development of real time naval strategic command and control systems dec65

8/13/2019 Development of Real Time Naval Strategic Command and Control Systems Dec65

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COMPUTER COMM ND ND CONTROL COMP NY

DEVELOPMENO

REAL TIMENAVAL STRATEGIC

ADVANCED WARFARE SYSTEMSDIVISIONNAVAL ANALYSIS GROUP

OFFICE OF NAVAL RESEARCHDEPARTMENT OF NAVY.WASHINGTON D.C.

COMMAND andCONTROL SYSTEM


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COMPUTER COMM ND ND CONTROL COMP NY

DLVELOPi1ENl OF RE L TIMEN V L STRATEGIC COMM ND ND CONTROL SYSTI11S

Report No. 31-102-6

Contract NOnr 4366 00)

Submitted toOFFICE OF N V L RESE RCH

N V L ANALYSIS GROUPDV NCED W RF RE SYSTEMS DIVISIONWashington, D. C. 20360

December 15 1965


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Report No. 31 lQ2 6TABLE OF ONTENTS

List of FiguresList of TablesPrefaceSummaryConclusions and Recommendation1. Introduction

1.11.2

1.3

1.4

Characteristics of Real Time Strategic Commandand ControlFacilities and Requirements of Newly MechanizedCommands1.2.1 Facilities1.2.2 RequirementsGeneral Development Plan1.3.11.3.21.3.3

Equipment Growth PhasesSystem Program Growth PhasesFunctional Program Growth PhasesPhase 1 System Characteristics1.4.1 Capacity for Real Time Activity1.4.2 MUltiprogramming1.4.3 Memory and Display Technology1.5 Expected Benefits

2 Requirements2.1 General2.2 Ocean Surveillance2.3 Continuity of Operations2.4 Antisubmarine Warfare ASW)2.5 Ocean, Clearance Dispersal of Forces and NavalControl and Protection of Shipping2.6 Search and Rescue2.7 Control of Combat Forces2.8 Logistics2.9 Planning for Current and Contingency Operations2.10 Summary of Requirements

3. Hardware Development by Stages for a Real Time Cormnandand Control Processing Center3.1 Devices for a Real Time System3.2 Initial and Eventual Families of Computers3.3 A Phase Development Plan

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ivvviviiix1-1

1 41 41 51 71 91 101 101 101 111 131 131 142 12 12 22 42 82 92 122 122 142 172 183 13 13 23 3


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Report No 31-102-6 12/15/65

4.

5.

6.

TABLE OF CONTENTS (Cont d)

System Programs4.1 Storage and Retrieval of Information

l ~ l

4-14.1.1 File System 4-14.1.2 File Organization 4-24.1.3 Retrieval of Items from the List StructuredFile 4-54.1.4 Real Time Updating of the List StructuredFile 4-64.1.5 File Protection Rearrangement and Purging 4-7

4.2 The System Executive 4-74.2.1 Functions of the Executive 4-74.2.2 Block Diagram of the Executive System 4-94.2.3 Past TImplementation Experience 4-13

4.3 General Message Interpreter 4-134.3.1 Message Preprocessor 4-134.3.2 Query Language 4-14

4.3.2.1 Descriptions 4-154.3.2.2 Statements and Procedures 4-154.3.2.3 Explanatory and Concise Ouery Modes 4-204.3.2.4 Header Information 4-224.3.2.5 Query Language Interpreter 4-224.4 Input/Output 4-24Functional Programs5.1 List of Phase 1 Functional Programs5.2 Program Descriptions

5.2.1 Updating Programs5.2.2 Retrieval Programs5.2.3 Services for Programmers5.2.3.15.2.3.25.2.3.35.2.3.4

On-Line AssemblerDebugging AidsMachine Language InterpreterCompilers

5-15-15-25-25-45-55-65-75-85-8

5.2.4 File Translator and Other Special Programs 5-85.3 Expansion of Functional Programs

5.3.15.3.2 Data Base Management ProgramsStrategic Planning ProgramsOperational Characteristics6.1 General Overall Operations6.2 Typical Update Operations

5-105-105-116-16-16-2


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Report No 31-102-6T BLE OF CONTENTS (Cont'd)

6.3 Typical Information Retrieval for Operations6.4 File Translation for Operations

7. TImp1ementation Plan7.1 Characteristics of the TImplementation Phase.7.2 TImp1ementation Effort

Accrued BenefitsDistribution ListForm DD 1473

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6-36 77-17-17-28 18-38-4


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Report No 31 102 6LIST OF FIGURES

Fig. 1 1 Transformation of Command Responsibilities toComputer System Features3 la Phased Hardware Development3 lb Phased Hardware Development4 1 Sample Hultilist File4 2 The r;xecutive System4 3 The Format of a Statement4 4 A Simple Sample Procedure4 5 Sample Query Mode Substitutions4 6 A Sample Query in wo Modes4 7 Stratified Sort Output4 8 Columnar Sorted Output4 9 Stratified Sort with Count4 10 Columnar Sort with Count Sum Output4 11 Output Example of Matrix Tabulation with Count

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1 63 53 6

1 ~ 4

4 104 174 194 204 214 284 294 304 314 32


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Report No. 31-102-6 12/15/65LIST OF TABLES

Table 1-1 Equipment Programs and Functions in the ThreePhases 1-82-1 Tasks of Ocean Surveillance 2-52-2 Continuity of Operations 2-72-3 Antisubmarine Warfare 2-102-4 Ocean Clearance Dispersal of Forces and NavalControl and Protection of Shipping NCAP) 2-112-5 Search and Rescue 2-132-6 Control of Combat Forces 2-152-7 Logistics 2-162-8 Planning for Current and Contingency Operations 2-192-9 Information to Support Operational Functions 2-203-1 Console Usage 3-33-2 Alternative Interface Implementation for the USQ-20B 3-83-3 Summary Cost and Quantity Chart for AdditionalPeripheral Equipment 3-124-1 Examples of Keys and Formats 4-34-2 Syntax of QL-l Description 4-164-3 I/O Functions by Device 4-268-1 Means of Achieving Expected Benefits 8-1


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Report No 31-102-6 December 15 1965PREFACE

l ~ s document reports the results of a study of the essential operationsthat must be undertaken to develop a Real Time Strategic Command and Controlfor a Newly-Mechanized Naval Command

The authors of the report are indebted to a great many military andcivilian personnel of the Department of the Navy Chief acknowledgement mustgo to the sponsoring-agency the Office of Naval Research to the scientificofficer Mr Ralph G Tuttle and to the Naval Command Systems Support Activityand Mr R Ksiazek. Without the aid and encouragement which was received fromthese sources t would have been very difficult to have made this start towardplanning the implementation of real t ~ command and control systems.

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Report No. 31-102-6 December 15, 1965

SUMM RY

The existence of the technological explosion makes i t necessary toreexamine strategic command and control for possible application, and to findeffective ways to implement the applications which are identified.

This report presents a plan for early achievement of real time in Navalstrategic command and control; i t includes provisions for a f irs t step in theconversion to an integrated Navy-wide real time system.

In a previous task* in this study the concept for such an integrated systemwas developed and described, including the required existing technology. Theconcept, which is the end point of the phased development plan, included realtime multiprogrammed computers at al l major command sites and computer-tocomputer interchange of queries and information for a world-wide Naval database. The present report presents a development plan for newly mechanizedcommands showing how they can develop their capability to participate in theNavy-wide system. t augments the previous task by presenting the technicaland operational characteristics of the system with special attention to the all-important f irs t step of development. The technical description includesequipment characteristics; system programs for control of job priority, executioninformation retrieval, interrupt and recovery; functional programs for a varietyof corranand responsibilities; a flexible file structure, a powerful query languageand specific means for achieving flexibility and growth capacity. The operationadescription f irs t reviews the requirements for such systems in detail and thendescribes the operational effects of implementing the Phase 1 technical plan.

The system will have a number of important advantages: rapid response,ease of use, more effective data management, high efficiency, and a number ofnew services which contribute significantly to a command's problem solvingcapability.

* Computer Corrnnand and Control Company Report 21-102-4, A'Concept for a RealTime Naval Strategic Conmand and Control System , April 1965, portion of Officeof Naval Research program of the Advanced Warfare Systems Division (Code 493 ,Contract NOnr 4366(00). .vii


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1m approach based on existing USQ-20B computer configurations at CINCUSNAVEand NAVDEFEASTPAC is recommended. The implementation plan indicates that thesystem could e implemented with a software effort of about 21.5 man yearsincluding 7 man years for a general f i le translator, which can be delayed) and

an elapsed time of approximately fifteen months Additional peripheral equipmentis necessary t an approximate cost of 174,000.

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CONCLUSIONS

1) The real time system will give the command a greater capability tocarry out ts responsibilities under wartime conditions and thus increase theeffectiveness of the command.

