development of a scale to predict patterns of cognitive

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W&M ScholarWorks W&M ScholarWorks Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects 1973 Development of a Scale to Predict Patterns of Cognitive Appraisal Development of a Scale to Predict Patterns of Cognitive Appraisal of Stress of Stress Eileen A. Schmaltz College of William & Mary - Arts & Sciences Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd Part of the Cognitive Psychology Commons, and the Quantitative Psychology Commons Recommended Citation Recommended Citation Schmaltz, Eileen A., "Development of a Scale to Predict Patterns of Cognitive Appraisal of Stress" (1973). Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects. Paper 1539624836. https://dx.doi.org/doi:10.21220/s2-qp42-5804 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected].

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Page 1: Development of a Scale to Predict Patterns of Cognitive

W&M ScholarWorks W&M ScholarWorks

Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects

1973

Development of a Scale to Predict Patterns of Cognitive Appraisal Development of a Scale to Predict Patterns of Cognitive Appraisal

of Stress of Stress

Eileen A. Schmaltz College of William & Mary - Arts & Sciences

Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd

Part of the Cognitive Psychology Commons, and the Quantitative Psychology Commons

Recommended Citation Recommended Citation Schmaltz, Eileen A., "Development of a Scale to Predict Patterns of Cognitive Appraisal of Stress" (1973). Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects. Paper 1539624836. https://dx.doi.org/doi:10.21220/s2-qp42-5804

This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected].

Page 2: Development of a Scale to Predict Patterns of Cognitive

DEVELOPMENT OF A SCAIE TO PREDICT PATTERNS

OF COGNITIVE APPRAISAL OF STRESS

A T h e s i s

P r e s e n t e d t o

The F a c u l t y o f t h e D e p a r t m e n t o f P s y c h o l o g y

The C o l l e g e o f W i l l i a m and Mary i n V i r g i n i a

I n P a r t i a l F u l f i l l m e n t

Of t h e R e q u i r e m e n t s f o r t h e D e g r e e o f

M a s t e r o f A r t s

by

E i l e e n A. S c h m a l tz

Page 3: Development of a Scale to Predict Patterns of Cognitive

ProQuest Number: 10625301

All rights reserved

INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is d e p e n d e n t upon th e quality of th e copy subm itted.

In th e unlikely ev en t th a t th e author did not send a co m p le te m anuscript an d there are missing p ag es , th ese will b e no ted . Also, if material h ad to b e rem oved,

a n o te will indicate th e deletion.

uestProQuest 10625301

Published by ProQuest LLC (2017). Copyright of th e Dissertation is held by th e Author.

All rights reserved.This work is p ro tec ted against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C o d e

Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC.

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Page 4: Development of a Scale to Predict Patterns of Cognitive

APPROVAL SHEET

T h i s t h e s i s i s s u b m i t t e d i n p a r t i a l f u l f i l l m e n t o f

t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s o f t h e d e g r e e o f

M a s t e r o f A r t s

V / ^ _____ __________E i l e e n A. S c h m a l tz

A p p ro v e d , May 1973

G len n D. S h e a n , Ph.D

K e l l y G. a v e r , P h .D .

M ir iu m C a r d i , P h .D .

R i c h a r d B l o c h , P h .D .

S/,jlJS t a n l e y B. W i l l i a m s , P h .D .

C h a i rm an

D e p a r t m e n t o f P s y c h o l o g y

Page 5: Development of a Scale to Predict Patterns of Cognitive

Ac know l e d gmen t s

The w r i t e r w i s h e s t o e x p r e s s h e r a p p r e c i a t i o n t o

P r o f e s s o r G lenn D. Shean f o r h i s p a t i e n t g u i d a n c e , e n c o u r a g e m e n t and

c r i t i c i s m t h r o u g h o u t t h e i n v e s t i g a t i o n . The a u t h o r a l s o t h a n k s

P r o f e s s o r s K e l l y G. S h av e r and M ir iu m C a r d i f o r t h e i r e n c o u r a g e m e n t

and c a r e f u l r e a d i n g and c r i t i c i s m o f t h e m a n u s c r i p t . The a u t h o r i s

e s p e c i a l l y i n d e b t e d t o P r o f e s s o r K e l l y Shaver f o r h i s c o m p u te r

p ro g r a m s and s t a t i s t i c a l a d v i c e w h ic h g r e a t l y f a c i l i t a t e d t h e d a t a

a n a l y s i s .

i i i

Page 6: Development of a Scale to Predict Patterns of Cognitive

T able o f C ontents

Page

A cknow ledgm ents = . . . = . .......................... i i i

l i s t o f T a b l e s ................................................................. v

l i i g t o f F i g u r e s .......................................................................................... v i i

A b s t r a c t ................................... . . . . .................................................................. v i i i

E x p e r i m e n t 1

I n t r o d u c t i o n . . . . 1

M e t h o d ....................................................... 6

R e s u l t s . . - 10

D i s c u s s i o n . . . - 24

E x p e r i m e n t 2

I n t r o d u c t i o n . . . . 27

Method ......................... . . . . . . 28

R e s u l t s . , ............................................ 33

D i s c u s s i o n ......................................................................................................... 57

A p p en d ix ............................................................................................... 65

R e f e r e n c e s . 82

iv

Page 7: Development of a Scale to Predict Patterns of Cognitive

L is t o f T ab les

T able Page

E x p e r i m e n t 1

1. T a b l e o f s i g n i f i c a n t P e a r s o n c o r r e l a t i o n s on t h e

E y s e n c k ' s P e r s o n a l i t y I n v e n t o r y , 16 P e r s o n a l i t y

F a c t o r , and t h e R e p r e s s i o n - S e n s i t i z a t i o n

t e s t s . . . ................................................................................. 11

2 . A n a l y s i s o f v a r i a n c e : E m o t i o n a l r a t i n g s d a t a . 15

3 . Means f o r p h y s i o l o g i c a l r e s p o n s e m o d a l i t i e s . 16

E x p e r im e n t 2

4 . I n t e r c o r r e l a t i o n m a t r i x c o m p a r in g t h e s u b s c a l e s

o f t h e S e l f D e s c r i p t i o n Q u e s t i o n n a i r e t o t h e

r a t i n g s o f a l l c a t e g o r i e s ......................................... 34

5 . A n a l y s i s o f v a r i a n c e : E m o t i o n a l r a t i n g s d a t a . 37

6 . A n a l y s i s o f v a r i a n c e : E m o t i o n a l r a t i n g s d a t a . , 38

7 . T u k e y ' s H o n e s t S i g n i f i c a n t D i f f e r e n c e m u l t i p l e

c o m p a r i s o n s : Sex X C a t e g o r y i n t e r a c t i o n . . e 40

8 . Means f o r p h y s i o l o g i c a l r e s p o n s e m o d a l i t i e s .. - 43

9. C o m p a r i s o n o f means and s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n s

f ro m s t u d y 1 and 2 f o r a l l s u b j e c t i v e and

p h y s i o l o g i c a l m e a s u r e s . . . . . . .............................. 46

10. Q u e s t i o n s f ro m t h e S e l f D e s c r i p t i o n Q u e s t i o n n a i r e

t h a t d i s c r i m i n a t e d b e t w e e n o v e r - and u n d e r r a t e r s

i n E x p e r i m e n t 1 ( S u b s c a l e A ) ............................................. . 50

v

Page 8: Development of a Scale to Predict Patterns of Cognitive

Table

11.

12 .

v i

Page

Q u e s t i o n s f rom t h e S e l f D e s c r i p t i o n Q u e s t i o n n a i r e

t h a t t h e e x p e r i m e n t e r s c r e a t e d ( S u b s c a l e B) . . 53

Q u e s t i o n s f rom t h e S e l f D e s c r i p t i o n Q u e s t i o n n a i r e

t h a t w e re o r i g i n a l l y f rom t h e A u tonom ic

P e r c e p t i o n Q u e s t i o n n a i r e and d i s c r i m i n a t e

o v e r - f ro m u n d e r r a t e r s ( S u b s c a l e C) . . . . 55

Page 9: Development of a Scale to Predict Patterns of Cognitive

L is t o f F ig u res

F i g u r e P age

E x p e r i m e n t 1

1 . The i n t e r a c t i o n o f s t i m u l u s c a t e g o r i e s and s e x

(B X C) f o r t h e r a t i n g s d a t a .............................. 18

2 . Mean s u b j e c t i v e e m o t i o n a l r a t i n g f o r u n d e r - and

o v e r r a t e r s a c r o s s a l l s t i m u l u s c o n d i t i o n s . . 21

3 . C o m p a r i so n o f a v e r a g e Z s c o r e s o f h e a r t r a t e

r e s p o n s e t o a v e r a g e Z s c o r e s f o r e m o t i o n a l

r e a c t i o n f o r s u b j e c t 11 , a n u n d e r r a t e r .................... 22

4 . Sample c o m p a r in g t h e s u b j e c t i v e r a t i n g and h e a r t

r a t e r e s p o n s e f o r a t y p i c a l o v e r r a t e r . . . 23

E x p e r im e n t 2

5 . G r a p h i c r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f t h e mean r a t i n g s a c r o s s

a l l g r o u p s and s t i m u l u s c a t e g o r i e s ............................... 39

6 . Mean e m o t i o n a l r a t i n g f o r m a l e s and f e m a l e s

a c r o s s a l l s t i m u l u s c a t e g o r i e s .............................. 41

7 . C o m p a r i so n o f mean r a t i n g s f o r a l l Ss i n

E x p e r i m e n t s 1 and 2 a c r o s s a l l c a t e g o r i e s . . 47

8 . F r e q u e n c y d i s t r i b u t i o n o f r a t i n g s o f h o m i c i d e

s l i d e s o n l y , u s e d t o s e l e c t h i g h and low r a t e r s

f o r t h e i t e m a n a l y s i s ........................................ 49

v i i

Page 10: Development of a Scale to Predict Patterns of Cognitive

A b stra ct

Based on r e s e a r c h on p e r c e p t u a l d e f e n s e , d e f e n s e m e c h a n i s m s , e m o t i o n a l l a b e l i n g , and c o g n i t i v e a p p r a i s a l o f t h r e a t , i t was h y p o t h e s i z e d t h a t d i s c r e p a n c i e s b e t w e e n v e r b a l and p h y s i o l o g i c a l m e a s u r e s o f s t r e s s c o u l d p r o v i d e m e a n i n g f u l i n f o r m a t i o n c o n c e r n i n g u n d e r l y i n g c o g n i t i v e p r o c e s s e s . I t w as f u r t h e r h y p o t h e s i z e d t h a t d i s c r e p a n c i e s would p a r a l l e l s c o r e s on a r e p r e s s i o n - s e n s i t i z a t i o n (R-S) s c a l e . To t e s t t h e s e h y p o t h e s e s a s e r i e s o f two e x p e r i m e n t s

w e re r u n . I n s t u d y o n e , 20 Ss w e re s e l e c t e d f ro m a l a r g e p o o l o f c o l l e g e s t u d e n t s on t h e b a s i s o f t h e i r e x t r e m e s c o r e s on B y r n e ' s R-S s c a l e . S u b j e c t s w e r e t h e n e x p o s e d t o v i c a r i o u s s t r e s s by v i e w i n g p o r n o g r a p h i c and h o m i c i d e s l i d e s . P h y s i c a l s t r e s s was a l s o e x p e r i ­en c e d i n t h e fo rm o f a m i l d e l e c t r i c s h o c k . B o th p h y s i o l o g i c and s u b j e c t i v e d a t a was c o l l e c t e d f rom w h ic h d i s c r e p a n c y s c o r e s f o r o v e r - and u n d e r r a t e r s w e r e co m p u te d . The R-S s c a l e d i d n o t d i s c r i m i n a t e b e t w e e n o v e r - a n d u n d e r r a t e r s and was t h e r e f o r e , r e j e c t e d a s a s c a l e f o r m e a s u r i n g t h i s t e n d e n c y . An i t e m a n a l y s i s o f t h e R - S , E P I , 16 PF, and APQ s c a l e s ( a l l p r e v i o u s l y a d m i n i s t e r e d t o Ss ) y i e l d e d 29 i t e m s t h a t d i f f e r e n t i a t e d o v e r - a n d u n d e r r a t i n g Sa . T h e s e i t e m s w e re com­b i n e d w i t h f i l l e r s t o fo rm a new s c a l e o f 100 i t e m s , t h e S e l f D e s c r i p t i o n Q u e s t i o n n a i r e ( S D Q ) . A n a l y s i s o f t h e d a t a i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e r e i s no s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n o v e r - a n d u n d e r r a t i n g g r o u p s i n p h y s i o l o g i c a l r e s p o n s e s , s u g g e s t i n g t h a t t h e d i s c r e p a n c i e s a r e c a u s e d by d i f f e r e n t i a l p a t t e r n s o f c o g n i t i v e a p p r a i s a l o f s t r e s s .

S tu d y two was r u n i n o r d e r t o v a l i d a t e t h e SDQ. T h e r e w e re 56 s u b j e c t s w i t h e x t r e m e l y h i g h o r low s c o r e s on t h e SDQ p u t t h r o u g h t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l p r o c e d u r e . I t was h y p o t h e s i z e d t h a t h i g h s c o r e r s would t e n d t o o v e r r a t e t h e i r s u b j e c t i v e e m o t i o n a l r e s p o n s e t o s t r e s s w h i l e low s c o r e r s wou ld t e n d t o u n d e r r a t e t h h i r s u b j e c t i v e r e s p o n s e .A l t h o u g h a t r e n d was e v i d e n t t h i s h y p o t h e s i s was n o t s u p p o r t e d . The i n a b i l i t y o f t h e SDQ t o p r e d i c t s t y l e s o f c o g n i t i v e a p p r a i s a l o f s t r e s s i s a t t r i b u t e d t o t h e d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n t h e two s t u d i e s , p a r t i c u l a r l y t h e d i f f e r e n c e i n s t r e s s q u a l i t y o f s t i m u l i . The r e s u l t s a r e d i s c u s s e d i n r e l a t i o n t o a c o g n i t i v e p h y s i o l o g i c a l t h e o r y o f e m o t i o n .

v i i i

Page 11: Development of a Scale to Predict Patterns of Cognitive

DEVELOPMENT OF A SCAIE TO PREDICT PATTERNS

OF COGNITIVE APPRAISAL OF STRESS

Page 12: Development of a Scale to Predict Patterns of Cognitive

E x p e r i m e n t 1

I n t r o d u c t i o n

When f a c e d w i t h a s t r e s s f u l s i t u a t i o n o v e r w h i c h he h a s no

b e h a v i o r a l c o n t r o l ( e . g ^ h e c a n n e i t h e r e s c a p e o r a v o i d t h e s t r e s s o r ) ,

an i n d i v i d u a l may r e s o r t t o c o g n i t i v e c o n t r o l ( A v e r i l l , 1 9 7 2 ) . Use

o f c o g n i t i v e c o n t r o l o r p e r c e p t u a l d e f e n s e became e v i d e n t i n

p e r c e p t i o n e x p e r i m e n t s d u r i n g t h e l a t e 1940s (B ru n e r & P o s t m a n , 19 4 7 a ,

1947b; P o s tm a n , B r u n e r , and McGimies , 1948 , q u o te d f ro m B y r n e , 1 9 6 1 ) ,

w h ic h d e m o n s t r a t e d a d i f f e r e n t i a l r e c o g n i t i o n t h r e s h o l d f o r m a tched

p a i r s o f n e u t r a l and e m o t i o n a l l y t o n e d s t i m u l i . R e s u l t s s u g g e s t t h a t

i n d i v i d u a l s f a l l a l o n g a c o n t i n u u m w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c

way i n w h ic h t h e y r e s p o n d t o t h r e a t e n i n g s t i m u l i . At one e x t r e m e o f

t h i s c o n t i n u u m a r e b e h a v i o r m echan ism s o f a p r e d o m i n a t e l y a v o i d i n g

( d e n y i n g , r e p r e s s i n g ) t y p e , w h i l e a t t h e o t h e r e x t r e m e a r e p r e d o m i ­

n a t e l y a p p r o a c h i n g ( i n t e l l e c t u a l i z i n g , o b s e s s i o n a l ) b e h a v i o r s .

R e s e a r c h u t i l i z i n g d i f f e r e n t i a l r e c o g n i t i o n t h r e s h o l d s f o r

e m o t i o n a l l y - t o n e d v e r s u s n e u t r a l s t i m u l u s m a t e r i a l h a s f r e q u e n t l y

employed t h e t e r m s r e p r e s s o r and s e n s i t i z e r t o d e s c r i b e r e p r e s e n ­

t a t i v e s o f t h e r e s p e c t i v e e n d s o f t h i s d i m e n s i o n . I n d i v i d u a l s i n t h e

f o r m e r c a t e g o r y a r e d e f i n e d a s t h o s e e x h i b i t i n g a r e l a t i v e l y e l e v a t e d

t h r e s h o l d f o r e m o t i o n a l m a t e r i a l ( d e f e n s e , d i s r u p t i o n ) and i n t h e

l a t t e r , a s t h o s e e x h i b i t i n g a r e l a t i v e l y lo w ered t h r e s h o l d f o r such

m a t e r i a l ( v i g i l a n c e , f a c i l i t a t i o n ) (B y rn e , 1 9 6 4 ) .

I n s e v e r a l s t u d i e s , a r e l a t i o n s h i p was found b e t w e e n d i f f e r ­

e n t i a l t h r e s h o l d s c o r e s and o t h e r b e h a v i o r s . A summary o f t h i s

1

Page 13: Development of a Scale to Predict Patterns of Cognitive

2

e v i d e n c e i s a v a i l a b l e i n B y r n e ' s 1961 a r t i c l e and l e n d s c r e d e n c e t o

t h e u t i l i t y o f t h e d i m e n s i o n . T h i s r e p r e s s o r - s e n s i t i z e r c o n t i n u u m ,

d e m o n s t r a t e d a c r o s s many s i t u a t i o n s and r e s p o n s e t y p e s l e d t o a s e a r c h

f o r a p a p e r and p e n c i l t e s t t o m e a s u r e t h i s d i m e n s i o n o f p e r s o n a l i t y .

V a r i o u s s u b s c a l e s o f t h e M i n n e s o t a M u l t i p h a s i c P e r s o n a l i t y I n v e n t o r y

(MMPI) w e re u s e d w i t h v a r y i n g d e g r e e s o f s u c c e s s . T h i s s e a r c h f o r a

r e l i a b l e s c a l e c u l m i n a t e d i n t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e R e p r e s s i o n -

S e n s i t i z a t i o n (R-S) s c a l e (B y rn e , 1 9 6 1 ) , w h ic h h a s u n d e r g o n e c o n s i d ­

e r a b l e r e l i a b i l i t y and v a l i d i t y t e s t i n g , m os t o f i t b y B yrne h i m s e l f .

At t h i s p o i n t i t would b e a d v a n t a g e o u s f o r u s t o c o n s i d e r

d e v e l o p m e n t s i n s e v e r a l o t h e r a r e a s o f r e s e a r c h . I n a s e r i e s o f

c r e a t i v e b u t n o t p a r t i c u l a r l y w e l l c o n t r o l l e d e x p e r i m e n t s , S c h a c h t e r

( S c h a c h t e r , 1964 , and S c h a c h t e r & S i n g e r , 1962) h a s d e m o n s t r a t e d t h a t

c o g n i t i o n i s a s i m p o r t a n t a s p h y s i o l o g i c a l a r o u s a l i n t h e r e c o g n i t i o n

and i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f e m o t i o n . More s p e c i f i c a l l y , he d e m o n s t r a t e d

t h a t t h e k i n d o f e m o t i o n e x p r e s s e d was more i n f l u e n c e d by t h e s o c i a l

s i t u a t i o n and demands t h a n by a r t i f i c i a l i n d u c t i o n o f p h y s i o l o g i c

a r o u s a l . T h i s f i n d i n g l e a d s S c h a c h t e r t o e n d o r s e a c o g n i t i v e p h y s i o ­

l o g i c a l t h e o r y o f e m o t i o n . T h i s t h e o r y o f e m o t i o n s u g g e s t s t h a t

p h y s i o l o g i c a l a r o u s a l i s n e c e s s a r y f o r a n i n d i v i d u a l t o f e e l e m o t i o n ,

b u t once a r o u s e d , t h e t y p e o f e m o t i o n f e l t and e x p r e s s e d i s d e t e r m i n e d

by c o g n i t i v e f a c t o r s , w h ic h i n t u r n may b e i n f l u e n c e d by s o c i a l o r

p e r s o n a l i t y f a c t o r s .

L a z a r u s and h i s c o l l e a g u e s h a v e a l s o p r e s e n t e d e v i d e n c e t h a t

c o g n i t i o n s c a n a l t e r t h e s t r e s s q u a l i t y o f a t h r e a t e n i n g s i t u a t i o n .

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T h e s e p e r c e p t u a l d e f e n s e s o p e r a t e by " s h o r t - c i r c u i t i n g 11 t h e t h r e a t by

c o g n i t i v e a p p r a i s a l and r e e v a l u a t i o n o f t h e s i t u a t i o n ( L a z a r u s , O p to n ,

Nomikos , & R o u k in , 1 9 6 5 ) . I n a l a b o r a t o r y s e t t i n g ( L a z a r u s e t a l . ,

[ 1965 ] and L a z a r u s & A l f e r t [ 1964 ] ) s i g n i f i c a n t l y r e d u c e d t h e

amount o f p h y s i o l o g i c a l a r o u s a l by p r o v i d i n g p l a u s a b l e s t a t e m e n t s t h a t

would e n c o u r a g e " s h o r t - c i r c u i t i n g " e i t h e r by d e n i a l o r i n t e l l e c t u a l -

i z a t i o n o f t h e t h r e a t . E x p e r i m e n t a l p r o v i s i o n o f d e f e n s i v e m a t e r i a l

h e l p e d a l l e v i a t e s t r e s s , s u g g e s t i n g t h a t a s i m i l a r p r o c e s s i s e x e c u t e d

d u r i n g n o rm a l c o p i n g p r o c e s s e s . T h e r e f o r e , L a z a r u s a l s o e n d o r s e s a

c o g n i t i v e p h y s i o l o g i c a l t h e o r y o f e m o t i o n , p a r t i c u l a r l y a s i t a p p l i e s

t o s t r e s s r e a c t i o n s ( L a z a r u s & Aver i l l , 1 9 7 2 ) .

