development of political parties 16-1 unit vii civic responsibility 10/19/2015 8:08 am

Development of Political Parties

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Unit VIICivic Responsibility

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Essential Question: Summarize the role of political parties in American politics.

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coalition governmentone formed by several parties who combine forces to obtain a majority

ideologiesset of basic beliefs about life, culture, government, and society

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political partya group of individuals with broad common interests who organize to nominate candidates for office, win elections, conduct government, and determine public policy

proportional representationsystem in which several officials are elected to represent the same area in proportion to the votes each party's candidate receives

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single-member districtelectoral district in which only one candidate is elected to each office

theocracygovernment dominated by religion

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third partyany political party other than one of the two major parties

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Authoritarian governments, mostly

in Communist countries or countries dominated by religion,

no coalitions or compromises,

politically stable

nonauthoritariangovernments, mostly

in non-Communistgovernments, often

have coalitiongovernments,

politically unstable

parties represent

specificideologies, sometimes have minor

parties

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1796: two major parties emerge, Federalists and Democratic-Republicans; Federalists win presidency in 1796 1800: Thomas Jefferson, a Democratic- Republican, becomes president in 1800 1804: Thomas Jefferson is reelected in 1804 1828: Democratic-Republicans split; Andrew Jackson of the Democrats becomes president in 18281850: Democrats split into northern and southern factions over the question of slavery; Republican Party formed1860– 1930: Republican presidents dominate; Democratic presidents serve for only 4 terms

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1932: Franklin D. Roosevelt, a Democrat, becomes president; Democrats dominate the presidency and Congress for the next 50 years1968: Richard Nixon becomes president; Republicans control the White House for 6 of the next 9 presidential terms1992: Bill Clinton, a Democrat, becomes president, but Republicans dominate Congress at midterm elections 1995: for the first time since Truman, a Democratic president has to work

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Role Of Third PartiesTypes

•Single issue parties- focus exclusively on one major social, economic or moral issue. •Ideological parties – focus on overall societal changes.•splinter party – splits away from one of the major parties (typically fade away with defeat of candidate.

Impact•Third parties often promote ideas that are at first unpopular, major parties later adopt their issues thus absorbing the third party

Obstacles•often hard for candidates to get on the ballot•single member districts usually elect a major party candidate•campaigns require large sums of money so financing is difficult for candidates

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Quick Review Answers

1. B 2. D 3. A 4. E 5. C 6. B 7. D 8. A 9. B 10. C 04/20/23 00:56

Political Party Organization

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Essential Question: Describe the organization and function of political parties in America.

independenta voter who does not

support any particular party

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national committeerepresentatives from the 50 state party organizations who run a political party

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national conventiongathering of local and state

party members chosen to nominate presidential and vice-presidential candidates

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patronagepractice of granting favors to reward party loyalty

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precinctvoting district

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precinct captainvolunteer who organizes party workers to distribute information about the party and its candidates and to get the voters to the polls

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state central committeeusually composed largely of

representatives from the party's county organizations

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wardlarge district comprised of several adjoining precincts

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Membership and Organization

Party Membership

Local Party Organization

State party Organization

National Party Organization

membership not required to vote; may declare party preference when voting; both major parties are open to anyone; may support monetarily, volunteer, becoming candidate

precinct – local unit, each precinct has a captain, several adjoining precincts make up a ward, precincts within a county make up a county committee with a chairperson

state central committee composed of reps from county committees, led by party state chairperson (usually recommended by governor or other state party elected leader) main function is to help state candidates.

2 main parts – national convention (meet every 4 years (presidential)) and national committee (assist local, state and national candidates); national party chairperson manages day to day operations

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Political Party Functions

Recruiting Candidates

Educating The Public

Operating The

Government

seek men and women who seem to have a good chance of being elected; this is the major function of the party

publishes position on important issues like inflation, economy, taxes, pollution etc.; maintain websites; raise money for candidates;

Legislatures are organized based on party membership; party leaders work to support parties’ position in legislation

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Political Party Functions

Dispensing Patronage

Loyal Opposition

Reduction Of Conflict

reward party loyalty with favors like jobs, contract, appointments; patronage has become limited by laws

party out of power becomes the watchdog of government by observing the party in power and criticizing it or offering opposite resolutions

parties encourage groups to compromise and work together; promote adoption of moderate policies; transfer of power is peaceful government

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1. B 2. D 3. E 4. C 5. A 6. C 7. D 8. B 9. A 10. C 04/20/23 00:57

Nominating Candidates16-3


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Essential question: Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the four methods of nominating candidates.