2) The real time system can be developed now and serve as a follow-onsystem to the presently planned system at COMN VDEFE STP C or CINCUSNAVEUR.The development of the new system will not interfere with presently plannedoperations. At the time of switch over, both systems can be operated alternatelyin the same computer during test operation. The enhancement of functions willcontinue thereafter.

3) The real system will util ize the entire computerized data basepresently in existence.

4) An effective basic capability real time system can be placed inoperation and replace the presently planned system in 12 to 15 months.

5) The basic cost of implementation of the programming effort is estimatedas 21.5 man years including 7 man years of general file translation, which maybe delayed). This is exclusive of the additional peripheral hardware whichwould cost about 174,000 per installation, however the software will be usefulin more than one installation.

RECOMMEND TION

1) Develop the real time system for COMN VDEFE STP C and CINCUSNAVEURbased on the USQ-20 and augmented by a small amount of peripheral hardware anda new software program package.

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Report No. 31-102-6 December 15, 1965DEVELOPMENT OF RFAL TIME

N V L STRATEGIC COMM ND ND CONTROL SYSTEMS

1. INTRODUCTION.This report describes interim results of a study of real time Naval

strategic command and control systems. A previously reported task in thisstudy* described a system concept for an integrated, world-wide Naval commandand control system which would sUbstantially overcome many of the operationaldeficiencies of present systems. While this concept was described in greatdetail , the means for conversion from present practice to the integrated systemwas not described. ince the conversion process depends on the present practiceand responsibilities of the subject command, and since each command is differentthe teChnical planning for the conversion must be investigated separately forvarious classes of commands, and, ultimately, for each command.

The purpose of this report is to describe the results of studying a partof the conversion process for one class of commands, called newly mechanizedcommands here. Specifically, the report deals with the i rst major step of aphased conversion from essentially manual processes to the previously-describedintegrated system.

Characteristics of Real Time Strategic Command and Control.For the reader's convenience, a number of the salient features of the

integrated system are described below. For a more complete description thereader should consult the report of the previous task.*

1) Real time operation - The system operates n real time, thatis, with the computers responding within the attention span of the users.Commanders, senior staff officers or other users are able to query the systemand receive immediate responses (nonnally, complete responses). Similarly, inpu

-/ Computer Command and Control Company Report 21-102-4, A Concept for a RealTime Naval Strategic Command and Control System , April 1965, portion of Officof Naval Research program of the Advanced Warfare Systems Division (Code 493),Contract NDnr 4366(00).1-1


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Report No. 31-102-6 12/15/65of infonnation occurs at the time of i ts coding with l l machine verificationbeing performed as soon as the infonnation is entered at a console. Thisfeature leads to significant improvements in the management of the data base,with improvements in quality, timeliness and effort of assembly and maintenance.

2) World-wide Corrnnon Data Base and Access - All fi les, exceptcertain priv leged fi les, are available to any qualified user at any of theconmands served. Each corranand holds a part of the system data base in i tscomputers with some overlap for survivability and ease of canmunication) andcan query any of the fi les, either local or remote, in real time.

3) Direct User Access - The system is designed for use by Commanderssenior staff officers and others with operational responsibilities without thenecessity for intervention by programmers, analysts or other intermediaries.The query language and associated programs will accommodate unfamiliarity withthe system file. structure and content. The query language uses English languageterms and relations extensively.

The fmmediate response of the system and i ts ease of use makenew uses for effective machine-aid possible. In particular, the user can turnover a much larger amount of detailed manipUlation of infonnation to the machinewithout losing control. He can make use of long series of dependent queries,using some queries to discover file structure and information availability andothers for retrieval and manipulation. The system is thus able to act as aproblem-solving tool rather than simplY a processor of anticipated questionsand programs without m i n ~ z i n the usefulness of the latter function.

4) Structured Files - The information files of the system are heldin random access mass 'memories accessible through a retrieval system held incommon for l l programs and al l users. The file structure which facilitatesthis retrieval has several important properties:

a) Each major unit of information, called a record, isindexed (and therefore retrievable) by a variety of descriptive terms andrelations.

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Report No. 31-102-6 12/15/65b) The set of descriptive tenms is open ended and may be

expanded or contracted at any t ~ ec The set of descriptive terms is rich enough to accommodateboth routine processes and non-routine search ; i t includes both quantitative

and symbolic terms.d) For selected classes of descriptive terms, the indexing

includes threaded l is ts of descriptors, so that the records having a particulardescriptor can be searched selectively without examining irrelevant recordswhiCh do not have that descriptor.

e The file structure is general and cornnon to all files. Thefile organization described in this report lends i tself to the flexible, highlyvaried kind of processing expected with real t ~ e personal control by the user.The threaded l is ts give a high efficiency of search, and the rich descriptorstructure allows the use. of many easy, natural relations in the search andmanipUlation processes.

5) MUltiprocessing and MUltiprogramming - The changing responsibilitieof Naval cornnands and changing stock of available technology require that systemsbe extremely flexible in order to avoid early obsolescence. Partly in responseto this need, the portion of the system at each installation is a multiprocessor,with the capacity to accept or release computers as needed. The programmingsystem is modular and relatively machine-independent, so that new computers canbe added without rendering the older computers ineffective.

Command and control computing requirements characteristicallyinclude extensive reference to large files, so that the efficient use of computertime in conjunction with frequent use of mass storage input and output is asignificant technical problem. A well-planned mUltiprogramming system can makeeffective use of input/output equipment and st i l l keep the central processorsbusy nearly l l the time with available computing.

The mUltiprocessing and multiprogramming described in thisparagraph is applicable to the real time strategic concept for a world-widesystem. In this task the applicability of USQ 20 at newly-mechanized commandswas to be investigated.

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Report No. 31-102-6 12/15/651.2 .Facilities and Requirements of Newly-MeChanized Commands.

In considering possible configurations of equipment, programs andmethods for the newly-mechanized camnand, every item considered must contributein some way to achievement of effective participation in the integrated systempreviously discussed. In order to Choose facile combinations for the variousstages of conversion, addi iona bases for justification are needed. Thepurpose of this section is to describe the basis for the selection of equipmentprograms and methods. This task considered only the problems of an individualnewly-mechanized command and did not consider the real time interaction withother mechanized commands. For this purpose an outline description of the systemunder consideration follows.

The newly-mechanized command system ie one which until recently hasnot used automatic data processing for the bulk of i ts work. t has limitedexperience and.stock of computer programs to aid in 'prosecuting i ts responsibili-ties. t facilities and requirements are assumed initially to include thefollowing.

A typical newly-mechanized command environment is one that is anticipatedto prevail at COMN VE STP C in the near future.

1.2.1 Facilities.The restrictions on realtime communications have been described in

Technical COtTmunications Corporation report, ttltrJ. nalv is of the Impact ofNaval Carmunications of ADP and Real Time Data Transmissions , Interim Report

~ . R 6 5 - 1 0 0 prepared for the Office of Naval Research, Advanced Warfare SystemsDivision (Code 493).

1) Communication facilities adequate for carrying out i ts emergencyand wartime responsibiltiies using manual methods.

2) A moderately powerful computer, such as the USQ-20, with ananinal set of input/output devices, (i .e. , magnetic_and. paper tape facilities,card facilities and printers, but no mass memories or user consoles are asst.D1ied )

3)1trJ. assembly language and program for the basic computer.


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1.2.2 Requirements.A representative set of responsibilities prevailing at COMN VE STP C

and to a lesser extent, those at CINCUSNAVEUR have been used as guidelines.These responsibilities are such that they will make a contribution to theoverall responsibilities of the Naval establishment by being served by anintegrated command and control system. These responsibilities are l isted inthe f irst column in Fig. 1-1. These are translated in column 2 into thenecessary data base, and in column 3 into specific functions. The necessarysystem features are l isted in the fourth column in Fig. 1-1.

A major question posed during the study was whether the f irst steptoward real time should involve a new family of computers, or may the existingequipment be utilized.

The study indicated that, a) mechanization is possible with thepresently planned equipment, b the additions that were indicated were ofrelatively small cost, c) the l i fe of a system will be extended through thenew programs and added peripherals. Therefore in this report, the implementationis envisaged in ter.ms of utilization of the presently available computer, theUSQ-20.

As a basic principle, emergency and wartime needs and functionsare assumed to dominate the system. Peacetime processing rates and needs aretherefore not paramount except as they are related to emergency and wartimeprocessing rates and needs or in the unlikely event that they exceed emergencyand wartime needs.

A number of pervasive difficulties with manual and automatedmethods in current Naval systems for dealing with infonmation were identifiedin the f irst task of this study. Several of these apply particularly to thenewly mechanized corrnnand and should therefore be considered strongly inchoosing a Phase 1 configuration. They include:

1 Input capacity - Manual command systems are typically unableto maintain an adequate, trained staff in peacetime to handle emergencyinformation volumes when the need arises. The Phase 1 configuration shouldtherefore provide for high-VOlume input with limited staff.

