development of rural orissa

The Role of Agro Industries in the Development of Orissa

Chapter-1

INTRODUCTION

India is a country of villages whose total number is

approximately 5.76 lakh. According to the 1981 Census, out of a

total population 68.4 crores in the country, the rural population

was 52.8 crores and the urban population was 15.6 crores. The

rural population therefore constitutes 77 percent of the total.

The distribution of the population of a country among the

different occupations gives an indication of the stage of its

economic development. Occupation may be broadly divided into

three categories, viz, primary, secondary, and tertiary. The

'primary sector includes activities like agriculture, animal

husbandry, forestry, fishery, mining and the like. These are

called primary because their products are essential for human

life.

Industries, large and small, come under the secondary

sector. Transport, communications, banking and finance, and

other services are placed under the tertiary sector.

Agriculture is the mainstay of Indian economy. About 64%

of labour force depends upon agriculture and it. Contributes

approximately 26%of gross domestic product. Agriculture

contributes to 18 % of Indian exports. The ninth five year plan

gives emphasis on running the capabilities of small peasants and

promoting sustainable agricultural system for promotion of

S . C . S . ( A ) C o l l e g e , P u r i Page 9


agricultural production. Agriculture as the main occupation of the

people of Rural India. So, the Development of

Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) is the nodal

organization of the DARE to develop agricultural technology

input material and the use to gain self-sufficiency.

Indian Agriculture is pegged, by nature’s vagaries, low level

productivity, vast disguised unemployment, poor techniques of

agricultural' production, etc. The significance of agriculture in

India arises from, the fact that the development in agriculture is

an essential condition for the development of rural economy and

national economy as well.

AGRICULTURE AND ITS ORIGIN:

Agriculture as a planned, systematic approach to food

acquisition existed for at least 10,000 years. Evidence of the

presence of wheat and some legumes in the 6th millennium B.C.,

have been found in the Indus valley. By 2500B.C.Rice was an

important component of the staple diet in Mohenjo-Daro near the

Arabian Sea. By 3500 BCE Farming of Rice, coconut trade and

cotton growing and Textiles were quite advanced in the valley.

With the growth of rapid Industrialization there had been

development in agricultural production. Green Revolution implies

to improve agricultural production within and maintaining a high

level of agricultural production over a long, period of time to

improve agricultural production.



Use of high yielding varieties of seeds, use of chemical

fertilizers, pesticides, use of improved technology, agricultural

credit to farmers are possible due to growth of Industrialization:

Invest in agriculture in irrigation facilities, tractors, ware houses

etc. have been rising continuously increasing the demand for

industrial output and adding to the nations capital stock.

AGRICULTURE IN INDIA:

India is an agricultural country. The backbone of Indian

economy is agriculture. India is one of the greatest growers of

sugarcane, rice, cotton, groundnuts, tea, jute, etc. India has her

place in the production of these materials. With the production of

so many things, India is faced with deficit in her food

requirements. The methods of Indian Agriculture are unscientific.

So the need for agricultural improvement is imperative from

many points of view.

AGRICULTURE IN ORISSA:

Orissa contributes one-tenth of the rice production in India.

Gram, ragi, maize, are second ranking crops in different districts.

Rice, oil seeds, jute, coconut, turmeric are important crops in

India, rice is also the most dominant crop of Orissa and is

concentrated in areas of Cuttack, Sambalpur, Puri, Koraput. Oil

seeds cultivation is concentrated in Districts like Cuttack,

Koraput, Kalahandi, Bolangir, Dhenkanal, etc. T like Kerala, in

Orissa coconut is primarily grown as a fruit crop. Oil seeds like



Sasameum, mustard, castor are the principal oil seeds grown in

Orissa.

The unprogressive outlook of the Indian farmers is the

greatest hurdle III the way of, Improvement in agriculture. The

barrier in adopting the scientific methods of farming is the

conservative, orthodox and illiterate of the Indian Farmers. So

there is a need for RURAL INDUSTRIALIZATION.

RURAL INDUSTRIALISATION:

Rural industrialization refers to the setting up of a wide

range of agro-industries, light engineering Industries, and

consumer goods industries, organized on modern lines, in

suitable rural growth centers for fruitful utilization of local

resources, natural and human. The rural industries would form a

part of the process of industrialization of the country. But these

industries are expected to realize certain objectives like the

following:

1)To provide maximum support to agriculture by way of

supplying its Inputs and industrial services;

2)The growth of agricultural production by providing a market

3)Manufacture a few selected articles for local consumption

like soap edible oils.

4)Provide facilities for processing of agricultural goods,

supplying spares for agricultural machinery and the likes;



5)Catering to towns and cities or even export markets in

certain selected goods manufactured by using local

resources and skills;

6)Sub-contracting to urban enterprises

7)Tap local mineral or energy resources

REASONS FOR RURAL INDUSTRILISATION:

The necessity for rural industrialization arises out of the factors

explained below:

1. Industrialization of the rural areas becomes necessary for

making the anti-poverty programmes more effective and

self-sustained. It is the success of the anti-poverty

programmes that "would make the process of planned

econ09mic development of the country more meaningful.