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bosspowerful party leader

caucusprivate meeting of party leaders to choose candidates for office

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closed primaryelection in which only members of a political party can vote

direct primaryelection in which party members select people to run in the general election

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nominating conventionofficial public meeting of a party to choose candidates for office

open primaryelection in which all voters may participate

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plankssection of a political party platform

platformstatement of a political party's principles, beliefs, and position on vital issues

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pluralitylargest number of votes in an election

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runoff primarysecond primary election between the two candidates who received the most votes in the first primary

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ticketcandidates for president and vice president

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Originally was the only way candidates were chosen, now begins at the local level

local party organizations send representatives to country-wide meeting that selects candidates

most commonly used today; conducted according to state law and are held at public polling places

a person announces their candidacy and files a document with a specified number of voters signatures

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Became more democraticcaucuses > nominating convention > presidential primaries

•delegate selection process possible•winner take all or delegates based on number of votes received•delegates may be required to support popular vote

•too long period of time•image more important than issues•one-sided victories

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date/time/place set, number of votes/state

delegates gather, candidates campaign, reports and speeches

governs the way the convention is run

approves delegations

selects permanent chairperson and other officials

writes statement of principals, beliefs and positions

speeches, demonstrations, roll call

acceptance speeches by candidates

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1. B 2. D 3. E 4. C 5. A 6. A 7. C 8. D 9. B 10. B 04/20/23 00:57

Election Campaigns17-1


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Essential Question: Examine the role election campaign financing and political parties play in electing candidates for public office.

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campaign managerperson responsible for the overall strategy and planning of a campaign

imagemental picture

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soft moneymoney raised by a political party for general purposes, not designated for a candidate

political action committee(PAC); an organization formed to collect money and provide financial support for political candidates

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270 of the 538 electoral votes to win; each states total number equal number of representatives and senators, usually electoral votes follow popular vote

aggressive attack , stress what issues, how much and where spend money

campaign mgr. responsible for overall strategy, strong organization

mass media powerful, image is important, televised debates

increased use of websites to convey candidates positions, background, schedule, speeches and videos; electronic newsletters

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Regulating Campaign Financing

Federal Election Campaign Act (FECA) requires public disclosure of spending and funding; prohibits direct contributions from certain organizations and limits individual contributions

Presidential candidates may accept funds from the Presidential Election Campaign Fund for primary and general election but must limit total spending

bulk of funding comes from private sources such as individuals, party organizations and PACs

election web site operators must identify themselves online, must register with the FEC, follow established reporting procedures

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1. C 2. A 3. E 4. B 5. D 6. D 7. B 8. A 9. C 10. B 04/20/23 00:57

Expanding Voting Rights17-2


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Essential Question: Summarize the historical expansion of voting rights.

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suffragethe right to vote

grandfather clauseexemption in a law for a certain group based on previous conditions

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poll taxmoney paid in order to vote

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white maleproperty owners

white males non property owners

women African Americans

all white males

women most African Americans

all white women

all white males

most African Americans

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African American SuffrageFifteenth Amendment

Grandfather Clause

(1870) provided that no state can deprive any citizen of the right to vote on account of race, color or previous condition of servitude

provided that only voters whose grandfathers had voted before 1867 were eligible to vote without paying a poll tax or passing literacy test

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African American Suffrage

Literacy test

Poll Tax

had to pass a reading and writing test before voting

had to be paid in advance of election and was retroactive; caused financial burden

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1. The government could register voters in any district in which fewer than 50 percent of African American adults were on the voting lists.2. The government could register voters in districts in which it appeared that local officials were discriminating against African Americans.3. The new laws forbade the unfair division of election districts in order to diminish the influence of African American voters or of other minority groups.


