development of a participatory methodology for … species, 71 endemic species, 11 rare and 171...

Development of a Participatory Methodology for Inventory and Assessment of Floral Resources and their

Characterization in the Montane Forests of Mt. Malindang

Biodiversity Research Programme (BRP) for Development in Mindanao: Focus on Mt. Malindang and Environs

Jose B. Arances Victor B. Amoroso William Sm. Gruezo Colin Ridsdale Leontine Visser Benito C. Tan Lilibeth V. Rufila Jennifer B. Galvezo Guiller S. Opiso Rufino Comilap Carlos Lumaray Carmilo Comilap Noli Pacut Benigno Montimar Sulficio Sacal

Jose B. Arances, Victor B. Amoroso, William Sm. Gruezo, Colin Ridsdale, Leontine Visser, Benito C. Tan, Lilibeth V. Rufila, Jennifer B. Galvezo, Guiller S. Opiso, Rufino Comilap, Carlos Lumaray, Carmilo Comilap,

Noli Pacut, Benigno Montimar, Sulficio Sacal

Development of a Participatory Methodology for Inventory and Assessment of Floral Resources and their

Characterization in the Montane Forests of Mt. Malindang

under the

Biodiversity Research Programme (BRP) for Development in Mindanao: Focus on Mt. Malindang and Environs

Funding for BRP is provided by the Netherlands Ministry for Development Cooperation (DGIS) through the SEAMEO Regional Center for Graduate Study and Research in Agriculture (SEARCA).

The Biodiversity Research Programme (BRP) for Development in Mindanao is a collaborative research programme on biodiversity management and conservation jointly undertaken by Filipino and Dutch researchers in Mt. Malindang and its environs, Misamis Occidental, Philippines. It is committed to undertake and promote participatory and interdisciplinary research that will promote sustainable use of biological resources, and effective decision-making on biodiversity conservation to improve livelihood and cultural opportunities. BRP aims to make biodiversity research more responsive to real-life problems and development needs of the local communities, by introducing a new mode of knowledge generation for biodiversity management and conservation, and to strengthen capacity for biodiversity research and decision-making by empowering the local research partners and other local stakeholders.

Philippine Copyright 2004 by the Biodiversity Research Programme for Development in Mindanao: Focus on Mt. Malindang and Environs. SEAMEO SEARCA, College, Laguna. Printed by PDM Press, Inc., Quezon City, Philippines ISBN 971-560-105-7

46 Technical Report

Contents

Acknowledgment

Abstract 1

Introduction 2

Review of Literature 3

Biodiversity plots and transects 3Typology of participation 3Species richness and studies on Mindanao flora 3Biological resources of the barangays covered by the project 4

Barangay MansawanBarangay GandawanBarangay Lake Duminagat

Rationale 5

Objectives 5

Methodology 7

Reentry protocols and prior arrangements 7Selection and location of study sites 7Description of study sites 8Modes of community participation 8Establishment of biodiversity plots and transects 9Data collection and community participation 10

Participatory inventory, collection and identification of plants 10Interactive ethnobotany by Subanen researchers 11Community ethnobotany survey 11Evaluation of current status of indigenous knowledge(I.K.) within the community 11

Vegetation profile, species richness and diversity measurements 12Analysis of results 13Mode of project implementation 13

Results and Discussion 15

Training of local researchers 15Analysis of contribution of both trained and untrainedSubanen researchers to developing a participatory methodologyfor inventory and assessment of floral resources 16

1. Tree identification 172. Identification of ferns, mosses and lichens 173. Ethnobotanical assessment 174. Identification of plants and basis of local names

Identification of plantsComparison of scientific groupings of species with local names

5. Ethnobotanical survey 19Survey of Subanen researchers within the plotsCommunity ethnobotanical survey

Development of participatory methodology 47

Participatory characterization of floral resources 201. Species richness and tree density 202. Species composition and diversity indices 20

DensityFrequencyDominanceSpecies importance values

Species similarity and difference between plots 21Vegetation profile 23

StructureTree profile

Assessment of status of floral resources within the plots 24Description of socioculturally important specieswithin the plots 26

Potential livelihood development projects for biodiversityconservation 28

1. Establishment of nursery 282. Establishment of community economic garden 28

Usefulness of the 1-ha permanent plots 29

Summary and Conclusions 31

Recommendations 32

Literature Cited 34

Tables 37

Development of a participatory methodology 1

Abstract

With the participation of Subanens as localresearchers, an assessment of plant diversityin two 1-ha semipermanent plots located in Mt.Ginanlajan and Palo 6, Malindang Range wasconducted. The assessment revealed 301species, 181 genera, and 113 families. Thescientific identification of plants was enrichedby local indigenous knowledge. A completeinventory of trees showed high species richness(63-67 species/ha) and high tree density (961-1,000 trees/ha). These figures are higher thanthose reported for lowland and montane forestsin Mt. Kitanglad and other neotropical countries.Assessing floral resources also revealed 2endangered species, 71 endemic species, 11rare and 171 economically important species,and 10 species that are socioculturallyimportant based on the indigenous knowledgeof local researchers, and 79 species as surveyedfrom the communities. Endemism is high with48 (57%) of the 85 tree species endemic. Threenew species of mosses not yet found in thePhilippines were discovered. When the numberof species between primary and secondaryforests was compared, more species were foundin the primary forest than in the secondaryforest, but there were more individuals of similarspecies in the secondary forest than in theprimary forest. Moreover, an ethnobotanicalsurvey based on the indigenous knowledge oflocal researchers has shown many economicallyimportant plants, of which 39 species aremedicinal, 14 species are food plants, 18 species

are ornamentals, and 100 species are either usedfor lumber, firewood, and handicraft. Anethnobotanical survey of the communitiesrevealed 247 medicinal plant species, 79 foodplants and 134 species with economicimportance. As a result of participatoryinventory assessment and communityvalidation, local researchers−Subanens−haveidentified the establishment of a nursery of fast-growing trees and a community economicgarden as potential livelihood projects forbiodiversity conservation. Using stepwiseregression, the identification of tree speciesmade by both trained and untrained localresearchers from subquadrats (5 x 5 m)revealed no significant relation or contributionto the identification using scientific and commonnames. However, identification of scientificnames by trained local researchers approachedsignificant level (0.08, with 0.05 significantlevel). These researchers significantlycontributed to the scientific identification oflower forms of plants, and identification of foodplants and their other uses. Moreover, bothtrained and untrained local researcherscontributed significantly to identifying medicinaluses of plants. Participation of local people inbiodiversity assessment yielded a wealth of localnomenclature of floral species. The activeparticipation of trained local researchers enrichedscientific results on inventory and assessmentof floral resources, particularly on ethnobotanicalknowledge.

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Introduction

The Mt. Malindang Natural Park is one of theremaining intact forests considered as the“hottest among the hotspots” in the Philippines.Located in the province of Misamis Occidental,Mindanao, it is the only representative naturalforest in the Zamboanga PeninsulaBiogeographic Zone (Myers 1988). The resultsof participatory rapid appraisal (PRA) manifestedhigh species richness, many endemic andsocioecoculturally important floral resources.But these data are only indicative in nature.The kind and realistic levels of biodiversityresources need to be inventoried and assessedso that strategies for their sustainabledevelopment can be effectively designed andimplemented. Biodiversity conservationbecomes more imperative as more pressure ismade, through the constant use of biodiversityresources, causing the loss of habitat andreduction in species richness.