The anti-poverty programmes aim at approving the

conditions of living of nearly 37% of the total population

from 1985 onwards.

2. One may approach the process of development on the basis

of the observed facts about economic activities in the rural

and urban areas.ral areas are found specializing in

agriculture and industries are generally found in urban

areas. Therefore, it may be considered reasonable to

develop agriculture i9nrural areas and industries in urban



areas. But such a strategy of development suffers from two

shortcomings.

In the first place, it leads to uneven development, as

agriculture has a tendency to grow at a slower pace than

industry. Secondly, as the level of output per worker in the

industrial sector is higher than in agriculture, the gap in the

income levels in the two sectors becomes very large in

course of time. In fact, it is this strategy of development

adopted in our country in the past that lies at the root of

the tragic contradictions in Indian planning.

3. Traditional agriculture is found' to be greatly dependent on

the industrial sector. The latter supplies some of the inputs

of agriculture and also provides the market for many kinds

of agricultural output. The wealth generate9 in rural areas,

the food grains grown there and the raw materials

produced have gone into urban areas where value added to

them has been very great. But the reverse flow of the value

added to rural areas, either partly or wholly, has not

materialized. As a consequence, the relationship between

traditional agriculture and modern industry has become

exploitative. This should be stopped by a process of

meaningful rural industrialization, Agro-industrial centers

and the establishment of a large number of rural fabricating

centers is likely to put an end to this rural exploitation.

4. We have a huge mass of rural landless laborers who

constitute over one-third of the rural population. These



people are helped only when employment and wages rise in

the agricultural sector. If such opportunities don’t exist,

they have to be provided with employment avenues in

sectors other than agriculture in the rural areas. This gives

an additional reason for rural industrialization.

With the growth and impact of Industrialization, there are

many large-scale, small scale industries and cottage

industries have been increasing on a large number to

increase national income. Similarly Agro-industries have

contributed towards the gro.wth of rural economy. These

Agro industries are established in the rural areas as well as

urban areas for the improvement of agricultural

productivity.

AGRO-INDUSTRIES:

Agro-industries in a broad sense refer to those industries

which use agricultural raw materials for production and produce

certain inputs that farmers need for agricultural purposes.

The development of agro-industries in rural areas like food-

processing, dairy products, wood products, oil mills, rice mills

should form an important part of our future development

strategy. These agro-industries are based on the crops grown

and output produced in the agricultural e tor and should be

located in rural areas close in rural areas close to raw material

sources. These industries are known to have strong forward n

backward Linkage effects.



The reasons for emphasizing agro-industries ill our future,

development energy may be explained.

1. There is very great scope for expansion of such industries

like food, tobacco, wood products and furniture, dairy

products and paper. In view of their high growth

potentialities and forward and backward linkage effects,

development of such agro-based industries will enable us to

have faster growth of output, employment and percapita

income in a shorter period.

2. These industries are easier to set up and provide more

Income and employment per unit of capital investment. As

such, they are very much suitable for a country suffering

from capital shortage.

3. Agro-industries produce consu.mer goods· whose demand

increases with the growth of employment and income. As a

result, these industries would help us to control the

pressure of inflation.

4. These industries expand the demand for agricultural goods

and raw materials. This encourages agricultural production.

Against the background of increased demand, integrated

development of agriculture and industry would be possible.

5. Agro-industries will not only provide an incentive to farmers

to raise the productivity of agriculture but also help in

modernization of the rural e tor. There is the possibility of a

change in attitudes and greater enthusiasm to adopt

improved methods of production.



6. One of the important shortcomings of our process of

economic development so far has been a high

concentration of industrial activity in a few cities and

relative neglect of the rural areas. The rural industrial

sector has -remained relatively stagnant. The rural areas

have been insulted from the overall industrialization

process III the country. It is necessary to involve the rural

masses in the development process. This would be possible

only through the establishment of agro-industries in the

rural areas.

TYPES OF AGRO-INDUSTRIES:

Agro- industries are mainly classified into four categories such

as:

a. Agro-Produce processing unit’s viz., Rice mills, Flour mills,

and oil extracting units, sugar mills.

b. Agro-Produce manufacturing units viz, Bakery, Bread, and

sugar.

c. Agro-Inputs manufacturing units viz, fertilizers and

pesticides, etc.-

d. Agro-Service centers.

S . C . S . ( A ) C o l l e g e , P u r i


ROLE OF AGRO-INDUSTRIES IN DEVELOPMENT OF A NATION:

Agro- industries play a vital role in the economic

development of a country. More particularly its role in the rural

development is significant because of the importance of

agriculture in the rural economy. Agro-industries help to improve

the state income and lead to an equitable, distribution, of the

same among different sectors, and regions in the economy.