T h ese and o t h e r s t u d i e s o f s t r e s s r e a c t i o n s h a v e r e p o r t e d a

l a c k o f a g r e e m e n t b e t w e e n p h y s i o l o g i c a l and v e r b a l d a t a . R e c e n t l y

t h e s e d i s c r e p a n c i e s h a v e b e e n r e e x a m in e d a s a s o u r c e o f a d d i t i o n a l

i n f o r m a t i o n c o n c e r n i n g t h e u n d e r l y i n g p s y c h o d y n a m ic p r o c e s s e s . I t i s

s u g g e s t e d t h a t t h e c o g n i t i v e d e f e n s e s m e a su re d by t h e R-S c o n t i n u u m

a r e i n v o l v e d i n c h a n g i n g t h e amount o f t h r e a t e x p r e s s e d v e r b a l l y and

would t h e r e f o r e a c c o u n t f o r a t l e a s t some o f t h e d i s c r e p a n c i e s b e t w e e n

v e r b a l and p h y s i o l o g i c a l r e s p o n s e s t o s t r e s s . I n a r e a n a l y s i s o f s i x

e x p e r i m e n t s , W e i n s t e i n , Aver i l l , O p to n , and L a z a r u s (1968) h y p o t h e ­

s i z e d and d e m o n s t r a t e d t h a t Ss l a b e l e d " r e p r e s s o r s " showed r e l a t i v e l y

g r e a t e r a u to n o m ic t h a n s e l f - r e p o r t r e a c t i o n s t o s t r e s s w h i l e

" s e n s i t i z e r s " t e n d e d t o e x h i b i t t h e o p p o s i t e p a t t e r n . D i v i d i n g t h e i r

Ss i n t o t h r e e g r o u p s on t h e b a s i s o f d i s c r e p a n c i e s b e t w e e n p h y s i o ­

l o g i c a l and v e r b a l r e p o r t s , H o u s to n and Hodges ( 1 9 7 0 ) , found t h a t

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c o g n i t i v e a p p r a i s a l o r ” s h o r t - c i r c u i t i n g 1’ c o u l d a f f e c t p e r f o r m a n c e .

D e n i e r s p e r f o r m e d c o n s i s t e n t l y b e t t e r t h a n s e n s i t i z e r s w i t h a n e u t r a l

g r o u p f a l l i n g i n b e t w e e n th em .

S ummariz ing t h e e v i d e n c e p r e s e n t e d a b o v e : T h e r e d o e s seem t o

b e a v a l i d c o n t i n u u m o f b e h a v i o r , t h e e x t r e m e s o f w h ic h may be t e rm ed

" s e n s i t i z i n g ” and ” r e p r e s s i n g T h e R-S s c a l e d e v e l o p e d by Byrne

(1964) p u r p o r t s t o m e a s u re t h i s d i m e n s i o n ; t h e r e i s some e m p i r i c a l

s u p p o r t t o s u g g e s t t h a t i t d o e s . E x t e n s i o n o f t h e l o g i c b e h i n d t h e

R-S s c a l e would s u g g e s t t h a t s e n s i t i z e r s and r e p r e s s o r s l a b e l t h e i r

p h y s i o l o g i c a l r e a c t i o n s d i f f e r e n t l y ( S c h a c h t e r , 1 9 6 4 ) . L a b e l i n g o r

a p p r a i s a l , t e n d s t o " s h o r t - c i r c u i t ” o r a l l e v i a t e s t r e s s ( L a z a r u s , 1 9 6 4 ) .

T h i s c o g n i t i v e a p p r a i s a l i n t u r n may l e a d t o d i s c r e p a n c i e s b e t w e e n

v e r b a l and p h y s i o l o g i c a l i n d i c a n t s o f s t r e s s su c h t h a t r e p r e s s o r s

t e n d t o u n d e r r a t e i n t h e i r s e l f - r e p o r t ( a s compared t o t h e p h y s i o ­

l o g i c a l m e a s u r e s ) and s e n s i t i z e r s t e n d t o o v e r r a t e t h e i r e m o t i o n

r e a c t i o n .

Thus t h e f o l l o w i n g h y p o t h e s e s w e re f o r m u l a t e d :

a . P e r s o n a l i t y f a c t o r s c a n i n f l u e n c e t h e t y p e o f c o g n i t i o n

t h a t d e t e r m i n e s t h e c o p i n g o r d e f e n s i v e s t y l e u s e d by a s t r e s s e d

i n d i v i d u a l .

b . T h i s d e f e n s i v e s t y l e may b e s t u d i e d by a n a l y z i n g t h e

d i s c r e p a n c i e s b e t w e e n v e r b a l r e p o r t and p h y s i o l o g i c i n d i c a t o r s o f

s t r e s s .

c . P e o p l e u n d e r r a t i n g t h e i r r e a c t i o n u t i l i z e d e n i a l ,

a v o i d a n c e r e s p o n s e s . Those who o v e r r a t e t h e i r r e a c t i o n s u s e

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i n t e l l e c t u a l i z i n g d e f e n s e s .

d . T h i s d e s c r i p t i o n o f u n d e r and o v e r r a t e r s a p p e a r s t o

p a r a l l e l t h a t o f r e p r e s s o r s and s e n s i t i z e r s and s u g g e s t s t h a t a n R-S

s c a l e would m e a s u r e t h e c o p i n g s t r a t e g y u s e d .

e . B y r n e ’ s (1964) R-S s c a l e , s h o u l d t h e n be a b l e t o p r e d i c t

t h e d i r e c t i o n o f d i s c r e p a n c i e s e x h i b i t e d i n t h e l a b .

T h i s s t u d y was d e s i g n e d t o t e s t t h e s e h y p o t h e s e s and a t t e m p t e d

t o c o r r e c t some o f t h e w e a k n e s s e s e v i d e n t i n p r e v i o u s r e s e a r c h .

F i r s t , i t was d e s i g n e d s p e c i f i c a l l y f o r t h i s p u r p o s e and was n o t a

p o s t f a c t o l o o k a t d a t a c o l l e c t e d f o r o t h e r r e a s o n s . S e c o n d , t h e R-S

s c a l e , t h e m os t r e f i n e d o f t h e a v a i l a b l e s c a l e s , was u s e d a s t h e £>

s e l e c t i n g f a c t o r . S in c e c o g n i t i o n i s a n o n g o i n g p r o c e s s , more t h a n

one v e r b a l and one p h y s i o l o g i c a l m e a s u re w e re r e c o r d e d and u s e d t o

d e r i v e t h e d i s c r e p a n c y s c o r e s . I n c a s e t h e R-S s c a l e d i d n o t p r e d i c t

o v e r - a n d u n d e r r a t e r s by t h i s r e v i s e d o p e r a t i o n a l d e f i n i t i o n , o t h e r

p e r s o n a l i t y i n v e n t o r i e s w e r e a d m i n i s t e r e d t o p r o v i d e a p o o l o f i t e m s

t h a t c o u l d be u s e d t o d e v e l o p a new s c a l e . S i n c e t h e r e i s some

u n c e r t a i n t y a b o u t t h e s t r e s s q u a l i t y o f t h e s t i m u l u s m a t e r i a l s , a l l Ss

w e re t h r e a t e n e d w i t h and g i v e n a m i ld e l e c t r i c s h o c k . H ence ,

c o m p a r i s o n o f s u b j e c t i v e and p h y s i c a l s t r e s s c o u l d be made.

O t h e r p e r s o n a l i t y t e s t s g i v e n w e r e E y s e n c k ' s P e r s o n a l i t y

I n v e n t o r y ( E P I ) , t h e Autonom ic P e r c e p t i o n Q u e s t i o n n a i r e (APQ)

(G. M a n d l e r , J . M a n d l e r , & U v i l l e r , 1 9 5 8 ) , and t h e 16 p e r s o n a l i t y

f a c t o r ( 1 6 . P F ) .

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6

Method

Sub j e c t s . The R-S s c a l e was a d m i n i s t e r e d t o 134 f e m a le and

m a le u n d e r g r a d u a t e s . Ss s c o r i n g b e l o w t h e 2 0 t h p e r c e n t i l e o r above

t h e 8 0 t h p e r c e n t i l e , w e re t e rm e d " r e p r e s s o r s ” and " s e n s i t i z e r s 1

r e s p e c t i v e l y . B e c a u s e f e w e r m a l e s r e t u r n e d t h e q u e s t i o n n a i r e (54 a s

compared t o 80 f e m a l e s ) t h e r e w e re 11 m a l e s i n e a c h c a t e g o r y a s

compared t o 16 f e m a l e s . From t h i s p o o l , f i v e m a le and f i v e f e m a le

r e p r e s s o r s and s e n s i t i z e r s w e r e s e l e c t e d f o r a t o t a l o f 20 s u b j e c t s .

The mean s c o r e s f o r r e p r e s s o r s and s e n s i t i z e r s w e r e 39 and 94,

r e s p e c t i v e l y . T h e s e s u b j e c t s w e re c o n t a c t e d by p h o n e , a t w h ic h t im e

t h e n a t u r e o f t h e e x p e r i m e n t was e x p l a i n e d . Ss w e r e a l s o i n f o r m e d

t h a t t h e y would b e p a i d f o r t h e i r t i m e . A l l Ss a g r e e d t o p a r t i c i p a t e .

A p p a r a t u s . H e a r t r a t e (HR), g a l v a n i c s k i n r e s p o n s e (GSR),

f i n g e r p u l s e vo lume (FPV), and r e s p i r a t i o n r a t e (RR), w e re s i m u l ­

t a n e o u s l y r e c o r d e d on a n E&M I n s t r u m e n t s Model 6 P h y s i o g r a p h .

R e s p i r a t i o n was r e c o r d e d f ro m a b e l l o w s pneum ograph p l a c e d a p p r o x i ­

m a t e l y S . i n c h e s b e lo w t h e a rm p i t . S t a n d a r d GSR e l e c t r o d e s w e re

a t t a c h e d t o t h e f i r s t and t h i r d f i n g e r o f t h e r i g h t h a n d . E l e c t r o d e s

w e r e c o a t e d w i t h S anbo rn Redux e l e c t r o d e p a s t e p r i o r t o p l a c e m e n t .

F i n g e r p u l s e volume was r e c o r d e d f ro m a n E&M p h o t o c e l l p l e t h y s m o g r a p h

p l a c e d on t h e second f i n g e r o f t h e r i g h t h a n d . H e a r t r a t e was

t r i g g e r e d f rom t h e f i n g e r p u l s e v o lu m e . Shock was a d m i n i s t e r e d

t h r o u g h z i n c c o a t e d EKG p l a t e e l e c t r o d e s a t t a c h e d t o t h e .Ss r i g h t

f o r e a r m . A l l Ss w e r e t e s t e d i n d i v i d u a l l y and w e re s e a t e d i n a d e n t a l

c h a i r i n s i d e a 7 x 7 x 7 f o o t a lum inum s c r e e n c u b i c l e t h a t

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7

e l e c t r i c a l l y i s o l a t e d them f ro m t h e s u r r o u n d i n g room.

S l i d e s . The h o m i c i d e s l i d e s w e re s e l e c t e d f ro m a l a r g e r p o o l

u s e d by H a r e , Wood, B r i t a i n , and Shadman ( 1 9 7 1 ) . They w e r e o b t a i n e d

f r o m u n r e t o u c h e d p o l i c e f i l e s and c o n s i s t e d o f b o t h on t h e s c e n e and

morgue s h o t s . The s l i d e s w i t h s e x u a l c o n t e n t w e re t h e same a s u s e d

by D r . J o h n Money a t J o h n s H o p k in s U n i v e r s i t y . D r . Money had

p r e v i o u s l y u sed t h e s l i d e s f o r s e x e d u c a t i o n c l a s s e s f o r f i r s t y e a r

m e d i c a l s t u d e n t s and u n d e r g r a d u a t e s and e v e n f o r P a r e n t - T e a c h e r

A s s o c i a t i o n (PTA) g r o u p s . He s t a t e s t h a t v i e w e r s a d a p t t o t h e s l i d e

c o n t e n t v e r y q u i c k l y . No a d v e r s e e f f e c t s a r e r e p o r t e d f o r e i t h e r t y p e

o f s l i d e s . The s e x u a l s l i d e s w e r e f u r t h e r d i v i d e d i n t o t h r e e c a t e ­

g o r i e s o f 16 s l i d e s e a c h . The c a t e g o r i e s w e r e :

a . Nudes ( e i g h t f e m a l e and e i g h t m a l e ) ,

b . h e t e r o s e x u a l a c t i v i t y ( e i g h t c o n v e n t i o n a l and e i g h t

u n c o n v e n t i o n a l s c e n e s ) , and

c . a r a t h e r l o o s e c a t e g o r y o f e r o t i c a r t and b e s t i a l i t y

( e i g h t e a c h ) .

T h e s e p l u s 16 h o m i c i d e s l i d e s ( e i g h t on t h e s c e n e , and e i g h t morgue

s h o t s ) made up t h e 64 s l i d e s shown i n i t i a l l y , i n r andom o r d e r , t o e a c h

s u b j e c t . L a t e r i n t h e p r o c e d u r e , f i v e n e u t r a l s l i d e s o f C o l o n i a l

W i l l i a m s b u r g w ere i n t r o d u c e d . S l i d e s w e re p r o j e c t e d on a s c r e e n

a p p r o x i m a t e l y 6 f e e t f ro m t h e S. by a Kodak C a r o u s e l p r o j e c t o r .

V ie w in g s i z e was a p p r o x i m a t e l y 30 i n c h e s x 40 i n c h e s . Ss r a t e d t h e i r

p e r c e i v e d e m o t i o n a l r e a c t i o n t o t h e s l i d e s on a 7 - p o i n t L y k e r t t y p e

s c a l e w h e re 1 d e n o t e d no r e a c t i o n , and 7 m ean t a l a r g e o n e .

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8

P r o c e d u r e . Ss w e re s e a t e d i n t h e d e n t a l c h a i r and made

c o m f o r t a b l e . They w e r e shown a l l 64 s l i d e s a t a two second p r e s e n t a ­

t i o n r a t e . A f t e r e a c h s l i d e was shown t h e y w r o t e t h e i r e m o t i o n a l

r e a c t i o n t o i t u s i n g t h e 7 - p o i n t s c a l e . S u b j e c t s w e re in f o r m e d t h a t

t h e y c o u l d t e r m i n a t e t h e e x p e r i m e n t a t an y t i m e and s t i l l r e c e i v e

paym ent and t h a t t h e e x p e r i m e n t e r s r e s e r v e d t h e r i g h t t o do so a l s o ,

i f t h e y deemed i t n e c e s s a r y . A f t e r t h e s u b j e c t s had s e e n a l l o f t h e

s l i d e s t h i s b r i e f l y , t h e y w e re a s k e d i f t h e y w ould o b j e c t t o s e e i n g

t h e s l i d e s a g a i n f o r a l o n g e r t i m e - - 1 0 s e c o n d s . I f t h e r e w e re any

p a r t i c u l a r s l i d e s t h a t jSs d i d n o t w i s h t o s e e , t h o s e s l i d e s w e r e

o m i t t e d f ro m t h e l i s t . Only f o u r Ss r e f u s e d t o s e e p a r t i c u l a r s l i d e s ,

a l l o f w h ic h w e r e h o m i c i d e s l i d e s . The number r a n g e d f ro m one o r tw o -

t o a l l - 1 6 (one c a s e ) . A l l _Ss a g r e e d t o c o n t i n u e t h e e x p e r i m e n t . At

t h i s p o i n t t h e Ss w e r e shown a s am ple l a n d s c a p e s l i d e w h ic h was r e p r e ­

s e n t a t i v e o f t h e n e u t r a l s l i d e s . Ss a l s o a g r e e d t o be g i v e n a n

e l e c t r i c s h o c k i n t h e i r a rm . The h a r m l e s s DC s h o c k w as f u l l y

e x p l a i n e d and Ss w e re a l l o w e d t o s e l e c t t h e i r own l e v e l o f i n t e n s i t y .

The l e v e l w as d e t e r m i n e d by s e t t i n g t h e s h o c k i n t e n s i t y b e l o w t h r e s h o l d

and i n c r e a s i n g i t i n a s t e p w i s e f a s h i o n u n t i l t h e j> t o l d E_ t o s t o p .

Ss w e r e a s k e d t o s e l e c t a l e v e l w h ic h t h e y found a v e r s i v e b u t c o u l d

t o l e r a t e f o r 5 - t o 1 0 - s e c o n d i n t e r v a l s . Ss w e re t o l d t h a t t h e a c t u a l

i n t e n s i t y l e v e l d i d n o t m a t t e r and t h a t i t was n o t a t e s t o f t h e

amount o f s h o c k t h a t t h e y c o u l d s t a n d . They w e re a l s o i n f o r m e d t h a t

t h e i n t e n s i t y l e v e l would n o t be c h a n g e d b u t t h a t i f i t s u b j e c t i v e l y

became w o r s e , t h a t i t c o u l d b e r e a d j u s t e d a t an y t i m e d u r i n g t h e

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9

e x p e r i m e n t a l p r o c e d u r e . Ss w e r e t h e n a t t a c h e d t o t h e o t h e r

p h y s i o l o g i c a l r e c o r d i n g e q u i p m e n t . The room was d a r k e n e d and t h e y

w e r e t o l d t o r e l a x f o r 10 m i n u t e s so t h a t a b a s e l i n e m e a s u r e o f t h e i r

p h y s i o l o g i c a l r e s p o n s e s c o u l d be o b t a i n e d . D u r i n g t h i s t i m e t h e 12

s e l e c t e d t h e f i v e mos t s t r e s s f u l s l i d e s ( t h a t t h e a g r e e d t o s e e )

f ro m e a c h c a t e g o r y . S in c e e a c h c h o s e h i s own s l i d e s , t h e E had no

c o n t r o l o v e r w h ic h s l i d e s w i t h i n e a c h c a t e g o r y w e r e a c t u a l l y s e e n .

T h i s c o n t r o l was r e l i n q u i s h e d i n f a v o r o f g e t t i n g s u b j e c t i v e l y e q u a l

s l i d e s a s f a r a s s t r e s s v a l u e was c o n c e r n e d . The i n i t i a l p r o c e d u r e

a l s o a l l o w e d t h e Ss t o v i e w a l l o f t h e p o t e n t i a l s l i d e s and d e c l i n e

t o s e e some o f them i f he found them t o o u p s e t t i n g . I t a l s o g a v e h im

t h e o p p o r t u n i t y t o l e a v e t h e e x p e r i m e n t b e f o r e t h e demand c h a r a c t e r ­

i s t i c s became t o o h i g h .

The p r e s e n t a t i o n was i n a p r e d e t e r m i n e d random o r d e r

(20 s t r e s s f u l and f i v e n e u t r a l s l i d e s p l u s f i v e t r i a l s o f s h o c k ) ,

w i t h t h e r e s t r i c t i o n t h a t t h e f i r s t and l a s t s l i d e s be n e u t r a l (H a re ,

1971) and t h a t two s l i d e s f ro m t h e same c a t e g o r y w e r e n o t p r e s e n t e d

s u c c e s s i v e l y . Each s l i d e o r s h o c k was p r e s e n t e d f o r 10 s e c o n d s

f o l l o w e d by a 2 0 - t o 2 5 - s e c o n d i n t e r t r i a l i n t e r v a l . D u r i n g t h i s t i m e

Es a g a i n r a t e d t h e i r e m o t i o n a l r e a c t i o n t o t h e s l i d e on t h e 7 - p o i n t

s c a l e . Ss w e re c a u t i o n e d n o t t o t r y t o r e c a l l how t h e y had r a t e d t h e

s l i d e o r s h o ck p r e v i o u s l y b u t t o r a t e how t h e y f e l t a t t h i s p r e s e n ­

t a t i o n . The r a t i n g and c a t e g o r y o f t h e s l i d e was r e c o r d e d by t h e E s .

A f e m a le 12 was p r e s e n t a t a l l t i m e s and a m a le 12 was p r e s e n t m os t o f

t h e t im e .

Page 21: Development of a Scale to Predict Patterns of Cognitive

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A f t e r a l l 30 t r i a l s t h e e q u i p m e n t was removed f ro m t h e S s .

They w e re shown t h e i r p h y s i o l o g i c a l r e c o r d w h ic h was e x p l a i n e d

c a r e f u l l y . They w e re e n c o u r a g e d t o a s k q u e s t i o n s and make com ments .

D u r i n g t h e p o s t e x p e r i m e n t a l i n t e r v i e w t h e Es s o u g h t t o d e t e r m i n e i f

t h e r e w e re a n y a d v e r s e e f f e c t s f ro m t h e e x p e r i m e n t . C o u n s e l i n g

s e r v i c e s w e r e o f f e r e d by t h e m a le E_ t o a l l Ss and e n c o u r a g e d f o r

t h o s e who seemed more u p s e t . Ss w e r e t h e n a s k e d t o c o m p l e t e t h e

E P I and t h e 16 PF. B e c a u s e t h e APQ was u n a v a i l a b l e u n t i l a f t e r a l l

Ss had b e e n r u n , Ss w e re c o n t a c t e d by m a i l and a s k e d t o c o m p l e t e i t

and r e t u r n i t a t t h e i r c o n v e n i e n c e . S i n c e t h i s t e s t was a d m i n i s t e r e d

d i f f e r e n t l y , t h e s c o r e s f rom i t w i l l n o t be c o m p l e t e l y v a l i d o r

c o m p a r a b l e t o t h e o t h e r s .