For floral assessment, it is envisioned that theproject will be undertaken in three sites-theupper montane, lower montane, and lowlandforests. The first year of the project focused onupper montane forest located at barangays LakeDuminagat and Mansawan in the municipalityof Don Victoriano.

The interconnectedness among forest zones(upper montane, lower montane, and lowland),and landscape research will be realized in thesecond generation research with the skills,

competence, experiences, and indigenousknowledge of the Subanens during the 1st

generation research on the upper montaneforest.

The participatory research on inventory andassessment of floral research in Mt. MalindangForest have identified the following knowledgegaps during the PRA:

1. Extent of participation of local partners withresearchers that enhance/enrich scientificresults.

2. Lack of empirical information that localstakeholders’ participation has enriched/enhanced scientific results.

3. Lack of sufficient scientific and indigenousknowledge on species richness, diversity,and conservation status of floral resourcesin Mt. Malindang forests.

This project was conducted to understand theseparameters to provide a guide for researchers,communities, and institutions on the projectsites in designing protection and conservationstrategies of floral resources. These are thebases of identifying livelihood opportunities fordeveloping socioeconomic interventions andsustained floral biodiversity conservationmeasures in the forests of Mt. Malindang.


Review of Literature

Biodiversity Plots and Transects

Historically, vegetation research on forests wasbasically forestry-oriented rather thanconservation/biodiversity-oriented and usedlarge 1-ha plots. These were usually located inareas which had a previous history of forestbotanical surveys and collections which enabledeasy identification of the sterile samples(Dallmier and Comiskey 1996, Dallmier 1992,Castillo and Fernando 2000, and Madulid 2000).Recently, ecological research used plots of farsmaller sizes varying from 0.01 ha to 0.3 ha.The location of these plots can be arbitrary indifferent vegetation types, randomly selectedin a 1-ha area or at points along a transectline. The smaller size allows a replicate approachand reduces the large amount of work requiredin large 1-ha plots (Polacks 2000).

In the last 10 years, the Philippine NationalMuseum has established five 1-ha permanentplots in selected areas, viz., in Palawan, BicolNational Park, Mt. Kitanglad National Park,Romblon, and Mindoro. These permanent plotswere established primarily to assess thebiodiversity for conserving species and forests.The data obtained were used to developmanagement plans of protected areas (Madulid2000).

Typology of Participation

According to Espaldon (2000), the typology ofparticipation in landscape appraisal (PLLA orPRA) consists of:

1. Participation wherein the stakeholders areonly informed of the project and its findingsand they have no stake in the processes(passive participation);

2. Participation in information giving wherestakeholders are only asked to provideinformation needed by the project and theyhave no knowledge of the processes involved(passive participation);

3. Participation by consultation wherein thestakeholders are consulted only on thenature and progress of the project foraffirmation and for forging an agreement(passive participation);

4. Participation for material incentives whereinthe stakeholders are hired as workers orthey are provided with some form ofcompensation without their taking part indecision making (passive participation);

5. Functional participation wherein thestakeholders are given supervisory functionsas part of junior level functions of theproject’s organizational structure (less activeparticipation);

6. Interactive participation wherein thestakeholders interact with the managementat any stage of the project (activeparticipation); and

7. Self mobilization participation wherein thestakeholders interact and empowered forself-mobilization even beyond the durationof the project to be able to developcompetence for self-determination (idealactive participation).

Species Richness and Studieson Mindanao Flora

To date, there are some 12,000 species of plantscredited to the Philippines, consisting of 8,000flowering plants (Madulid 1995), 1,023 ferns(Amoroso 1997), 77 fern-allies, and 3,000nonvascular plants (Zamora 1991).

Of the 12,000 plant species, 72 species arelisted officially as endangered (Tan et al 1986,Gruezo 1990). Furthermore, Madulid (1991)reported that of the 8,000 species of floweringplants, about 3,500 species and 23 genera areendemic to the country.

Studies on biodiversity in Mindanao have beenconducted by Pipoly and Madulid (1996),Amoroso C. et al (2000) and Amoroso V. (2000)on trees; Amoroso et al (1996), Amoroso andMirasol (2000), Alava (2000), Alombro (2000),Gonzales (2000) on ecosystematic ofpteridophytes, Rojo (1996) on dipterocarps, andLubos (2000) on mosses in selected mountainsof Mindanao.

Over the years, only a few biological expeditionshave been undertaken to gather moreinformation about the flora and fauna of Mt.

4 Technical Report

Malindang and its surroundings. In 1906, E.A.Mearns did a worthy expedition by collecting agood many faunal and botanical specimens butdescribed only what he thought to be novelties(Mearns 1907 and 1909). In 1956, Raborconducted an expedition and collected 92 birdspecies mostly from above 1,200 m (Rand andRabor 1960). Mearns (1907) reported heavyforest growth in 1906, whereas, Rabor (1960)observed the disappearance of the forest coveron the lower slopes.

Biological Resources of BarangaysCovered by the Project

Results of the participatory rural appraisalconducted from April to May 1999 showed thefollowing biological resources:

Barangay Mansawan

The floral resources identified during thetransect walk consisted of 244 species. The florawere dominated by grasses, herbs, and shrubs.There were very few trees and no more naturalforests found within barangay Mansawan. Thedomesticated/cultivated plants were onions,cabbage, sweet potato (camote), lutia, gabi(taro) and sayote (chayote). The perennialplants were bananas, avocado, and nangka(jackfruit) trees.

Fauna were dominated by birds and arthropodsconsisting of about 39 species. Most of the birdswere grass warblers and Philippine bulbulsconsidered insectivores. The arthropodsconsisted of arachnids, diplopods, and insects.The insects were dominated by beetles, followedby moths, butterflies, syrphid flies, wasps, andbees. Mansawan is classified as moderate interms of biodiversity status.

Barangay Gandawan

The floral species identified along the transectconsisted of 300 species. Most of these weretrees which were dominantly Agathis anddipterocarps, considering the presence ofnatural forests in the high rising steepmountains around the barangay. Ornamentalplants within the open grasslands were alsodiverse and rich in terms of species. Thedomesticated/cultivated plants were cabbage,onion, sweet potato, taro, chayote, and lutia.Some planted abaca for fiber as an additionalsource of income.

Faunal resources were dominated by birds andarthropods involving about 39 species. Amongthe birds, the grass warblers and Philippinebulbuls were predominant. The arthropods werecomposed of three classes−Arachnida,Diplopoda, and Insecta. Class Insecta wasdominated by beetles, followed by moths,butterflies, syrphid flies, wasps, and bees.

Rand and Rabor (1960) reported that Gandawanwas covered with virgin forests in 1956 exceptfor some 10 ha of cultivated patches within a200-ha area and several new clearings with onlyone family living in the area. In 1993, most ofGandawan was under cultivation or grassland,with only secondary forests present and 45families living in the area.