Furthermore, they help to promote decentralization of

development in the economy; these industries generate

employment opportunities on a large scale and contribute

significantly the process of self-sustained growth. The economic

prosperity of a developing economy depends on the forward and

backward linkages of development process. Agro-industries lead

to the creation of these linkages on a large scale by maximizing

complementarities of agriculture and industry.

As improvement in agricultural productivity depends largely

on a variety of inputs of Industrial origin including fertilizers,

pesticides, agricultural tools and implements. The role of

agriculture in the development of industry cannot be ignored.

Industries supply fertilizers, pesticides to the development of

agriculture. While agriculture intern supplies to the industries not

only wage goods but also raw materials.

ROLE OF AGRO-INDUSTRIES IN THE RURAL ORISSA:



Orissa is endowed with vast agricultural resources that

provide wide scope for the development of agro-industries.

Bhubaneswar, Puri, Koraput, Sambalpur, Cuttack, etc. being

agriculturally developed, offers immense possibilities for the

growth of agro-industries units which acts a guide post to

similarly situated districts and even to not so similarly situated

districts In respect of several parameters of agro-industrial

development.

AGRO-BASED INDUSTRIES:

Amongst the agro-based industries, the jute mill at

Dhanmandal in Gajpur district is the most important. Raw jute is

being supplied from the jute growing belt or the Mahanadi-

Brahmaili delta.

COTTON TEXTILE:

A textile mill was established at Chaudwar 111 1949 with a

capacity of .50,000 spindles and 864 looms. This mill is market

based. It gets its supplies or raw cotton from the cotton belt

located in the Western Peninsula. Six cotton spinning mills are

also operating at Jharsuguda, Bargarh, Khorda, Tistol, Athyarh,

Tara and Govindapur mostly in the cooperative sector. Other

small weaving and spinning mills are operating at Sambalpur,

Baripada-

SERICULTURE:



Sericulture is an agro - based industry having very high

potential in rural Orissa. Sericulture is high employment

oriented, requires low investment and brings high return. It has a

low gestation period, can help earn a lot of being exchange can

dis non -polluting. Orissa is second to Bihar in the manufacture

of Tassar with a production of about 10 tonnes per annum. This

variety of silk is mostly manufactured in old maturbhanj,

sundergarh. Kendhujhar, Sambalpur and Koraput district. The

Tassar worms thrive mostly on the shorea robusta (sal),

Terminelia Arjuna and Terminalia Tomentosa. All these tress are

found in abundance in the forestry of Orissa. Sericulture which

stared in Orissa 1926 in Cuttack, Puri and Ganjam districts

gradually spread to-·sundergarh, phulabani and Koraput districts.

Mulberry silk is much less important compared to Tassar and Eri

in Orissa. Since1981, the Bivoltive Sericulture Development

project has been taken up by the state Government. It covers

areas' in R. Uuayagiri and Mohana blocks and in old Koraput,

Ganjan, phulabani, Kalahandi, Cuttack, Puri, Sambalpur and

Kendujhar districts.

SUGAR MILLS:

A sugar mill was started in Orissa on the eve of the Second

World War, at Aska. All sugar factories are raw material oriented.

The sugar factory at Aska is the oldest in the state. At the end of

the seventh plan, three sugar factories were operational at Aska,

Bargarh and Rayagada. Two more factories are being set up at

Nayagarh, in Nayagarh districts and Badamba "'in Cuttack.



Besides, some other Sugar mills were started at Dharmagarh in

old Kalahandi district, Haripur in Dhenkanal district, abarangapur

in Nabarangpur district, Deogaon in Balangir district and

nandapur in Kendujhar district.

RICE MILL:

Rice mill are an important agro-based industry in Orissa.

They cluster variably around the railheads of old Baleshwar,

Cuttack and Sambalpur districts. Besides, a large number of rice

hullers are operating in rural collecting centers all over Orissa.



Chapter-2REVIEW OF- LITERATURE

The term of review of related literature basically constitutes

two words namely, review and literature. Ordinarily by review we

mean to go back or to have a detailed view about the progress

'made during the previous period about any phenomena

whereas .literature means the knowledge of particular area.

From there search point of view, review of related literature

refers to reviewing the already published materials and to

discover and integrate new information which has never been

reported and never considered. The task of reviewing the related

literature is not so easy as it requires expertise knowledge and

creative ability as the researcher has to synthesize the available

knowledge of the field in a unique way in order to provide the

rationale for his study.

According to W.R.Borg is," The Review of related is the

literature in any field forms the foundation upon. Which all future

work will be built?

If we fail t.9 build the foundation of knowledge provided by

the review of literature our work is likely to be shallowed and

naive and will often duplicate work that has already been done

better by same are else."

Fundamentally, it has two phases. The first phase includes

identification all the relevant published materials in the problem



area by the help of which the investigator develops fundamental

ideas on the basis of which to develop his/her own study. The

second phase of review of related literature involves writing, the

foundation of ideas into a section of research report. This section

proves to be very much essential for the researcher as well as

the reader. For the researcher it provides the background of the

study and for the reader it provides the summary of the thinking

and research necessary for them to understand the study. The

related literatures can be reviewed from' different sources like

books and text book materials, periodicals, journals, abstracts,

encyclopedia, handbooks, yearbooks guides, references on

international sociology, dissertations and press and newspapers.