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Report No. 31 102 6 12/15/65

COMMANDAND

CONTROL

SYSTD1 SYSTEMRESPONSIBILITY SYSTEMS FILES OPERATION FEATURESSTOREINFORMATION

SHIPS FILECONTROL ASW . PORT SORT ANDFORCES CLASSIFYCONTROL OF ORGANIZATIONCOMBAT FORCES COMMUNICATIONSSEARCH AND PROCEIlJRES PRINTOUTS RFAL T I M ~RESCUE COMMANDLOGISTICS LOGISTICS TRANSlATION MULTI NDCOORDINATION PROGRAMMING]CONTROLPROVIDING INFOR INTELLIGENCE MULTI 1ATION AND PROCESSINGINTELLIGENCEOCEAN CLEARANCE ENVIRONMENTAL PRESENT TIME SHAREETC. ALTERNATIVESPROBLEMSOLVINGPLANNING SINGLE DATABASETRAININGCONTINUITY OFOPERATIONS

FIGURE 1 1 TRANSFORMATION OF COMMAND RESPONSIBILITIESTO COMPUTER SYSTEM FEATURES.

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Report No. 31-102-6 12/15/652) Backup capacity - The acceptance of backup responsibilities

involves major changes in the requirements of a command for information,including new requirements to accept major portions of the data base of thecommands being backed up. Particularly i the commands being backed up areusing computers, the manual command system is often unable to use the informationeffectively. Similar difficulties arise i the linked commands do not providefor compatibility between their computer systems by means of translation programsor adequate technical standards.

3) Untimely information - The process of manually digestingstrategic information for the commander s use typically takes hours or daysfor al l but the most urgent messages. The same processes at an externalinformation source often make arriving information u n t ~ e l y One of the majorreasons for introducing computers is to ~ p r o v e the accessability and capacityto provide timely information for internal use and timely external reports.

4) Insufficient information base - The difficulties cited aboveprevent ~ y kinds of infor.mation from ever being incorporated in a manualcommand s information base. The resulting base is often inadequate forinfor.med decision making. The computerized system should therefore allow foran expanded data base.

1.3 General Development Plan.This report presents a development of three phases (outlined in

paragraph 1.3.1) leading toward an integrated world-wide system. This sectionoutlines the development in tenms of hardware configurations, programs required,operational functional improvement, and the implementation.

Table 1-1 shows the specific recommendation based on the use of theAN/USQ 20B computer.

The growth phases outlined below are presented in greater detail inlater sections, f irst considering the equipment growth in Sect. 3 and then therelated program growth in Sects. 4 and 5.

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TABLE 1 1EQUIIMENT, PROGRAMS, AND FUNCTIONS IN THE THREE PHASES

DEVELOPMENT TIME EQUIPMENT ADDED PROGRAMS ADDED f PROGRAMS ADDED DURINGND USEFUL LIFE TO INITIATE TO INITIATE IPHASE TO PERFORM

b S ~ Y ~ S ~ T I M ~ = = ~ ~ O ~ F ~ P ~ H A ~ S E ~ = = = = = = ~ P H A ~ S ~ E ~ = = = = = = = = = = 9 F P ~ H A ~ ~ S E = = = = = = = = = = = F C = O = ~ = = = = = = F U N = C = T = I O = N = S = = ~ ~ r n m = = = C T = I = O = N = S = = = = = = =IDEVELOIMENT TIME: IUSQ-20B COMPUTER MULTIPROGRAMMING I ROGRAMS FOR R E S P E T I ~ E SEA SURVEILIANCENITIALPHASE 1 I 12 15 MOS. 1 2: 8 MILLION I EXECUTIVE I FUNCTIONS: SAR, OTA, ASW,IUSEFUL LIFE: i CHARACTERS 8M) ji FQUIELERYSySYSTEMSTIM : OCE N CLFARANCE NAVIGATION)I TO PHASE 2 I DISCS PLANS GENERATOR, LOGISTICS: CASREPSI 116 TELETYPE IGENEPAL AND SFA I ETC. ICONTINUITY OFI I CONSOLES LOCAL) i SURVEILlANCE IFILE TRANSIATION I OPERATIONS

,

1 I i UPDATING I AND AVOIDANCE UPDATE I ONTROL OF COMBATI I IAIRCRAFT SCHEDULING FORCESI-I-NTE--RIM-:--+I-D-fN-ELQ--PME--NT--T-IME -:--+-i - - ~ - ; - ~ ~ ~ - ; - ; ~ ~ - - l D I ; ; ~ ~ - ~ N T R O L . ; U L T I R E ~ ; ~ ; I CEAN C-L-FARA---N-C-E---

12 15 MOS. I 4: CRT I PROGRAMS 1 PlANNER IPIANNING FUNCTIONUSEFUL LIFE: DISPLAYS I ASW MULTI-CONTACT II TO PHASE 3 i 8: TELETYPES I PROSECUTION PLANNING I NTELLIGENCE

'

I I WIlliLONGi I AIDS I RAININGDISTANCE IIPHASE 2

I TELEPHONE I i I~ _ L _______ - --I_______I ~ ~ _ + - - _ I_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - - IFULL IDEVELOIMENT TIME: UP TO 4: 8M DISCS ICOMPUTER lANGUAGE IDATA BASE COMPARISON ENHANCEMENT OF AUOPERATION: I 18 MOS. 4: CRT TRANSIATION REMOTE REQUEST REPORT OF ABOVE FUNCTIONSPHASE 3 I USEFUL LIFE: DISPLAYS EXTERNAL QUERY GENERATOR5 YRS . OR MORE 2: MAPPING lANGUAGE

DISPLAYS TRANSLATIONON-LINE ACCESS TO

OTHER O ~ S_ * These may be aaaed during Phase 1 r 2 as needed.

EXCEPTION REPORTINGTESTSCOMBINED PIANSCONSISTENCY TEST

COORDINATION AIDS


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Report No. 31-102-6 12/15/651.3.1 Equipment Growth Phases.

The phased growth of hardware accommodates, f irs t local real timeactivity second extended consoles on long distance telephone lines for remotequery and update and third general on-line computer-to-computer comudnication.

Phase 1 consists of a real time time-shared integrated fi lelocal operations.

Growth of display capability is expected in Phase 2 in order toprovide more convenient means for man-maChine interaction in the input processfor on-line programming, for query and response and for computer-aided manipUlation of situation and plan representations. The CRT displays in Phase 2 areable to provide more convenient and rapid inputloutput and editing than teletypeprinters greatly speeding up the input process and allowing the scanning oflarger volumes of query output.

. Also in Phase 2 an ini t ial set of 8 distantly located consoleswill be connected through telephone land lines for coordination between commands.They are tentatively allocated as follows:

Direct Superior CommandOther Commands Being Backed Up 2 eachParallel Command

1438

They would be used primarily for remote updating and querying rather than forother computer services.

The mapping displays in Phase 3 are for situation representationand for manipUlating computer representations of c o m ~ n e d plans.

In Phase 3 the computer-to-computer on-line communication wouldbe used for a variety of services. t provides a basis for development of anintegrated data base and shared data base maintenance out of the separate partsmaintained by separate commands. In Pllase 3 the integrated data base isintegrated both intra- and inter-command. This provides a much firmer basisfor long term continuity of operations and survivability of an effectiveinformed commander.

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Report No 3 1 ~ 1 0 2 6 12 15 65After Phase 3 capabilities are fully utilized, which we anticipate

being five or more years away, further growth should incorporate a new generationof computers. Phase 3 capabilities will serve adequately until a new generationof computers is needed .

1.3.2 System Program Growth Phases.The basic Phase 1 development produces an effective set of system

programs which are useful for the remaining phases in their entirety. Specificadditions to the system programs include 1 0 for the RT display control programsin Phase 2 and for the map display in Phlase 3.

1.3.3 Functional Program Growth Phases.The functional programs added in the particular phases are not

strictly identified with a specific phase, since the system s open-endedacceptance of programs allows t to incorporate them at any time after thesystem programs are complete. A wide variety of new services is made availableduring the usage periods of Phases 2 and 3 as shown in the 4th column of Table 1-1.A general purpose file translator may be included in Phase 1 or added at anytime thereafter.

1.4 Phase 1 System Characteristics.The Phase 1 configuration will be entirely local, extending no new

services or operational requirements beyond the installation of the particularcommand which t serves. No other command will interact in real time withthe subject command since in this phase the capability does not exist.

Specific characteristics which are chosen on the basis of theseconsiderations are discussed below:

1 ) Capacity for real time activi y 2) Multiprogramming.3 Provision for Random Access Mass Memory Devices and Information

Displays.

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Report No 31-102-6 12/15/651.4.1 Capacity for Real Time Activity.