Barangay Lake Duminagat

The floral resources along the transect consistedof 274 species. Most of these species were treesbelonging to Syzygium and Podocarpus genera.Considering the presence of natural forests inthe high-steep-rising mountains surroundingthe barangay, ornamental species within theopen grasslands and in natural forests were alsoabundant and diverse. The domesticated/cultivated plants were similar to BarangayGandawan, which included cabbage, onions,sweet potato, taro, chayote, and lutia grownfor food and for cash.

The faunal resources were also dominated bybirds and arthropods involving about 49 species.Among the birds, grass warblers and Philippinebulbuls were regarded as beneficial for beinginsectivores and eating harmful insects. Similarbiodiversity was observed in BarangaysMansawan and Gandawan.

One of the most remote areas on a very roughside of the northern peak, Lake Duminagat in1956 had only one and abandoned house nearthe lake, once a house of worship. There wereno clearings and only a few fish traps in thewater. At that time Lake Duminagat was not onthe map and only Subanen hunters knew of it.In 1993 it was still a holy place but 20% of thearea was cultivated, 40% was grassland, andonly the steep mountain sides and ridges, whereagriculture is impossible, had an intact forestcover.


Rationale

Integrating participatory principles in thestandard methodology for inventory andassessment is important in the preparation ofcomprehensive land-use plans (CLUP) for thebarangays. Moreover, participation ofstakeholders in the inventory and assessment isinherently necessary since stakeholders haveprior “stakes” on these biodiversity resources.Permanent plots in protected parks are widelyused for long-term biodiversity and ecologicalresearch.

Determining an appropriate participatorymethodology for inventory and assessment offloral resources in the montane forest of Mt.Malindang is a new focus. Communityparticipation in research and developmentinterventions is generally recommendedbecause of many reasons. In biodiversityresearch, what kind, form, and mode of

community participation is effective? Is therestatistical proof that participation of localresidents, especially the indigenous people, couldcontribute significantly to scientific results,particularly in conducting inventory andassessment of floral resources? In what specificaspects of floral inventory and assessments willtheir contributions be significant?

Thus, this project was conducted to obtainknowledge on the development of participatorymethodology for inventory and assessment offloral resources and their characterization in two1-ha plots in the montane forests of Mt.Malindang Range of Don Victoriano, MisamisOccidental. The ultimate hope is to train localresearchers, and design protection andconservation strategies as bases for identifyinglivelihood opportunities (Fig. 1).

Objectives

This project was undertaken to develop an appropriate participatory methodology with the localresidents in conducting inventory and assessment of floral resources to generate an understandingof floral resources in Mt. Malindang Forests. Specifically, the project aimed to:

1. determine the species richness and diversity of the flora;

2. build up a database of Subanen indigenous knowledge on plant names and uses;

3. assess the conservation status of the species, e.g., determine if they are endangered,endemic, rare, economically and socioculturally important plants;

4. characterize the vegetation profile of Mt. Malindang Upper Montane Forest;

5. identify species, sites, and habitats of plants for in situ conservation;

6. identify the ethnobotanical uses of plants;

7. design a participatory methodology for inventory and assessment of floral resources;and

8. recommend a livelihood project for biodiversity conservation.

6 Technical Report

Project What for? Expected Possible second Long-termcomponent outputs generation target

research

Development ofappropriatemethodology forinventory andassessement offlora

Taxonomists

Enhancedmethodologyfor inventoryand assessment

Local peoplewith indigenousknowledge

Enhanced indigenousknowledge on plantnames and uses

Trainedparataxonomists

Species richness anddiversity determined

Assessement of plants:endangered, endemic,rare, economicallyimportant

Establishment ofpermanent plots aslaboratory/model forbiodiversity inventoryand assessment

Identification of sites/species/habitat for insitu conservation

Preparation anduse of medicinaland ornamentalplants

Mass propagationof economicallyimportant plants

Rehabilitation ofdegraded forestsusing indigenousfast-growing trees

Growth, survival,and yield of fast-growing timberspecies

Long-termmonitoring andprotection ofbiodiversity

In situ and exsitu conservationof endangered,endemic, andeconomically-socioculturallyimportant species

Development ofsustainablelivelihood projectsusing floralresources

Communityprotection andassessment ofbiodiversity inpermanent plotsand gardens

1-2 years 3-5 years

Fig. 1. Project framework.


Reentry Protocols and PriorArrangements

Although a permit was issued for the conduct ofthis project during the community validation andworkshop, a reentry protocol was againconducted. Preparatory activities such as teamorganization among local participants andresearchers, action planning, and trainingworkshop were undertaken (Fig. 2). Nominationand selection of participants were made withthe stakeholders in the communities borderingthe study sites. Six local researchers(Subanens) were selected for the project - twofrom each of the three barangays bordering thestudy sites. Participants selected were thosewith sufficient to excellent indigenousknowledge of the floral resources of the studysites. Being coresearchers, the participants/major informers were compensated for theirservices and involved throughout the durationof the research.

Selection and Location of StudySites

The study sites were located in Don Victoriano,Misamis Occidental in the montane forests. Thefirst site is situated within Barangay LakeDuminagat at Mt. Ginanlajan in the North PeakRange with an altitude of about 1,600 m abovesea level (asl), representing the upper montaneforests. The second site, Palo 6, is located withinBarangay Mansawan representing thesecondary forests.

Although the specific locations of the plots weredecided by the stakeholders and theresearchers, the selection of the study sites andplots were based on the following criteria:

a. the area should contain high speciesdiversity;

b. there should be an intact forest that isvulnerable to human disturbance and thatneeds immediate protection andconservation; and

c. the plot must be located within onevegetation type to truly represent amontane forest.

The locations of the two research sites are withinthe buffer zones but outside of the CADC areas.

The two 1-ha plots established in Barangay LakeDuminagat and Barangay Mansawan are moreor less permanent and available for futurereassessment and monitoring even beyond theproject duration (Figs. 3 and 4). Thesemipermanent plots served as demonstrationcenter or laboratory for developing amethodology and training local researchers forparticipatory inventory, assessment,monitoring, and in situ conservation of plants.

Fig. 2. Briefing and orientation of local researchers (Subanens)about the research project.

Methodology

8 Technical Report

Fig. 3. Mt. Ginanlajan, Brgy. LakeDuminagat (plot 1).

Fig. 4. Palo 6, Brgy. Mansawan (plot 2).

Description of the Study Sites

Based on the community validation of theproject proposal (Fig. 5), the decision of bothstakeholders and researchers was to locate theplots along the intact forest approachingBarangay Lake Duminagat at the southwest sideof the barangay proper (1,600 m asl). In addition,another plot in Palo 6 (1,650 m asl) located atthe southeastern side of Barangay Mansawan,was selected by the stakeholders for comparingthe dynamics of the floral resources betweenprimary and secondary forests. They also wantto preserve the floral species inside thesecondary forests that are threatened due toround timber harvesting.

The geophysical features of the 1-ha plot locatedin the side slope of the primary forest at Mt.Ginanlajan, Lake Duminagat is characterized bythe very steep slopes. The soil is rocky andcontains a thick layer of organic matters. Bigboulders are scattered within the plot. Theground and boulders are mantled by thick layersof bryophytes. A deep gully crosses at the three-fourths mark of the plot. This drains surfacewater toward the valley. The plot elevationranges from 1,560 to 1,660 m asl.