R e s u l t s

P e a r s o n c o r r e l a t i o n s w e re p e r f o r m e d on a l l o f t h e p e r s o n a l i t y

s c a l e s . The s i g n i f i c a n t c o r r e l a t i o n s a r e p r e s e n t e d i n T a b l e 1 . The

t a b l e s u p p r e s s e s t h e i n t e r c o r r e l a t i o n s o f t h e s e p a r a t e 16 PF s u b -

s c a l e s . D e s p i t e t h e f a c t t h a t t h e s e s c a l e s a r e s u p p o se d t o be

i n d e p e n d e n t , t h e r e w e r e s e v e n s i g n i f i c a n t c o r r e l a t i o n s ; p r o b a b l y due

t o t h e b i a s e d s a m p l e . The h i g h c o r r e l a t i o n s o f t h e R-S s c a l e w i t h

e x t r a v e r s i o n ( r = - . 6 7 3 ) and n e u r o t i c i sm = . 7 1 8 ) c o n f i r m Dana and

C o c k in g (1966) and B y r n e , G o l i g h t t y , and S h e f f i e l d (1965 ) f i n d i n g s

t h a t s e n s i t i z e r s t e n d t o be i n t r o v e r t e d and n e u r o t i c a s com pared t o

r e p r e s s o r s . The s i g n i f i c a n t c o r r e l a t i o n (i: = - . 6 4 0 ) w i t h t h e C s c a l e

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11

TABLE 1

T a b l e o f S i g n i f i c a n t P e a r s o n C o r r e l a t i o n s on E y s e n c k ’ s

P e r s o n a l i t y I n v e n t o r y , 16 P e r s o n a l i t y F a c t o r and

t h e R e p r e s s i o n - S e n s i t i z a t i o n P e r s o n a l i t y T e s t s .

T e s t S c a l e

E y sen ck S c a l e s

E N L R-S

E y sen ck E - . 6 6 4 * * - . 6 7 3 * *P e r s o n a l i t yI n v e n t o r y N - . 6 6 4 * * .7 1 8 * * *

L

A

B

C .5 7 9 * * - . 5 4 6 * - . 6 4 0 * *

16 EP e r s o n a l i t yF a c t o r s F .6 7 5 * * - . 5 2 8 *

G

H .5 8 0 * * - . 6 2 4 * * - . 5 9 4 * *

I - . 4 9 5 *

L

Q4 - . 4 4 7 .690*** - . 6 9 3 * * *

MD - . 5 7 7 * * - . 4 8 8 *

* p < . 0 5 , * * p < . 0 1 , * * * p < .0 0 1

Page 23: Development of a Scale to Predict Patterns of Cognitive

12

f ro m t h e 16 PF, w h ic h m e a s u r e s e m o t i o n a l s t a b i l i t y o r ego s t r e n g t h ,

s u g g e s t s t h a t r e p r e s s o r s a r e more s t a b l e and h a v e h i g h e r ego

s t r e n g t h t h a n s e n s i t i z e r s . The R-S d i m e n s i o n i s a l s o s i g n i f i c a n t l y

r e l a t e d t o t h e F , H, Q4, and MD ^ s c a l e s o f t h e 16 PF; t h e s e d a t a

s u g g e s t t h a t r e p r e s s o r s a r e more h a p p y - g o - l u c k y ( F ) , a r e more

v e n t u r e s o m e and u n i n h i b i t e d ( H ) , a r e more t e n s e and f r u s t r a t e d ( Q 4 ) ,

and t e n d t o r e s p o n d i n a more s o c i a l l y d e s i r a b l e manner (MD) r e l a t i v e

t o s e n s i t i z e r s . As t h e Ss w e re s e l e c t e d on t h e b a s i s o f t h e i r

e x t r e m e s c o r e s on t h e R-S s c a l e s m ak ing t h i s a n o n c o n t i n u o u s v a r i a b l e ,

P o i n t B i s e r i a l c o r r e l a t i o n s o f t h e R-S s c a l e w i t h t h e o t h e r s c a l e s

w e re c o m p u te d , y i e l d i n g t h e same r e s u l t s a s t h e P e a r s o n c o r r e l a t i o n s .

Shock i n t e n s i t y l e v e l s s e l e c t e d w e re a n a l y z e d , show ing no

d i f f e r e n c e i n l e v e l s c h o s e n by r e p r e s s o r s o r s e n s i t i z e r s

(t_ = 1 . 4 0 , d_f = 1 8 ) w i t h r e p r e s s o r s t e n d i n g t o s e l e c t h i g h e r s h o c k

l e v e l s . The 10 s e c o n d s when e a c h s l i d e was v i s i b l e was c o n s i d e r e d

t h e s t i m u l u s i n t e r v a l . The 10 s e c o n d s i m m e d i a t e l y p r e c e d i n g s l i d e

p r e s e n t a t i o n , t h e p r e s t i m u l u s i n t e r v a l , was u s e d t o a d j u s t f o r i n d i ­

v i d u a l d i f f e r e n c e s i n i n i t i a l l e v e l s o f r e s p o n s e . The m e th o d s u sed

f o r q u a n t i f i c a t i o n a r e d e s c r i b e d b e l o w . H e a r t r a t e was s c o r e d f o r

t h e f a s t e s t (HR-MAX) and s l o w e s t (HR-MIN) b e a t s i n b o t h i n t e r v a l s .

T h e s e s c o r e s w e re s u b t r a c t e d and t h i s d i f f e r e n c e s c o r e was u s e d a s

t h e h e a r t r a t e c h a n g e m e a s u r e (HR-V). The l o w e s t GSR r e s i s t a n c e l e v e l

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13

was d e t e r m i n e d f o r e a c h i n t e r v a l , c o n v e r t e d f i r s t t o c o n d u c t a n c e and

t h e n t o l o g a r i t h m s . The l o g o f t h e p r e s t i m u l u s i n t e r v a l was

s u b t r a c t e d f rom t h e lo g o f t h e s t i m u l u s i n t e r v a l . Mean FPV was

computed b y a v e r a g i n g t h e l e n g t h o f e v e r y t h i r d f i n g e r p u l s e w ave .

The mean o f t h e s t i m u l u s w as d i v i d e d by t h e mean o f t h e p r e s t i m u l u s

and t h e q u o t i e n t s u b t r a c t e d f rom 100 , y i e l d i n g a p e r c e n t a g e o f c h a n g e

s c o r e . Any r e s p o n s e s t h a t w e r e d i l a t e d ( i n d i c a t i n g r e l a x a t i o n r a t h e r

t h a n s t r e s s ) w e re s c o r e d a s z e r o . The number o f r e s p i r a t i o n s was

s i m p l y c o u n t e d f o r p r e s t i m u l u s and s t i m u l u s i n t e r v a l s . A p p r o x i m a t e l y

t h e same m e a s u r e s w e re t a k e n f o r t h e f i r s t and l a s t 20 s e c o n d s o f t h e

a d a p t a t i o n p e r i o d . A f i d g e t i n d e x was o b t a i n e d by c o u n t i n g t h e

number o f movement a r t i f a c t s i n t h e FPV r e c o r d . _t t e s t s r e v e a l e d

t h a t t h e r e was a s i g n i f i c a n t (jt = 2 . 2 , dff = 18 , £ < . 0 5 ) d i f f e r e n c e

b e t w e e n r e p r e s s o r s and s e n s i t i z e r s , w i t h s e n s i t i z e r s f i d g e t i n g m ore .

T h e r e was a l s o a s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e (t_ = 2 . 7 3 , d_f = 18 , < . 0 5 )

b e t w e e n p r e s t i m u l u s and s t i m u l u s i n t e r v a l s w i t h more movement d u r i n g

t h e s l i d e p r e s e n t a t i o n .

S c o r e s t r a n s f o r m e d a s d e s c r i b e d ab o v e f rom GSR, FPV, HR-MIN,

HR-MAX, HR-V, and s e l f - r e p o r t s w e r e a n a l y z e d i n a 2 ( r e p r e s s o r -

s e n s i t i z e r ) x 2 ( m a l e - f e m a l e ) x 6 ( s l i d e c a t e g o r i e s ) s p l i t p l o t

f a c t o r i a l a n a l y s i s o f v a r i a n c e w i t h r e p e a t e d m e a s u r e s on t h e l a s t

f a c t o r . D a t a f rom t h e f i v e s l i d e s i n e a c h o f t h e s i x c a t e g o r i e s w ere

Page 25: Development of a Scale to Predict Patterns of Cognitive

14

a v e r a g e d t o g e t h e r f o r t h i s a n a l y s i s . The a n a l y s i s o f v a r i a n c e

summary t a b l e f o r t h e r a t i n g s d a t a i s p r e s e n t e d i n T a b l e 2 . T h e r e

a r e s i g n i f i c a n t (F = 2 6 , 0 1 , dj: = 5 / 8 0 , £ < . 0 0 1 ) d i f f e r e n c e s i n

c a t e g o r i e s o f s t i m u l i . The summary t a b l e s f o r t h e p h y s i o l o g i c a l d a t a

a r e n o t p r e s e n t e d b u t means f o r a l l m e a s u r e s a r e p r e s e n t e d i n

T a b l e 3 . T h e r e a r e s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n s t i m u l u s c a t e ­

g o r i e s f o r a l l m o d a l i t i e s (HR-MIN F = 5 . 2 , £ < . 0 0 1 , HR-MAX F = 4 . 1 1 ,

£ < . 0 1 , FPV F = 4 . 9 , £ < . 0 0 1 , GSR F = 6 0 . 5 8 , £ < . 0 0 1 , d f = 5 / 8 0

f o r a l l v a r i a b l e s ) e x c e p t f o r t h e HR-V m o d a l i t y (F = . 4 2 4 ,

d f = 5 / 8 0 , N S ) . A Newman-Keuls M u l t i p l e c o m p a r i s o n t e s t showed t h a t

f o r b o t h p h y s i o l o g i c a l d a t a and e m o t i o n a l r a t i n g s d a t a t h e r e w e re

s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n t h e l a n d s c a p e c a t e g o r y and a l l

o t h e r s , w h ic h w e r e a l l r a t e d o r r e a c t e d t o more s t r o n g l y t h a n t h e

l a n d s c a p e s . T h i s i s p r e s e n t e d g r a p h i c a l l y f o r t h e r a t i n g s d a t a i n

F i g u r e 1. T h e r e w e re no s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n g r o u p s f o r

an y o f t h e f i v e m o d a l i t i e s m e a s u r e d . F e m a le s r a t e d s i g n i f i c a n t l y

(F = 6 . 3 5 , df[ = 5 / 8 0 , £ < . 0 0 1 ) h i g h e r t h a n m a l e s , b u t t h e r e w e re no

s i g n i f i c a n t s e x d i f f e r e n c e s i n t h e p h y s i o l o g i c a l d a t a .

F o r e a c h JS 120 d i s c r e p a n c y s c o r e s w e re c o m p u te d , 30 f o r e a c h

o f f o u r m o d a l i t i e s . T r a n s f o r m e d s c o r e s f o r a l l s l i d e s and a l l Ss w e re

c o n v e r t e d t o s t a n d a r d s c o r e s w i t h i n e a c h v a r i a b l e . Then t h e GSR,

Page 26: Development of a Scale to Predict Patterns of Cognitive

TABLE 2

A n a l y s i s o f V a r i a n c e :

E m o t i o n a l R a t i n g s D a ta

S o u r c e d f MS F

G roups (A) 1 0 . 2 1 n . s .

Sex (C) 1 2 1 .3 4 6 . 3 5 * *

A x C 1 1 . 9 8 n . s

E r r o r b e t w e e n 16'

3 . 3 6

C a t e g o r i e s (B) j 5 i,

1 7 .0 4 2 6 . 0 1 * * *

A x B |5 j

■0 . 3 8 n . s

B x C 1! 5

1 . 3 7 n . s

A x B x C ] 5 0 . 3 2 n . s .

E r r o r ^ ^ j n j 80 0 . 66

----------- - ------ , • . ......■ -mi-- r- r‘ . t , ‘ fii Ij._1 .. . UC... ,t1f,

**p < . 0 1***p <, *001

Page 27: Development of a Scale to Predict Patterns of Cognitive

16

TABLE 3

Means f o r P h y s i o l o g i c a l R e s p o n s e M o d a l i t i e s

R e s p o n s eM o d a l i t y Group S

S t i m u l u s

H HS

C a t e g o r y

EA-B N L

HR-MIN R e p r e s s o rM ale 6 4 . 4 0 6 2 . 6 4 6 3 . 6 4 6 2 . 0 0 6 2 . 6 0 6 2 . 7 2

R e p r e s s o rFem a le 7 1 . 4 0 7 1 . 8 8 6 9 . 8 4 7 0 . 6 8 6 9 . 7 2 7 3 . 0 4

S e n s i t i z e rM ale 7 0 . 6 8 6 9 . 0 0 6 6 .9 6 6 6 . 9 6 6 5 . 5 6 6 8 . 2 8

S e n s i t i z e rFem a le 6 9 . 5 2 6 6 . 9 6 6 3 . 4 8 6 4 . 6 8 6 3 . 2 0 6 4 . 2 8

HR-MAX R e p r e s s o rM ale 7 7 . 9 2 8 2 . 0 0 7 9 . 9 2 7 8 . 1 6 7 8 . 0 0 7 9 . 9 6

R e p r e s s o rF em ale 8 9 . 6 8 8 8 . 9 6 8 6 . 6 8 8 5 . 4 0 8 5 . 6 4 8 7 . 6 4

S e n s i t i z e rM a le 8 9 . 4 8 8 5 . 1 6 8 6 . 6 4 8 3 . 4 8 8 4 . 6 8 8 5 . 8 0

S e n s i t i z e rF em ale 8 8 . 4 8 4 . 0 0 8 0 . 4 8 8 3 . 6 0 8 4 . 3 2 8 4 . 1 2

Page 28: Development of a Scale to Predict Patterns of Cognitive

17

TABLE 3 C o n t i n u e d

R e s p o n s eM o d a l i t y Group S

S t i m u l u s C a t e g o r y

H HS EA-B E L

FPV R e p r e s s o rM ale 1 4 . 1 2 4 . 6 0 7 . 8 4 6 . 7 6 1 0 . 1 6 8 . 4 8

R e p r e s s o rFem ale 2 6 . 8 4 1 5 . 4 0 1 9 . 0 8 1 4 . 5 6 1 1 . 3 2 1 8 . 3 2

S e n s i t i z e rM ale 1 3 . 5 6 1 0 . 3 2 1 3 . 4 8 1 8 . 0 0 1 4 . 4 0 1 5 , 3 2

S e n s i t i z e rF em a le 2 4 . 0 4 9 . 6 8 1 1 . 8 0 1 3 . 6 0 1 2 . 4 4 1 4 . 8 4

GSR R e p r e s s o rM a le 0 . 0 7 5 0 . 0 2 2 0 . 0 3 2 0 . 0 2 3 0 . 0 1 6 0 . 0 2 9

R e p r e s s o rF em a le 0 . 0 7 1 0 . 0 0 7 0 . 0 1 9 0 . 0 1 2 0 . 0 2 5 0 . 0 1 2

S e n s i t i z e rM ale 0 . 0 8 0 0 . 0 1 4 0 . 0 2 1 0 . 0 1 6 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 1 8

S e n s i t i z e rF e m a le

0 . 0 9 1 0 . 0 1 4 0 . 0 2 6 0 . 0 2 4 0 . 0 1 5 0 . 0 2 6

N o t e . - S i s s h o c k , H i s h o m i c i d e v i c i t m s , HS i s h e t e r o s e x u a l a c t i v i t y , EA-B i s e r o t i c a r t and b e a s t i a l i t y , N i s n u d e s , L i s l a n d s c a p e s .

Page 29: Development of a Scale to Predict Patterns of Cognitive

F i g u r e 1 . The i n t e r a c t i o n o f s t i m u l u s c a t e g o r i e s and s e x

(B x C) f o r t h e r a t i n g s d a t a .

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18

COI

COPC

CO

vO m CO C N

SUT^E^ UEajflJ

Stim

ulus

C

ateg

ory

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19

FPV, HR-MAX, HR-MIN s t a n d a r d s c o r e s w e r e s e p a r a t e l y s u b t r a c t e d f ro m

t h e s t a n d a r d i z e d r a t i n g s c o r e . T h e s e d i f f e r e n t s c o r e s c o n s t i t u t e d t h e

d i s c r e p a n c y s c o r e s . An S / s d i s c r e p a n c y s c o r e was p o s i t i v e (+) i f h i s

Z s c o r e e m o t i o n a l r a t i n g was g r e a t e r t h a n h i s a u t o n o m i c r e s p o n s e Z

s c o r e . P o s i t i v e s c o r e s a r e i n d i c a t i v e o f t h e S / s r a t i n g h i s e m o t i o n a l

r e s p o n s e a s g r e a t e r t h a n a u t o n o m i c m e a s u r e s i n d i c a t e d and a r e t h u s

r e f e r r e d t o a s o v e r r a t i n g s . N e g a t i v e ( - ) s c o r e s a r e o b t a i n e d when jS1s

e m o t i o n a l r a t i n g s Z s c o r e s a r e l e s s t h a n t h e a u t o n o m i c Z s c o r e s , and

a r e r e f e r r e d t o a s u n d e r r a t i n g s . S u b j e c t s w e r e c a t e g o r i z e d a s e i t h e r

o v e r r a t e r s o r u n d e r r a t e r s i f a t l e a s t 2 1 / 3 0 (2 . < *05) o f t h e i r

. d i s c r e p a n c y s c o r e s f o r one r e s p o n s e m o d a l i t y w e re e i t h e r p o s i t i v e o r

n e g a t i v e and i f t h e y e x h i b i t e d a s t a b l e r e s p o n s e p a t t e r n a c r o s s a l l

a u t o n o m i c m o d a l i t i e s . T h i s c r i t e r i a was met by e i g h t o v e r r a t e r s and

s e v e n u n d e r r a t e r s . The o t h e r f i v e s u b j e c t s d i d n o t q u a l i f y , u s u a l l y

b e c a u s e t h e i r p a t t e r n o f d i s c r e p a n t s c o r e s was i n c o n s i s t e n t a c r o s s

a u t o n o m i c m e a s u r e s . B eca u se t h e r e w e r e r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s f ro m e a c h o f

t h e f o u r o r i g i n a l g r o u p s , t h e d a t a was r e a n a l y z e d u s i n g t h e new

g r o u p s ( e . g . , f e m a le and m a l e , o v e r - and u n d e r r a t e r s a c r o s s a l l s i x

c a t e g o r i e s ) . As t h e r e was s u c h a l a r g e d i f f e r e n c e i n c e l l s i z e

(5 , 3 , 1, ' 6 ) , t h e r e s u l t s o f a t h r e e f a c t o r a n a l y s i s , a l t h o u g h s i g n i f ­

i c a n t , w e re d i s c a r d e d a s i n v a l i d . A two f a c t o r ( o v e r - v e r s u s u n d e r ­

r a t e r s x s i x c a t e g o r i e s ) s p l i t p l o t f a c t o r i a l a n a l y s i s o f v a r i a n c e

w i t h r e p e a t e d m e a s u r e s on t h e l a s t f a c t o r was s u b s t i t u t e d . A g a i n a l l

v a r i a b l e s p r o d u c e d s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s i n c a t e g o r i e s . R e s u l t s o f

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20

a Newman K euIs m u l t i p l e c o m p a r i s o n t e s t show t h a t l a n d s c a p e s l i d e s a r e

l e s s a r o u s i n g t h a n s l i d e s i n o t h e r c a t e g o r i e s . The o n l y d i f f e r e n c e

b e t w e e n g r o u p s was w i t h t h e s u b j e c t i v e r a t i n g s (F = 1 1 . 8 7 , 2 < . 0 1 ,

d f = I , 13 , rm = .6 4 ) w i t h o v e r r a t e r s r a t i n g more e m o t i o n a l r e a c t i o n

t h a n u n d e r r a t e r s , i l l u s t r a t e d i n F i g u r e 2 . F i g u r e s 3 a n d 4 p o r t r a y

t y p i c a l u n d e r - and o v e r r a t e r s , r e s p e c t i v e l y . T h es e f i g u r e s w e r e made

by a v e r a g i n g t h e Z s c o r e s f o r t h e f i v e s l i d e s w i t h i n a c a t e g o r y f o r

b o t h r a t i n g s an d HR r e s p o n s e , t h u s d e p i c t i n g d a t a l e a d i n g t o t h e

d i s c r e p a n c y s c o r e s . N o t i c e t h a t t h e s u b j e c t i v e r a t i n g Z s c o r e s a r e

l o w e r t h a n t h e HR Z s c o r e s f o r t h e u n d e r r a t e r and t h a t t h e r e i s an

o p p o s i t e p a t t e r n f o r t h e o v e r r a t e r . T h i s p a t t e r n i s e v i d e n t f o r a l l

s t i m u l u s c a t e g o r i e s e x c e p t l a n d s c a p e s .

An i t e m a n a l y s i s was c o m p l e t e d on a l l o f t h e i t e m s f rom t h e

p e r s o n a l i t y t e s t s g i v e n , t h a t i s , t h e 16 P F , E P I , APQ, and R-S . The

c r i t e r i o n f o r a n a l y s i s was t h a t an i t e m m u s t d i f f e r e n t i a t e b e t w e e n

o v e r r a t e r s and u n d e r r a t e r s a s d e f i n e d a b o v e . T h e r e w e r e 15 i t e m s

w h i c h s i g n i f i c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t i a t e d o v e r - an d u n d e r r a t e r s a t t h e

2 < .05 o r b e t t e r and 13 more w ere s i g n i f i c a n t a t 2 < . 1 0 . A l s o ,

e i g h t o f t h e i t e m s w e re f rom t h e 16 P F , t h r e e f rom E P I , n i n e f rom t h e

R-S and e i g h t from t h e APQ. From t h e s e i t e m s a new p e r s o n a l i t y

i n v e n t o r y , t h e S e l f D e s c r i p t i o n Q u e s t i o n n a i r e (SDQ), was c r e a t e d . I n

o r d e r t o k e e p t h e t e s t i n g s i t u a t i o n a s s i m i l a r t o t h e o r i g i n a l one a s

p o s s i b l e , f i l l e r i t e m s w e re r a n d o m ly s e l e c t e d f rom t h e " p a r e n t " t e s t s

s o t h a t t h e new s c a l e c o n s i s t s o f 100 i t e m s . The s c a l e i s d i v i d e d

i n t o t h r e e s e c t i o n s on t h e b a s i s o f f o r m a t o f t h e q u e s t i o n s . The

Page 33: Development of a Scale to Predict Patterns of Cognitive

F i g u r e 2 . Mean s u b j e c t i v e e m o t i o n a l r a t i n g f o r u n d e r and

o v e r r a t e r s a c r o s s a l l s t i m u l u s c o n d i t i o n s .