Real time operation has a number of important advantages. Realtime system operation is a mode of interaction between the system user and themachine which he uses. When the answers to queries are made available withinthe ~ e d i t e attention span of the user the system is a real time system.While this subjective view of real time does not allow a precise statement ofthe maximum time intervals involved, a number of currently operating real timesystems respond to request for computation in less than half a minute.Real time operation also introduces significant improvements over the morecommon batch computing in the capability provided for the commander and hisstaff , in the information input process and in the efficiency of machine usage.

The most striking feature of a real time corrmand and control systemis i t s ease of use as an operational problem solving tool. The user normallydeals w t ~ the system through a personal console by which he is able to makequeries and request processing and display information which results from suchrequests. The irrnnediate response of the system means that machine aid can beapplied many times in succession on an individual problem. Alternative coursesof action can be chosen. Their implications can be investigated. The resultscan be evaluated, and the problem can be refonnulated i necessary. Thisfacil i ty in locating and manipulating-information allows the commander orstaff officer to concentrate his attention on the most relevant informationand the most promising alternatives. When decisions are made, they are likelyto be more knowledgeable, to be based on greater detail of information and onconsideration of more alternatives than would in fact be considered without theaid of a real time tool.

The information input process is significantly aided by making i ta real time process. Information to be filed is coded, verified, and enteredinto the data base piece by piece, with any necessary corrections being made

A sample query analyzed in Sect. 6.3 for the recommended system gives i t sirst useful output in 2.5 seconds or 18 seconds, depending on whethersorted, tabulated output is required.

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Report No. 31-102-6 12/15/65~ e d i a t e l y before the next entry is processed.* This ability to do theentire input process at one place and at one time makes the input processmore efficient than i t would be otherwise. Particularly with a flexible setof semi-autonomous display consoles, the real time input system can speedupthe rate of input significantly, thereby providing additional input capacityfor wartime or emergency situations. The information in the data base iskept more timely since entry errors are corrected immediately and since i t isnot necessary to wait for an economic batch of inputs to build up.

Real time operation allows a drastic improvement in the efficiencyof machine usage. The use of structured random access mass storage allows . hecomputer to search selectively through the relevant filed infonmation withoutprocessing large volumes of irrelevant information (as is normally necessary intape-based systems. t is this efficient search wnich makes real time machineresponse possible even when large diverse files are used, and which leads tothe high relative efficiency of real time command and control systems.

The efficiency of updating processes is extremely high for similarreasons. Records to be updated can be located quickly and treated individuallywithout waiting for economic batches and without relocating large numbers ofrecords.

Real time operation makes on-line programming convenient andeffective. This mode of programming allows the programmer to build and testparts of programs freely during the development process. t has proved tobe a major improvement in prograrmning technique for i ts present users, thechief improvements are in the speed and cost of program development.

* Conventional filing of information in an electronic data base is essentiallya batch process. Each piece of infonnation to be filed is coded in a sui ableformat and incorporated into batches. Each batch is then checked in a numberof ways, with the portions found erroneous being rejected or returned forcorrection. Finally the batch is used to produce a new file (typically ontape) from an old one, again with some rej ection of errors. Each step istaken outside of the context of t he others, and each time a person s attentionis required, he must reassess and reidentify the action sought.1-12


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Report No. 31-102-6 12/15/651.4.2 Multiprogramming.

The real time system activity requires a real time executive programfor i ts control. The integrated system has as one of i t s basic features thesimultaneous operations of programs (mul tiprograrrnning) The objective is toallow the USQ 20B to handle the largest number of simultaneous on-line users.Multiprogramming achieves this through 1) maximum uti l izat ion of I/O channels,2) through overlapping processing and I/O and 3) through accorronodating a numberof user jobs simultaneously in the memory.

Conversion to a mUltiprogram executive at a later date would involveconsiderable duplication of effort in the construction of any non-multiprogramexecutive which would precede i t The reasonable point for orderly introductionof multiprogramming is a t the beginning of the phased development, as part of thePhase 1 configuration.

1.4.3 Memory and Display Technology.The recent development of computer related technology makes a number

of significant new capabilities available for command and control. The.provisionfor their inclusion in any significant new development is absolutely necessary.Briefly, the relevant technologies include:

1) Mass Memory Hardware and Software - The available informationstorage capacity for rapid, so-called random access has increased severalorders of magnitude in the past few years, primarily through the e v e l o ~ e n tof magnetic disc and drum equipment, and more recently in certain developmentsusing photographic memory or small flexible magnetic surfaces. Recent programcontrol techniques for organizing, representing and gaining access to massedinformation in such media provide efficient ways to deal with large volumes ofinformation which is of primary concern to improvements in corronand and control.

2) Information Display - A variety of new information input anddisplay devices has demonstrated significant improvements in the volume ofinformation which can successfully be presented to a person, and in the degreeto which a person can be given effective control of a complicated informationprocess. Particularly in real time systems, the new display consoles allow a

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Report No. 31-102-6 12/15/65degree of man-machine interaction which has previously been impractical;furthermore they have demonstrated ways to work which make even the simpleconsoles into effective tools.

The existence of such technology makes necessary to reexaminestrategic command and control for possible application and to find effectiveways to implement the applications which are identified. Such an overallexamination was performed in a previous study period and a system concept fora greatly improved Naval comnand and control capability was developed. Thepresent study outlines steps by which the improvements can be achieved, wi themphasis on the character of the all-important f irst step.

1.5 Expected Benefits.The expected benefits which motivate the use of new technology include:1) More effective data management - Storage of a given piece of

information inone place in a corrrnon fi le rather than in the files of severalusers allows the effects of errors to be controlled. This form of storage andimmediate access to storage assure the user that he has the latest information,that others on whom he depends have the latest information, and that theirinformation agrees with his. Each of these three assurances can eliminatesignificant delays and uncertainties which are the basis for much communicationin other kinds of systems. The availabili y of the final filed informationduring the input process is expected to eliminate many of the errors which occurin changing information from form to form without feedback. In addition realtime updating will provide more timely information s firm basis for coordinatedaction.

2 Efficiency - The efficiency of machine usage is expected to increasedrastically through the use of recent technology. The savings of machineattention are available from two sources. First conversion to mass memoryfiles with effective internal structure allows the machine to deal with onlythose records which have a high probability of relevance rather than allrecords of a given file. Second, multiprogramming can substantially improvethe usage of the processor by. dividing i ts attention among several programs.

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Report No. 31-102-6 12/15/65

These efficiencies taken together are expected to increase the capacity of thesystem drastically thus providing an opportunity for effective use of morecomputer aid and greater emergency capability.

3 New Services - New system programs with the capacity to acceptprograms in an open-ended fashion will permit new services to aid in meetingspecific areas of command responsibility. For example, identification aidprograms for SW and logistics files of command ~ p o r t n c e could be addedwithout disturbing the existing f i le organization or programs.

In addition the abili ty to investigate files in depth with adependent set of queries and programs is expected to be a particularly powerfulnew service.

4 Growth and Flexibility - The use of recent technology in thehardware and software of mass storage provides a capability for growth withoutthe constraints inherent in older systems. Specifically the provision of a richopen-ended f i le structure and program set allows for free adaptation of fi lesto new uses and easy programmipg with respect to the available f i les. Theavailability of an easy-to-use retrieval system will enhance both of thesecapabilities.

The remainder of this report presents a plan for ~ p l m n t i n g realt ~ e strategic command and control in the operating environment previouslydescribed. Section 6 demonstrates that these benefits can be obtained andgives some specific examples of possible performance of such a system.

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2. REQUIREMENTS2.1 General.

The mission of a Naval command evolves from laws set forth by theCongress directives issued by the Department of Defense and instructions setforth by the Secretary of the Navy and the Chief of Naval Operations. Themission statement indicates various functions which the Command must perform.These missions are derived from various functions papers and inter-serviceagreements which parcel out the responsibilities for defending the interestsof the United States. In order to carry out i ts mission the Command has anunber of requirements for authority, resources, and procedures necessary tofulf i l l the imposed responsibilities. Since the resources of the Navy arelimited, an overabundance in one command will lead to deficiency in another.Likewise if procedures are not adequate efficient and simple they willlead to requirements for additional resources.

The requirements of each command must be enumerated analyzed andunderstood. Also they must e reflected in the General Operational Requirements.There are a nunber of classification systems currently in existence whichindicate the types of mission requirements in a mutually exclusive set ofcategories or classes. Each requirement presents considerable overlap withothers. In general terms, the corrnnander of a command and control organizationmust have detailed knowledge of several entities. First is environmentalinformation, second is enemy force or potential enemy force information,third is friendly force and capability information fourth is logisticinformation, and fifth is communications plans, techniques, l iaison, andprocedural information. t should be noted that these entities are includedin the listing of requirements in Sect. 1.1

t isthe purpose of this section to discuss missions responsibilitiesor requirements of the command and to explain in later sections how they couldbe perfor.med more effectively and more efficiently with a real time AutomaticData Pn:>cessing System. The assumption is made that the command is a FrontierCommand and having approximately the same responsibilities as Commander NavalDefense Forces Eastern Pacific or Commander in Chief, U S. Naval Forces, Europe.