The 1-ha plot located at the saddle of a hill ofthe secondary forest at Palo 6, Mansawan, isrelatively undulating and rolling. The soil is alsorocky with big boulders and contains thick layerof organic matters. Similarly, the ground andboulders are covered by thick layer ofbryophytes. Surface run-off drains toward thecreeks on both sides of the plot. The elevationranges from 1,600 to 1,675 m asl.

Barangay Lake Duminagat is a crater valley withresidential houses and a primary school (Fig.6). The farms and gardens are located at thebase of the mountain bordering the North PeakMountain Range rising at an elevation of 2,199m asl. The lake itself is located across the ridgeabout 1 km away on the western part of thebarangay. With an elevation of 1,400 m asl,the lake is almost 10 ha. A shallow stream atthe eastern side drains the surface water towardKalilangan River and ultimately joins the DapitanRiver.

Modes of Community Participation

The typology of participation incorporated in themethodology for inventory and assessment offloral resources include the following:

a. Trained parataxonomists joined theresearchers from field layout of sample plotsup to analysis of results (activeparticipation); and

b. Untrained but knowledgeable keyinformants again joined the researchers atanother stage from field layout up toanalysis of results except tagging (activeparticipation).

The intended typologies of participation are fromfunctional to interactive participation (typologies5 to 6). Thus, two groups of local partners(untrained and trained) were organized to workwith the researchers to find out their degree ofparticipation and contribution to scientificresults. The participation of the community atlarge was in the form of giving information and


consultation (typologies 2 and 3) for crosschecking. The information generated by the twogroups of local participants and researchersrelative to ethnobiological aspects werevalidated by the community and possibly forchecking across forest zones.

These groups of participants are expected toapply their experiences and acquired knowledgein periodically preparing comprehensive land-use plans (CLUP) for the barangays, whichinclude watershed development plans andnatural resources management plan. This is arequirement by the national government amonglocal government units (LGUs).

Establishment of Biodiversity Plotsand Transects

With the involvement of local researchers, a 1-ha plot with an area of 20 x 500 m wasestablished along the contour on the southwestportion of Barangay Lake Duminagat. The firstplot on the southwest site represents theprimary forest and the second plot at Mansawanrepresents the secondary forest. Within the 1-ha plot, six 5 x 50 m subquadrats wereestablished for tree profiling, 40 5 x 5 m for

the inventory of trees and shrubs and 40 1 x 1m within each 5 x 5 m subquadrats were addedfor the inventory of the lower forms (herbs,vines, pteridophytes, bryophytes, lichens andeven fungi). All corners of 20 x 500 m plot, 5 x50 m quadrats, 5 x 5 m subquadrats, and 1 x 1m subsubquadrats were staked. Strings ofdifferent colors representing both sections weretied to the corner stakes. The color coding ofstrings aided in identifying the quadrats downto the subsubquadrats. The intent was to makethese plots more or less permanent for futurereassessment even beyond the project duration.The demonstration plots served as trainingground for other local groups. Since the treesand other plants within the 1-ha plots weretagged, they became live specimens andreferences for future research and monitoringby the community and biologists.

The coordinates of the 20 x 500-m plots weredetermined using GPS. The elevation of allcorners of the various quadrats were takenusing altimeters, as basis for topographicmapping. Tree tagging and identification startedfrom the two corners of the 5 x 5 m quadrats.The process includes locating, measuring,marking, and mapping all trees with a diameterat breast height (dbh) of 10 cm and up. Theseinformation are needed to determine thedistribution and habitat associations of trees.In locating the tree, its distance from twocorners were measured within the 5 x 5 mquadrats. The diameter at breast height of treeswas measured, and located species were taggedusing G.I. sheets, labeled, and nailed above thepoint of diameter measurement facing thebaseline of the quadrat with a number consisting

Fig. 5. The Subanens interact during thecommunity validation.

Fig. 6. Crater valley of Brgy. LakeDuminagat with Mt. Ginanlajan asplot site.

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of two double digits (e.g., 01-01). The first pair(01) indicates the number of the tree profilequadrat, whereas, the second pair (01) indicatesthe number of the tagged tree. The first digitmay reach 06, representing six 5 x 50-m quadratsfor tree profiling, while the second digit can reachas many as the total number of trees taggedwithin the quadrat of the tree profile. All plantspecies found within 5 x 5 m and 1 x 1-m quadratswere tagged according to species.

The two groups (with trained and untrainedparticipants) performed the same processes.The first group with trained participants(parataxonomists) did the inventory andassessment ahead. This was followed by thesecond group with untrained participants usingthe same field notes doing identification,practices, and other processes done by the firstgroup except tagging. The data generated by

both groups were separately processed andevaluated to determine their degree ofcontribution to scientific results.

Data Collection and CommunityParticipation

Participatory inventory, collection,and identification of plants

Tagging and identifying plants inside thequadrats and subquadrats were done by theexperts and trained Subanen researchers. Theprocess included locating, measuring, andmarking all trees with 10-cm dbh and up.

Appropriate legends for tagging trees or lowerforms of plants were used for proper datarecording.

The local names of plants given by the local researchers were verified/confirmed by the localpeople through community validation. The flow of community validation is as follows:

Local Name & Dialect: Date:Scientific Name: Locality:Family Name: Collection No.Description: Plot/quadrat No.Uses: Habitat:Collector(s):

Collection of specimens ofall plants with localnames. Clipping of tags oflocal names on thespecimen

Laying of specimens withname tags side by side onlong table

Individual examination ofspecimen by allparticipants during thecommunity validation

Final listing of local nameswith correspondingscientific names

Confirmation of localname and alternate localname via consensus

Presentation of eachspecimen with tag oflocal name to theaudience


All plant groups, viz., angiosperms, gymnosperms,pteridophytes, bryophytes, lichens, and fungicollected were identified by scientific and localnames together by researchers and trainedSubanen researchers using books, monographs,and taxonomic keys (Rojo 1999, Tan et al 1986,Kalkman et al 1998, De Guzman et al 1986).Indigenous knowledge on how to identify thespecies was recorded.

For unidentified plant specimens, representativesamples were collected and preserved asherbarium specimens for laboratoryexamination. The preliminary field identificationwas confirmed by Dutch and Filipinotaxonomists using the herbarium specimensprepared by both Subanen researchers andresearch assistants. The list with specimenvouchers were further cross-checked with theUPLB museum through the assistance of Dr.William Sm. Gruezo.

Interactive ethnobotany survey bySubanen researchers

An ethnobotanical survey of plants insidesample plots was conducted with trained anduntrained Subanen researchers as informantsand research assistants. They collected andevaluated all medicinal plants, and informationabout their local names, diagnostic characters,habitat, altitude, and use. Fertile specimenswere collected for permanent herbariumretention, while sterile plants were simplytagged for later collection by Subanenresearchers who were the main informants onlocal names and uses of plants.

A list of plant species according toethnobotanical use, their preparation andpossible dosages for particular illnesses or tribalrites was generated by the Subanenresearchers.

Community ethnobotany survey

A household survey on ethnobotanicalknowledge was not carried out due to thedifficulty of contacting all members of thehousehold at one time. A questionnaire wasprepared and a survey with 10% samplingintensity with the communities was conducted.This involved quantitative evaluation of plantsused as food, timber forest products(construction, poles, piles, etc.) and nontimberforest products (ornamentals, medicinal,

basketry, etc.). A list of species, uses, meansof preparation, parts of plants used, and dosageswas also prepared. Specimens of plants not foundin the sample plots were gathered for scientificidentification.