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21

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Page 35: Development of a Scale to Predict Patterns of Cognitive

F i g u r e 3 . C o m p a r i s o n o f a v e r a g e z s c o r e s o f h e a r t r a t e

r e s p o n s e t o a v e r a g e z s c o r e s f o r e m o t i o n a l r e a c t i o n f o r s u b j e c t

an u n d e r r a t e r .

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22

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Page 37: Development of a Scale to Predict Patterns of Cognitive

F i g u r e 4 . Sample c o m p a r in g t h e s u b j e c t i v e r a t i n g an d h e a r t

r a t e r e s p o n s e f o r a t y p i c a l o v e r r a t e r .

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23

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Page 39: Development of a Scale to Predict Patterns of Cognitive

24

f i r s t s e c t i o n , T r u e - F a l s e , c o n t a i n s i t e m s and f i l l e r s f r o m t h e E P I ,

R -S s c a l e and p a r a n o i d q u e s t i o n s . S in c e p a r a n o i d s c l a i m t o h a v e

e x c e s s i v e c o n t r o l o v e r t h e i r e m o t i o n s and w o u l d , t h e r e f o r e , d e n y o r

u n d e r r a t e th em (Shean & S c h m a l t z , 1 9 7 3 ) , q u e s t i o n s d e f i n i n g c l a s s i c

p a r a n o i d symptoms w e re i n c l u d e d . EPI q u e s t i o n s w e r e n o t o r i g i n a l l y

i n a T r u e - F a l s e f o r m a t , b u t t h e r e w e re so few i t e m s ( t h r e e w i t h s i x

f i l l e r s ) t h a t a s e p a r a t e s e c t i o n w ou ld h a v e b e e n o b v i o u s . The second

s e c t i o n c o n s i s t s o f i t e m s t a k e n f ro m t h e 16 PF and a r e o f t h e " y e s , "

" some t i m e s , 11 " n o ” v a r i e t y . The t h i r d s e c t i o n i s a m o d i f i e d v e r s i o n

o f t h e APQ. A l l o f t h e q u e s t i o n s w e re i n c l u d e d b e c a u s e o f t h e i r

u n u s u a l f o r m a t and b e c a u s e o f t h e f a c t t h a t e i g h t o f t h e 21 a n x i e t y

q u e s t i o n s s i g n i f i c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t i a t e d o v e r - and u n d e r r a t i n g S s .

The c o m p l e t e SDQ i s p r e s e n t e d i n t h e A p p e n d ix .

D i s c u s s i o n

A l t h o u g h t h e R-S s c a l e was e x p e c t e d t o m e a s u r e o v e r - and

u n d e r r a t e r s o f e m o t i o n a l a r o u s a l , t h i s was n o t t h e c a s e . The o n l y

d i f f e r e n c e s a p p a r e n t f r o m s t a t i s t i c a l a n a l y s i s o f r e p r e s s i o n -

s e n s i t i z a t i o n g r o u p s w e re b e t w e e n s l i d e c a t e g o r i e s . Sex d i f f e r e n c e s

a p p r o a c h e d s i g n i f i c a n c e i n m os t o f t h e m o d a l i t i e s , b u t n o t one

d i f f e r e n t i a t e d b e t w e e n r e p r e s s o r s and s e n s i t i z e r s . T h i s f a i l u r e o f

t h e R-S s c a l e t o i n d i c a t e o v e r - o r u n d e r r a t e r s may be i n t e r p r e t e d i n

two w a y s . F i r s t , t h e s c a l e may r e a l l y w o rk b u t o n l y w i t h more e x t r e m e

s c o r e r s t h a n c o u l d b e s e l e c t e d f ro m t h e p e r h a p s t o o hom ogeneous p o p u ­

l a t i o n o f u n d e r g r a d u a t e s t a k i n g i n t r o d u c t o r y p s y c h o l o g y . The second

v i e w i s t h a t t h e s c a l e r e a l l y d o e s n o t p r e d i c t o v e r - o r u n d e r r a t e r s o f

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25

e m o t i o n a l r e s p o n s e . I f t h i s i s t h e c a s e , i t may be t h a t t h e s c a l e

d o e s n o t a d e q u a t e l y m e a s u r e r e p r e s s o r s and s e n s i t i z e r s , t h a t

r e p r e s s o r s do n o t u n d e r r a t e and s e n s i t i z e r s do n o t o v e r r a t e a s i s

s u g g e s t e d by t h e t h e o r y , o r t h a t o v e r - o r u n d e r r a t i n g o f e m o t i o n s i s

n o t s t a b l e a c r o s s s i t u a t i o n s a n d , t h e r e f o r e , wou ld n o t b e e v i d e n t i n

a w r i t t e n t e s t . F u r t h e r r e s e a r c h i s n e c e s s a r y b e f o r e t h i s m a t t e r c a n

be s e t t l e d s a t i s f a c t o r i l y .

R e a n a l y s i s o f t h e d a t a g ro u p e d by a c t u a l d i s c r e p a n c y s c o r e s

r e v e a l s no d i f f e r e n c e i n p h y s i o l o g i c a l a r o u s a l b u t s u b s t a n t i a l

d i f f e r e n c e s i n s u b j e c t i v e r a t i n g s . I t seems c l e a r t h a t t h e d i s c r e p ­

a n c i e s r e f l e c t d i f f e r e n t i n t e r p r e t a t i o n s o f t h e p h y s i o l o g i c a l i n f o r ­

m a t i o n . T h i s i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o r r e e v a l u a t i o n , may r e f l e c t d i f f e r e n t

d e f e n s e m o d e s - - e i t h e r d e n i a l o f a r o u s a l , i n t e l l e c t u a l i z a t i o n , o r p e r ­

h a p s o t h e r v a r i a b l e s a s y e t u n d e f i n e d .

The r e s u l t s o f t h i s s t u d y l e n d s u p p o r t t o a c o g n i t i v e p h y s i o ­

l o g i c a l t h e o r y o f e m o t i o n . When t h e s t i m u l u s i s r e l a t i v e l y n e u t r a l ,

a s w i t h t h e l a n d s c a p e s l i d e s , t h e r e i s l i t t l e p h y s i o l o g i c a l a r o u s a l

and l i t t l e need f o r d e f e n s e . Thus e m o t i o n a l r a t i n g s a r e r e l a t i v e l y

good p r e d i c t o r s o f p h y s i o l o g i c a l r e s p o n s e . However , a s a r o u s a l

i n c r e a s e s , a s w i t h t h e h o m i c i d e and s e x u a l s l i d e s , t h e r e i s more need

f o r c o g n i t i v e a p p r a i s a l and r e e v a l u a t i o n . T h i s i s r e f l e c t e d by t h e

d i s c r e p a n c i e s b e t w e e n g r o u p s i n t h e i r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c mode o f d e f e n s e :

O v e r r a t e r s g i v e s u b j e c t i v e a p p r a i s a l s o f t h e i r r e s p o n s e t h a t a r e

h i g h e r t h a n t h e i r p h y s i o l o g i c a l r e s p o n s e s , w h i l e u n d e r r a t e r s r e p o r t

l e s s e m o t i o n a l a r o u s a l t h a n t h e i r p h y s i o l o g i c a l r e c o r d s how s . The

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i m p o r t a n t p o i n t i s t h a t S!s a r e s u b j e c t i v e l y d i s c r i m i n a t i n g b e t w e e n

s t r e s s f u l and n e u t r a l s t i m u l i .

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Experim ent 2

I n t r o d u c t i o n

I n o r d e r t o v a l i d a t e t h e s c a l e d e v e l o p e d i n s t u d y 1, t h e

e x p e r i m e n t a l p r o c e d u r e was a d m i n i s t e r e d t o h i g h and low s c o r e r s on

t h e SDQ t o s e e i f t h e y w ou ld be over- o r u n d e r r a t e r s . S p e c i f i c a l l y ,

i t w as p r e d i c t e d t h a t h i g h s c o r e r s on t h e SDQ would o v e r r a t e t h e i r

s u b j e c t i v e r e s p o n s e t o e m o t i o n a l l y s t r e s s f u l s t i m u l i a s compared

t o t h e i r p h y s i o l o g i c a l r e s p o n s e , and t h a t low s c o r e r s w ou ld u n d e r ­

r a t e t h e i r s u b j e c t i v e r e s p o n s e a s compared t o t h e i r p h y s i o l o g i c a l

r e s p o n s e t o s t r e s s f u l s t i m u l i . Some c h a n g e s i n p r o c e d u r e w e re

n e c e s s a r y . As i t i s d i f f i c u l t t o v a l i d a t e a s c a l e b a s e d on o n l y a

few s u b j e c t s , t h e f i r s t c h a n g e was t o i n c r e a s e t h e number o f s u b j e c t s .

S i n c e t h e o n l y d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n o v e r - a n d u n d e r r a t e r s i n s t u d y 1

w e r e v e r b a l r a t i n g s r a t h e r t h a n p h y s i o l o g i c a l r e s p o n s e s , i t was

d e c i d e d t h a t i t was u n n e c e s s a r y and u n e c o n o m i c a l t o c o l l e c t p h y s i o ­

l o g i c a l d a t a f rom a l l S s . P h y s i o l o g i c a l d a t a was r e c o r d e d f ro m some

Ss i n o r d e r t o com pare i t t o s t u d y 1 and t o be s u r e t h a t t h e s u b j e c t

p o p u l a t i o n s w e re a p p r o x i m a t e l y t h e s a m e . Ss w e re r u n i n g r o u p s o f

t h r e e and a l t h o u g h e l e c t r o d e s w e re c o n n e c t e d t o a l l Ss and a l l Ss

t h o u g h t t h a t t h e i r p h y s i o l o g i c a l r e s p o n s e s w e re b e i n g r e c o r d e d , o n l y

r e s p o n s e s f rom one J> i n e a c h g r o u p o f t h r e e w e r e a c t u a l l y r e c o r d e d .

T h i s p r o c e d u r e n e c e s s i t a t e d t h e e l i m i n a t i o n o f t h e i n i t i a l v i e w i n g

o f a l a r g e p o o l o f s l i d e s f o r s e l e c t i o n o f s t r e s s f u l s t i m u l i by e a c h

jS. As t h e Ss i n s t u d y 1 t e n d e d t o c h o o s e a p p r o x i m a t e l y t h e same

s l i d e s , and a s no p r o b l e m s w e re e v i d e n c e d by any s u b j e c t s , i t was

27

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28

f e l t t h a t t h i s would n o t s e r i o u s l y a l t e r t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l c o n d i t i o n s .

The number o f s t i m u l u s p r e s e n t a t i o n s was r e d u c e d f ro m 30 t o 2 0 .

S in c e s h o c k p ro v e d t o b e c o m p a r a b l e i n s t r e s s q u a l i t y t o h o m i c i d e

s l i d e s and a l s o b e c a u s e o f t h e d i f f i c u l t y o f a d m i n i s t r a t i o n , e l e c t r i c

s h o c k was e l i m i n a t e d f rom t h e p r o c e d u r e . The w r i t e r c h o s e t h e

s t i m u l u s s l i d e s f ro m t h e p o o l u sed i n s t u d y 1 and a r r a n g e d th e m i n a

p r e d e t e r m i n e d random o r d e r . B e c a u se t h e o p p o r t u n i t y t o r e f u s e t o s e e

an y o f t h e s l i d e s a f t e r a b r i e f i n i t i a l v i e w was n o t g i v e n t o t h e S s ,

t h e s l i d e s c h o s e n f o r s t u d y 2 w e r e j u d g e d l e s s s t r e s s f u l ( a s d e t e r ­

mined by t h e w r i t e r and s e v e r a l g r a d u a t e s t u d e n t s who p r e v i e w e d and

r a t e d t h e s l i d e s ) t h a n t h e o n e s u s e d i n s t u d y 1-. T h e s e w e re t h e o n l y

c h a n g e s made and many w e re f i r s t u s e d i n a r e l a t e d s t u d y (Shean 6s

S c h m a l t z , 1 9 7 3 ) .

Method

Sub j e c t s . The SDQ was a d m i n i s t e r e d t o two i n t r o d u c t o r y

p s y c h o l o g y c l a s s e s and c o m p l e t e d fo rm s w e r e r e t u r n e d by 158 s t u d e n t s .

T h e s e fo rm s w e re s c o r e d f o r under - and o v e r r a t e r s b a s e d on t h e i t e m s

t h a t s u c c e s s f u l l y d i f f e r e n t i a t e d Ss i n e x p e r i m e n t 1 (29 i t e m s ) . Ss

s c o r i n g b e lo w t h e 2 5 t h p e r c e n t i l e o r above t h e 8 0 t h p e r c e n t i l e w e re

te rm e d low and h i g h s c o r e r s , r e s p e c t i v e l y . B e c a u s e f e w e r m a l e s

r e t u r n e d t h e q u e s t i o n n a i r e (70 a s compared t o 88 f e m a l e s ) t h e r e w e re

17 m a l e s i n e a c h c a t e g o r y a s compared t o 22 f e m a l e s . The mean s c o r e

f o r t h e SDQ f o r m a l e s was 1 3 .4 w i t h a s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n o f 3 . 0 3 .

The mean f o r f e m a l e s was 1 4 . 7 w i t h a s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n o f 2 . 8 2 . T h i s

d i f f e r e n c e was s i g n i f i c a n t (t. = 2 . 8 4 , d_f = 156 , p. < . 0 1 ) b u t s m a l l

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(rm = . 2 3 ) . T h e r e w e r e 56 Ss a c t u a l l y u s e d ; 15 h i g h s c o r i n g m a l e s

w i t h a mean s c o r e o f 1 7 . 7 4 , 12 low s c o r i n g m a l e s w i t h a mean o f

1 0 . 3 3 , 15 h i g h f e m a l e s w i t h a mean o f 1 8 . 6 9 and 14 low s c o r i n g f e m a l e s

w i t h a mean s c o r e o f 1 1 . 2 1 . Of t h e s e S s , p h y s i o l o g i c a l d a t a was

r e c o r d e d on 10 m a l e s - - s i x h i g h and f o u r low s c o r e r s , and 11 f e m a l e s - -

s i x h i g h and f i v e low s c o r e r s .

A p p a r a t u s . The a p p a r a t u s u s e d i s t h e same a s d e s c r i b e d i n

E x p e r i m e n t 1 w i t h t h e f o l l o w i n g e x c e p t i o n s : Ss w e re r u n t h r e e a t a t ime

e x c e p t f o r s i x s u b j e c t s r u n i n p a i r s b e c a u s e t h r e e s u b j e c t s f a i l e d t o

show up f o r t h e e x p e r i m e n t . They w e r e s e a t e d i n t h e same room ,

s e p a r a t e d v i s u a l l y by p a r t i t i o n s and w ore e a r p h o n e s t o p a r t i a l l y

b l o c k o u t a u d i t o r y c o m m u n i c a t i o n . W i r e s f ro m t h e e l e c t r o d e s p l a c e d

on t h e Ss w ere r u n t h r o u g h a h o l e i n t h e w a l l t o an a d j a c e n t room

w h e r e t h e p h y s i o l o g i c a l and t i m i n g e q u i p m e n t w as k e p t . The Ss w e re

s e p a r a t e d f rom t h i s e q u i p m e n t f o r two r e a s o n s . F i r s t , n e i t h e r room

w as l a r g e enough t o p h y s i c a l l y accommodate t h e Ss and e q u i p m e n t

c o m f o r t a b l y . S eco n d , i t was n e c e s s a r y t o m a i n t a i n t h e f i c t i o n t h a t

p h y s i o l o g i c a l d a t a was b e i n g r e c o r d e d on a l l .S s . I n s t r u c t i o n s w e r e

p r e s e n t e d a u d i t o r i l y t h r o u g h t h e e a r p h o n e s by a W o l l e n s a c k t a p e

r e c o r d e r . The v o i c e was t h a t o f t h e f e m a l e 12. The s l i d e p r o j e c t o r

w as i n t h e s u b j e c t room and s l i d e s w e r e p r o j e c t e d d i r e c t l y on t h e

w a l l a p p r o x i m a t e l y 6 f e e t f r o m t h e S s .

The o n l y p h y s i o l o g i c a l d a t a c o l l e c t e d was FFV, GSR, and HR.

HR was r e c o r d e d f rom z i n c c o a t e d EKG p l a t e e l e c t r o d e s a t t a c h e d t o t h e

l o w e r f o r e a r m s , t h u s k e e p i n g t h e number and p l a c e m e n t o f e l e c t r o d e s

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a p p r o x i m a t e l y t h e same i n b o t h s t u d i e s ( t h e s h o c k e l e c t r o d e s w e r e

e l i m i n a t e d ) . The e r o t i c a r t and b e s t i a l i t y s l i d e c a t e g o r y o f

s t u d y 1 was c u t and t h e nude c a t e g o r y d i v i d e d i n t o s e p a r a t e c a t e g o r i e s

f o r m a l e s and f e m a l e s . T h u s , t h e f i v e s t i m u l u s c a t e g o r i e s p r e s e n t e d

w e r e h o m i c i d e v i c t i m s (H ) , h e t e r o s e x u a l a c t i v i t y (HS) , m a le

n u d e s (MN), f e m a le n u d e s (F N ) , and l a n d s c a p e s ( L ) . F our s l i d e s

w e r e u s e d i n e a c h c a t e g o r y m a k ing a t o t a l o f 20 s l i d e p r e s e n t a t i o n s .

Ss a g a i n r a t e d t h e m a g n i t u d e o f t h e i r e m o t i o n a l r e s p o n s e on t h e

7 - p o i n t L y k e r t t y p e s c a l e . Ss w e re r e q u i r e d t o w r i t e t h e r a t i n g

b e c a u s e v e r b a l a n n o u n c e m e n t s m i g h t i n f l u e n c e t h e o t h e r s u b j e c t s

p r e s e n t . I n o r d e r t o a v o i d a n end e f f e c t t h e r a t i n g s h e e t was com­

p o s e d o f 25 p o s s i b l e r a t i n g s r a t h e r t h a n 2 0 . The num bers 1 t o 7

w e r e p r i n t e d on t h e s h e e t e l i m i n a t i n g a s much movement a s p o s s i b l e

t h a t m i g h t b i a s t h e p h y s i o l o g i c a l r e c o r d . I n s t r u c t i o n s w e re

r e c o r d e d on a W o l l e n s a c k t a p e r e c o r d e r and p r e s e n t e d t h r o u g h e a r p h o n e s

m a k ing t h e i r p r e s e n c e u s e f u l and a l e s s c o n s p i c u o u s a t t e m p t t o b l o c k

o u t n o i s e .

P r o c e d u r e . Ss w e re c o n t a c t e d by E x p e r i m e n t e r A who was n o t

i n v o l v e d w i t h t h e r e s t o f t h e e x p e r i m e n t . At t h e a p p o i n t e d t i m e Ss

w e r e g r e e t e d by a ma le and f e m a le E , who i n t r o d u c e d t h e m s e l v e s and

showed Ss w h e re t o l e a v e t h e i r t h i n g s . j>s w e re t h e n shown t h e p o l y ­

g r a p h and e q u i p m e n t room and t o l d t h a t t h e i r p h y s i o l o g i c a l r e s p o n s e s

w o u ld b e r e c o r d e d t h e r e . The s e p a r a t i o n o f Ss and e q u i p m e n t was

e x p l a i n e d on t h e b a s i s o f s p a c e l i m i t a t i o n s o n l y . S_s w e r e t h e n s e a t e d

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i n t h e s u b j e c t room i n t h e o r d e r i n d i c a t e d by E x p e r i m e n t e r A. B o th

t h e f e m a le and m a le Es r u n n i n g t h e e x p e r i m e n t w e r e b l i n d t o w h i c h

c o n d i t i o n Ss w e r e i n , t h u s a s s u r i n g e q u a l t r e a t m e n t o f a l l S s .

E l e c t r o d e s t o m e a s u r e h e a r t r a t e (HR), f i n g e r p u l s e vo lum e (FPV),

and s k i n c o n d u c t a n c e (GSR), w e re a t t a c h e d t o a l l Ss who w e r e t h e n

l e f t t o become a c c u s t o m e d t o t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l s e t t i n g . D u r i n g t h i s a

p e r i o d t h e p h y s i o l o g i c a l e q u i p m e n t was c a l i b r a t e d and b a s e l i n e d a t a

w as c o l l e c t e d . The a d a p t i o n p e r i o d was c o m p l e t e when t h e p h y s i o ­

l o g i c a l r e s p o n s e s s t a b i l i z e d , a p p r o x i m a t e l y 10 - t o 15 - m i n u t e s . At

t h i s t i m e b o t h Es r e e n t e r e d t h e s u b j e c t room . The e a r p h o n e s w e r e

p l a c e d on SJs h e a d s and t h e y w e r e g i v e n r a t i n g s h e e t s and p e n c i l s .

j3s w e re c a u t i o n e d n o t t o move a s i t c a u s e d a r t i f a c t s i n t h e s e n s i t i v e

p h y s i o l o g i c a l e q u i p m e n t . Ss w e r e a l s o i n s t r u c t e d n o t t o com m un ica te

w i t h e a c h o t h e r . One E. r e m a in e d i n t h e room w i t h Ss t o a n s w e r

q u e s t i o n s , m a n u a l l y o p e r a t e t h e s l i d e p r o j e c t o r a s n e c e s s a r y , and

t o s t o p t h e e x p e r i m e n t i f r e q u e s t e d . The o t h e r E m o n i t o r e d t h e

p h y s i o l o g i c a l e q u i p m e n t . The f i r s t 12 j3s w e re r u n w i t h a f e m a l e E

w i t h t h e Ss and t h e r e s t w e r e r u n w i t h a m a le IE p r e s e n t . T h i s

ch a n g e was made a f t e r i t became e v i d e n t t h a t t h e m a le E w as n o t

e x p e r i e n c e d enough t o h a n d l e t h e p h y s i o l o g i c a l e q u i p m e n t . A l s o , t h e

f e m a l e E was s a t i s f i e d t h a t Ss w e re n o t beco m in g o v e r l y u p s e t and

she f e l t t h a t t h e r e would p r o b a b l y b e no c r i s e s t h a t w ou ld need

more e x p e r i e n c e d h a n d l i n g .