IMPORTANCE OF RELATED RESEARCH

STUDIES:

The importance of review of related literature can In no way

be undermined in any research activity because it solves a

number of purposes like firstly it provides theories, ideas,

explanations or hypothesis which may prove useful in the

formation of new problem.

Secondly, it indicates whether the evidence already

available solves the problem adequately without requiring

further investigation. Thirdly it provides sources for formulating

relevant hypothesis. Fourthly, it recommends method,

procedure, sources of data and statistical techniques appropriate

to the solution of problems. Fifthly it helps to have comparative



data and findings necessary in the interpretation and discussion

of results. Sixthly it helps to discover important variables to

determine the meanings, relevance of the study and relationship

with this and its deviation from the available study.



Further, Review of Related literature helps the researcher to

assess the work done in past and to put the hypothesis to be

examined in the research report in the proper context.

It is very important for any research activity because they

are of the early steps in planning a research work is to review

research done previously in the particular area of interest. 1t is

also very essential on the part of the investigator to be upto date

in his information about the literature related to his own problem

already done by others. It enables the investigator to avoid

unnecessary replication of the previous study. It helps the

researcher by providing specific information required to interpret

the definitions, assumptions, limitations and hypothesis of

research.

A careful and detailed study of related research studies

provides clues concerning the research approach, method,

·instrumentation and data analysis to the investigator.

Review of related research studies:

1. "Agro-Industries through mutual development of agriculture

and industry has a complementary character, growth of one

being a ~ recondition and cause of the other (Misra and

Misra: 1988)

2. Agro- industries are those industries which use agricultural

raw materials for production and produce certain inputs

that farmers need for agricultural purposes.' '(Kurukshetra,

July 2001)



3. Agro-industries are widely used simply as a convenient

portmanteak of agriculture and industry, referring to the

range of activities and disciplines encompassed by modern

food production. (encyclopaedia)

4. Agro-industries are related to the production or provision of

materials needed by both agriculture and indus.try:

(Encarta dictionary)

5. Agro-industries have the large scale production, processing

and· packaging of food using modern equipment and

methods (Dictionary)

6. The amount appears to be small, yet it indicates the linkage

the agro industries seek to establish In the agriculture for

growth. (Venkaiah: 1992)

7. In the scheme of agro-industries development more

emphasis be given for the establishment of agro-input

manufacturing industrial units. (Sharma: 1992)

8. Agro-industries have a great impact on rural economy and

development of agro-industries is the advancement of rural

economy." (Venkaiah, v.1987)

9. "Agro- industries expand the demand for agricultural goods

and raw materials. This encourages agricultural production.

Against the background of increased demand, integrated

development of agriculture and industry would be possible.

This would create the background for large- scale industrial

development."

10. "One of the important shortcomings of our process of

economic development so far has been a high



concentration of industrial activity in a few cities and

relative neglect of the rural areas. The rural industrial

sector has remained relatively stagnant. The rural areas

have been insulted from the overall industrialization

process in the country. Hence a majority of the population

living in the rural areas have not been touched by the

process of modernization. It is necessary to involve the

rural masses in the development process. This would be

possible only through the establishment of agro- Industries

in the rural areas. ( K. M. Patnaik,19,86)



Chapter-3

METHODOLOGY

Methodology is the procedure of research techniques. It is

the logic of scientific investigation. It is not a research model

employed in a particular project but is a technique which entails

theoretical principles as well as a framework that provides

guidelines about how research is done in the context of a

particular paradigram. It translates the principles of a

paradiagram into research language and shows how the society

can be explained and studied.

Literally methodology means the science of methods. It

contains the standards and principles employed to guide the

choice, structure, process and use of methods, as directed by

the underlying paradiagram. Methodology in sociology includes-

1. The analysis of the basic assumption of science in general

and sociology in particular.

2. The process of theory construction.

3. The interrelationship of theory and research.

4. The procedures of empirical investigation.

Thus, methodology IS not concerned with building

knowledge but deals with the procedures. Conceptual, logical

and research-by which knowledge is built. Methodology is

determined not by the research model but rather by the



principles of research entitled in the paradiagram. The

methodology may either be qualitative or quantitative.

According to George.L.Lundberg" scientific method consists of

systematic observation, classification, and 'interpretation of

data. The main difference between our day- to- day

generalization and conclusion usually recognized as scientific

method lies in the degree of formality; rigorousness, verifiability

and general validity of the latter.” Methodology involves the

formulation and application of research design. So, methodology

plays an important role in research undertakings.