During the participatory inventory of plants inthe plots, conservation status of floral specieswas assessed (Table 1). Plants were classifiedas endangered, endemic, depleted, rare, oreconomically and socioculturally important basedon the definition of International Union forConservation of Nature (IUCN) (Mace and Stuart1994), Rojo (1999), Merrill (1926), Zamora andCo (1986), and Statistics on Philippine ProtectedAreas and Wildlife Resources (2000) as shownbelow:

a. Endangered species: Actively threatenedwith extinction and survival is unlikelywithout protective measures.

b. Rare species: Not under immediate threatof extinction but occurring in such smallnumbers or in such localized or specializedhabitats that species could quickly disappearif the environment worsens. Needswatching.

c. Depleted species: Although sufficientlyabundant for survival, the species have beennearly depleted and in decline as a result ofnatural causes or human activities.

d. Endemic species: Confined to a certaingeographical region or its parts.

e. Economically important species: Basedon known usefulness.

Evaluation of current status ofindigenous knowledge (IK) withinthe community

The researchers and Subanen researcherspresented the results of the assessment withinthe plots and outside the plots for validation.The community assessed the trees by givingthem a rating of rare (<10 trees) or common(>10 trees), etc. The community validation,represented by 34 participants with 33 men and1 woman, finally confirmed the local names ofthe plants and their uses. One or two local namesfor a particular species were adopted. Severaladditions in the use, mode of preparation anduse, and ailments that can be cured herballywere made.

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Vegetation Profile, Species Richness, and Diversity Measurements

Extensive and intensive sampling within the 1-ha plot and rectangular subplots was undertaken.This involved recognition and description of major plant associations, detailed listing of their floralcomposition, and distribution mapping. Information about the economic, social, and other ecologicalfunctions of floral resources came from the same sources.

In measuring species richness and diversity, the following formulas were used:

1. Density (D)number of individuals

Density =area sampled

2. Relative Density (RD)Density of species A

Relative density = x 100Total density of all species

3. Frequency (F)Number of quadrats in which species A occurs

Frequency =Total number of quadrats examined

4. Relative Frequency (RF)Frequency value for species

Relative frequency = x 100Total of frequency values for all species

5. Dominance (COVER)Species basal coverage values

Species dominance =Area sampled

Note: Basal areas of trees were taken at breast height level (1.3 m above ground adjustments relative to slope),while measurements for other life forms were taken at 3 cm above the ground.

6. Relative Dominance (RD)Dominance of species A

Relative dominance = x 100Total dominance of all species

7. Species Importance Value (SIV)

As a rough and overall estimate of the influence or importance of plant species in the community,the SIV might be useful and was computed by the following formula:

SIV or ni = RD + RF + Rdom, Where, RD = Relative density, RF = Relative frequency, andRdom = Relative dominance

8. Species diversity indices

The Importance Value of Species A and total IV of all species were computed to obtain SpeciesDiversity using the Shannon Index of General Diversity (H’):

H’ = - ∑_ni_ log _ni_ N N

Where ni = total number of individuals per species N = total number of individuals of all species


Analysis of Results

Two analytical schemes were undertaken eitherseparately or in complementation with eachother. The first used regression analysis whereinthe replications were the outputs of 5 x 5-msubquadrats. Independent variables includedthose generated by the two groups of localparticipants: no. of species identified, uses, andso on. The dependent variable is the sum ofthe features indicated by the outputs of thetaxonomists and the two groups of Subanenresearchers, respectively (total number ofspecies in the 5 x 5-m subquadrats). Thesignificant contributions of each group of localparticipants were indicated by correlation matrixand significant regression coefficients. Thisanalysis took into account the joint effects of12 variables (scientific name, official commonname, local name, unidentified species made byeach of trained, untrained, and botanist groups)on the total identified species. This scheme ofanalysis accounts for the possible correlation ofsome variables, such as associations among localnames, official common names, and scientificnames. Another scheme was the determinationof percentage of using scientific names attributedto the effect of training the trained group. Thecorrelation matrix showed that there was apositive correlation between scientific names andofficial common names provided by the trainedgroup and a negative correlation between localnames and official common names (0.577)

provided by the trained Subanen researchers.This implied that trained Subanen researchersmust have closely associated the scientificnames with the official common names. On theother hand, the local names of tree species wereinversely correlated with official common names,indicating that trained Subanen researcherstended to focus more on the official commonnames and less on providing local names of treespecies. There was a strong positive correlationbetween local names provided by trained anduntrained Subanen researchers (0.911), implyinga close similarity in giving local names to treespecies. There is almost a one-to-onecorrespondence between scientific names oftrees provided by botanists and local namesprovided by trained Subanen researchers (0.86),between local names provided by untrainedSubanen researchers and scientific names (0.97).This means that there is a corresponding localname for almost every tree species identifiedscientifically.

Mode of Project Implementation

The project covered only the upper montaneforest ecosystem. The study sites consisting oftwo plots were in Barangays Lake Duminagatand Mansawan in the Municipality of DonVictoriano. The flowchart of participatorymethodology used is shown in Fig. 7.

14 Technical Report

Fig. 7. Flow chart of participatory methodology used.

Briefing & orientation of researchers about the project

Reentry protocol & organizing local researchers

Training-workshop; Layouting of 1-ha plot (20 x 500 m)

Listing, collection, identification, description, preparation of herbarium(date of collection, altitude, and habitat)

Species richness and species importance values

Participatory assessment of status and ethnobotanical survey of endangered, endemic, rare,economic (ornamental, timber, medicinal, food, fiber, etc.), or socioculturally important

species

Community validation of identification, assessment of status, and ethnobotanical survey

Writing of initial report

Analysis of results (Regression analysis and descriptive analysis, or combination of the two)

Potential participatory livelihood development

Recommended appropriate methodology

5 x 50 m 5 x 5 m 1 x 1 m Remaining area6 plots 40 subplots 40 subplots 8,500 m2

1,500 m2

Tree profile diagram, Trees & shrubs Herbs (pterido, 100% inventory ofnumber identification, mosses, & lichens); 10 cm & up dbh ofDBH, canopy cover vines trees, palm, pandan


Results and Discussion

Training of Local Researchers

Training Subanens as local researchers was doneby project experts/taxonomists. Three Subanenresearchers were trained on inventorytechniques, identification and nomenclature,herbarium preparation, assessment ofconservation status (endemic, endangered,rare, common, economically and culturallyimportant species), ethnobotanical survey,diversity measurements, use of equipment, treeprofiling, and data collection and analysis (Fig.8). Except for one, all are barangay officials.Two of the trained Subanens are barangaykagawads and one is a barangay secretary. Oneof the untrained Subanens is a barangaykagawad, one is a barangay treasurer, and onehas no position in the community. All are men.