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4. The laws provided for the appointment of poll watchers to ensure that the votes of all qualified voters were properly counted.5. Literacy tests were abolished.6. The laws required that ballots be printed in Spanish for Spanish-speaking communities; other minority language groups were given the same right.


1. D 2. A 3. E 4. B 5. C 6. B 7. C 8. A 9. C 10. C 04/20/23 00:57

Influences on Voters17-3


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Essential Question: Evaluate the factors that influence voters and nonvoters.

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straight party ticketone where a voter has selected candidates of his or her party only

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cross-pressured voterone who is caught between conflicting elements in his or her own life

propagandathe use of ideas, information, or rumors to influence opinion

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A. AgeB. EducationC. ReligionD. Racial/ethnic backgroundE. Whether he or she is cross-pressured

A. Whether he or she is a strong party voterB. Whether he or she is a weak party voterC. Whether he or she is an independent

C. TaxesD. EducationE. Affirmative actionF. AbortionG. Gun rightsH. Environment

A. Social SecurityB. Health care

A.How the candidate is perceived: favoring peace or war; strong or weak on economic issuesB. How well the candidate uses propaganda techniques—plain folks, and wagon, patriotic symbols, celebrity endorsements, and other tactics

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Have a higher-than-average level of education Are middle-aged

Have a higher-than-average income

Are not formal citizens

Have not met residency requirementsAre not registered to vote

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1. D 2. C 3. E 4. B 5. A 6. D 7. B 8. A 9. A 10. C 04/20/23 00:57

How the Media Impacts Government

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Essential Question: Discuss the role of mass media in United States politics.

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front-runnerearly leader in an election

leakrelease of secret information by anonymous government officials to the media

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mass mediameans of communication, such as television, newspapers, movies, books, and the Internet, that influence large audiences

media eventvisually interesting event designed to reinforce a politician's position on some issue

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news briefingmeeting during which a government official makes an announcement or explains a policy, decision, or action

news releaseready-made story government officials prepare for members of the press

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spot advertisingthe brief, frequent, positive descriptions of a candidate or a candidate's major themes broadcast on television or radio

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The President and the MediaNews Release and Briefings: Press Conference:

Other Means of Sharing Information:

Media Events:

release used as background information; briefings give reporters opportunity to ask officials about news releases

carefully planned events; presidents usually prepped by conferring with aides, may prep reporters with allowable topics

backgrounders – top officials give reporters important pieces of information which they can use in story but not reveal source

used by modern politicians to reinforce position; ie. standing in front of new state of art manufacturing plant to support pollution control


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19.1Media and Presidential Campaigns

Identifying Candidates:

The Presidential Nominating Process:

Campaign Advertising:

Financing TV Advertising:

Political Parties:

telegenic, political unknowns can gain exposure, encourages celebrities to enter politics

focuses on winners and losers more than issues, media identifies a front runner

use spot advertising, may also use negative images of the opposing candidate

not cheap, extensive fundraising involved, one 30 second commercial may cost thousands of $$$

TV weakens the role of political parties, TV lets candidates appeal directly to voters, provides most political news


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19.1Congress and the Media

Confirmation Hearings:

Oversight Activities:

Personal Business:

C-SPAN:

Congressional Recording Studio:

controversial hearings attract wide media coverage, media may uncover damaging info

lawmakers may uncover a major scandal during oversight, some become some of the biggest media stories

media looks for scandal in the personal lives of congress

closed circuit television coverage of the floor proceedings of congress

lawmakers prepare radio and tv messages for voters in their districts


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The Court and the MediaRemoteness of Judges: Technical Issues:

Setting the Public AgendaAwareness of Issues: Attitudes and Values:

since appointed, don’t need publicity; must remain unbiased avoid publicity

handles complex issues, many which only interest a small number of people,

networks prioritize their news coverage according to what stories they believe will draw the largest number of viewers

media plays large role in political socialization – may be positive or negative


1. C 2. A 3. D 4. E 5. B 6. B 7. A 8. D 9. C 10. B 04/20/23 00:57

Regulating Broadcast and Print Media

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Essential Question: Evaluate the role the government plays in regulating the mass media.

