tube (primary guttube) created by body folding during the4 th week, consists of a :
Blind-ended cranial foregutBlind-ended caudal hindgut; and a midgutopen to yolk-sac through the vitelline duct
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Derivatives of the Primary Gut TubeRegions of differentiated Gut tube Accessory organs derived from gut tube endoderm
Foregut
Pharynx Pharyngeal Pouch derivativesThoracic esophagus Lungs
Abdominal esophagus
Stomach
Superior half of duodenum (superior to ampullaof pancreatic duct)
Liver parenchyma and hepatic duct epithelium gallbladder,cystic duct, and common bile duct dorsal and ventralpancreatic buds (exocrine cells, endocrine and pancreaticductal cells)
Midgut
Inferior half of duodenum
jejunum
Ilieum
Cecum Appendix
Right two thirds of transverse colon
Hindgut
Left one third of transverse colon
Descending colon
Sigmoid colon
rectum Uro enital sinus and derivatives
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Dorsal Mesentery Initially Suspends Abdominal Gut TubeFormation of the dorsal Mesentery
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Peritoneal CavityIntraperitoneal visceraRetroperitoneal organs
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Secondary Retroperitoneal OrgansVentral Mesentery
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Three Regions Of The PrimitiveGut
ForegutPharynx and thoracic oesophagus five aortic branches
Abdominal oesophagus celiac trunk
Midgut Superior Mesenteric Artery
Hindgut Inferior Mesenteric Artery
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Endo-dermal lining of primary gut tube
becomes surrounded by cells derived fromlateral plate splanchnic mesoderm; whichcondenses and differentiate into the:
Lamina propriaSubmucosaMuscular wallVascular elementsConnective tissues of the GIT and organs.
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Development of the abdominal Foregut
Formation and rotation of the stomachFusion shapeGreater and lesser curve, fundus, cardia.90 degree rotation around its craniocaudalaxixDorsal mesogastrium
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Peritoneum
Lesser sac
Greater sac
Greater Omentum
Upper recess
Lower recess
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Development of Liver anGallbladder
Hepatic plate hepatic diverticulumHepatoblasts hepatocytes, bilecanaliculi, hepatic duct.Mesoplastic support stroma develops from
Septum transversumSplanchnic mesoderm
Endothelial precursor cells of unknown origin
Sinusoidal endothelium
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Cystic diverticulumCystic duct
GallbladderCommon bile duct
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Development of the Pancreas
Dorsal pancreatic budVentral pancreatic bud
Ventral pancreatic bud becomesconnected to proximal end of the CBD
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Ventral pancreatic duct
Migrate posteriorly around the duodenum towardthe dorsal mesenteryFusion of the ventral and dorsal pancreatic buds
Fusion of the pancreas to the dorsal body wall
Secondarily retroperitoneum
Interconnection of the ductal system of the twobuds.Degeneration of the duct connecting the dorsalbud to the duodenum.
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Dorsal bud: gives rise to the head, body and tailof the pancreasVentral bud: gives rise to the uncinateMain pancreatic duct
Dorsal pancreatic duct, interconnecting duct, ventralpancreatic duct.Main pancreatic duct meets CBD and enties into theduodenum at the major duodenal papilla or theampulla of vater.In some individuals, the dorsal duct persists as theaccessory pancreatic duct that empties in the minorduodenal papilla
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Abnormal Formation And Rotation OfVentral Pancreas
Ventral pancreatic bud
Bilobed and each lobe migrates inopposite direction around the pancreas tofuse with the dorsal bud.
Annular pancreas compresses theduodenum and may cause duodenalstenosis.
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Pancreatic divisum (non-fusion)
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Cell Types Derived From Pancreatic Ectoderm
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Formation Of Tubular Glands
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Development of the spleen
The spleen is mesodermal derivative, nota product of the gut tube endoderm
A mesenchymal condensation Accessory spleensLieno-renal ligament gastrosplenicligament
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Derivatives Of The Ventral Mesentery
Septum transversumVisceral peritoneum on surface of liverBare area of liver
Coronary ligamentsFalciform ligamentLesser omentumHepatogastric ligamentHepatoduodenal ligamentEpiploic foramen of winslow
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Development of Midgut
Primary intestinal loop
Herniation and rotation of the intestine
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Rotation Defects of the MidgutNon-Rotation of the Midgut
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Reversed Rotation of the Midgut
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Mixed Rotation of the gut
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Volvulus Of Intestine
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Defects of the umbilicus and anteriorabdominal wall
Meckel’s diverticulum Omphalomesenteric fistula
Omphalomesenteric cyst or (enterocyst)Omphalomesenteric ligament or (fibrousband)
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Umbilical HerniaOmphalocele
Gastroschisis
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Cytodifferentiation of endodermalepithelium of gut
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