It has been clearly pointed out by some sociologists that

every researcher has to follow certain methods systematically

while and doing and type of study or research following the

principles the present researcher has also followed some

systematic principles. These are' as follows:-

1. OBJECTIVES:

a. To study the role of agro-industries in Rural Orissa.

b. To study the socio-economic life of the workers of agro-

industries.

c. To study the living conditions of the workers,

2. RESEARCH DESIGN:

Research Design is a preliminary step in every research

activity. Designing provides a picture for the whole research

project before starting the work. In brief, it is a blue print of

proposed Research problem and it includes an outline of what



the researcher proposes to do. The purpose of research may

broadly grouped into four categories.

i. Explorative or formulative

ii. Descriptive

iii. Diagnostic

iv. experimental

Exploratory or formulate studies are those which aim at

gaining familiarizes with a phenomena or which Insights into the

phenomena or studies which deal with formulation of a more·

precise Research problem. The study which accurately portray

the characteristics of a particular situation or groups or

individuals are descriptive studies, Diagnostic studies determine

the frequency with which something occurs with something else,

Experimental studies can aim at testing the hypothesis of a

casual relationship between variables.

Generally experimental and diagnostic are not used by the

researcher as it difficult to bring data by these methods, So the

researcher has used exploratory and descriptive method in this

research. The researcher has explored the condition of agro-

industries workers. Then includes the description of these

people, their.. age, sex composition, education and caste wise

distribution, etc. The researcher has explained also the socio-

economic status, various problems of the workers,

3. UNIVERSE OF STUDY:



The total number of items or objects and the respondents

which are to be covered, known as universe of study. So it is

desirable that the universe should be manageable, taking into

consideration available in the or deals with 500 workers of a Rice

Mill, baliguali, Puri-2

4. SAMPLING:

Sampling plays an important role in the selection of universe

when a 11 group' .is selected as the representative of whole

mass is called sampling method. In this study the researcher has

taken 20 respondents for study from Baliguali Rice Mill.

5. TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES:

Data collection is of course very important but these are

different tools of data collection which need not only careful

consideration but also proper attention and planning.. The

different technologies of data collection; these are observation,

questionnaire, interview schedule, etc. The researcher has used

interview schedules in their study as the main technique. The

term interview schedule is usually applied to a set of questions,

which are asked and filled in by the investigator in a face-to-face

contact with the respondent. The schedule used by the

researcher consists of a total of 25 questions having two

sections. The first section with the personal identification of the

respondent having 11 questions and the second consists of a



total of 14 questions which reflects the condition of Agro-

Industrial worker.

6. VARIABLES TAKEN IN THIS RESEARCH:

Variables play a significant role in classifying the complex

data. Variables in this study have been conceptualized as those

bring about variations in the attitude, outlook and mentality of

the attitude, outlook and mentality of the respondents. Variables

are of two types

1. Independent Variable

2. Dependent variable

The independent variables are those, which can be used

independently. The researcher has taken caste, age, religion.,

occupation, etc as any force can change independent variables.

But dependent variables are those which are used with the help

of independent variables such as the life or the social

background of the slum dwellers

7. ANALYSIS OF DATA:

Research findings very much depend on the analyzing of

data. Analysis of data sums up the findings and answers

questions for which research was conducted. While analyzing

some important points like coding the categories, tabulation, use

of statistical methods, etc. should be taken into consideration. In

this Research, the researcher has arranged the data - he

respondent on the basis of there. age, sex, occupation,



education, monthly income, level of development among the

slum dwellers. As this research contains in numerical form

various measurements like percentage, frequency distributions

etc. have been used by the researcher to compute the data for

the sake of comparison.

8. LIMITATION OF THE STUDY:

It was very interesting to conduct the study on the Agro-

industries, on the part of the researcher. But to achieve

something, you have to struggle, so inspite of many obstacles

the researcher was determined to complete the research and to

collect data from the agro-industrial workers. As 20 workers are

taken for study as a sample, so the information is limited.

9. RELEVANCE OF THE STUDY:

This study takes note of the economic and living condition

of the workers of the Rice Mill, Baliguali, Puri-2. Though there are

various types of agro-industry in Orissa. But we study this Rice

Mill, one type of agro-industry and this study helps the

researcher to study the workers’ living condition, their problems

and their economic condition.



Chapter- 4

SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE

In order to understand the very essence of the agro-

industrial workers, e has to study their socio-economic conditions

in details. It is a very crucial aspect in understanding their

problems and needs. The essential factors which give about the

standard of living of the agro-industrial workers ate like their

age, sex, marital status, educational status, monthly income,

their spending.

In this Research project, the respondents/ agro- industrial

workers are of different age, sex. These should be analyzed in

forms of their age structure, sex-structure religion, caste, marital

status, level of education, size of household.

4.1 FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONDENTS

ON THE BASIS OF AGE.

AGE RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE (%)

25-35 5 25

35-45 6 30

45-55 7 35

Above 55 3 15

Total 20 100



The above table 5.1 represents the frequency distribution of

the respondents on the basis of age-structure. This table shows

that 5 out of 20 respondents(25%) falls within the age group of

25-35 years,6(30%) of the total respondents fall in the age group

of 35-45 years, 7(35%) of the total respondents belong to the 45-

55 age group. Thus majority of the respondents comes under 45-

55 years age group who are middle-aged.