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Report No. 31-102-6 12/15/6-5When the responsibilities of the commander are analyzed i t becomes

apparent that the same tasks are elements of each of the responsibilities.The same information is required for performance of virtually al l functions.Any arbitrary group of classification systems presents overlap and haveconsiderable redundancy. A conclusion that must be drawn from the analysisis that fi le integration into a single data base is mandatory.

The analysis further reveals that many tasks not adequately performednow or performed manually could be performed economically and efficientlywith the computer system. The system recommended in this report takes intoconsideration both of these conclusions providing for a single data base andfor greatly expanded computer efforts.

2.2 Ocean Surveillance.For the purpose of this study, Ocean Surveillance is defined as the

capability to locate, track, identify, and report l l surface and subsurfacecontacts which can activate a sensor. The sensor is based on ,visual, electro-magnetic or sonic phenomena. n ocean surveillance system must be able to reactto information prior to the activation of an applicable sensor. Informationfrom sources such as MOVREPS SUBNOTS MEREPS MSTSMR and Ship x Reportsand other sources must be acceptable. This information must be augmented byinput information from the various sensors. In an ideal situation thecommander having direct responsibility for a given ocean area requiresinformation on l l vessels, ships, boats and disturbances within that area.In the practical case,at least in peacetime i t is necessary to arbitrarilylimit the information to ships over a certain minimum. size, for instance 1000ton displacement. Otherwise i t is necessary to keep track of the multitudeof fishing vessels, pleasure craft , junks, large fish and mammals. In wartimethe movement of friendly fishing vessels and even larger vessels presentsidentification problems. The right of freedom of passage to neutral vesselson the high seas is well established in the body of international law andprohibition of their passage is generally politically unacceptable and moredifficult than keeping them under surveillance.

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Report No 31-102-6 12/15/65t should be obvious that Ocean Surveillance is not an end objective

in i tself but is an extremely essential function to help the Department ofthe Navy control the high seas and to make necessary secondary contributionsin any conflicts either defensive or offensive in nature. Ocean surveillanceprovides crucial inputs to decision makers. The adequacy of these decisionswill be proportional to the accuracy and completeness of ocean surveillance.In search and rescue operations ocean surveillance is a dominating functionNone of the various naval warfare functions can be adequately performed withoutan adequate ocean surveillance system. The capability to perform this functionis so important that a highly efficient reliable and sophisticated oceansurveillance system is mandatory.

The ocean surveillance and reconnaissance system now being implementedin the Atlantic could have validity in the Pacific. In the Pacific this is aprime responsibility of CINCPACFLT and the designated successor to CINCPACFLTis COMFIRSTFLT In the event of catastrophe i f i t becomes necessary for theDefense Commander to assume this responsibility then he must have an adequatedata processing system to undertake this responsibility.

Ocean traffic accounting is actually a subfunction of an oceansurveillance system. Within the area of responsibility of COMNAVEASTPACreference data must be maintained on Naval ships Naval Units Merchant Shipsand ship routes. Active fi les must be maintained on Naval ShipS underNay,merchant ships Bloc Merchant ships Naval Ships in port and Merchant shipsin port. In the event of emergency condi ions this requirement furtherincreases and in the event of general war conditions and assuming currentlydesignated successorcorrnnand functions i t would be necessary to storereference data on more Naval ships more Naval units more Merchant shipsand more ship routes. Ultimate purpose would be to minimize location data onall ships in the Pacific and adjacent areas.

As new and improved sensors are developed the capability to conductocean surveillance will increase. Additional contacts must be classified. Due* COMNAVEASTPAC is used herein for illustrative purposes only and to indicatethe scope of the task.

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Report No. 31-102-6 12/15/65to multiple r e p o r t i n g ~ v e r i f i c t i o n of reports will be necessary. Tolerablelimits of accuracy within a sensor system can create problems of targetclassification.

The information available to the commander and to the forces whichhe must employ or coordinate is only as good as the input information which hereceives. Erroneous or late information can cause the system to be overburdenedin a minimum of time. Timely reports and instructions must be issued topersonnel or forces that will react. Table 2-1 indicates the tasks to beperformed in ocean surveillance.

2.3 Continuity of Operations.The Navy must have a positive capability to maintain continuous

command and control in the event of disas ter or in the event i t becomesdesirous to transfer this function instantaneously t o a new geographicallocation for any reason. Positive control must be continuous even with thedestruction of a commander and his staff . The command and control capabilitymust suffer minimum degradation in efficiency and effectiveness when geographicalchanges are made. Redundancy in command and control capability is a requisiteto conduct of nuclear warfare.

These requirements can be best met i f each command and control centeris an integral and integrated part of the overall Navy-wide command and controlsystem. The development of functional compatibility and near-identiccil.systems must be given highest priority in canmand and control research anddevelopment. Whenever economically feasible identical hardware equipment mustbe installed in all centers. This will reduce reprogramming expenditures andsimplify procedures for maintaining continuity of operations. I t is emphasizedthat a center must be capable of substituting for ei ther a senior or subordinatecommand or to take on responsibilities o fa command at the level as i tselfthat is one that is geographically contiguous or functionally similar. Table2-2 indicates gross tasks in order to maintain continuity of operations.

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Report No. 31-102-6 12/15/65TABLE 2-1

TASKS OF OCE N SURVEILLANCEPurpose: To locate, track, identify, and report all surface andsubsurface contacts which can activate a sensor.

Task 1 - Developing the Data BaseSubtasks:

a) Enter MOVREPS, SUBNOTS, MEREPS, MSTSMR, and Shj.ps Wx RPrSinto the fi le as soon as they are received, i .e . , real t:ime.b) Enter information reports concerning ship sailings into file.These reports cane from sources such as Tug Pilots, portdirectors offices, newspapers, insurance companies and anyother source including intelligence reports. Some of theseentries are to be made in real t:ime, others could be batchprocessed if they are received in BATCHES.)c) Enter visual sightings reports from Naval surface ships and. econnaissance aircraft into the fi le when received, in realtime.d) Enter sensor reports SOSUS and others) into the computer assoon as they are received, in real time.

Task 2 - Evaluation and Classificatione) Note all sensor reports which can be positively identifiedas known ships.f) Enter in computer all reports of sightings of unidentified orenemy ships. Entry to be made in real time.

(g) Use gross correlation techniques to determine identificationof unidentified ships.h) Send search/reconnaissance units in order to identify allcontacts which s t i l l remain unknown.

Task 3 - Track and Displayi) Track all known contacts. This includes both identified andunidentified ships/SSej ) Continuously compare tracks of ships to sailing routes todetermine destination and time of arrival at destination.

(k) Maintain a plot of all ships and tracks either in display formor available as a computer print out.

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Report No 31 102 6 12/15/65T BLE 2-1 Cont.)

TASKS OF OCE N SURVEILLANCE

Task 4 - Reports1) Report al l enemy and those that are s t l l unidentified tocompetent senior authority and to forces that will take action.

Task 5 - Statisticalm) Gather statistical information regarding surveillancefunction. For instance, number of ships entering and leavingvarious ports. Types of cargo being transferred in a certaindirection, number of ships in pipe line. This informationcan have strategic significance. Did the line of merchantships headed for Pearl Harbor on 1 December 1941 from Tokyoend at a certain point? ,

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Report No. 31-102-6 12 15 65T BLE 2-2

CONTINUITY OF OPER TIONS

Purpose: To have the capability to instantaneously substitute for acorrmand and control center which is senior, ~ u b o r o i n t e orhorizontal to the original corrnnand. The new cormnand must beable to control remnant forces and effectively utilize theseforces, with a minimum transfer of information.Task 1 - The Data Base

Subtasks:(a) Maintain a complete current organization chart of personnel,installations, logistics and forces assigned to designatedcommands.b) Maintain a capability fi le of forces designated in (a) above.

(c) Maintain a current l s t of geographical position of forcesdesignated in (a) above.d) Maintain a current l s t of plans and op orders pertainingto uti l izat ion of forces in various contingency situations.

(e) Maintain a current status of corrnnunications networksavailable with alternate routes available to be used inthe exercise of command control.Task 2 - ]mplementation

(f) Upon receipt of notification that the corrnnand must assumeresponsibility for the function of another command usethe information from Task 1 to conduct operations dependingon the situation. This task alone justifies a real timesystem with a query capability which will assist the userin making the proper queries. When a command is notifiedthat t is the successive command the new commander and hisstaff will want to brief themselves in the minimum time asto the status and capability of the command they are relieving.

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Report No 31 102 6 12/1S/6S2.4 Antisubmarine Warfare ASW).