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fairness doctrinerequiring broadcasters to provide opportunities for the expression of opposing views on issues of public importance

libelfalse written or published statements intended to damage a person's reputation

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prior restraintgovernment censorship of information before it is published or broadcast

shield lawlaw that gives reporters some means of protection against being forced to disclose confidential information or sources in state courts


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Protecting the MediaFree Press Guaranteed Libel

The Right to Gather InformationThe Right of Access Protection of Sources:

editors and reporters have freedom to decide what goes in or stays out of their publications

almost impossible for a public official to win a libel suit, no law against criticizing a public official

press feels they should unlimited access to government information, courts have ruled against unlimited access

reporters often need to protect their informants, shield laws offer reporters protection


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Regulating Broadcast Media FCC

Content

Ownership

Telecommunications Act of 1996

government agency with authority to regulate interstate and international communications by radio, tv, phone, telegraph, cable and satellite

FCC cannot censor broadcast, can influence content by fining stations that violate rules and threatening not to renew licenses

FCC created rules to prevent the concentration of media ownership into the hands of a few; with the advent of advanced technology, broadcast owners want less restrictions

ended or relaxed many FCC regulations on media ownership, FCC required to review media ownership rules every 2 years


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Media and National Security

conflict between the need for government to keeps secrets to protect national security and citizens’ need for information exist in a free society creates delicate balance.


1. B 2. D 3. E 4. A 5. C 6. D 7. C 8. A 9. B 10. D 04/20/23 00:57

The Internet and Democracy

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Essential Question: Analyze the impact of the internet on government in the United States.

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action alertmessage from an interest group to its members, calling upon them to respond immediately by telephone, fax, or e-mail to a specific lawmaker, group of lawmakers, or other official

electronic mailing listautomated e-mail notification that provides subscribers with current information on a topic


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electronic petitionmessage that asks the recipient to "sign" his or her name electronically to a request that will be sent to an official

partisanadhering to or supporting a particular party, faction, cause, or person


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Key Features of the InternetWidespread: Interactivity: Global Scope:

Web traffic has grown by 100 percent a year; more than 75% of Americans use the web at home

traditional media is unidirectional (one-way); internet allows people to network with each other

wide range of content, opinions, diversity; few rules, hard to govern activities


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Gathering InformationPolitical Web Sites: Tracking Legislation:

Electronic Mailing Lists: E-Government:

all major newspapers and magazines have websites; sites sponsored by government agencies, interest groups, political parties, many are biased

THOMAS (thomas.loc.gov) allows public to search congressional bills; updated by the library of congress

can subscribe to automated email notifications; keep informed on issues with updates

governments at all levels are providing services and information over the internet; federal government website firstgov.gov


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Impact on Citizen ParticipationCommunicating with Officials

Action Alerts and Petitions:

Grassroots Websites:

Volunteering:

Electronic Voting:

email most widely used tool for interacting with government officials

messages sent to group’s members by phone, fax or email; messages asking for electronic signature

individual citizens setting up their own websites in support of candidates

donating time and effort to an election campaign or political cause; cybervolunteering

states are conducting studies; Department of Defense conducted pilot program for residents overseas


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Challenges for Public PolicyOffensive Content: Taxing E-Commerce:1st amendment guarantees freedom of expression on the internet causing difficulties in protecting children against offensive material

sales taxes are assessed on a state level making it difficult for e-retailers to assess taxes; some states require sales tax on e-commerce where other do not


1. D 2. C 3. A 4. E 5. B 6. C 7. A 8. C 9. B 10. D 04/20/23 00:57

development of political parties 16-1 unit vii civic responsibility 10/19/2015 8:08 am

Documents

role of political parties

essential question

american politics

impactthird parties

ideological parties

typessingle issue parties

partyany political party

president republicans