4.2 FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONDENTS ON THE

BASIS OF SEX.

SEX RESPONDENT PERCENTAGE (%)

Male 17 85

Female 3 15

Total 20 100

The above table shows that the frequency distribution of the

respondent on the basis of sex composition. 17(85%) of the total

respondents are ale and 3(15%) falls in the female category, So

majority of the respondents belongs to male category,

4.3 FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION ON THE BASIS OF

EDUCATION

LEVEL OF EDUCATION RESPONDENT PERCENTAGE (%)

No education 4 20

Primary school 11 55

Upto primary school 5 25

Total 20 100



On the basis of, we found that 4(20%) falls in the no

education category of the educational status. 11(55%) complete

the primary education and others 5(25%) up to primary level.

4.4 FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION ON THE BASIS OF THEIR

MARTIAL STATUS.

MARITAL STATUS RESPONDENT PERCENTAGE (%)

Married 19 95

Un Married - -

Divorced 1 5

Widowed 0 0

Total 20 100

This table reveals that out of 20 respondents 19(95%)are

married, no one unmarried, l (5%) is divorced and no one is

widowed categories from this research, the researcher knows

that majority of married persons work in the rice mill.

4.5 FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION ON THE BASIS OF THEIR

SIZE OF THE FAMILY

SIZE OF THE FAMILY RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE (%)

Nuclear 5 20

Joint 15 75

Total 20 100



This table shows that out of 20 respondents 5(20%) belong

to the nuclear families and 15(75%) belong to the joint families.

4.6 FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION ON THE BASIS OF CASTE

CASTE RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE (%)

Brahim 7 35

Kshatriya 11 55

Vaishya 1 5

Shudra 1 5

Total 20 100

Table shows that the caste affiliation of the industrial workers of

Baliguali Rice Mill. Castes have been classified into four

categories like Brahmin, Kshatriya, Vaishya and Sudra. It ·was

observed that out of 20 respondents 7(35%)belong to Brahmin

caste. 11(55%) of the total respondents are Kshatriya, 1 (5%) of

the total respondents are sudra. So majority of the workers

belong to Kshatriya caste.


RELIGION

RELIGION RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE (%)

Hinduism 20 100

Islam 0 0

Christianity 0 0

Sikhism 0 0

Total 20 100



Table 5.7 shows that out of 20 respondents all the 20( 100%)

belong to the Hindu religion. So mostly the rice-mill workers

come from the Hindu religion in Puri.

4.8 FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION ON THE BASIS OF LAND

OWNERSHIP OF THE RESPONDENTS.

LAND IN DECIMAL RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE

1-2 2 10

2-3 18 90

3-4 0 0

Total 20 100

The above 5.8 shows the out of 20 respondent 2(10%) have their

own and in between 1-2 decimal & the rest 18(90%) have their

land from 2-3 decimal. No one has 3-4 decimal of land.


MONTHLY INCOME OF THE RESPONDENTS:

MONTHLY INCOME RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE

Rs. 1000-1500 2 10

Rs. 1500-2000 - -

Rs. 2000-2500 18 90

Total 20 100

The above table shows that the out of 20 respondents

2( 10%) earn Rs.1000-1500per month and the rest 18(90%) earn

Rs. 2000-2500. No one earn Rs.1500 -2000.



AN OVERVIEW:

From the socio-economic profile, the researcher came to

know that the largest percentage of the workers of the Rice mill

belong to the middle age group ('35 to 45).The male workers

work more than the female workers in the Rice lY1ili. Only the

married persons work in the Rice Mill and in terms of family

background a large number of workers come from joint families.

In terms of religious background most of the Hindu work in the

Rice Mill. Many of the workers belong to the Kshyatriya caste.

Most of the workers have the 2-3 decimal land of their own. Most

of the workers earn Rs.2000-2500 per month.



Chapter-5WORKING CONDITION

5.1 DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONDENTS ON THE BASIS OF

THEIR SKILLNESS.

ANSWER RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE

Yes 18 90

No 2 10

Total 20 100

The above table shows the skillness of the workers of the

Rice Mill. It indicates that out of 20 respondents 18(90%)

respondents are skilled in their work, but the rest 2(10%) are

freshers. In this research the researcher found that on majority

of workers are skilled in their work.


THE TYPE OF WORKING CLASS THEY BELONG


Seasonal 2 10

Permanent 18 90

Total 20 100

The above table shows the working status of the workers. It

indicates that out of 20 respondents 18(90%) respondents are

permanent workers and 2(10%) are seasonal workers. In this



research the researcher found that on majority of the workers

are permanent workers.


THEIR WORKING HOUR.

The above table shows the working hour of the workers. It

indicates that out of 20 respondents 2( 10% ) respondents work

for 4-6 hours and 3(15%) respondents work for 6-8 hours.

15(75%) work for upto 8 hours. In this research the researcher

found that on majority of the workers work for upto 8 hours.