Six Subanen researchers participated inestablishing the 1-ha plot with six 5 x 50-mquadrats, 40 5 x 50-m subsubquadrats and 401 x 1-m subsubquadrats within the subquadratsestablished (Fig. 9). The three trained Subanen

researchers together with the researchassistants tagged the individual representativesof tree and shrub species in the 40 5 x 5-msubquadrats; and herbs, vines, pteridophytes,mosses, lichens, and fungi in the 40 1 x 1-msubsubquadrats for easier identification. Thethree untrained Subanens did a separateidentification of tagged plants based purely ontheir indigenous knowledge.

After the training and subsequent involvementin conducting the research inventory, thetrained Subanen researchers were able to learnthe inventory techniques, classify plants bygrowth habit (tree, shrub, herb, vine) andgrouping (bryophytes, lichens, fern-ally, ferns,gymnosperms, and angiosperms). Furthermore,they developed skills in proper documentation,collection, and pressing of specimens forherbarium vouchers. They also taught theuntrained Subanen researchers about theindigenous way of pressing and dryingspecimens.

Fig. 8. Training of local researchers.

16 Technical Report

Analysis of Contribution of Trainedand Untrained SubanenResearchers to Developing aParticipatory Methodology forInventory and Assessment ofFloral Resources

In determining the contribution of trained anduntrained Subanen researchers to the scientificidentification of groups of floral species,observations or sampling units are the samplesubquadrats of 5 x 5 m for trees andsubsubquadrat of 1 x 1 m for lower forms ofplants. The number of participants was fixed atthree persons each for trained and untrainedgroups. The aim was to evaluate the effect oftraining on the scientific identification of trees,lower plant forms, and uses of plants.

Using percentage incremental scientificknowledge of plant identification and uses,untrained participants had not identified anyplant scientifically, whereas trained participantshad identified 54 (2.5%) species out of 2,143tree species and 339 (32%) species out of 1,043species of lower forms of plants. For officialcommon names, the trained Subanenparticipants identified 235 (10.9%) species outof 2,143 trees and 63 (5.7%) species of lowerforms of plants out of 1,083 species. Theuntrained Subanen participants had identified59 (2.7%) official common names out of 2,143trees and one official common name out of 1,083plants of lower forms.

The significance of their contributions in jointeffects with other variables such as local names,unidentified species, and identification made bybotanists, are discussed.

Fig. 9. Delineation of 1-ha plot in Mt.Ginanlajan study site.


1. Tree identification

The stepwise regression showed that theidentification of tree species using scientificnames and official common names made byboth trained and untrained local researchersfrom the 80 5 x 5-m subquadrats revealed nosignificant relation or contribution. Thesignificant variables are the scientific name andunidentified species made by botanists thatcontributed to the total tree species inventory.However, there is an indication that throughtime trained local researchers have assimilatedand applied the use of scientific names. Trendsshow that from subsubquadrat 1 to 40 noscientific name was identified, while fromsubsubquadrat 42 to 80 scientific names werealready given correctly (Table 2). The use ofscientific names corresponding to local namesapproaches the significant level with an F valueof 3.139 (X11), at a probability level of 0.0804.These regression-generated values are basedon correlation value and probability level forsaid variables to enter the regression equation.

This finding is consistent with the generalexpectation that untrained Subanen researchershave nothing to contribute to the scientificidentification of tree species and lower plantforms. If proper training is made, however,Subanen researchers could significantlycontribute to identifying the tree species. Yet,the list of local names and the correspondingscientific names is preserved for posterity, animportant complementation to the scientificnames. Moreover, interested local people couldbe easily trained, are receptive, and are willingto learn more as the trend showed.

2. Identification of ferns, mosses,and lichens

For lower forms of plants (ferns, mosses,lichens, etc.) and based on 80 subsubquadrats,a different finding was obtained. Trained localresearchers have significantly contributed to thescientific identification of lower plant forms.Trained Subanen researchers were forced to usescientific names because they do not havecorresponding local names for these lower plantforms which were generally called “pako” (ferns)and “lumot” (mosses) prior to the training (Table3).

3. Ethnobotanical assessment

The following findings were obtained (based onthe data on Tables 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9) for theethnobotanical assessment in the two 1-haplots:

a. Both trained and untrained Subanenresearchers significantly contributed toidentifying medicinal uses of plants togetherwith the botanists’ assessment. This impliesthat local people place greater attachmentvalue on plants due to the difficulty ofavailing of commercial medicines.

b. Only the trained Subanen researcherssignificantly contributed to identifying foodplants together with the botanists’assessment. The training input on this topicmade the difference.

c. Together with the botanists’ assessment, thetrained Subanen researchers significantlycontributed to identifying other uses ofplants (construction, firewood, etc.). Againthe training input on this topic made thedifference.

The results of the regression analysis are alsosupported by the corresponding correlationmatrices.

These findings proved that the participation ofSubanen researchers in the inventory andassessment of floral resources is necessary andjustified provided that there is proper trainingand active participation in all aspects of theresearch project.

4. Identification of plants and basisof local names

Identification of plants

The scientific identification of plants wasenriched by the local indigenous knowledge.This was made possible by involving sixSubanen researchers in the inventory andidentification of plants. The dendrologists/botanists provided the scientific names of plantsincluding official common names, while theSubanens gave the local names so that aninventory of local names was completed duringthe 1-year investigation (Tables 10 and 11).

18 Technical Report

This has resulted from the training of threeSubanens as parataxonomists. The identificationof plants was done on the spot and cross-checked with taxonomic keys and literature. Thespecimen vouchers were also referred to theUniversity of the Philippines Los Baños (UPLB)Herbarium for counter checking and confirmationof identification.

It was observed that Subanens gave similarlocal names to different species, for instance,they gave the name “Gulayan” to two differentspecies of Lithocarpus, viz., L. sulitii and L.mindanaensis. Furthermore, some plants withno local names were given local names basedon their uses. One example is Prunus grisaewhich is locally known as “Tanga-tanga”meaning scorpion because its sap is a goodremedy for scorpion bites. Another example isGlochidion canescens which is called “Tulog-tulog” since it is a good stuff for making “anting-anting” or amulet, making a person invisible.It is said that one who uses this can come andgo inside somebody’s house leaving theresidents undisturbed.

Subanens also named plants based on some ofthe plant’s characters. Schefflera spp., is named“Tagima” because of its leaves which arepentafoliately compound. Sapium luzonicum’slocal name is “Baho-baho” meaning “odorous”because its leaves are very odorous. Leaf sizeis also a basis for deriving a local name; as in“Lumot”, a local name for Dacrydium elatumsince the leaves look like giant moss. Consideralso the local name of Perrottetia alpestris whichis “Dapuan siaw” which means “where the swiftbirds rest and eat.”

Other specific plant characters used by theSubanens in naming plants include the color ofthe scales or palea in ferns (Cyathea spp.), color,smell, and texture of the sap and wood in trees(Syzygium spp., Gordonia), and size of the entireplant (Evodia and Melicope spp.) (Tables 10 and11). For instance “Gantaw puti” or “Gantaw pula”for Cyathea spp. is derived from the color ofscales or palea. The color of the wood ofSyzygium simile is white thus it is called “Pulayoputi.” Similarly, “Pulayo pula” is the local namefor Syzygium sp. which has reddish wood.