The Ss l i s t e n e d t o t h e i n s t r u c t i o n s and w e re g i v e n a n

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o p p o r t u n i t y t o a s k q u e s t i o n s . T h e r e w e re 20 s l i d e s p r e s e n t e d , e a c h

v i s i b l e f o r 10 s e c o n d s . A f t e r e a c h s l i d e w e n t o f f Ss i n d i c a t e d

t h e i r e m o t i o n a l r e a c t i o n on t h e 1 (no r e a c t i o n ) t o 7 (an e x t r e m e

r e a c t i o n ) s c a l e p r o v i d e d . The i n t e r s l i d e i n t e r v a l v a r i e d f ro m

15 s e c o n d s t o a s much a s one m i n u t e . T h i s i n t e r v a l w as c o n t r o l l e d

by t h e e q u i p m e n t E_ who p u s h ed t h e s t a r t b u t t o n when t h e p h y s i o ­

l o g i c a l r e s p o n s e s s t a b i l i z e d .

A f t e r t h i s p r o c e d u r e t h e seco n d E r e e n t e r e d t h e s u b j e c t

room. The e l e c t r o d e s w e re removed and any q u e s t i o n s w e r e a n s w e r e d .

A sam ple p h y s i o l o g i c a l r e c o r d was shown and e x p l a i n e d . M a i l i n g

a d d r e s s e s w e re r e c o r d e d so t h a t c o m p l e t e r e s u l t s c o u l d b e m a i l e d t o

Ss when t h e a n a l y s i s was c o m p l e t e . D u r i n g t h i s p o s t e x p e r i m e n t a l

i n t e r v i e w , c a r e was t a k e n t o d i s c o v e r how u p s e t Ss had become.

C o u n s e l i n g a i d was o f f e r e d and made e a s y t o p r o c u r e . No Ss

r e p o r t e d b e i n g u p s e t by t h e s l i d e s and s e v e r a l e v e n s a i d t h a t t h e y

w e r e b o r e d .

The o n l y d e c e p t i o n was t h e f a c t t h a t n o t a l l Ss had p h y s i o ­

l o g i c a l r e s p o n s e s r e c o r d e d . A l t h o u g h Ss w e r e a s k e d n o t t o d i s c u s s

t h e e x p e r i m e n t , and i t was r u n o v e r a s h o r t t i m e (3 w e e k s ) , t h i s

i n f o r m a t i o n was t o o c r u c i a l f o r t h e s u c c e s s o f t h e e x p e r i m e n t t o

r i s k i t becom ing known. T h i s l a s t d e c e p t i o n was r e s o l v e d when ,

s e v e r a l m on ths a f t e r t h e s t u d y w as c o m p l e t e d , t h e r e s u l t s w e re m a i l e d

t o J5s a l o n g w i t h a copy o f t h e SDQ w h ic h t h e y w e r e t o c o m p l e t e . The

t e s t was r e a d m i n i s t e r e d i n o r d e r t o s u p p l y t e s t - r e t e s t r e l i a b i l i t y

s c o r e s .

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R e s u l t s

The S e l f D e s c r i p t i o n Q u e s t i o n n a i r e (SDQ) was s c o r e d on f o u r

s u b s c a l e s .

a . P e r s o n a l i t y i t e m s t h a t s u c c e s s f u l l y d i f f e r e n t i a t e d o v e r -

f r o m u n d e r r a t i n g s u b j e c t s i n E x p e r i m e n t 1.

b . I t e m s t h a t w e r e c r e a t e d by t h e E x p e r i m e n t e r b a s e d on f a c e

v a l i d i t y o f i t e m s f ro m " a " and on t h e r e l a t i o n o f u n d e r r a t i n g t o

p a r a n o i d t e n d e n c i e s (Shean & S c h m a l t z , 1 9 7 3 ) .

c . I t e m s f ro m t h e Autonom ic P e r c e p t i o n Q u e s t i o n n a i r e (APQ)

t h a t d i f f e r e n t i a t e d over- and u n d e r r a t e r s i n E x p e r i m e n t 1.

d . A l l i t e m s f rom t h e APQ s c o r e d f o r a w a r e n e s s o f a u t o n o m ic

a c t i v i t y .

S u b s c a l e s (A & C) w e re com bined and u s e d t o s e l e c t s u b j e c t s f o r

E x p e r i m e n t 2 . A l l o f t h e s e s c a l e s w e r e i n t e r c o r r e l a t e d and w e re

c o r r e l a t e d w i t h t h e r a t i n g s f o r e a c h s l i d e c a t e g o r y . A summary o f

t h e s i g n i f i c a n t c o r r e l a t i o n s p r e s e n t e d i n T a b l e 4 i n d i c a t e s t h a t none

o f t h e s u b s c a l e s s a t i s f a c t o r i l y p r e d i c t s o v e r a l l r a t i n g p a t t e r n s , b u t

t h a t t h e r a t i n g s o f h e t e r o s e x u a l and e s p e c i a l l y h o m i c i d e s l i d e s ,

p r e s u m a b l y t h e m os t s t r e s s f u l c a t e g o r i e s , a r e p r e d i c t e d by t h e A & C

s u b s c a l e .

T e s t - r e t e s t j r e l i a b i l i t y s c o r e s w e re o b t a i n e d by a d m i n i s t e r i n g

t h e SDQ a second t i m e , 6 m on ths a f t e r t h e f i r s t t i m e . P e a r s o n c o r r e ­

l a t i o n s w e r e computed on t h e s c o r e s o f t h e 33 s u b j e c t s who c o m p l e t e d

t h e t e s t b o t h t i m e s . When a l l s u b j e c t s w e re c o n s i d e r e d t o g e t h e r ,

r e g a r d l e s s o f t h e i r l a b e l o f h i g h o r low s c o r e r s , t h e c o r r e l a t i o n s

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34

TABLE 4

I n t e r c o r r e l a t i o n M a t r i x Comparing t h e S u b s c a l e s o f t h e S e l f

D e s c r i p t i o n Q u e s t i o n n a i r e t o t h e R a t i n g s o f a l l C a t e g o r i e s

S u b s c a l e s C a t e g o r i e s

HS MN FN

S u b s c a l e s

375 .273 *** * .

.888****.319 305

J d_.684****.

.351 ***376 .286 *** , *

A+C

C a t e g o r i e s

.575 .270 **** *

HS .718 .586 .457 **** **** ****

MN .456 .377•kititit * * *

FN

*p < .05 **p < .02

***p < .01 ****p < .001

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35

a r e . 5 2 5 , . 6 3 4 , - . 1 5 0 , . 5 4 8 , and .515 f o r s u b s c a l e s A , B , C, D, and

A '+ C, r e s p e c t i v e l y . R e l i a b i l i t y s c o r e s w e re a l s o com puted on t h e

h i g h and low s c o r e r s (on t h e f i r s t t e s t ) s e p a r a t e l y . The r e s u l t i n g

c o r r e l a t i o n s f o r t h e A + C s u b s c a l e s o n l y w e re - . 1 3 0 f o r h i g h s c o r e r s

and .258 f o r low s c o r e r s . The m o s t r e l i a b l e s u b s c a l e s w e r e B

( q u e s t i o n s t h a t t h e a u t h o r c r e a t e d ) w i t h r e l i a b i l i t i e s b e t w e e n .50

and . 6 5 , and s u b s c a l e D ( t h e APQ s c o r e d f o r a w a r e n e s s o f a u t o n o m i c

r e s p o n s e ) w i t h r e l i a b i l i t y s c o r e s b e t w e e n .52 and . 6 9 .

The r a t i n g s d a t a w e re a n a l y z e d f o r a l l Ss and a g a i n a f t e r

e l i m i n a t i n g d a t a c o l l e c t e d f ro m t h e 12 jSs who w e re r u n w i t h a

f e m a l e E p r e s e n t . T h e r e w e re no s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s due t o s e x

o f E and h e r e a f t e r t h a t f a c t o r i s i g n o r e d .

B o th p h y s i o l o g i c a l and s u b j e c t i v e d a t a w e re a n a l y z e d by two

g r o u p s ( h ig h v e r s u s low s c o r e r s on t h e SDQ) x 2 ( s e x e s ) x 5 ( s l i d e

c a t e g o r i e s ) s p l i t p l o t f a c t o r i a l a n a l y s i s o f v a r i a n c e . The r a t i n g s

d a t a w e r e a n a l y z e d f i r s t f o r a l l 56 s u b j e c t s and t h e n f o r t h e 21 s u b ­

j e c t s on whom p h y s i o l o g i c a l d a t a was c o l l e c t e d . As e x p e c t e d , t h e

r e s u l t s w e re s i m i l a r , i n d i c a t i n g t h a t Ss w i t h p h y s i o l o g i c a l d a t a

(AnSs) w ere r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f t h e e n t i r e s u b j e c t g r o u p . T h e r e w e re

no s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n g r o u p s o r s e x e s f o r s u b j e c t i v e

r a t i n g s . T h e r e was a s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n s l i d e c a t e g o r i e s

f o r a l l 56 Ss (F = 5 9 . 7 4 , d f / -= 4 / 2 0 8 , p < . 0 0 1 ) and f o r t h e AnSs

(F = 1 8 . 3 6 , df. = 4 / 6 8 , p < . 0 0 1 ) . T h e r e was a l s o a s i g n i f i c a n t Sex X

C a t e g o r y i n t e r a c t i o n (F = 7 . 7 7 3 , dj: = 4 / 2 0 8 , p. < . 0 0 1 , N = 5 6 ;

F = 3 . 9 7 , dff = 4 / 6 8 , p < . 0 1 , N = 2 1 ) . The c o m p l e t e r e s u l t s o f t h e

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36

a n a l y s i s a r e p r e s e n t l y i n T a b l e s 5 and 6 and a r e p r e s e n t l y g r a p h i c a l l y

i n F i g u r e 5 . A l t h o u g h t h e a n a l y s i s o f v a r i a n c e y i e l d e d no s i g n i f i ­

c a n t d i f f e r e n c e i n e m o t i o n a l r a t i n g s b e t w e e n h i g h and low s c o r e r s on

t h e SDQ, i t a p p r o a c h e s s i g n i f i c a n c e (F = 3 . 7 2 , d f = 1 / 5 2 , p < . 1 0 ) and

i n s p e c t i o n o f F i g u r e 5 r e v e a l s t h a t t h e mean e m o t i o n a l r a t i n g was

g r e a t e r f o r h i g h t h a n low s c o r e r s i n a l l c a t e g o r i e s e x c e p t l a n d s c a p e s .

F o r t h e s e r e a s o n s and b e c a u s e o f t h e g r e a t v a r i a b i l i t y , a n o n p a r a -

m e t r i c s t a t i s t i c , C h i S q u a r e , was u s e d showing t h a t t h e mean e m o t i o n a l

r a t i n g o f t h e h i g h s c o r e r s was s i g n i f i c a n t l y h i g h e r t h a n t h e mean o f

t h e low s c o r e r s (X^ = 4 . 9 , d_f = 1, p < . 0 5 ) .

R e s u l t s o f ^ T u k e y ’ s HSD t e s t f o r m u l t i p l e c o m p a r i s o n s o f t h e

c a t e g o r y d i f f e r e n c e s r e v e a l s t h a t h o m i c i d e s l i d e s a r e s i g n i f i c a n t l y

more e m o t i o n a l l y a r o u s i n g t h a n a l l b u t t h e h e t e r o s e x u a l c a t e g o r y .

H e t e r o s e x u a l r a t i n g s w e re s i g n i f i c a n t l y h i g h e r t h a n l a n d s c a p e s and

m a le n u d e s o n l y . Female n u d e s w e re r a t e d h i g h e r t h a n l a n d s c a p e s .

B e c a u s e o f t h e c o m p l e x i t y o f t h e Sex X C a t e g o r y i n t e r a c t i o n , t h e com­

p l e t e r e s u l t s o f t h e m u l t i p l e c o m p a r i s o n t e s t a r e p r e s e n t e d i n

T a b l e 7 . Only t h e mos t t h e o r e t i c a l l y r e l e v a n t d i f f e r e n c e s w i l l be

d i s c u s s e d i n t h e t e x t . As c a n be s e e n i n F i g u r e 6 , a l t h o u g h m a l e s and

f e m a l e s r a t e d t h e l a n d s c a p e s s i m i l a r l y , t h e r e w e re l a r g e d i f f e r e n c e s

i n t h e i r r a t i n g o f h o m i c i d e and h e t e r o s e x u a l s l i d e s w i t h f e m a l e s

r a t i n g h i g h e r i n b o t h c a t e g o r i e s . A n o t h e r i n t e r e s t i n g a s p e c t o f t h e

i n t e r a c t i o n e f f e c t i s t h e way same and o p p o s i t e s e x nude s l i d e s w e r e

r a t e d . F e m a le s r a t e d b o t h c a t e g o r i e s a b o u t t h e same. M a l e s , h o w e v e r ,

found f e m a le n u d e s much more e m o t i o n a l l y a r o u s i n g t h a n ma le n u d e s .

Page 52: Development of a Scale to Predict Patterns of Cognitive

37

TABLE 5

A n a l y s i s o f V a r i a n c e :

E m o t i o n a l R a t i n g s D a ta

S o u r c e d f MS F

Sex (A) 1 0 . 0 2 n . s .

S c o r e (B) 1 1 1 . 7 6 3 . 7 2 *

A x C 1 1 . 5 3 n . s .

E r r o r , _b e t w e e n 52 3 . 1 7

C a t e g o r i e s (B) 4 3 3 .2 7 5 9 .7 4 * * * '

A x B 4 4 . 3 2 7 . 7 7 * * *

B x C 4 0 . 5 9 n . s .

A x B x C 4 0 . 7 8 n . s .

E r r o r . .w i t h i n 208 0 . 5 6

*Pi*. 10* * * p < .0 0 1

N o te . - N = 56

Page 53: Development of a Scale to Predict Patterns of Cognitive

38

TABLE 6

A n a l y s i s o f V a r i a n c e :

E m o t i o n a l R a t i n g s D a ta

S o u r c e d f MS F

Sex (A) 1 5 . 2 6 n . s

S c o r e (C) 1 4 . 6 9 n . s

A x C 1 0 . 0 9 n . s .

E r r o r 17 2 . 9 7

C a t e g o r i e s (B) 4 1 0 . 9 4 1 8 . 3 6 * * *

A x B 4 2 . 3 6 3 . 9 7 * *

B x C 4 0 . 3 5 n . s .

A x B x C 4 0 . 2 0 n . s .

E r r o r 68 0 . 6 0

* * p < .0 1 * * * p < .0 0 1

N o t e . - N = 21

Page 54: Development of a Scale to Predict Patterns of Cognitive

F i g u r e 5 . G r a p h i c r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f t h e mean r a t i n g s a c r o s s

a l l g r o u p s and s t i m u l u s c a t e g o r i e s .

Page 55: Development of a Scale to Predict Patterns of Cognitive

39

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Page 57: Development of a Scale to Predict Patterns of Cognitive

F i g u r e 6 . Mean e m o t i o n a l r a t i n g s f o r m a l e s and f e m a l e s a c r o s s

a l l s t i m u l u s c a t e g o r i e s .

Page 58: Development of a Scale to Predict Patterns of Cognitive

41

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Page 59: Development of a Scale to Predict Patterns of Cognitive

42

P h y s i o l o g i c a l d a t a w e r e s c o r e d and t r a n s f o r m e d a s d e s c r i b e d i n

s t u d y 1 e x c e p t t h a t h e a r t r a t e was n o t a n a l y z e d b y minimum and

maximum b e a t s b u t by HR-V and HRA. HRA was com puted by s u b t r a c t i n g

t h e p r e s t i m u l u s a v e r a g e h e a r t r a t e f ro m t h e s t i m u l u s i n t e r v a l r a t e .

T h i s y i e l d e d a m e a s u r e o f o v e r a l l c h a n g e f ro m b e f o r e t h e s l i d e was

v i s i b l e t o when i t was i n v i e w . HR-V a s d e s c r i b e d i n E x p e r i m e n t 1 i s

a m e a s u r e o f HR v a r i a b i l i t y and i s computed by s u b t r a c t i n g t h e

s l o w e s t b e a t d u r i n g t h e i n t e r v a l f r o m t h e f a s t e s t b e a t (HRMAX-HRMIN).

The o n l y s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e f o r an y p h y s i o l o g i c a l m e a s u r e

(F = 9 . 0 5 , df. = 1 / 1 7 , 2. < *01) was b e t w e e n g r o u p s i n HR-V w i t h Ss

s c o r i n g low on t h e SDQ show ing g r e a t e r v a r i a b i l i t y t h a n h i g h s c o r e r s .

Means f o r t h e p h y s i o l o g i c a l m e a s u r e s a r e p r e s e n t e d i n T a b l e 8 .

A f i d g e t i n d e x was com puted by t h e same method d e s c r i b e d i n

s t u d y 1. T h e r e w e re no d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n g r o u p s o r s e x e s b u t a

s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e (F = 1 0 . 0 7 , d_f = 1 / 1 4 , jd < . 0 1 ) b e t w e e n

p r e s t i m u l u s and s t i m u l u s i n t e r v a l s w i t h more f i d g e t i n g w h i l e t h e

s l i d e was v i s i b l e .

D i s c r e p a n c y s c o r e s w e r e c a l c u l a t e d by t h e me thod d e f i n e d i n

s t u d y 1 and o v e r r a t e r s ( t h o s e showing g r e a t e r s u b j e c t i v e r e s p o n s e t h a n

p h y s i o l o g i c a l r e s p o n s e ) , and u n d e r r a t e r s ( t h o s e e x h i b i t i n g g r e a t e r

p h y s i o l o g i c a l t h a n s u b j e c t i v e r e s p o n s e ) w e re s e l e c t e d by t h e method

d e s c r i b e d p r e v i o u s l y . Of t h e e i g h t s u b j e c t s d e f i n e d a s o v e r r a t e r s ,

s e v e n s c o r e d h i g h on t h e SDQ and one s c o r e d low. Of t h e f o u r s u b j e c t s

d e f i n e d a s u n d e r r a t e r s , two s c o r e d h i g h on t h e SDQ and two s c o r e d low.

An on t h e s e r e s u l t s shows t h a t t h e r e i s a n o n s i g n i f i c a n t

Page 60: Development of a Scale to Predict Patterns of Cognitive

T A B L E 8

Means F o r P h y s i o l o g i c a l R e s p o n s e M o d a l i t i e s

R e s p o n s eM o d a l i t y

S t i m u l u s C a t e g o r y

Group H HS MN FN L

HR-A HighMale - 0 . 1 7 - 1 . 3 8 - 1 . 7 1 - 0 . 6 7 - 1 . 5 8

LowM ale - . 2 8 1 0 . 1 8 - . 3 8 - 1 . 1 9 - 2 . 1 3

HighF em a le - 1 . 2 5 0 . 0 0 0 . 4 5 - 1 . 1 5 0 . 6 5

LowF em a le 0 . 5 4 - 1 . 5 8 - 1 . 3 3 - 0 . 5 4 0 . 7 5

HR-D HighM ale 1 0 . 4 2 9 . 2 9 1 0 . 0 0 9 . 1 6 8 . 9 6

LowM ale 1 5 . 6 3 1 3 . 7 5 1 6 . 5 6 1 6 . 8 8 1 4 . 6 8

H ighF e m a le 9 . 7 5 9 . 5 0 1 1 . 5 0 9 . 7 5 1 0 . 0 0

LowF em a le 1 5 . 0 0 1 3 . 1 2 1 2 . 5 0 1 6 . 0 4 1 5 . 0 0

Page 61: Development of a Scale to Predict Patterns of Cognitive

44

TABLE 8 C o n t i n u e d

> S t i m u l u s C a t e g o r yR e s p o n s eM o d a l i t y Group H HS MN FN L

FPV HighM ale 1 1 . 2 5 1 6 . 6 7 1 5 . 8 8 1 3 . 1 3 9 . 5 0

LowM ale 1 4 . 1 3 1 8 . 2 5 1 5 . 8 8 1 1 . 6 3 9 . 8 1

HighF em a le 8 . 4 0 7 . 5 5 5 . 1 5 5 . 6 5 5 . 3 0

LowF em ale 1 0 . 7 5 9 . 8 3 1 0 . 4 2 9 . 9 2 1 0 . 6 7

GSR HighM ale 0 . 0 2 3 0 . 0 2 9 0 . 0 2 9 0 . 0 3 0 0 . 0 2 3

LowM ale 0 . 0 2 3 0 . 0 3 7 0 . 0 2 7 0 .0 3 7 0 . 0 1 9

HighF em a le 0 . 0 2 0 0 . 0 1 1 0 . 0 1 7 0 . 0 1 1 0 . 0 0 8

LowF em a le 0 . 0 3 2 0 . 0 2 5 0 . 0 2 1 0 . 0 1 3 0 . 0 2 1

N o t e . - H i s h o m i c i d e v i c t i m s , HS i s h e t e r o s e x u a l a c t i v i t y , MM i s

m a l e n u d e s , FN i s f e m a l e n u d e s , and L i s l a n d s c a p e s .

N o t e . - H i g h and low r e f e r t o s c o r e s on t h e S e l f D e s c r i p t i o n Q u e s t i o n n a i r e .

Page 62: Development of a Scale to Predict Patterns of Cognitive

452

(X = 2 . 0 , d_f = 1, £, < . 1 0 ) r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n t h e s c o r e s on t h e

t e s t and e x p e r i m e n t a l d e f i n i t i o n o f o v e r - a n d u n d e r r a t e r s , a l t h o u g h

t h e r e may b e a t r e n d e v i d e n t . B e c a u s e o f t h i s n o n s i g n i f i c a n t

d i f f e r e n c e and t h e s m a l l j> sam ple s i z e , f u r t h e r a n a l y s i s o f o v e r - a n d

u n d e r r a t e r s was n o t u n d e r t a k e n .

A c o m p a r i s o n o f t h e means and s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n s f o r s t u d y 1

and 2 i s p r e s e n t e d i n T a b l e 9. The o v e r a l l r e s u l t s o f t h e two

s t u d i e s i n d i c a t e s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s i n r a t i n g p a t t e r n s (F = 9 . 8 4 ,

d f — 1 / 3 4 , 2. < . 0 1 ) w i t h s u b j e c t s i n s t u d y 2 r a t i n g t h e i r e m o t i o n a l

r e s p o n s e h i g h e r t h a n S;s i n s t u d y 1. As e x p e c t e d t h e r e w e r e a l s o

s i g n i f i c a n t c a t e g o r y d i f f e r e n c e s (F = 4 3 . 9 9 , d_f = 4 / 1 3 6 , £. < . 0 0 1 ) .