5.4 DISTIBUTION OF RESPONDENTS ON THE BASIS OF

THEIR WORKING EXPERIENCE:


1-2 years 2 10

2-4 years 8 40

4-6 years 10 50

Upto 6 years - -

Total 20 100

The above table shows the working experience of the

workers. It indicates that out of 20 respondents 2( 10%)

respondents work for 1-2 years and 8(40%) respondents work for

2-4 years. 10 (50%) work for 4-6 years. In this research the

researcher found that on majority of the workers work for 4-6

years. No respondents work for up to 6 years.




THEIR OVER TIME WORK:

ANSWER REPONDENTS PERCENTAGE

Yes 18 90

No 2 10

Total 20 100

The above table shows the overtime work of the workers. It

indicates that out of 20 respondents 18(90%) respondents work

for over time while 2(10%) respondents don't work for over time.

5.6 DISTIBUTION OF RESPONDENTS ON THE BASIS OF THE

BONUS THEY GET FOR OVER-TIME WORK

ANSWER REPONDENTS PERCENTAGE

Yes 18 90

No 2 10

Total 20 100

The above table shows that out of 20 respondents 18(90%)

get bonus for working overtime and 2(10%) respondents don't

get any bonus as they don't work over-time.



5.7 DISTIBUTION OF RESPONDENTS ON THE BASIS OF THE

TYPE OF EQUIPMENTS THEY USE


Modern 20 100

Old - -

Total 20 100

The above table shows that out of 20 respondents that means all

respondents use modern equipments. No one use old

equipments.

PERSONAL STATUS:


THEIR RESIDENCE.


Hut 9 45

Ajbested 9 45

Pakka 2 10

Total 20 100

The above table shows that out of 20 respondents 9 (45 %)

respondents live in hut. 9(45%) live in ajbested houses and

2(10%) live in pakka houses.




THEIR NUMBER OF CHILDREN


1 to 2 2 10

2 to 4 8 40

Upto 4 10 50

Total 20 100

The above table shows that out of 20 respondents that means

2(10%) respondents have 1 to 2 children and 9(45%) have 2 to 4

children and 9(45%) have upto 4 children.


THE EDUCATIONAL STATUS OF THEIR CHILDREN


Yes 20 100

No - -

Total 20 100

The above table shows that out of 20 respondents that

means all the 20 workers send their children to school.

5.11 DISTIBUTION OF RESPONDENTS ON THE BASIS OF THE UNION THEY HAVE:



ANSWER RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGEYes 18 90No 2 10

Total 20 100The above table shows that out of the 20 respondents 18(90%)

respondents have their own union and 2(10%) respondents have

not any union.


THEIR VIEW ABOUT THE ROLE OF AGRO- INDUSTRIES

ANSWER RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGEYes 20 100No - -

Total 20 100

The above table shows that out of the 20 respondents all the

respondents said that agro-industries play a greater role in

giving employment opportunities to the unemployed one.

5.13 DISTIBUTION OF RESPONDENTS ON THE BASIS OF THEIR SATISFACTION WITH THE JOB.


Yes 20 100

No - -

Total 20 100

The above table shows that out of the 20 respondents all the

respondents said that they are all satisfied with their job.



AN OVERVIEW:

From the working condition and personal status of the

workers of the Baliguali Rice Mill, the researcher came to know

that:

i. Most of the workers that is 18(90%) are skilled.

ii. Most of the workers 18(90%) are permanent workers.

iii. Majority of the workers i.e., 15(75%), work for upto 8 hours.

iv. Majority of the workers i.e., 10(50%) work for 4-6 years.

v. Majority of the workers 18(90%) work for over time

vi. 18(90%) get bonus for working over-time

vii. All the respondents i.e., 20(100%) use modern equipments

viii. Majority of the workers 9(45%) respondents live in hut.

ix. 10(50%) have 2-4 children

x. All the respondents send their children to school.

xi. 18(90%) have their union

xii. All the respondents i.e., 20(100%) agree that agro-

industries play a greater role in giving employment

opportunities to the unemployed one

xiii. All the respondents i.e., 20(100%) said that they are all

satisfied with their job.



Chapter-6

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

The present Research study entitled the Role of Agro-

Industries in Development of Rural Orissa" is an attempt to

explore the role of agro industries in Puri. This project report

consists of 6 chapters including this chapter. The first chapter

deals with "What is Agro-industry".

The second chapter is the Review of Literature. The third

chapter methodology consists of description of the procedure

adopted, tools and techniques of data collection, objectives of

the study, and description of the universe and field experience.

The main objective of the preceding chapter was to explore

the Role of Agro-industries. These objectives are

1. Objectives:

a. To study the role of agro-industries in Rural Orissa.

b. To study the socio-economic life of the workers of agro-

industries.

c. To study the living conditions of the workers

Against the background of the binding the socio- economic

nature of the Agro-industries in the Puri, can be described as

follows.