Comparison of scientific grouping of species withlocal names

Validated scientific groupings of speciesaccording to families and genera were comparedwith local names. The comparison revealedsimilar local names of some species belongingto different families and genera (Table 9).Examples are species in genus Memecylonunder Melastomataceae and genusDecaspermum under Myrtaceae, which arelocally named “Balikoko.” The species of genusLeea under Leeaceae family and genera Euodiaand Melicope under Rutaceae family are locallynamed “Bintuko.” This implied that local nameshad nothing to do with genus and familydifferentiations. We also discovered a strikingsimilarity in local names and official commonnames. Prefixes and word repetition are usedto differentiate some similar species. Thespecies under Melastomataceae aredifferentiated using prefixes, for example,“Hantutungaw” and “Tutungaw” from thespecies Tungaw. Using repetition of name, thelocal name “Tungaw-Tungaw” is differentiatedfrom “Tungaw” and “Hantutungaw.”

Local names provided by the six Subanenresearchers were also validated by thecommunity. The local names of trees given bythe Subanen researchers were presented to the

Fig. 10. Community validation meeting/workshop.


communities in the three barangays of DonVictoriano during the validation meeting-workshop. Some of the uncommon plantswithout local names were given names andsome local names were also changed duringthe meeting. After a thorough discussion all theresearchers confirmed the local names of treescollected in the two 1-ha plots in Mt. MalindangRange. Local researchers tended to know morelocal names of trees than other plant forms suchas shrubs, herbs, and vines.

The familiarity of Subanen researchers with thelocal names of trees could be attributed to theirexposure to the forest and the many major usesof trees. Thus to them, a plant that is not usedis seldom given a name, but a plant with manyuses or that is very common in the communityhas many local names (Table 10). Since localtaxonomies are based on uses, they are usuallya source of basic botanical information; theyalso suggest species that might be developedinto market commodities. Also, we cannotassume a one-to-one relationship between thelocal and the scientific names.

Subanen researchers construct taxonomies ofplants based on uses and morphologicalcharacteristics. Local people in other countriescreate extensive and complex taxonomies bycompiling information not only on speciesabundance and distribution of plants (Berlin etal 1974) but also based on soils and ecologicalcommunities and successions in theirclassification schemes (Gomez-Pompa 1987).

5. Ethnobotanical survey

Survey of Subanen researchers within theplots

An ethnobotanical survey was conducted byrecording the indigenous knowledge of Subanenresearchers regarding the ethnobotanical usesof plants found within the two 1-ha plots. Thesurvey revealed 10 socioculturally importantspecies and 171 economically importantspecies. The economically important speciesinclude 39 medicinal species, 14 species of foodplants, 18 ornamental plants, and 100 specieseither for lumber, firewood, and handicraft(Table 13). Preparations of plants for specificuses were annotated as described by localresearchers.

Most of the medicinal species are common orcosmopolitan plants. However, prescriptions on

the way the Subanens use these plants areeither sometimes unique to their community andare based on transferred knowledge throughgenerations. The identification and uses of theseethnobotanical plants were validated by thecommunity. As a result of the validation, theuses and procedures on using these plants wererefined based on the accounts of women whoused them. It was also found that somecommunity members had forgotten the uses ofthese plants. Consequently, the local residentswere happy and fascinated that theseinformation/survey results were shared to them.

Community ethnobotanical survey

Using ethnobotanical knowledge, local peoplecan design, test, and develop resource usepatterns, establish microenterprise andmarkets, and develop mechanisms fortransferring knowledge from one generation tothe next.

Of the 247 medicinal plant species mentionedby the residents of the three barangays,Elephantopus scaber was the most versatile. Itcan allegedly cure 16 ailments out of 87illnesses recorded. Blumea balsamifera (14ailments) is next, followed by Psidium guajava(12 illnesses). Zingiber officinale, Perseaamericana, and Eleusine indica can cure 11ailments each, while 10 illnesses can be curedby Justicia gendarussa, Ficus septica var. septica,Artocarpus heterophyllus, and Ocimum basilicum(Tables 14 and 15). Many of these plant specieswere found outside the plots and at lowerelevations. These include exotic or introducedspecies like Persea americana and Sweiteniamacrophylla.

Of 87 illnesses listed by the local people of Mt.Malindang, fever can be cured using 59 speciesof herbal plants, while “Pasmo”, wounds,stomach ache, relapses, and cough can be curedusing as many as 30 species of herbal plants.These ailments are the most common illnessesthat the local people usually experience.

Seventy-nine plant species were recorded asfood plants. Fifty-seven or 72% of these arefruits, 25 (32%) are vegetables, 5 (6%) areused as spices, and 6 (8%) can be eaten raw.Results of interviews revealed that the localpeople never depend much on wild plants fortheir food but that their knowledge onavailability of wild fruits is quite high (Table 16).

20 Technical Report

The local people use 134 species of plants witheconomic importance. Fifty-one species (38%)are used for housing construction, 39 (29%)are ornamentals, 16 (12%) are raw materialsfor handicraft, and 25 species (19%) are usedfor mat-weaving and as ties. Plants for housingconstruction are the priority of local people,hence these are more commonly known andare considered of great importance (Table 17).

Seventy-nine socioculturally important specieswere identified during the community survey.These species are used during courtship, givingbirth, burial rites, planting, building a house,and weddings. These are even used for birthcontrol, for protection against fear, and as goodluck charm for birthdays and business ventures.Thirty-three percent was used duringconception, 24% was important for farmingpractices, 23% during burial rites, 13% duringweddings, and 11% during giving birth. Manyspecies are known to have sociocultural useespecially during pregnancy or conceptionsuggesting that local people are muchconcerned about their health and pregnancy(Table 18).

Participatory characterization offloral resources

Species richness and tree density

A survey of the flora in the two 1-ha plots inMt. Malindang revealed a total of 301 species,181 genera, and 113 families. Of thesenumbers, 167 species were angiosperms, 5were gymnosperms, 57 were pteridophytes, 61were bryophytes, and 11 were lichens. Of thetwo 1-ha plots, plot 2 in Barangay Mansawanshowed higher species richness (216 species)than plot 1 in Barangay Lake Duminagat, whichhad only 202 species. The higher speciesrichness in plot 2 was due to the presence ofmore species of pteridophytes and bryophytes.The presence of more trees, and abundance oftree ferns and varied habitat types wouldexplain the abundance of pteridophytes andbryophytes in plot 2.

Nineteen angiosperms, 3 lichens, and 11bryophyte species have not been identified tothe species and even up to the genus or familydue to the unavailability of fertile organs or evenif present, these were difficult to identify (Table10). These species could be new records in thePhilippines or new to science.

A complete inventory of trees in the 2-ha showeda total of 86 species with 67 species found inplot 2 and 63 species in plot 1 (Table 11). Thesenumbers of tree species per hectare basis areextremely high compared with Mt. Kitanglad inBukidnon which had only 43 tree species perhectare (Pipoly and Madulid 1996). Not only washigh tree species richness observed in Mt.Malindang, but a spectacularly high tree densityper hectare was also noted, ranging from 961 to1,000 individuals. This figure is nearly 25% higherthan that reported for lowland forests in theNeotropics (Balslev et al 1987, Valencia and Paz1993) and 15-20% greater than the Neotropicalmontane forest (Grubb et al 1993).