T h e s e d i f f e r e n c e s a r e p r e s e n t e d g r a p h i c a l l y i n F i g u r e 7 . The s h o c k

c a t e g o r y i n s t u d y was n o t i n c l u d e d i n t h e a n a l y s i s a s s h o c k w as n o t

a d m i n i s t e r e d i n s t u d y 2 . A l s o , t h e t h i r d and f o u r t h c a t e g o r i e s

c a n n o t be compared t o o s t r i c t l y a s t h e y a r e d i f f e r e n t a c r o s s s t u d i e s .

C a t e g o r y 3 was e r o t i c a r t and b e s t i a l i t y (EA-B) i n s t u d y 1 and m a le

n u d e s i n s t u d y 2 . C a t e g o r y 4 was n u d e s (male and f e m a l e ) i n s t u d y 1

and o n l y f e m a l e n u d e s i n s t u d y 2 . A l l o t h e r c a t e g o r i e s w e r e t h e same.

I t i s i n t e r e s t i n g t h a t Ss i n s t u d y 1 c o n s i s t e n t l y r a t e d t h e i r

e m o t i o n a l r e s p o n s e s low er t h a n Ss i n s t u d y 2 . The o n l y p h y s i o l o g i c a l

m e a s u r e t h a t shows a d i f f e r e n c e i n t h e two s t u d i e s i s HR-V. S tu d y 2

s u b j e c t s r e a c t e d w i t h s i g n i f i c a n t l y (F = 7 . 8 3 , djr = 1 / 3 4 , £ . < . 0 1 )

more v a r i a b i l i t y o f h e a r t r a t e r e s p o n s e (HR-V) t h a n d i d Sis i n s t u d y 1.

Two i t e m a n a l y s e s w e r e p e r f o r m e d on t h e i t e m s f ro m t h e SDQ.

The f i r s t a n a l y s i s r e v e a l e d w h ic h i t e m s s i g n i f i c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t i a t e d

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46

TABLE 9

C o m p a r i s o n o f Means and S t a n d a r d D e v i a t i o n s o f S tu d y 1

and 2 f o r a l l S u b j e c t i v e an d P h y s i o l o g i c a l M e a s u r e s

D e p e n d e n tM e a s u re

E x p e r i m e n t 1 E x p e r i m e n t 2

MeanS t a n d a r dD e v i a t i o n Mean

S t a n d a r dD e v i a t i o n

R a t i n g s 3 . 9 3 1 . 5 4 4 . 4 7 1 . 5 2

HR-MIN 6 6 . 8 3 9 . 5 7

HR-MAX 8 4 . 0 8 9 . 9 8

HR-A

00«01 3 . 7 9

HR-V 1 5 . 6 0 7 . 0 3 1 2 . 1 9 6 . 7 3

GSR 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 3

FPV 1 3 . 7 1 1 4 .9 7 1 0 . 9 2 1 1 . 7 4

Page 64: Development of a Scale to Predict Patterns of Cognitive

F i g u r e 7 . C o m p a r i so n o f mean r a t i n g s f o r a l l J3s i n E x p e r i m e n t s

1 and 2 a c r o s s a l l c a t e g o r i e s .

Page 65: Development of a Scale to Predict Patterns of Cognitive

47

CO CO

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ory

Page 66: Development of a Scale to Predict Patterns of Cognitive

48

h i g h and low s c o r e r s on t h e SDQ. S i n c e t h e SDQ p r e d i c t e d t h e

e m o t i o n a l r a t i n g s o f t h e h o m i c i d e c a t e g o r y b e t t e r t h a n i t p r e d i c t e d

r a t i n g s o f t h e o t h e r c a t e g o r i e s , t h e second a n a l y s i s com pared e a c h

i t e m by s u b j e c t s who r a t e d t h e h o m i c i d e c a t e g o r y a s h i g h l y e m o t i o n a l l y

a r o u s i n g v e r s u s s u b j e c t s who r a t e d t h e c a t e g o r y a s n o t so a r o u s i n g .

As c a n b e s e e n i n F i g u r e 8 , t h e r e i s a b i m o d a l f r e q u e n c y d i s t r i b u t i o n

o f r a t i n g s o f t h i s c a t e g o r y . S u b j e c t s w e re c o n s i d e r e d t o b e r a t i n g

h i g h i f t h e y r a t e d s i x o r a b o v e (N = 2 1 ) and low i f t h e y r a t e d 4 . 7 5

o r b e l o w (N = 2 4 ) . T a b l e s 10 , 11 , and 12 p r e s e n t t h e i t e m s t h a t

compose t h e A, B, and C s u b s c a l e s , r e s p e c t i v e l y . The a n s w e r t h a t an

o v e r r a t e r would g i v e i s i n d i c a t e d i n p a r e n t h e s i s . I t e m s t h a t s i g n i f i ­

c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t i a t e d h i g h and low s c o r e r s on t h e SDQ and h i g h and

low r a t e r s o f h o m i c i d e s l i d e s a r e a l s o i n d i c a t e d .

I n s p e c t i o n o f t h e t a b l e s shows t h a t 12 o u t o f 21 i t e m s f ro m

s u b s c a l e A, f o u r o u t o f 17 i t e m s f ro m s u b s c a l e B, and f o u r o u t o f

e i g h t i t e m s f ro m s u b s c a l e C d i s c r i m i n a t e h i g h f ro m low s c o r e r s on

t h e SDQ. I t i s a l s o e v i d e n t f r o m t h e s e t a b l e s t h a t e i g h t o u t o f 21

i t e m s f rom s u b s c a l e A, two o u t o f 17 i t e m s f rom s u b s c a l e B, and one

o u t o f e i g h t i t e m s f ro m s u b s c a l e C d i s c r i m i n a t e b e t w e e n h i g h and low

r a t e r s o f e m o t i o n a l r e a c t i v i t y t o h o m i c i d e s l i d e s . I n a d d i t i o n t o

t h e s e i t e m s , s i x f i l l e r s d i s c r i m i n a t e h i g h f rom low s c o r e r s and f o u r

f i l l e r s d i s c r i m i n a t e h i g h and low r a t e r s .

Page 67: Development of a Scale to Predict Patterns of Cognitive

F i g u r e 8 . F r e q u e n c y d i s t r i b u t i o n o f r a t i n g s o f h o m i c i d e

s l i d e s o n l y , u s e d t o s e l e c t h i g h and low r a t e r s f o r t h e i t e m a n a l y s i s .

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49

m

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Page 69: Development of a Scale to Predict Patterns of Cognitive

50

T able 10

Q u e s t i o n s f rom t h e S e l f D e s c r i p t i o n Q u e s t i o n n a i r e

T h a t D i s c r i m i n a t e d b e t w e e n O v e r - a n d U n d e r r a t e r s

i n E x p e r i m e n t 1 ( S u b s c a l e A)

Q u e s t i o nnumber R e s p o n s e s

a , b ^ I l i k e m i x i n g w i t h p e o p l e . ( T r u e )

b 12 I d o n ' t seem t o c a r e w ha t h a p p e n s t o me. ( F a l s e )

a >b 20 At t i m e s I f e e l l i k e p i c k i n g a f i s t f i g h t w i t h som eone .

( F a l s e )

a 23 I o f t e n f e e l " f e d u p . " ( F a l s e )

b 24 Most n i g h t s I go t o s l e e p w i t h o u t t h o u g h t s o r i d e a s b o t h e r i n g

me. ( T r u e )

26 I t h i n k p e o p l e s h o u l d c o n c e r n t h e m s e l v e s more w i t h f e e l i n g s

t h a n w i t h i d e a s . ( T r u e )

b 30 I s u f f e r f rom " n e r v e s . 1' ( T r u e )

32 I h a v e p e r i o d s o f s u c h g r e a t r e s t l e s s n e s s t h a t I c a n n o t s i t

l o n g i n a c h a i r . ( T r u e )

a 34 I d ream f r e q u e n t l y a b o u t t h i n g s t h a t a r e b e s t k e p t t o m y s e l f .

( F a l s e )

45 My p l a n s h a v e f r e q u e n t l y seemed so f u l l o f d i f f i c u l t i e s t h a t

I h a v e had t o g i v e th em u p . ( T r u e )

a 46 I h a v e s e v e r a l t i m e s had a ch an g e o f h e a r t a b o u t my l i f e

w o rk . ( F a l s e )

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Table 10 (con tin u ed )

Q u e s t i o nnumber R e s p o n s e s

49 My ju d g m e n t i s b e t t e r t h a n i t e v e r w a s . ( F a l s e )

a >b 50 I p r e f e r t o p a s s by s c h o o l f r i e n d s o r p e o p l e I know b u t h a v e

n o t s e e n f o r a l o n g t i m e , u n l e s s t h e y s p e a k t o me f i r s t .

( T ru e )

a 55 I f a n e i g h b o r c h e a t s me o v e r s m a l l t h i n g s , I w ou ld r a t h e r

humor h im t h a n show h im u p . ( T r u e )

56 I t h i n k m o s t w i t n e s s e s t e l l t h e t r u t h e v e n i f i t becomes

e m b a r r a s s i n g . (T r u e )

a >b 58 I c a n l o o k an y o n e i n t h e ey e and t e l l a l i e w i t h a s t r a i g h t

f a c e ( i f f o r a r i g h t e n d ) . ( F a l s e )

a 59 I a d m i r e m o re : ( a ) a c l e v e r b u t u n d e p e n d a b l e man, ( b ) a n

a v e r a g e man b u t s t r o n g t o r e s i s t t e m p t a t i o n s . (b )

a 66 I u s u a l l y s a y n o t h i n g i f t h e t o o l s g i v e n me t o do a j o b a r e

n o t q u i t e w h a t t h e y s h o u l d b e . ( T r u e )

a 68 I s u s p e c t t h a t p e o p l e who a c t f r i e n d l y t o me c a n be d i s l o y a l

b e h i n d my b a c k . ( R a r e l y )

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Table 10 (con tin u ed )

52

Q u e s t i o nnumber R e s p o n s e s

a 70 I may d e c e i v e p e o p l e by b e i n g f r i e n d l y when I r e a l l y d i s l i k e

t h e m . ( F a l s e )

N o t e . - - T h e r e s p o n s e t h a t a n o v e r r a t e r would g i v e i s i n d i c a t e d

i n p a r e n t h e s i s .

a Q u e s t i o n t h a t d i s c r i m i n a t e d h i g h f rom low s c o r e s on t h e S e l f

D e s c r i p t i o n Q u e s t i o n n a i r e i n E x p e r i m e n t 2 .

^ Q u e s t i o n t h a t d i s c r i m i n a t e d h i g h f rom low r a t e r s o f h o m i c i d e

s l i d e s .

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Table 11

Q u e s t i o n s f rom t h e S e l f D e s c r i p t i o n Q u e s t i o n n a i r e

T h a t t h e E x p e r i m e n t e r s C r e a t e d ( S u b s c a l e B)

Q u e s t i o nnumber R e s p o n s e s

3 I w ould l i k e t o t r y a c t i n g i n community t h e a t r e . (T r u e )

6 I h a v e a l w a y s p r e f e r r e d t o h a v e a v e r y few c l o s e f r i e n d s

r a t h e r t h a n a l a r g e c i r c l e o f f r i e n d s . ( F a l s e )

a 9 I s o m e t im e s b r o o d a l o t . ( F a l s e )

10 A l l i n a l l I t h i n k t h a t I am a b l e t o t h i n k more c r i t i c a l l y

t h a n m o s t p e o p l e . ( F a l s e )

14 I e n j o y m y s t e r i e s and s c a r y m o v i e s . ( T ru e )

15 I t e n d t o c o n t r o l my t e n d e r e m o t i o n s a r o u n d p e o p l e . ( F a l s e )

a 16 I t r y t o p l e a s e p e o p l e . ( T r u e )

a 21 I s om e t im e s t a k e a c y n i c a l v i e w o f t h i n g s . ( F a l s e )

22 I t i s b e s t n o t t o a l w a y s show y o u r f e e l i n g s . ( F a l s e )

27 I remember m o s t o f my d r e a m s . ( T r u e )

28 Somet im es I f e e l a n g r y and r e s e n t f u l a b o u t t h e way I ' v e b e e n

t r e a t e d . ( F a l s e )

a >b 31 T h e re a r e n ' t v e r y many p e o p l e whom you c a n t r u s t . ( F a l s e )

33 I e n j o y l i g h t , humorous c o n v e r s a t i o n s more t h a n s e r i o u s

i n t e l l e c t u a l o n e s . (T r u e )

36 As a c h i l d I e x p e r i e n c e d t i m e s when I p r e f e r r e d p l a y i n g

a l o n e , t o p l a y i n g w i t h o t h e r c h i l d r e n . ( T r u e )

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Table 11 (co n tin u ed )

54

Q u e s t i o nnumber R e s p o n s e s

41 I f e e l a n g r y a l o t . ( F a l s e )

43 I am a n e m o t i o n a l l y e x p r e s s i v e p e r s o n . ( T r u e )

48 I e n j o y m u s i c a l s more t h a n G re e k t r a g e d i e s . ( T r u e )

N o t e . - - T h e e x p e c t e d r e s p o n s e o f a n o v e r r a t e r i s i n d i c a t e d i n

p a r e n t h e s i s a t t h e end o f t h e q u e s t i o n .

a Q u e s t i o n t h a t d i s c r i m i n a t e d h i g h and low s c o r e s on t h e S e l f

D e s c r i p t i o n Q u e s t i o n n a i r e .

^ Q u e s t i o n t h a t d i s c r i m i n a t e d h i g h f rom low r a t e r s o f h o m i c i d e

s l i d e s .

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Table 12

Q u e s t i o n s f rom t h e S e l f D e s c r i p t i o n Q u e s t i o n n a i r e

T h a t Were O r i g i n a l l y f rom t h e A u tonom ic P e r c e p t i o n

Q u e s t i o n n a i r e and D i s c r i m i n a t e O v e r - f r o m

U n d e r r a t e r s ( S u b s c a l e C)

Q u e s t i o nnumber R e s p o n s e s

5 When you f e e l a n x i o u s , do you p e r s p i r e ? (Y es )

a 6 When you f e e l a n x i o u s , d o e s y o u r mouth become d r y ? (Yes)

a 8 When you f e e l a n x i o u s , do you g e t a h e a d a c h e ? (Yes)

9 When you f e e l a n x i o u s , how o f t e n a r e you a w a re o f a n y c h a n g e

i n y o u r h e a r t a c t i o n ? ( R a r e l y )

a , b 10 When you f e e l a n x i o u s , do y o u e x p e r i e n c e a c c e l e r a t e d h e a r t

b e a t ? (No)

a l l When you f e e l a n x i o u s , d o e s t h e i n t e n s i t y o f y o u r h e a r t b e a t

i n c r e a s e ? (No)

20 When you f e e l a n x i o u s , do you h a v e an y d i f f i c u l t y t a l k i n g ?

(Yes)

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Table 12 (con tin u ed )

56

Q u e s t i o nnumber R e s p o n s e s

21 When you f e e l a n x i o u s ,

r e a c t i o n s ? (Yes)

a r e you b o t h e r e d by y o u r b o d i l y

N o t e . - - T h e r e s p o n s e t h a t a n o v e r r a t e r w ould g i v e i s i n d i c a t e d

i n p a r e n t h e s i s a t t h e end o f e a c h s t a t e m e n t .

a Q u e s t i o n t h a t d i s c r i m i n a t e d h i g h f rom low s c o r e s on t h e S e l f

D e s c r i p t i o n Q u e s t i o n n a i r e .

^ Q u e s t i o n t h a t d i s c r i m i n a t e d h i g h f rom low r a t e r s o f h o m i c i d e

s l i d e s .

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D i s c u s s i o n

The SDQ f a i l e d t o p r e d i c t o v e r - o r u n d e r r a t e r s i n t h e

p r o c e d u r e u t i l i z e d i n E x p e r i m e n t 2 . E m o t i o n a l r a t i n g s f o r h o m i c i d e

s l i d e s w e re p r e d i c t e d by t h e SDQ b e t t e r t h a n o t h e r c a t e g o r i e s . One

e x p l a n a t i o n f o r t h e l a c k o f v a l i d a t i o n may be t h e low t e s t - r e t e s t

r e l i a b i l i t y o f t h e SDQ, b u t t h e s e low c o r r e l a t i o n s may be a n a r t i f a c t

o f t h e l i m i t a t i o n s o f t h e m e a s u r e m e n t p r o c e d u r e s . A c c o r d i n g t o

C rano and B rew er (1973)I

The s i z e o f t h e c o r r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n an y two v a r i a b l e s w i l l

be a u t o m a t i c a l l y a t t e n u a t e d ( i . e . , l e s s e n e d ) i f t h e r a n g e o f

s c o r e s on e i t h e r o r b o t h m e a s u r e s i s r e s t r i c t e d . T h i s a t t e n u a t i o n

may b e t h e r e s u l t o f a l i m i t a t i o n o f t h e o p p o r t u n i t y f o r s y s t e ­

m a t i c r e l a t i o n s t o a p p e a r . . . .

As t h e t e s t - r e t e s t r e l i a b i l i t y s c o r e s w e re computed o n l y w i t h s u b j e c t s

s c o r i n g e x t r e m e l y h i g h o r low on t h e f i r s t a d m i n i s t r a t i o n , t h e e n t i r e

m i d d l e r a n g e was e l i m i n a t e d , t h u s g r e a t l y r e s t r i c t i n g t h e r a n g e .

C o r r e l a t i o n s computed s e p a r a t e l y f o r h i g h and low s c o r e r s on t h e SDQ

y i e l d e d r e l i a b i l i t y s c o r e s t h a t w e r e e v e n lo w e r t h a n t h o s e w h ic h

u s e d a l l s u b j e c t s , t h u s l e n d i n g f u r t h e r s u p p o r t f o r C rano and B r e w e r ’ s

a t t e n u a t i o n n o t i o n . On t h e b a s i s o f t h i s e v i d e n c e , i t seems

r e a s o n a b l e t o assume t h a t t h e r e l i a b i l i t y s c o r e s computed a r e u n d e r ­

e s t i m a t i o n s o f t h e a c t u a l r e l i a b i l i t y .

A n o t h e r e x p l a n a t i o n f o r t h e l a c k o f p r e d i c t a b i l i t y o f t h e SDQ

i s t h e n a t u r e o f t h e C h i S q u a r e S t a t i s t i c u s e d t o s e l e c t i t e m s . T h i s

s t a t i s t i c t e s t s t h e a s s u m p t i o n t h a t b o t h s a m p l e s a r e r e p r e s e n t a t i v e

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o f a common p o p u l a t i o n . Thus a s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e may a p p e a r i f

one g r o u p c o n s i s t e n t l y r e s p o n d s ’’t r u e 11 (o r ’’f a l s e ” ) b u t t h e o t h e r

g r o u p i s e q u a l l y l i k e l y t o a n s w e r ’’t r u e ” o r " f a l s e . ” F o r i n s t a n c e ,

i t e m 50 s i g n i f i c a n t l y (p. < . 0 5 ) d i f f e r e n t i a t e d h i g h f ro m low s c o r e r s

on t h e SDQ. Low s c o r e r s t e n d e d t o a n s w e r p o s i t i v e l y b u t h i g h s c o r e r s

w e r e j u s t a s a p t t o a n s w e r p o s i t i v e l y a s n e g a t i v e l y . T h i s d i s t i n c t i o n

i s e a s i l y c a m o u f l a g e d when s c o r i n g i t e m s ; i n t h i s c a s e a p o s i t i v e

a n s w e r s h o u ld d e s c r i b e a low s c o r e r , b u t a b o u t h a l f o f t h e t i m e a

h i g h s c o r e r w i l l a l s o r e p l y p o s i t i v e l y . T h i s w e a k n e s s i n t h e

p r o c e d u r e c o u l d be c o r r e c t e d by s c o r i n g e a c h i t e m u n i d i r e c t i o n a l l y

and s e p a r a t e l y f o r o v e r - a n d u n d e r r a t e r s ( i . e . , a n e g a t i v e r e p l y i n

t h i s exam ple w ould i n d i c a t e a n o v e r r a t i n g t e n d e n c y and a s su c h wou ld

add t o t h e Sis o v e r r a t i n g s c o r e . A p o s i t i v e a n s w e r , h o w e v e r , w ou ld be

am b iguous and would n o t add t o h i s u n d e r r a t i n g s c o r e . ) . F u r t h e r

r e s e a r c h w i t h t h e SDQ would r e q u i r e a s c o r i n g p r o c e d u r e o f t h i s t y p e .