In our study 20 respondents are taken as sample of the universe.



i. Majority of the workers that is 7(35%) are between the age

group of 45-55 years.

ii. The maximum number of respondents that is 11 (55%)

belong to Kshatriya caste.

iii. Most of the workers that is 19(95%) live in joint families are

get married

iv. Most of the workers that is 15(75%) live in joint families.

v. Most of the workers that is 18(90%) earn Rs. 2000-2500 per

month.

vi. Most of the workers that is 18(90%) have 2-3 decimal land.

The fifth chapter deals with the fact that:

i. Majority of the workers that is 18(90%) are skilled.

ii. Majority of the workers that is 18(90%) are permanent.

iii. Majority of the workers that is 15(75%) work for up to 8

hours.

iv. Majority of the workers i.e., 10(50%) work for 4-6 years.

v. Majority of the workers i.e., 18 (90%) work bonus for over-

time.

vi. All the 20 respondents use modern equipments.

vii. Majority of the workers i.e., 9(45%) respondents live in hut.

viii. Majority of the workers 10(50%) have up to 4 children

ix. All the 20 respondents send their children to school.

x. Majority of the workers 18 (90%) have their own union.

xi. All the workers i.e., 20 respondents opine that agro-

industries play a greater role in giving employment

opportunities to the employed one.



xii. All the workers that is 20 workers opine that they are all

satisfied with their job.

In response to the present piece of research work, the

researcher is going to conceive some of the basic postulates

regarding the living condition, educational status of the children

of the workers, while the researcher put the prepared questions.

Most of the workers are co-operative in providing the

answers but a little bit of troubles have to be taken by the

researcher because she has to fail to meet them even if they

have given the time schedule.

Simply they are giving answer that is much burden upon us

for attaining other answers. However, may be the difficulties in

their cases, but the researcher by taking such hazardous

moments has collected all the desired data by which she has

completed- the thesis by analyzing and tabulating the data from

the respondents.



Bibliography

1. Patnaik, K.M., Rural Industrialization, Cuttack, Kitab Mahal

Publication House Pvt. Ltd. 1986.

2. Misra Band S.N., Misra, Rural Industrilization, Cuttack,

Vidyapuri Publication, 1988.

3. Sharma, Somnath, Socio-economic study of Agro-industries,

New Delhi, Mital Publication Pvt. Ltd., 1992.

4. Venkaiah. V., Impact of Agro-industries on Rural Economy,

Bombay, Himalaya Publication House Ltd., 1992.

5. Chopra Suresh, “Role of Agro-Industries in Rural Orissa”, The

Kurukshetra, New Delhi, July 2001, p. 15

6. “Agro-Industries”, Encyclopaedia Britanica, 14th Edition.

7. “Macmillian”, Encarta Dictionary.

Websites:

www.google.com

www.wikipedia.com

******

PROJECT


http://www.wikipedia.com/

http://www.google.com/


THE ROLE OF AGRO- INDUSTRIES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF RURAL ORISSA (A STUDY ON THE WORKERS OF BALIGUALI RICE MILL, PURI-2)

This project contains two parts i.e. PART- A and PART- B

containing 9 and 13 questions respectively which were asked to

he workers of that rice mill.

INTERVIEW SCHEDULE

PART-A

SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE

SL. NO DATE

1. Age

i. 25-35

ii. 35-45

iii. 45-55

iv. Above 55

2. Sex

i. Male

ii. Female

3. Qualification

i. No education ii. Primary school iii. Upto primary

school

4. Marital status

i. Married ii. Unmarried iii. Divorced iv. Widowed

5. Size of family

i. Nuclear ii. Joint

6. Caste



i. Brahmin ii. Kshyatriya iii. Vaisya iv. Sudra

7. Religion

i. Hinduism ii. Islam iii. Christianity iv. Sikhism

8. Land ownership.

i. 1-2 decimal ii. 2-3 decimal iii. 3-4 decimal

9. Income

i. Rs. 1000-1500/- ii. Rs. 1500-2000/- iii. Rs. 2000-2500

PART-B

WORKING CONDITION:

1. Are you skilled?

i. Yes ii. No

2. To which working class do you belong?

i. Seasonal ii. Permanent

3. How many hours do you work in Mill?

i. 4-6 hours ii. 6-8 hours iii. Upto 8 hours

4. What is your working experience?

i. 4-6 years ii. 2-4 years iii. 4-6 years iv. Upto 6

years

5. Do you work for overtime in rice Mill?

i. Yes ii. No

6. Do you get bonus for working overtime?

i. Yes ii. No



7. What type of equipments do you use?

i. Modern ii. Old

8. To which type of residence do you belong?

i. Hut ii. Ajbested iii. Pakka

9. How many children do you have?

i. 1-2 ii. 2-4 iii. Upto 4

10. Do you send your children to school?

i. Yes ii. No

11. Do have your own union?

i. Yes ii. No

12. Do you think that agro-industries play a greater role?

i. Yes ii. No

13. Are you satisfied with their job?

i. Yes ii. No

*******