Defending continental United States from missile launching submarinesand protecting United States and friendly shipping from torpedo launchingsubmarines are formidable tasks. The conduct of SW is a paramount concernto the Navy. Any action a commander performs to reduce the threat is worthyof performance, yet a commander s resources can be squandered i f heindiscriminantly tr ies to counter al l unidentified contacts with militaryforces. As stated previously one of the primary purposes for the oceansurveillance system is to be able to identify various contacts and to determinei f they are friendly or enemy. By jUdicious use of an ocean surveillancesystem, including ocean accounting and other sources of information, a commandercan greatly reduce the number of contacts which require at-the-scene investigation

The SW function can be illustrated by the specific duties ofC O M N V D E F E S T P ~ C as a typical command and control center. The Ocean TrafficAccounting system OTA) is charged with providing Oceanographic System PacificOSP) with the position identification and, i f possible additional description

of both friendly and unfriendly ships in the area where a contact may besuspected. The success of Oceanographic System Pacific would depend in manycases on the accuracy and completeness of the information provided to i t byOTA. In prosecuting unidentified ship and unidentified submarine contactsthe cycle of updating of separate Navy, Merchant and Bloc files and retrievalfrom these files. may approach tw hours. . This is inadequate since a submarinecould change position by thirty to forty-five nautical miles in that periodof time. In some cases the investigation may require reconnaissance flight.I t is necessary to provide a reconnaissance flight with an accurate l i s tincluding description and position of all ships which i t should encounterenroute to the area.

A requirement exists to be able to search files simultaneouslyand effect split-second information retrieval. These files should indicatethe SW forces available the readiness and characteristics of these forces.The ocean surveillance file9 would indicate friendly ships that should be made

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Report No 31-102-6 12/15/65aware of the possibility of an identified contact, and necessary changes inconvoy routing or changes in tracks. Table 2-3 l i s ts task requirements for ASWoperations.

2.5 Ocean Clearance, Dispersal of Forces and Naval Control and Protectionof Shipping.m essential resource of the Navy is i ts mobility. By use of mobility,

military force can be brought to bear on a single (or multiple) concentration.Conversely forces can be dispersed to make them less vulnerable to enemy action.In particular i t is prudent to disperse ships when the enemy is expected tostrike a port. The administration of this function can be time consuming i fperformed manually but fortunately i t is of a type which can be readilymechanized. The corranander must know the p r s ~ n t location of all forces andthe current state of readiness. For ships in port he must know the repairstatus and time necessary to get a ship underway. The commander must havea dispersal plan for most contingencies and he must issue instructions , .to .thevarious units indicating how they should proceed to the various dispersal areas.Additional instructions for rejoining and for command relationships are required.All these instructions are dynamic inputs to the overall functions which arecontinually changing. The location of ships, the status of repair and evenrelative seniority of commanding officrs are never static. t is a never-endingtask to keep this infonnation current. t can be done with ease with a computersystem.

t is of interest to note that no use is made of Automatic DataProcessing equipment in this function by COMNAVDEFEASTPAC Occasional practiceis made by conducting exercises in which vessels clear ports. Plans forocean clearance are only in the f o r m ~ t i v stage. Supporting ADP should bedeveloped with files that include ship, cargo and fuel status. Routing plansmust be performed which give realistic wartime considerations.

Under general wartime conditions the EASTPAC area will encompass upto 2200 ports and harbors and endeavor to keep track of 1400 merchant shipsunderway. The requirement here for ADP is obvious. Table 2-4 indicates thetasks to be performed in ocean clearance and dispersal of forces and protectionof shipping.

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Report No. 31-102-6 12/15/65T BLE 2-3

ANTISUBMARINE W RF RE

Purpose: To neutralize enemy or potentially enemy submarines.

Subtask:a)

Task 1 Location - Detection

Search ocean surveillance files by eliminating known contacts,locating positions of al l unidentified contacts which maybe enemy or p o t n t ~ l l y enemy submarines.Task 2 - Classification

(b) Using correlation techniques, classify and as far as possibleidentify all unidentified contacts.(c) Order appropriate suveillance reconnaissance forces toscene to assist in classification.

Task 3 - Reporting(d) Report to canpetent senior authority and to forces which willbe used in utilization, and to forces which are to be dispersedlocation, identification, capability and probable intentionof enemy or potentially enemy submarines.

Task 4 - Neutralizatione) Search ocean surveillance files to determine forces in positionwhich have capability of neutralizing submarines.f) Dispatch forces to area to neutralize submarines Receiveappropriate reports from tactical commander.

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Report lb 31-102-6TABLE 2-4

OCEAN CLEARANCE DISPERSAL OF FORCES AND NAVALCONTROL AND PROTECTION OF SHIPPING NCAP)

12/15/65

Purpose: To minimize the effect of enemy air and submarine strikes.Task I - The Data Base

Subtasks:(a) The location of l l ships in port or in the corrmand s areaof responsibility is available on the ocean surveillance(ships) file.(b) The current status of readiness of l l ships in port and

l l naval ships in the area are available on the oceansurveillance (ships) file.(c) Maintain location of enemy or unidentified contacts in thearea.

(d) From search and reconnaissance reports and reports from othercorrmands maintain a fi le of enemy aircraft and enemy missilelaunching sites.Task 2 - Execution

(e) Disperse ships in port in accordance with current dispersalplan.(f) Verify validity of re-grouping points and procedures.Task 3 - Protection of Shipping (Planning)(g) From ocean surveillance fi le, ships readiness fi le and loadingplans form convoys for ships about to leave port.(h) From readiness fi les determine escorts available to escortconvoys.(i) Determine convoy routes, and plans for evasion of enemy ships.

Task 4 - Protection of Shipping (Execution)( j ) Issue appropriate instructions to convoy corrmanders and appropriatereports to seniors.

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Report No 31-102-6 12/15/652.6 Search and Rescue.

Search and rescue operations occur at irregular and unplannedintervals both in peace and in wartime... Experience indicates that theygenerally occur when least expected and to the e t r ~ e n t of other plannedoperations. They are generally performed in an environment of considerableconfusion. They can be the source of embarrassment to the Navy Departmentdue to the loss of l ife, and create considerable discomfort to individuals.On the other hand i f performed efficiently and successfully they can accruegood will and good publicity to the Navy and to the commander performingthe search and rescue. In w a r t . i . m e ~ search and rescue operations must be donen a routine manner and i f successfully accomplished extremely valuable

resources can be conserved.By providing accurate, timely and complete information the commander

of a corrrnand control organization can set the stage and almost provide for asuccessful search and rescue I: if; i t : is within the realm of possibility. Theinformation is , again, the same information required in the previously discussedfunctions. That is information provided by the ocean surveillance files, andinformation provided by the readiness and capabilities files. These three typesof information in reality can be integrated into a ships fi le. Regardless ofthe nature of the file this information must be available to the commander andhis staff in real time. He must be able to assure himself with proper queriesthat he has the complete and accurate information.

I t should be noted that in normal peacetime operations the CoastGuard has primary responsibility for search and rescue. In wartime this-function will be performed by the Navy Table 2-5 indicates the tasks to beperformed in search and rescue operations.

2.7 Control of Combat Forces.Except in unusual emergency situations or in very special isolated

cases the comnander of the command and control organization would not directlycontrol tactical units. His control is exercised through sUbordinate staffswhich have the responsibility of the actual application of military force.

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Report No 31-102-6 12/15/65T BLE 2-5

SE RCH ND RESCUEPurpose: To seek out and provide assistance to ships, aircraft , andpersonnel in distress, and to coordinate the rescue.

Task 1 - Data BaseSubtasks:

a) In ocean surveillance fi les maintain location and capabilityof l l ships in the area.b) In readiness files maintain status of ships which can provideassistance.

Task. 2 - Executionc) Dispatch vessels or aircraft to provide assistance.d) Keep abreast of situation and provide p u l i ~ information. and logistic services as required.

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Report No 31 102 6 12/15/65However, the exceptions and the isolated cases are not t r iv ial During WorldWar II the Chief of Naval Operations directly controlled units which werecanbating the German submarines in the Atlantic Ocean. t is very likely thatother instances will .arise wherein i t will be necessary for the staff toactually control and direct tactical units. In the main i t is necessary tohave mechanisms, procedures plans and instructions so that subordinatestaffs can be given appropriate but minimum instructions to meet variousmilitary situations that arise. The various functions to be performed arefocused on maximizing the readiness and effectiveness of the tact ical units

Iisubordinate to the intervening staff . These are concerned with planningtraining repair of major inoperative systems: morale and evaluation ~ 1 a n yof these functions are day-to-day routines of the staff officer which willnecessarily be lef t undone during .emergency or under w r t i ~ e conditions .Planning administration of training and evaluation requires considerabledata and information. The data must be manipulated so that i t is meaningful.In some cases many routine computations are required. Table 2-6 indicates thetasks involved in control of combat forces.