The w r i t e r f e e l s t h a t t h e l a c k o f p r e d i c t a b i l i t y f ro m t h e SDQ

t o E x p e r i m e n t 2 may be a f u n c t i o n o f t h e d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n s t u d y 1

and s t u d y 2 . The s t r e s s v a l u e o f t h e s t i m u l i u s e d i n s t u d y 1 seemed

h i g h e r t h a n f o r t h o s e u s e d i n s t u d y 2 . T h i s may be a r e s u l t o f t h e

p r o c e d u r e f o r s e l e c t i n g s t i m u l i i n s t u d y 2 . I n s t u d y 1 e a c h J3

v ie w ed and r a t e d e a c h s l i d e , t h e n t h e JE c h o s e t h e m os t s t r e s s f u l

s l i d e s f rom e a c h c a t e g o r y t h a t t h e _S wou ld s e e a g a i n . Thus e a c h

c h o s e h i s own s l i d e s and saw a g a i n t h e o n e s he c o n s i d e r e d m os t

e m o t i o n a l l y a r o u s i n g . S u b j e c t s i n s t u d y 2 d i d n o t h a v e t h e a d v a n t a g e

o f b r i e f l y s e e i n g t h e s l i d e p o o l and r e f u s i n g t o s e e some s l i d e s ;

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t h e r e f o r e , when t h e E s e l e c t e d t h e m , she c h o s e t h e m os t i n n o c u o u s

s l i d e s t h a t s t i l l seemed t h r e a t e n i n g . T h i s d i f f e r e n c e i n s t r e s s -

f u l n e s s o f s l i d e s i s c o n t r a d i c t e d i n T a b l e 9 w h ic h shows t h a t Ss i n

s t u d y 2 r a t e d t h e s l i d e s more e m o t i o n a l l y a r o u s i n g . I t s h o u l d a l s o

b e n o t e d t h a t t h e mean r a t i n g f o r Ss i n s t u d y 1 i s t h a t o f t h e i r

s eco n d v i e w o f t h e s l i d e s . They had a l r e a d y s e e n t h e s l i d e s once

and knew w h a t t o e x p e c t . They a l s o knew t h a t an y s l i d e s t h e y r e a l l y

o b j e c t e d t o w ould n o t be shown a g a i n . T h u s , s t u d y 1 S_s w e r e b e t t e r

i n fo rm e d and c o u l d r e l a x more and o v e r a l l r a t e l e s s e m o t i o n a l

r e s p o n s e t h a n s t u d y 2 S s . A l s o , t h e i n s t r u c t i o n s f o r s t u d y 2

m e n t i o n e d t h e f a c t t h a t a l t h o u g h some o f t h e s l i d e s would be

u n p l e a s a n t and a r o u s e n e g a t i v e e m o t i o n s , some o f t h e s l i d e s m i g h t be

p l e a s a n t o r e x c i t i n g and a r o u s e p o s i t i v e e m o t i o n . The i d e a o f

p l e a s a n t s l i d e s w h ic h m i g h t a r o u s e p o s i t i v e e m o t i o n was n o t empha­

s i z e d i n s t u d y 1 . A n o t h e r d i f f e r e n c e was t h e f a c t t h a t i n d i v i d u a l

d i f f e r e n c e s i n r e a c t i o n t o p a r t i c u l a r s l i d e s w e re t a k e n i n t o a c c o u n t

t h r o u g h t h e i n d i v i d u a l i z e d s l i d e s e l e c t i o n p r o c e d u r e u t i l i z e d i n

s t u d y 1, s o m e t h in g t h a t c o u l d n o t be done i n E x p e r i m e n t 2 .

F u r t h e r s u p p o r t f o r t h e n o t i o n o f d i f f e r e n t i a l l y s t r e s s f u l

s t i m u l i b e t w e e n s t u d i e s comes f ro m a n a l y s i s o f t h e p h y s i o l o g i c a l

d a t a . A l t h o u g h t h e o v e r a l l l e v e l s o f r e s p o n s e a r e t h e sam e, i n t h e

f i r s t s t u d y t h e c a t e g o r i e s w e r e d i s c r i m i n a t e d by a l m o s t a l l p h y s i o ­

l o g i c a l r e s p o n s e m o d a l i t i e s . T h i s d i s c r i m i n a t i o n b e t w e e n c a t e g o r i e s

i s l a c k i n g i n t h e second s t u d y . Ss w e re n o t r e a c t i n g any d i f f e r e n t l y

p h y s i o l o g i c a l l y t o t h e l a n d s c a p e s l i d e s t h a n t o t h e s t r e s s f u l s l i d e s .

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T h i s l a c k o f d i s c r i m i n a t i o n s u g g e s t s t h a t

a . t h e r e was no d i f f e r e n c e i n a r o u s a l q u a l i t y b e t w e e n t h e

n e u t r a l l a n d s c a p e s and t h e s u p p o s e d l y s t r e s s f u l c a t e g o r i e s ( i . e . , t h e

s t i m u l i t h a t w e re l a b e l e d s t r e s s f u l w e re n o t a c t u a l l y s t r e s s f u l ) , o r

b . a d i f f e r e n t r e s p o n s e t o v a r y i n g s t i m u l i was masked by

g e n e r a l p h y s i o l o g i c a l r e s p o n s e c a u s e d by j u s t b e i n g i n t h e e x p e r i ­

m e n t a l s i t u a t i o n .

B o th o f t h e s e e x p l a n a t i o n s a r e m e s s y . I f " a " w e re c o r r e c t t h e n

s h o u l d t h e s u b j e c t i v e r a t i n g s a l s o n o t d i s c r i m i n a t e c a t e g o r i e s ? Ss

d i d d i s c r i m i n a t e c a t e g o r i e s s u b j e c t i v e l y , b u t p e r h a p s t h i s i s a

f u n c t i o n o f s o c i a l d e s i r a b i l i t y o r e x p e r i m e n t a l d e m a n d s . The s u b j e c t

knows t h a t m os t p e o p l e would r e a c t more s t r o n g l y t o a h o m i c i d e v i c t i m

t h a n t o a t u l i p g a r d e n e v e n i f he i s n o t r e a c t i n g more s t r o n g l y a t

t h e moment. I f " b ” w e re c o r r e c t t h e n why w e re r e s p o n s e s f ro m Ss i n

s t u d y 1 n o t a l s o m asked? As s t a t e d b e f o r e , Ss f ro m t h e f i r s t e x p e r i ­

ment had b e e n i n t h e room l o n g e r , t h e y had s e e n a l l o f t h e s l i d e s

b e f o r e , t h e y knew w h a t t o e x p e c t ; t h e r e f o r e , t h e y c o u l d a t t e n d t o

t h e s t i m u l u s i t s e l f r a t h e r t h a n g i v i n g a g e n e r a l r e s p o n s e t o t h e

o v e r a l l s i t u a t i o n . However , a c o n c e r t e d e f f o r t was made t o c o n t r o l

t h i s p r o b l e m i n s t u d y 2 by t a i l o r i n g t h e t i m e n e e d s t o t h e s u b j e c t

f ro m whom p h y s i o l o g i c a l d a t a was r e c o r d e d ; t h e l e n g t h o f t h e a d a p t i o n

p e r i o d was d e t e r m i n e d by when h i s r e s p o n s e s s t a b i l i z e d and t h e n e x t

s l i d e was n o t p r e s e n t e d u n t i l h i s p h y s i o l o g i c a l r e s p o n s e s had

r e t u r n e d t o n e a r b a s e l i n e . T h u s , n e i t h e r e x p l a n a t i o n c a n be r u l e d

o u t o r c o m p l e t e l y e n d o r s e d .

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A c o g n i t i v e p h y s i o l o g i c a l t h e o r y o f e m o t i o n w ou ld p r e d i c t t h a t

i f i t w e re t r u e t h a t t h e s t r e s s v a l u e o f t h e s t i m u l u s c a t e g o r i e s d i d

n o t v a r y a p p r e c i a b l y a c r o s s c a t e g o r i e s t h e n t h e p h y s i o l o g i c a l r e s p o n s e

s h o u l d n o t v a r y a c r o s s c a t e g o r i e s e i t h e r , a s i s e v i d e n t i n t h e d a t a .

A l s o p o s t u l a t i n g f rom a c o g n i t i v e p h y s i o l o g i c a l t h e o r y o f e m o t i o n , i f

t h e r e was l i t t l e s t r e s s , p r o d u c i n g l i t t l e r e s p o n s e t h e n t h e r e would

b e l i t t l e need f o r c o g n i t i v e r e a p p r a i s a l o f t h e s t i m u l u s by t h e S / s

c h a r a c t e r i s t i c c o p i n g s t y l e . T h i s low a r o u s a l wou ld a c t a s a " f l o o r ”

f o r p h y s i o l o g i c a l r e a c t i o n s m ak ing i t d i f f i c u l t f o r j>s t o u n d e r r a t e

t h e i r r e a c t i o n t o t h e s l i d e s ( s i n c e i t was so low anyw ay) and m i g h t

a l s o e x p l a i n why so few u n d e r r a t e r s w e re o b s e r v e d i n s t u d y 2 a s

compared t o s t u d y 1.

A n o t h e r f a c t o r r e d u c i n g t h e a b i l i t y o f t h e SDQ t o p r e d i c t

c o g n i t i v e a p p r a i s a l p a t t e r n s may be t h a t i t i s r e l a t e d o n l y t o

p a t t e r n s o f a p p r a i s a l o f s t r e s s f u l s t i m u l i and t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l

s t i m u l i c o n s i s t e d o f b o t h s t r e s s f u l and n e u t r a l s t i m u l i . The f a c t

t h a t t h e SDQ d i d p r e d i c t r a t i n g s o f h o m i c i d e s l i d e s b e t t e r t h a n o t h e r

s t i m u l i g i v e s s u p p o r t t o t h i s n o t i o n . P e r h a p s t h e i n v e s t i g a t o r s

e x p e c t e d t o o much o f t h e s c a l e and o n l y s t i m u l i t h a t w e r e d e f i n i t e l y

s t r e s s f u l s h o u l d have b e e n u s e d .

A n o t h e r d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n s t u d y 1 and 2 i s r e l a t e d t o

o b j e c t i v e n e s s o f t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l s i t u a t i o n and t h e demand c h a r a c ­

t e r i s t i c s t h a t w e re e s t a b l i s h e d . S tu d y 2 was more f o r m a l and

o b j e c t i v e : Taped i n s t r u c t i o n s , s u b j e c t c o n t a c t e s t a b l i s h e d by an

u n i n v o l v e d E, w r i t t e n r e s p o n s e s , p r e s e n c e o f o t h e r s u b j e c t s , t h e

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i n c r e a s e d amount o f e q u i p m e n t , s e p a r a t i o n o f s u b j e c t s f r o m e q u i p m e n t ,

and s e p a r a t i o n o f t h e Es a l l c o n t r i b u t e d t o t h e i n c r e a s e d o b j e c t i v i t y .

B e c a u s e t h e s i t u a t i o n was p e r c e i v e d a s more o b j e c t i v e , s u b j e c t s m i g h t

h a v e b e e n more i n h i b i t e d a b o u t g i v i n g e x t r e m e s c o r e s , t h e y m i g h t h a v e

f e l t t h a t t h e y w e r e e x p e c t e d t o g i v e a " t r u e " r e s p o n s e r a t h e r t h a n

one t h a t r e f l e c t e d t h e i r n o r m a l d e f e n s i v e s t y l e .

C l o s e r i n s p e c t i o n o f t h e r e s u l t s o f t h e i t e m a n a l y s e s r e v e a l s

some i n t e r e s t i n g i n s i g h t s c o n c e r n i n g t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f h i g h and

low s c o r e r s and r a t e r s . B o th o v e r r a t e r s f r o m E x p e r i m e n t 1 and h i g h

s c o r e r s on t h e SDQ a n s w e r " y e s ” o r " t r u e " t o i t e m s t h a t seem t o

r e f l e c t a s o c i a l d e s i r a b i l i t y f a c t o r ( q u e s t i o n s 4 , 17 , 3 8 , 5 5 , 6 6 ) .

T h e s e s u b j e c t s l i k e t o mix w i t h p e o p l e , t r y t o p l e a s e , would r a t h e r

n o t show up p e o p l e , would n o t make a f u s s a t n o t h a v i n g t h e r i g h t

t o o l s and would n o t v o t e f o r a c a n d i d a t e a b o u t whom t h e y knew v e r y

l i t t l e . I n a d d i t i o n t o a n s w e r i n g i n a s o c i a l l y d e s i r a b l e f a s h i o n

h i g h r a t e r s o f t h e h o m i c i d e s l i d e s seemed t o e x p r e s s a t e n d e n c y t o

" w o r r y ” o r be n e r v o u s . They c l a i m e d t o h a v e more t r o u b l e s l e e p i n g

( q u e s t i o n 2 4 ) , t o s u f f e r f ro m n e r v e s ( q u e s t i o n 3 0 ) , t o s w e a t e a s i l y

( q u e s t i o n 3 7 ) and t o be e m o t i o n a l l y e x p r e s s i v e ( q u e s t i o n 4 3 ) .

F u r t h e r m o r e , b o t h h i g h s c o r e r s and h i g h r a t e r s r e p l i e d t h a t t h e y

w e r e a w a re o f a u t o n o m ic a c t i v i t y ( a s i n d i c a t e d by t h e APQ) f o r a l l

i t e m s t h a t d i s c r i m i n a t e d b e t w e e n g r o u p s e x c e p t i t e m s t h a t i n v o l v e d

a h e a r t r a t e r e s p o n s e . H igh s c o r e r s w e re l e s s a w a re o f a h e a r t r a t e

r e s p o n s e t h a n low s c o r e r s . I t i s i n t e r e s t i n g t h a t t h e o n l y p h y s i o ­

l o g i c a l m e a s u r e t h a t d i s c r i m i n a t e d h i g h and low s c o r e r s was t h e h e a r t

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r a t e v a r i a b i l i t y (HR-V) m e a s u r e , i n d i c a t i n g t h a t low s c o r e r s n o t o n l y

p e r c e i v e d more h e a r t r a t e r e s p o n s e on t h e APQ b u t a c t u a l l y r e s p o n d e d

more t h a n d i d h i g h s c o r e r s i n t h a t m o d a l i t y . Thus i t seems t h a t h i g h

s c o r e r s on t h e SDQ and h i g h r a t e r s o f e m o t i o n a l r e s p o n s e t o h o m i c i d e

s l i d e s may be d e s c r i b e d by two f a c t o r s - - s o c i a l d e s i r a b i l i t y and a

t e n d e n c y t o w o r r y .

T h e r e i s some e v i d e n c e t o i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e p r o c l i v i t y t o

u n d e r r a t e o r d e n y e m o t i o n a l r e a c t i o n p a r a l l e l s p r o c e s s e s i n v o l v e d i n

t h e p a r a n o i d symptoms (Shean & S c h m a l t z , 1 9 7 3 ) . C a r s o n (1960 ) and

S p i e l b e r g e r (1957 ) d e s c r i b e t h e p a r a n o i d p e r s o n a s s u s p i c i o u s ,

b r o o d i n g , r i g i d , h o s t i l e and s o m e t im e s o b s e s s i v e . A p a r a n o i d a l s o

t e n d s t o be s l i g h t l y r e p r e s s i v e - - t o d e n y e m o t i o n a l r e s p o n s e , t o h a v e

u n a c c e p t a b l e t h o u g h t s and t o p r o j e c t h o s t i l i t y t o o t h e r s . A l t h o u g h

t h e w r i t e r d o e s n o t mean t o im p ly t h a t low s c o r i n g on t h e SDQ i s

i n d i c a t i v e o f p a r a n o i d t e n d e n c i e s , s c r u t i n y o f q u e s t i o n s a n s w e re d

" y e s 11 o r " t r u e " b y low s c o r e r s and low r a t e r s r e v e a l s some s t r i k i n g

s i m i l a r i t i e s . Q u e s t i o n s a n s w e r e d a f f i r m a t i v e l y by u n d e r r a t e r s f ro m

E x p e r i m e n t 1 and low s c o r e r s i n E x p e r i m e n t 2 may b e d i v i d e d i n t o two

c l u s t e r s . The f i r s t c l u s t e r c o u l d be l a b e l e d a s e x p r e s s i n g a n g e r ,

h o s t i l i t y and s u s p i c i o u s n e s s . T h i s c l u s t e r i n c l u d e s q u e s t i o n s 2 0 , 2 1 ,

2 3 , 5 0 , 5 9 , 6 0 , 6 5 , 6 8 , 7 0 , w h i c h d e a l w i t h a n g e r , d i s t r u s t , a n n o y ­

a n c e s , d i s l o y a l t y o r d e c e p t i o n . T h r e e o t h e r q u e s t i o n s (7 , 9 , 4 6 )

s u g g e s t t h a t low s c o r e r s and u n d e r r a t e r s a l s o t e n d t o b r o o d o r o b s e s s

c o n s i d e r a b l y . The second c l u s t e r h a s t o do w i t h r e p r e s s i o n o r d e n i a l

o f e m o t i o n a l r e s p o n s e s ( q u e s t i o n s 2 4 , 3 4 , 3 5 , 5 8 ) . lo w s c o r e r s and

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r a t e r s h a v e u n a c c e p t a b l e t h o u g h t s , d r e a m s b e s t k e p t t o t h e m s e l v e s ,

l a c k o f e m o t i o n a l e x p r e s s i v e n e s s and t h e a b i l i t y t o h i d e t h e i r

e m o t i o n s w e l l enough t o l i e w i t h a s t r a i g h t f a c e . T h i s d e s c r i p t i v e

a n a l y s i s o f b o t h c l u s t e r s i n c o r p o r a t e s a l l i t e m s a n s w e r e d p o s i t i v e l y

b y low r a t e r s e x c e p t q u e s t i o n 38 w h ic h i n v o l v e s v o t i n g f o r a c a n d i d a t e

a b o u t whom l i t t l e i s known, w h ic h may a l s o be a c y n i c a l r e s p o n s e .

A l t h o u g h t h e o v e r a l l SDQ d i d n o t p r e d i c t r a t i n g p a t t e r n s i n

E x p e r i m e n t 2 , t h e a n a l y s i s o f i n d i v i d u a l i t e m s i n d i c a t e d t h a t h i g h

and low s c o r e r s seem t o r e p r e s e n t two d i s t i n c t and u n i q u e p e r s o n a l i t y

t y p e s . P e r h a p s f u r t h e r r e s e a r c h w i t h a l a r g e r p o o l o f i t e m s and more

h e t e r o g e n o u s s u b j e c t s i s n eed e d t o r e f i n e and v a l i d a t e t h e q u e s t i o n ­

n a i r e . I t wou ld be e s p e c i a l l y i n t e r e s t i n g t o i n v e s t i g a t e w h e t h e r t h e

c o g n i t i v e s t y l e o f c o p i n g w i t h s t r e s s i s c o m p l e t e l y d i s p o s i t i o n a l

o r i s a l s o i n f l u e n c e d by s i t u a t i o n a l v a r i a b l e s .

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Append i x

Page 85: Development of a Scale to Predict Patterns of Cognitive

A p p e n d ix

S e l f D e s c r i p t i o n Q u e s t i o n n a i r e

I n s tr u c t io n s

T h i s i s a v e r y g e n e r a l p e r s o n a l i t y q u e s t i o n n a i r e d e s i g n e d t o

t a p some o f t h e m u l t i d i m e n s i o n a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f y o u and how you

u s u a l l y b e h a v e . The q u e s t i o n n a i r e i s d i v i d e d i n t o t h r e e s e c t i o n s and

s e p a r a t e i n s t r u c t i o n s a p p e a r b e f o r e e a c h s e c t i o n . T h e s e q u e s t i o n s

c o n c e r n t h e way you b e h a v e , f e e l and a c t . T ry t o d e c i d e w h i c h a n s w e r

r e p r e s e n t s y o u r u s u a l way o f a c t i n g o r f e e l i n g . T h e r e a r e no r i g h t

o r w rong a n s w e r s and t h i s i s n o t a t e s t o f i n t e l l i g e n c e o r a b i l i t y ,

b u t s i m p l y a m e a s u r e o f t h e way y o u b e h a v e . A l t h o u g h t h i s i s an

u n t i m e d t e s t , we would s t i l l l i k e you t o a n s w e r t h e q u e s t i o n s a s

q u i c k l y a s you c a n . Do n o t spend t i m e p u z z l i n g o v e r t h e q u e s t i o n s .

G ive t h e f i r s t , n a t u r a l a n s w e r a s i t comes t o y o u . Some q u e s t i o n s a r e

a b i t s i m i l a r t o o t h e r s b u t no two a r e e x a c t l y a l i k e and y o u r a n s w e r s

w i l l o f t e n d i f f e r i n t h e s e c a s e s . Answer t h e q u e s t i o n s a s f r a n k l y and

t r u t h f u l l y a s p o s s i b l e s i n c e t h e r e i s no a d v a n t a g e i n g i v i n g t h e w rong

i m p r e s s i o n . N ever g i v e a n u n t r u e a n s w e r a b o u t y o u r s e l f b e c a u s e you

t h i n k i t i s t h e " r i g h t t h i n g t o s a y ” . Do n o t s k i p a n y q u e s t i o n s .

O c c a s i o n a l l y a s t a t e m e n t may n o t seem t o a p p l y t o you o r y o u r i n t e r - r :

e s t s , b u t a n s w e r e v e r y one somehow. Your a n s w e r s w i l l b e k e p t c o n f i ­

d e n t i a l and u s e d o n l y f o r r e s e a r c h p u r p o s e s .

Use t h e a n s w e r s h e e t p r o v i d e d f o r s e c t i o n s one and tw o , and

an s w e r d i r e c t l y b e n e a t h t h e q u e s t i o n s i n s e c t i o n t h r e e .

66

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67

S e c t io n One I n s tr u c t io n s

T h i s s e c t i o n c o n s i s t s o f t r u e and f a l s e q u e s t i o n s . Read e a c h

s t a t e m e n t an d d e c i d e w h e t h e r i t i s t r u e a s a p p l i e d t o you o r f a l s e a s

a p p l i e d t o y o u . I f a s t a t e m e n t i s TRUE OR MOSTLY TRUE, a s a p p l i e d t o

y o u , c r o s s o u t t h e "TM on t h e a n s w e r s h e e t n e x t t o t h e s t a t e m e n t

num ber . I f a s t a t e m e n t i s FALSE OR NOT USUALLY TRUE, a s a p p l i e d t o

y o u , c r o s s o u t t h e " F M on t h e a n s w e r s h e e t n e x t t o t h e s t a t e m e n t

num be r . DO NOT w r i t e on t h e t e s t i t s e l f ( o n l y t h e a n s w e r s h e e t ) f o r

t h i s s e c t i o n .

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1 . I am e a s i l y awakened by n o i s e .

2 . I s o m e t im e s f e e l h a p p y , s o m e t im e s sad w i t h o u t a n y r e a l

r e a s o n .

3 . I would l i k e t o t r y a c t i n g i n community t h e a t r e .

4 . I l i k e m i x in g w i t h p e o p l e .

5 . I f i n d i t h a r d t o k e e p ray mind on a t a s k o r j o b .

6 . I h a v e a l w a y s p r e f e r r e d t o h a v e a v e r y few c l o s e f r i e n d s

r a t h e r t h a n a l a r g e c i r c l e o f f r i e n d s .

7 . I o f t e n t h i n k o f my p a s t .

8 . I u s u a l l y f e e l t h a t l i f e i s w o r t h w h i l e .

9 . I so m e t im e s b r o o d a l o t .

10 . A l l i n a l l I t h i n k t h a t I am a b l e t o t h i n k more c r i t i c a l l y

t h a n m o s t p e o p l e .

11. My h a r d e s t b a t t l e s a r e w i t h m y s e l f .

12 . I d o n ’ t seem t o c a r e w h a t h a p p e n s t o me.