2.8 Logistics.lhis function is one of coordinating planning of specific agencies

involved in logistics. t is necessary to review and approve some logisticsupport plans prepared by these agencies. In actual practice the commanderof a command and control center will only be directly involved in logisticsin unusual circumstances. This will usually be in periods of high tensionwhen adminstrative and operational personnel are extremely busy and theirtime is at a premium. The unusual circumstances will be in matters such asarranging to ai r l i f t men and materials during a crisis or providing logisticsupport during a search and rescue operation. The staff need not know themany details such as quantities of supplies except in special cases. However,they must have a knowledge of the logistics system operation so that as a mea ureof expedience they can circumvent established procedures and provide logisticsupport in a minirm un of time. They must have a detailed knowledge of themission procedures location and capabilities of the various supply andlogistic organizations in the area. Table 2-7 indicates the types of tasksinvolved in the logistic support function.

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Report No 31-102-6 12/15/65TABLE 2-6

CONTROL OF COMB T FORCES

Purpose: To direct at a strategic staff level forces assigned in combattingan enemy. To provide them with necessary direction, instructionand other assistance so that they will be successful in theirassigned mission.Task 1 - Data Base

Subtasks:a) Maintain ocean surveillance fi le from which one can extractlocations of ships both friendly, unidentified and enemy.b) Maintain readiness fi le from which one can extract readinessof own forces.c) Maintain intelligence fi le which indicates best knowncapabilities of enemy.d) Maintain weather - meteorlogical data fi le.e) Maintain contingency plans files as best advice for a givensituation.

Task 2 - Executione) Assign forces in accordance with situation and in accordancewith best information from contingency plan. The querylanguage should be designed to help user in evaluating theinformation and comparing the actual situation with thesituation in the contingency plan.)f) Receive plans from subordinate commanders. Check plans withinformation n the data base. This is a semi-manual operation.

The reports from the subordinate should indicate questionsto be verified and checked.Task 3 - Reports

g) Report to senior commands and to parallel commands actiontaken or to be taken might affect them or influence theircontinuity of operating plans.

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Report No 31-102-6 12/15/65T BLE 2-7LOGISTICS

Purpose: To render assistance to ships and aircraft requiring spareparts or services on an emergency basis, and to renderadministrative assistance to ships filing casualty reports.Task 1 - Data Base

Subtasks:a) Maintain file of capabilities of all repair and supplyfacilities.

(b) Maintain listing of ships having filed casualty reports inconjunction with the ships readiness file) .Task 2 - Execution

c) Provide liaison information for various logistic agenciesas required to assistance in emergencies of increasing theeffectiveness of the fleet.(d) Provide accounting support for special items such as petroletml,certain weapons, aircraft and other designated cornmodities.e) Provide special transportation for high priority items.

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Report No 31-102-6 12/15/652.9 Planning for Current and Contingency Operations.

The day-to-day work of the staff officer centers around planning.The effectiveness and efficiency of the command is directly related to theability of the staff to do completed staff work, that is perform fully theirplanning function. Yet there are many distractions to this central function.Accounting must be made of equipment ar.d publications reports must be made toseniors training exercises must be evaluated personnel must be administered.Planning is done in a piecemeal fashion amidst al l the distractions. I t becomesa laborious drawn out task with many loose threads. Much of the informationis not available at a central location and long delays ensue while the informatiois being gathered.Planning consists of 1 searching publications and instructionspromulgated by seniors 2 gathering statistical information from variousdocuments.promulgated by technical organizations such as the Naval OceanographicOffice and 3 applying this information to data gathered from staff publicationsAfter these three steps i t is necessary to analyze the planning data to selectal l possible alternatives solve problems to make compromises and then to presenti t in a meaningful fashion. Planning is a difficult operation even withoutdistractions. With routine distractions the efficiency of planning is reducedand the effectiveness of the command is degraded.

The quality of planning depends on the ability to foresee predictand get an overall picture; normally the planner has either too l i t t le or toomuch detailed information which is not properly classified or digested. I t isdifficult to get adequate detail with effective summarization and explicitinternal relationships. In general a planner needs both simplified and highlyabstracted data and an abundance of detailed data. The minimum figure p ~ i t seasy manipulation and ease of. arriving at a decision. The abundance of datapermits verification of results and gives the planner a higher degree ofconfidence in his work.

If the primary function of the staff is to plan i t is essentialthat the proper tools be provided. In this case i t is a large data base with

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Report No. 31-102-6 12/13/65a query capability which per.mits the user to interrogate the base Until hehas a maxlm\ lllJ confidence in his decision. Real time operation insures that hehas a minimum of distractions from the beginning of a query until he is satisfiedwith the results. This, in turn, means that he can work more effectively underpressure.

The above is a highly idealized solution to the staff planner sproblem. However at the ,beginning i t is planned to have in the system as aminimum, infonnation pertinent to the corrnnand; infonnation such as ships files,readiness capabilities, port files, intelligence files, a static search andrescue file and a weather file. Table 2-8 describes the tasks in the planningfunction.

2.10 Summary of Requirements.Sections 2.2 to 2.9 consist of a listing of tasks and subtasks to be

perfor.med by tne operational personnel of a corrnnand and control center. tcan be argued that the listing is not al l inclusive.; that the: s\..1rl1tlJationof:.alarge number of relatively minor unlisted tasks might affect the mode ofoperation of the command and control center. The listed tasks comprise thebulk of important tasks for which the command center has responsibility.Additional tasks o n l y ~ automation in real time more necessary.

In the review of Tables 2-1 to 7-8 i t should be noted that thereis considerable redundancy of tasks to be performed. The same tasks arelisted again and again. Different names--those that are more conventional-are used to describe the files. Table 2-9 emphasizes this redundancy.

For each responsibility the same infonnation is used to provide thecommander and his staff ~ i t h , , t h e n e c ~ s s a i y information to m e e t ~ r e q u i r e m e n t s . Theinformation can be listed as follows:

1) Ships file2 Port file3 Organizdtion/Communication file4) Search and Rescue Procedures file

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Report No 31-102-6 12/15/65

TABLE 2-8PLANNING FOR CURRENT AND CONTINGENCY O P I ~ T I O N S

Purpose: To prepare plans for current and contingency operations which will,1) give the commander and his staff a point of departure to copewith future occurrences, 2) train the staff so that i t will beprepared for future occurrences, and 3) to provide a data basethat will describe the environment in which unusual occurrencesmight occur.Task 1 - Data Base

Subtask:a) Maintain an ocean surveillance fi le which will describe thelocation and readiness of ships in the area.b) Maintain a port fi le which will describe the port facili t iesin the area.c) -Maintain an organization chart which will indicate command-control-communications relationships between the variouscorrmands.d) Maintain a static search and rescue fi le which will indicate

S R procedures, principles and relationships.e) Maintain an intelligence fi le which will indicate the current

intelligence picture.f) Maintain a listing of plans available for coping with currentand contingency situations.Task 2 - Execution

g) Study contingency plans promulgated by seniors and determinewherl i t is necessary to augment them, that is define the problem.h) Augment the plans as necessary using data from the data base,listed above.

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T BLE 2-9INFORM TION TO SUPPORT OPER TION L FUNCTIONS 1

Canmunicationsl Plans andShips ilel Organization Search and Logistics Intelligence Weather .Readiness Port File FilelOporoers Rescue File File File FileOcean 0I Surveillance XX X X eContinuity ofOperations X X X X X

AntisubmarineWarfare X X X X XOceanClearance,

I . ) etc X X X X XI . )C> Search andRescue X X X X X X X

Control ofCombat Forces X X X X XPlanning forOps X X X X X XLogistics X X XProvidingInfonnation : X X X X X X ITraining : X X X eX X X ee* Not discussed in text


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Report No. 31-102-6 12/15/655 Logistics fi le6 Intelligence fi le7 Weather fileFigure 1 1 shows the conversion of command responsibilities to

computer functions Section 1 4 described the general need to maintain andquery these files in real time

t will be shown in Sect 4 that these files can be reduced to asingle data base Section 6 will indicate some specific instances of the generalutili ty of being able to query these files in real time

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Report No. 31-102-6 12/15/653. H RDW RE DEVELOPMENT BY STAGES FOR A REAL TIME COMM ND AND CONTROLPROCESSING CENTER.

3.1 Devices for a Real Time System.This section discusses the growth in the number and kinds of hardware

devices n the computer complex during the three phases shown in Table 1-7.In brief, this growth occurs

l} by the addition of greater numbers of simple consoles, i .e . ,teletypes,

2} by the addition of the faster and more flexible cathode ray tubeconsoles,

3} by the addition of more mass storage to hold the f i ~ e4} by the addition of on-line communications to distant corrnnands5} by the addition of programs for new services and functions

. The primary distinction between a real time and a non-real time orbatch processing system, insofar as the hardware is concerned, is that a massstorage medium is used for the fi les which permits individual and rapid quasirandom) access to items desired either for retrieval or update. The effect, asfar as the user is concerned, is the ~ e d i t e within a few seconds) response tohis transaction i . e . , retrieval or update). Generally, real time systemsemphasize the aspect of immediate retrieval of information, however, the realtime update function which is often the greater bottleneck in non-real timesystems, is potentially of equal or greater benefit. As discussed in latersections, the real time system can effectively eliminate the most severeupdating bottlenecks.