13 . I am moody*

14. I e n j o y m y s t e r i e s and s c a r y m o v i e s .

15 . I t e n d t o c o n t r o l my t e n d e r e m o t i o n s a r o u n d p e o p l e .

16 . I f i n d i t h a r d t o f a l l a s l e e p a t b e d t i m e .

17 . I t r y t o p l e a s e p e o p l e .

18 . At t i m e s my t h o u g h t s h a v e r a c e d a h e a d f a s t e r t h a n I c o u l d

s p e a k the m .

19 . I am o f t e n l o s t i n t h o u g h t .

2 0 . At t i m e s I f e e l l i k e p i c k i n g a f i s t f i g h t w i t h someone.

2 1 . I s o m e t im e s t a k e a c y n i c a l v i e w o f t h i n g s .

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69

2 2 . I t i s b e s t n o t t o a l w a y s show y o u r f e e l i n g s .

2 3 . I o f t e n f e e l " f e d - u p . "

2 4 . Most n i g h t s I go t o s l e e p w i t h o u t t h o u g h t s o r i d e a s

b o t h e r i n g me.

2 5 . I w i s h I w e re n o t so s h y ,

2 6 . I t h i n k p e o p l e s h o u l d c o n c e r n t h e m s e l v e s more w i t h

f e e l i n g s t h a n w i t h i d e a s .

2 7 . I remember m os t o f my d r e a m s .

2 8 . Somet imes I f e e l a n g r y and r e s e n t f u l a b o u t t h e way I ’v e

b e e n t r e a t e d .

2 9 . What o t h e r s t h i n k o f me d o e s n o t b o t h e r me.

3 0 . I s u f f e r f ro m " n e r v e s . "

3 1 . T h e r e a r e n ' t v e r y many p e o p l e t h a t you c a n t r u s t .

3 2 . I h a v e p e r i o d s o f s u c h g r e a t r e s t l e s s n e s s t h a t I c a n n o t

s i t l o n g i n a c h a i r .

3 3 . I e n j o y l i g h t , hum orous c o n v e r s a t i o n s more t h a n s e r i o u s

i n t e l l e c t u a l o n e s .

3 4 . I d r e a m f r e q u e n t l y a b o u t t h i n g s t h a t a r e b e s t k e p t t o

m y s e l f .

3 5 . I b e l i e v e I am no more n e r v o u s t h a n m o s t o t h e r s .

3 6 . As a c h i l d I e x p e r i e n c e d t i m e s when I p r e f e r r e d p l a y i n g

a l o n e , t o p l a y i n g w i t h o t h e r c h i l d r e n .

3 7 . I s w e a t v e r y e a s i l y e v e n on c o o l d a y s .

3 8 . Somet imes a t e l e c t i o n s I v o t e f o r men a b o u t whom I know

v e r y l i t t l e .

Page 89: Development of a Scale to Predict Patterns of Cognitive

[ Q u e s t i o n 39 o m i t t e d f ro m o r i g i n a l q u e s t i o n n a i r e . ]

4 0 . I h a v e b e e n a f r a i d o f t h i n g s o r p e o p l e t h a t I knew

c o u l d n o t h u r t me.

4 1 . I f e e l a n g r y a l o t .

4 2 . I o f t e n t h i n k , " I w i s h I w e re a c h i l d a g a i n . 11

4 3 . I am a n e m o t i o n a l l y e x p r e s s i v e p e r s o n .

4 4 . I h a v e d i z z y s p e l l s .

4 5 . My p l a n s h a v e f r e q u e n t l y seemed so f u l l o f d i f f i c u l t i e s

t h a t I h a v e had t o g i v e th e m u p .

4 6 . I h a v e s e v e r a l t i m e s had a c h a n g e o f h e a r t a b o u t my l i f e

w o rk .

4 7 . I h a v e a d a y d r e a m l i f e a b o u t w h ic h I do n o t t e l l o t h e r

p e o p l e .

4 8 . I e n j o y m u s i c a l s more t h a n G r e e k t r a g e d i e s .

4 9 . My ju d g m e n t i s b e t t e r t h a n i t e v e r w a s .

5 0 . I p r e f e r t o p a s s by s c h o o l f r i e n d s , o r p e o p l e I know b u t

h a v e n o t s e e n f o r a l o n g t i m e , u n l e s s t h e y s p e a k t o me f i r s t .

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71

S e c t io n Two I n s tr u c t io n s

T h e s e q u e s t i o n s may b e a n s w e r e d i n t h e f o r m a t " Y e s , "

" S o m e t i m e s , " o r " N o . " The q u e s t i o n s a r e t o g i v e you a c h a n c e t o s a y

w h a t s o r t o f a p e r s o n you a r e an d t o s t a t e y o u r i n t e r e s t s an d

a t t i t u d e s . S i n c e e a c h p e r s o n i s d i f f e r e n t , t h e r e a r e g e n e r a l l y no

" r i g h t " o r "w rong" a n s w e r s , b u t o n l y w h a t i s t r u e f o r y o u .

Be s u r e and a n s w e r a l l q u e s t i o n s on t h e a n s w e r s h e e t p r o ­

v i d e d . To t h e r i g h t o f e a c h q u e s t i o n a r e t h r e e p o s s i b l e a n s w e r s .

Use t h e m i d d l e a n s w e r o n l y when i t i s a b s o l u t e l y i m p o s s i b l e t o l e a n

t o w a r d one o r t h e o t h e r o f t h e a n s w e r c h o i c e s . I n o t h e r w o r d s , t h e

"Y es" ( o r " a " ) o r t h e "No" ( o r " b " ) a n s w e r s h o u l d b e u s e d f o r m o s t

c a s e s . C r o s s o u t t h e c o r r e c t a n s w e r on t h e a n s w e r s h e e t . Be s u r e

t h a t t h e s t a t e m e n t number a g r e e s w i t h t h e number on t h e a n s w e r

s h e e t . DO NOT w r i t e on t h e t e s t i t s e l f ( o n l y t h e a n s w e r s h e e t ) f o r

t h i s s e c t i o n .

Page 91: Development of a Scale to Predict Patterns of Cognitive

5 1 . I c o u l d h a p p i l y l i v e a l o n e , f a r

f ro m a n y o n e , l i k e a h e r m i t . . Y e s O c c a s i o n a l l y No

5 2 . When I am g o i n g t o c a t c h a t r a i n ,

I g e t a l i t t l e h u r r i e d , t e n s e , o r a n x i o u s ,

t h o u g h I know I h a v e t i m e ........ . . . . Yes Somet im es No

5 3 . I a l w a y s h a v e l o t s o f e n e r g y a t

t i m e s when I n e e d i t . Y e s I n B e tw ee n No

5 4 . I n s t r e e t s o r s t o r e s I d i s l i k e t h e

way some p e o p l e s t a r e a t one . . . . . . . . Yes I n B e tw ee n No

5 5 . I f a n e i g h b o r c h e a t s me o v e r s m a l l

t h i n g s , I would r a t h e r humor h im t h a n show h im

up Yes O c c a s i o n a l l y No

5 6 . I t h i n k m o s t w i t n e s s e s t e l l t h e

t r u t h e v e n i f i t becom es e m b a r r a s s i n g ........................... Yes I n B e tw ee n No

5 7 . I am a sound s l e e p e r , n e v e r w a l k i n g

o r t a l k i n g i n my s l e e p ............................................................... Yes I n B e tw e e n No

5 8 . I c a n l o o k anyone i n t h e e y e and

t e l l a l i e w i t h a s t r a i g h t f a c e ( i f f o r a r i g h t

e n d ) Yes O c c a s i o n a l l y No

5 9 . I a d m i r e m ore :

a ) a c l e v e r b u t u n d e p e n d a b l e man,

b ) a n a v e r a g e man b u t s t r o n g t o r e s i s t

t e m p t a t i o n s .................................................................................................a I n B e tw ee n b

6 0 . I g e t annoyed a t b e i n g h e l d up by

s m a l l r u l e s and r e g u l a t i o n s w h i c h , I a d m i t a r e

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73

r e a l l y n e c e s s a r y ............................................................................... Yes I n B e tw e e n No

6 1 . I t h i n k t h e p r o p e r number t o c o n t i n u e

t h e s e r i e s 1 , 2 , 3 , 6 , 5 , i s : a ) 10 , b ) 5 , c ) 7 . . a b c

6 2 . I would r a t h e r do w i t h o u t s o m e t h i n g

t h a n p u t a w a i t e r o r w a i t r e s s t o a l o t o f e x t r a

t r o u b l e ............................................................................................... Yes O c c a s i o n a l l y No

6 3 . My memory d o e s n o t c h a n g e much f ro m

d a y t o d a y ■ - - . ■.......................... . . Yes Som et im es No

( t r u e ) ( f a l s e )

6 4 . I t h i n k t h a t w h a t p e o p l e s a y i n

p o e t r y c o u l d be p u t j u s t a s e x a c t l y i n p l a i n

p r o s e ...............................................................................................Yes S om et im es No

6 5 . P r i m , s t r i c t p e o p l e do n o t seem t o

g e t on w e l l w i t h me ............................................................. Yes Somet imes No

( t r u e ) ( f a l s e )

6 6 . I u s u a l l y s a y n o t h i n g i f t h e t o o l s

g i v e n me t o do a j o b a r e n o t q u i t e w h a t t h e y

s h o u l d b e ............................................................. , ................................. Yes Som et im es No

( t r u e ) ( f a l s e )

6 7 . I am more r e s t r a i n e d t h a n m os t

p e o p l e i n s a y i n g w h a t my f e e l i n g s a r e ..........................Yes Som et im es No

6 8 . I s u s p e c t t h a t p e o p l e who a c t

f r i e n d l y t o me c a n be d i s l o y a l b e h i n d my b a c k :

a ) y e s , g e n e r a l l y , b ) o c c a s i o n a l l y , c ) n o , r a r e l y a b c

6 9 . I t e n d t o s p e a k r a t h e r s l o w l y . . . Y e s S om et im es No

Page 93: Development of a Scale to Predict Patterns of Cognitive

7 0 . I may d e c e i v e p e o p l e b y b e i n g

f r i e n d l y when I r e a l l y d i s l i k e t h e m ..................................Yes Somet im es

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75

S e c t io n Three I n s tr u c t io n s

T h i s s e c t i o n i s d e s i g n e d t o g i v e you a n o p p o r t u n i t y t o

d e s c r i b e y o u r s u b j e c t i v e e x p e r i e n c e i n r e l a t i o n t o s e v e r a l d i m e n s i o n s

o f e m o t i o n . One o f t h e m a in r e a s o n s f o r t h i s s e c t i o n i s t h a t v e r y

l i t t l e i s known a b o u t t h e s u b j e c t i v e e x p e r i e n c e s t h a t accompany

v a r i o u s f e e l i n g s t a t e s . We assum e t h a t p e o p l e d i f f e r i n t h e way i n

w h i c h t h e y e x p e r i e n c e v a r i o u s e m o t i o n s . What we a r e p a r t i c u l a r l y

i n t e r e s t e d i n i s how w i d e l y p e o p l e d i f f e r i n d e s c r i b i n g t h e s e e x p e r i ­

e n c e s and i n t h e s p e c i f i c p e r c e p t i o n s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h th e m .

The v a l u e o f t h i s q u e s t i o n n a i r e w i l l i n l a r g e p a r t d e p e n d on

how f r a n k you a r e i n s t a t i n g y o u r f e e l i n g s , a t t i t u d e s , and e x p e r i ­

e n c e s . N e e d l e s s t o s a y , y o u r a n s w e r s w i l l b e k e p t s t r i c t l y c o n f i ­

d e n t i a l and u s e d o n l y f o r r e s e a r c h p u r p o s e s . T h e r e a r e no c a t c h

q u e s t i o n s i n t h i s s e c t i o n . P l e a s e r e a d e a c h q u e s t i o n i n e a c h s c a l e

v e r y c a r e f u l l y and c o n s i d e r y o u r a n s w e r .

F i r s t we a r e i n t e r e s t e d i n two g e n e r a l f e e l i n g s t a t e s . The

f i r s t s t a t e we a r e c o n c e r n e d w i t h i s " p l e a s u r e , h a p p i n e s s , a s t a t e o f

w e l l - b e i n g . " P l e a s e im a g in e "how" ( n o t why) you f e e l when you a r e i n

t h i s s t a t e . E s p e c i a l l y c o n s i d e r t h e o u t s t a n d i n g b o d i l y r e a c t i o n s

w h i c h you a s s o c i a t e w i t h t h i s e x p e r i e n c e . I n s u b s e q u e n t s e c t i o n s ,*

when we r e f e r t o t h e s u b j e c t i v e f e e l i n g o f " h a p p i n e s s 11 we w i l l e x p e c t

y o u t o r e f e r b a c k t o t h i s t h o u g h t d e s c r i p t i o n .

The second s t a t e we a r e c o n c e r n e d w i t h i s " a n x i e t y , a p p r e h e n ­

s i v e n e s s , t e n s i o n . " P l e a s e i m a g in e "how" ( n o t why) you f e e l when you

a r e i n t h i s s t a t e . E s p e c i a l l y c o n s i d e r t h e o u t s t a n d i n g b o d i l y

Page 95: Development of a Scale to Predict Patterns of Cognitive

76

r e a c t i o n s w h i c h y o u a s s o c i a t e w i t h t h i s e x p e r i e n c e . I n s u b s e q u e n t

s e c t i o n s , when we r e f e r t o t h e s u b j e c t i v e f e e l i n g o f ' ' a n x i e t y " we w i l l

e x p e c t you t o r e f e r b a c k t o t h i s t h o u g h t d e s c r i p t i o n .

[ P l e a s e m ark d i r e c t l y on t h e t e s t f o r t h i s s e c t i o n o n l y . ]

F o r e a c h q u e s t i o n t h e r e i s a l i n e o r s c a l e on t h e e n d s o f

w h i c h a r e s t a t e m e n t s o f e x t r e m e f e e l i n g s o r a t t i t u d e s . You a r e

r e q u i r e d t o p u t a m ark (X) on t h a t p o i n t on t h e l i n e w h ic h y o u t h i n k

b e s t i n d i c a t e s t h e s t a t e o f y o u r f e e l i n g o r a t t i t u d e a b o u t t h e

p a r t i c u l a r q u e s t i o n . When you f i n d i t d i f f i c u l t t o m ark a p a r t i c u l a r

s c a l e , u s e y o u r b e s t p o s s i b l e e s t i m a t e o f how y o u m i g h t f e e l .

Page 96: Development of a Scale to Predict Patterns of Cognitive

Name_____________________ 7 7

" T h i n k a b o u t e a c h q u e s t i o n c a r e f u l l y b e f o r e you a n s w e r . Remember , you

may p u t t h e m ark an y w h ere on t h e l i n e . "

1 . When you f e e l a n x i o u s , a r e you a w a re o f many b o d i l y

r e a c t i o n s ?

Aware o f v e r y many Aware o f v e r y few

2 . When you f e e l a n x i o u s , how o f t e n a r e y o u a w a r e o f y o u r

b o d i l y r e a c t i o n s ?

Always N ever

3 . When you f e e l a n x i o u s , d o e s y o u r f a c e become h o t ?

Does n o t c h a n g e Becomes v e r y h o t

4 . When you f e e l a n x i o u s , do y o u r h a n d s become c o l d ?

No c h a n g e V e r y c o l d

5 . When you f e e l a n x i o u s , do you p e r s p i r e ?

A g r e a t d e a l Not a t a l l

6 . When y o u f e e l a n x i o u s , d o e s y o u r mouth become d r y ?

Always Never

Page 97: Development of a Scale to Predict Patterns of Cognitive

Name_____________________ 78

" T h i n k a b o u t e a c h q u e s t i o n c a r e f u l l y b e f o r e you a n s w e r . Remember , you

may p u t t h e m ark an y w h ere on t h e l i n e . 1'

7 . When you f e e l a n x i o u s , a r e you a w a re o f i n c r e a s e d m u s c l e

t e n s i o n ?

No i n c r e a s e d t e n s i o n A g r e a t d e a l o f t e n s i o n

8 . When you f e e l a n x i o u s , do you g e t a h e a d a c h e ?

Always N ev e r

9. When you f e e l a n x i o u s , how o f t e n a r e y o u aw a re o f an y

c h a n g e i n y o u r h e a r t a c t i o n ?

N ever A lw ays

10. When you f e e l an x i o u s , do y o u e x p e r i e n c e a c c e l e r a t e d h e a r t

b e a t ?

No c h a n g e G r e a t a c c e l e r a t i o n

11. When you f e e l a n x i o u s , d o e s t h e i n t e n s i t y o f y o u r h e a r t

b e a t i n c r e a s e ?

Does n o t c h a n g e I n c r e a s e s t o e x t r e m e p o u n d i n g

12. When you f e e l a n x i o u s , how o f t e n a r e you a w a re o f c h a n g e

i n y o u r b r e a t h i n g ?

A lw ays N ev e r

Page 98: Development of a Scale to Predict Patterns of Cognitive

N a me_____________________ 7 9

" T h i n k a b o u t e a c h q u e s t i o n c a r e f u l l y b e f o r e you a n s w e r . Remember , you

may p u t t h e m ark a n y w h e re on t h e l i n e . "

13 . When you f e e l a n x i o u s , d o e s y o u r b r e a t h i n g become more

r a p i d ?

No c h a n g e V e r y r a p i d

14 . When you f e e l a n x i o u s , do you b r e a t h e more d e e p l y ?

Much more d e e p l y No c h a n g e

15. When you f e e l a n x i o u s , do you b r e a t h e more s h a l l o w l y ?

Much more s h a l l o w l y No c h a n g e

16 . When you f e e l a n x i o u s , do you f e e l a s i f b l o o d r u s h e s t o

y o u r h e a d ?

A lw ays N ev e r

17 . When you f e e l a n x i o u s , do you g e t a lump i n y o u r t h r o a t

o r a c h o k e d - u p f e e l i n g ?

Always N ever

18 . When you f e e l a n x i o u s , d o e s y o u r s to m a c h g e t u p s e t ?

N ot a t a l l V e ry u p s e t

Page 99: Development of a Scale to Predict Patterns of Cognitive

Name________ 80

" T h i n k a b o u t e a c h q u e s t i o n c a r e f u l l y b e f o r e you a n s w e r . Remember , y o u

may p u t t h e mark anyw here on t h e l i n e . 1'

1 9 . When you f e e l a n x i o u s , do you g e t a s i n k i n g o r h e a v y

f e e l i n g i n y o u r s to m a c h ?

N ever A lw ays

2 0 . When you f e e l a n x i o u s , do you h a v e any d i f f i c u l t y

t a l k i n g ?

N ever A lw ays

2 1 . When you f e e l a n x i o u s , a r e you b o t h e r e d b y y o u r b o d i l y

r e a c t i o n s ?

B o t h e r e d v e r y much Not b o t h e r e d a t a l l

2 2 . When you f e e l h a p p y , a r e you a w a re o f many b o d i l y

r e a c t i o n s ?

Aware o f v e r y many Aware o f v e r y few

2 3 . When you f e e l h a p p y , a r e you a w a re o f any c h a n g e i n y o u r

h e a r t a c t i o n ?

Always Never

Page 100: Development of a Scale to Predict Patterns of Cognitive

Name_____________________ 81

" T h i n k a b o u t e a c h q u e s t i o n c a r e f u l l y b e f o r e you a n s w e r . Remember, you

may p u t t h e mark a n y w h e re on t h e l i n e . "

2 4 . When you f e e l h a p p y , do you e x p e r i e n c e a c c e l e r a t e d h e a r t

b e a t ?

No c h a n g e G r e a t a c c e l e r a t i o n

2 5 . When you f e e l h a p p y , d o e s y o u r f a c e become h o t ?

Does n o t c h a n g e Becomes v e r y h o t

2 6 . When you f e e l h a p p y , do you e v e r f e e l w eak o r s h a k y ?

Always N ev e r

2 7 . When you f e e l h a p p y , do you g e t a lump i n y o u r t h r o a t o r

[-up f e e l i n g ?

Alw ays N ever

2 8 . When you f e e l h a p p y , do you h a v e any d i f f i c u l t y t a l k i n g ?

Never A lw ays

Page 101: Development of a Scale to Predict Patterns of Cognitive

R e f e r e n c e s

Page 102: Development of a Scale to Predict Patterns of Cognitive

R e f e r e n c e s

A v e r i l l , J . R. C o n t r o l and e x p e r i e n c e o f s t r e s s . P r e s e n t e d a t t h e

APA C o n v e n t i o n . H o n o l u l u , S e p t e m b e r , 1972 .

B r u n e r , J . S . , & P o s tm a n , L. E m o t i o n a l s e l e c t i v i t y i n p e r c e p t i o n and

r e a c t i o n . J o u r n a l o f P e r s o n a l i t y . 1947 , JjS, 6 9 - 7 7 ( a ) .

B r u n e r , J . S . , & P o s tm a n , L. T e n s i o n and t e n s i o n r e l e a s e a s

o r g a n i z i n g f a c t o r s i n p e r c e p t i o n . J o u r n a l o f P e r s o n a l i t y . 1947 ,

15 , 3 0 0 -3 0 8 ( b ) .

B y r n e , D. R e p r e s s i o n - s e n s i t i z a t i o n a s a d i m e n s i o n o f p e r s o n a l i t y . I n

B . A. Maher ( E d . ) , P r o g r e s s i n E x p e r i m e n t a l P e r s o n a l i t y R e s e a r c h .

V o l . 1. New Y o rk : A cademic P r e s s , 1964 .

B y r n e , D. The r e p r e s s i o n - s e n s i t i z a t i o n s c a l e : R a t i o n a l e ,

r e l i a b i l i t y , and v a l i d i t y . J o u r n a l o f P e r s o n a l i t y . 1961 , 2 9 ■>

3 3 4 - 3 4 9 .

B y r n e , D . , G o l i g h t t y , C . , & S h e f f i e l d , J . The r e p r e s s i o n -

s e n s i t i z a t i o n s c a l e a s a m e a s u r e o f a d j u s t m e n t : R e l a t i o n s w i t h C P I .

J o u r n a l o f C o n s u l t i n g and C l i n i c a l P s y c h o l o g y , 1 9 6 5 , 29^, 5 8 6 - 5 8 9 .

B y r n e , D . , & S h e f f i e l d , J . R e s p o n s e t o s e x u a l l y a r o u s i n g s t i m u l i a s

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