I t is, important to have many points of real time access to thesystem in order to take full advantage of the real time features. The participation of a large number of people in the formation and use of the data base helpskeep the data base consistent and up-to-date. If consoles were provided onlyfor the senior commander and his staff , this essential care of the data basewould not be nearly as effective. Since a large number of expensive consolesis impractical, the relatively inexpensive teletypes are recommended as thebasic console. For all uses except top command and high volume informationinput, they are adequate.

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Report No. 31-102-6 12/15/65The memory device generally associated with the real time system is

the magnetic disc file. The model recommended in this report provides an accessto any record in an average time of 85 milliseconds and has modular capacitiesof 8, 28, 56 and 112 million characters depending upon the exact model selected.

l t e r n a t i v e l ~ a magnetic drum with similar characteristics may be used, andunder certain circumstances, a magnetic card or strip system such as theMagnacard, Data cell , CR M or RACE.

The memory device universally used by batch processing systems is themagnetic tape file. Storage requires the serial passage of the tape in order toselect specific items. Consequently the retrieval time per query, even for highlyefficient batched systems is on the order of minutes to tens of minutes.Furthermore, updating requires the rewriting _of entire tapes because theupdate data cannot be inserted in the middle of the tape.

3.2 Ini t ia l and Eventual Families of Computers.Several families of computers produced by different manufacturers

could be considered for real time command and control application. A phasedplan is presented in this study starting with the AN/USQ 20B. The AN/USO 20Bis a militarized processor with which Naval personnel have considerablefamiliarity and which can be adapted to the required peripheral devices,including the magnetic disc files, teletype, CRT displays and other standardperipherals. This processor has 32,000 words of 4 microsecond memory. t isestfffiated that 8,000 words are sufficient for the executive routine and thebuffers for teletypes, leaving 24,000 words for functional programs in amul tiprogranming environment. The use of this 24,000 words of core is dividedamong the various functional programs which are active concurrently. Aseparate functional program is normally used for each statement of a query;for queries of more than one statement, only part of the required program isin core at one time. The mass storage will also provide back-up storage,as will be described more fully in Sect. 3.9. A follow-on phase afterPhase 3 would consider the eventual transition to a newer generation, time-sharing, mUltiprocessing system such as the IBM 360, CDC 6000 series,GE 600 series and others. Each of these new systems is characterized as

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Report No. 31 102 6 12/15/65having real t ~ capability through the provision of mass random access memoriesand fully multiplexed I/O telecommunications facil i t ies. Within each line thereis a series of models which enable modular equipment growth with upward and down-ward softwarE. compatibility.

3.3 A Phase Development Plan.The following three subsections describe the phased growth of the

AN/USQ 20B equipment configuration.The f irs t phase stresses the real t ~ querying and updating of local

f i les. Typical queries are answered in seconds unless there is a backlog ofhigher priority queries and/or processes that pre empt the system. All filesare local to the computer. Sixteen local stations for entering queries andreceiving responses are required in this phase. These 16 consoles could be usedas shown in Table 3 1. Completely multiplexed operation of l l sixteen isneeded so that a single console cannot lock out any of the others. A mass-storage capability of 30 to 60 million bits with an average access time ofless than 0.3 seconds is required.

USECommanderStaff of the CommanderTransaction UpdatingSystem ProgrammersLogisticsIntelligence accessIntelligence inputlraining and Maintenance

TABLE 3 1CONSOLE US GE

3 3

NUMBER OF CONSOLES

34321I

16


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Report No. 31-102-6 12/15/65Figures 3-la and 3-1b show the three phases growth of the AN/USQ-20B

system configuration suggested for the implementation of the real time commandand control computer system.Peripheral communication to the USQ-20B is via the 16 data channels.Shown in Fig. 3-la are the various attachments that would be needed. Theconfiguration is compatible with the programming system currently planned forEASTPAC in t s use of peripheral devices and channels.

Channels 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 11 and 12 service the standard on-siteperipherals - line printers, paper tape read/punch, card readers and punchesand console teletypewriter.

Channels 7, 8, and 9 s ~ r v i e the 3 M RS Magnetic tape banks of 4 tapeseach. (12 tapes total) . All of these would be attached under Phase 1. Tapesare used (1) as scratch uti l i t ies , (2) for back-up copies of the master fileswhich can physically be removed from the machine and brought to another machine,and (3) to provide batch processing capabilities so that tape files or massiveamount of input from other computer centers may be utilized.

Channel 16 services a large screen CRT with light pen input. One ofthe functions of this device would be for mapping and other pictorial displays.Hard copy output is provided by a typewriter printer. The light pen as wellas key board) are used to input information in either graphic or alphanumericform. The attachment of this device is envisioned for Phase 3.

There are two major conversion problems to be faced with the USQ-20Bconfiguration. First , that of interfacing, in a fully m u l t i p l e ~ e d mode ofoperation, to the 16 remote teletype consoles recommended under Phase 1 andto remote CRT s as developed in Phase 2. Second is the operations with discstorage. The USQ-20B does no\ have the multiplexed communication capabilityand hence must be augmented by means of an I/O processor.

This adapt on could be done in two ways. The user consoles could bemultiplexed through a specially built adaptor for the USQ-20B or any of anumber of available small computers typified by the Univac 1218 and thePDP-8 could be used for the purpose. The dominant criteria in choice of an

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wIJ1DISK PACKS

2311(PHASE 1) 2 UNITS@ 26,000 ea.(PHASE 2) 4 to 6UNITS(PHASE 3) 8 UNITS

I II SPEED PAPER nAPE CARD CARD I MAINPRINTER Rf DERI READER PUNCH CONSOLE(2)

28,000DISKCONTROLUNITIBM 2841

2, 3

PUNCH

10,000

INI ERFACE

(2) (2) TrYAN/UGC-134 5, 10 \11, 12 6

INTER- 10,000 16 CONTROL 0,-- FACE UNIT

COMPUTER

USQ-20B1 4 ~ 1 5 32 K MEMORY1

INTERFACE~ 1 0 0 0 0~ . ~1

O PERIPHEPAL 1 0 PROCESSOR

7-

8

9

4TAPES

4TAPES

4TAPES

KEY- 40,000BO RDI CRT MAPPINGPRINTER DISPLAY WIT

IGHT PENINFO(PHASE 3)

3 M RSMAGNETIC TAPE

FIGURE 3-1(a) - PHASED HARDttJARE DEVELOPMENT.


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wJm

INTERFACE

ON-LINE LONGDISTANCE COMMU-NICATION TOOTHER PROCESSORS

PHASE 3)

10,000

\\ ~ T T

vl1 0 PROCESSORPDP-8 ( 18,000)OR UNIVAC 1218( 70,000)

MULTIPLEXERCOMMUNICATION UNIT

DEC 630

TELETYPE CONSOLES

8,000

PHASE 1) 16 TELETYPES 48,000PHASE 2) 16 LOCAL TELETYPES8 DISTANT LOCATIONTELETYPES 72,000

INTERFACE 10,000

CRT CONTROL 11,000UNIT AND BUFFER PHASE 2)

w......

......aNm

, 40,0008 CRT CONSOLES (4 IN P l ~ S 2,4 IN PHASE 3)

FIGURE 3-1(b) - PHASED HARDWARE DEVELOPMENT


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Report 31-102-6 12 15 6511 computer for this application are capacity to multiplex a large number ofchannels with appropriate attachments), cost, memory capacity for comfortablylarge buffers and program space, and proven in-service reliabili ty andmaintainability. Table 3-2 compares the salient features of the alternativesand presents the recommended configuration including the PDP-S computer. Therecommended alternative is chosen because i t does not increase system cost,because the interface computer can significantly improve thesystem capacity and speed of response under load and because the PDP-S hasbeen successfully employed in this capacity in other systems. The finaldecision on Which alternative to choose would depend on intangibles beyondthe scope of this study. The configuration for the USQ-20B which followsthe recommended adapt on is shown in Fig. 3-1 attached to Channell.

In order to demonstrate full feasibility for the other alternativeuse of a special multiplexer) l l of the succeeding discussion of programs

relies upon the USQ-20B l o n e ~ However, i f an interface computer were used,the tasks indicated in Table 3-2 or any portion of them could be profitablyshifted to the interface computer. The total effort of implementation wouldnot be significantly affected.

In th

development of real time naval strategic command and control systems dec65

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