Species composition and diversity indices

Density. Of 166 trees belonging to 42 speciesidentified in six 5 x 50-m quadrats in Mt.Ginanlajan, Barangay Lake Duminagat, 24(14%) individuals of Polyosma philippinensis,22 (13%) of Clethra lancifolia, and 15 (9%)individuals of Adinandra robinsonii wereobserved in the area. In Palo 6, BarangayMansawan, of 170 trees from 36 species,Cyathea brevipes had the highest density with45 individuals and a relative density value of26.48%. This was followed by Lithocarpusphilippinensis with 21 individuals and a relativedensity value of 12.36%. The tree fern (Cyatheabrevipes) also had high density in Mt. Kitanglad(Pipoly and Madulid 1997). Two other specieshad high density values, viz., Macarangadipterocarpifolia and Pometia pinnata with 13and 12 individuals, respectively and with

Fig. 11. Secondary forest in Palo 6,Mansawan.


relative density values of 7.65% and 7.06%. Intwo plots, trees with high density values belongto different species.

Frequency. Among the 42 tree speciesidentified within six quadrats in Mt. Ginanlajan,Clethra lancifolia and Polyosma philippinensisshared the same relative frequency, 6.38% butthe latter had two more individuals than theformer. This indicated that Polyosmaphilippinensis is more clumped than Clethralancifolia. Likewise, Calophyllum blancoi andCyathea brevipes shared the same relativefrequency, 5.32%, as well as relative density,3.61%, which is the same as for Adinandrarobinsonii. However, the latter has nine moreindividuals than the two other species. Thesefigures implied that Adinandra robinsonii is moreclumped than Calophyllum blancoi and Cyatheabrevipes.

The plot in Palo 6 revealed that Cyathea brevipesand Lithocarpus philippinensis have similarrelative frequency (8.22%), but the latter had19 less individuals. This indicated that thedistribution of Cyathea brevipes is moreclumped than that of Lithocarpus philippinensis.

Dominance. The tree species in the 12quadrats (6 quadrats for each plot) with highdensity values also had high relative dominancevalues. These species not only had a highnumber of individuals but also had higherdiameter at breast height (DBH) or basal area.These species have occupied a wide area sincedominance is measured by the area occupiedby the individual tree within quadrats.

A complete inventory of trees revealed that inthe primary forest of Mt. Ginanlajan, the mostdominant species was Clethra lancifolia with atotal value of 130.29 m2/ha, followed byPolyosma philippinensis (117.28 m2/ha) andthen Adinandra robinsonii (106.23 m2/ha). Thetotal dominance values for all species is 740.97m2/ha.

In the secondary forest in Palo 6, the mostdominant species was Cyathea brevipes with651.89 m2/ha basal area, followed by Macarangadipterocarpifolia (155.92 m2/ha) andLithocarpus philipinensis with 148.7 m2/ha. Thetotal dominance value of all species is 1,277.3m2/ha. Despite the lower number of species perhectare in the secondary forest, the number ofindividuals per species was much higher thanthose in the primary forest. On the other hand,

there were fewer individuals but these hadbigger average dbh in the primary forest (Table19).

Species importance values and diversityindex. The inventory of trees within sixquadrats (5 x 50 m) in Mt. Ginanlajan, Brgy.Lake Duminagat revealed 42 species withPolyosma philippinensis having the highestspecies importance value (SIV) (22.92%),followed by Clethra lancifolia with SIV of 20.8%(Table 19, Fig. 12).

In Palo 6, Brgy. Mansawan, Cyathea brevipeshad the highest SIV of 78.73%. This supportsthe observation that Cyathea is an indicator offorest disturbance. Its abundance indicated thatthe area had been logged earlier but hadrecovered through time. Another tree which hadhigh species importance value was Gulayan(Lithocarpus philippinensis) with a value of36.43% (Table 20, Fig. 13). Thus, this vegetationcommunity may be called a Cyathea-Lithocarpuscommunity.

The SIV were similar or within the valuesobtained for other tropical tree inventories forboth lowland and upland forests, which rangefrom 12.5 to 52.4 (Cain et al 1956, Mori et al1983, Balsev et al 1987, Madulid 1994 4b,Yamada 1976 a and b).

When species diversity index was computedbetween quadrats in the two plots, quadrat 3of plot 1 and quadrat 4 in plot 2 obtained highdiversity values (1.21). However, when the twoplots were compared, plot 1 (primary forest)had higher total species diversity value (1.099)than plot 2 (secondary forest, 0.929). This couldbe explained by the high importance valuesobtained in plot 1 (Fig. 14).

Species similarity and difference betweenplots

Of 78 tree species found in both plots, 20species were similar. The percentage of treespecies similarity between the two plots wasquite low (34%) indicating that the two areasare at different stages of succession.

The difference in number (9) of tree speciesbetween the sample 1-ha plots for the primaryand secondary forests suggests that ninespecies were probably lost through forest use.Both sites are more or less at the same elevation

22 Technical Report

Fig. 12. Tree species composition in Mt. Ginanlajan, Lake Duminagat.

Fig. 13. Tree species composition in Palo 6, Mansawan.

Fig. 14. Species diversity in six quadrats in Mt. Ginanlajan (plot 1)and Palo 6 forests (plot 2).

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of about 1,500 m asl. In terms of absence orpresence of some tree species, 15 species wereabsent in the primary forest but present in thesecondary forest, compared with 25 tree speciesabsent in the secondary forest but present inthe primary forest. These differences could beexplained by plant succession - some speciesare lost due to competition as the forestapproaches a climax stage. Once disturbed, newspecies will grow and succeed.

Among 290 species found within subquadratsand subsubquadrats (5 x 5 m and 1 x 1 m) intwo 1-ha plots, only 83 (29%) species werefound in Mt. Ginanlajan, Brgy. Lake Duminagatand 95 (33%) were found in Palo 6, Brgy.Mansawan.

These differences could probably be explainedby the absence or presence of relevant faunalspecies and micorrhizal species in the soilassociated with the plant species. These werenot covered in the study but will be consideredin the second generation research. Thesedifferences seem to indicate species indicatorsfor site quality, but due to lack of replications,these initial findings remain inconclusive.

Vegetation profile

Mt. Ginanlajan, Brgy. Lake Duminagat

Structure. The 1-ha plot in the montane forestof Mt. Ginanlajan at an altitude of about 1,600m asl showed relatively few species occupyingthe first upper layer. Only eight tree speciesattained a height of 14-16 m. Canopy speciesincluded Flacourtia rukam, Calophyllumlancifolium, Neonauclea media, Polyosmaphilippinensis, Mastixia premnoides, Parinariacorymbosa, Ardisia sp. and Lithocarpus sulitii.The second layer of the top cover (11-13 m)was occupied by Ternstroemia megacarpa,Lithocarpus mindanaensis, Pometia pinnata,Clethra lancifolia, Rapanea avenis, Gordonialuzonica and Elaeocarpus calomala. In the thirdlayer at heights ranging from 8 to 10 m, thedominant species were Clethra lancifolia,Polyosma philippinensis, and Adinandrarobinsonii. The fourth layer or the shrub layer(5 to 7 m) was dominated by the same speciesas in the third layer. In addition, other dominantspecies include Sapium luzonicum, Lithocarpusmindanaensis, Euodia confusa, Macarangadipterocarpifolia and Symplocos villarii. Thelowest layer just below the shrub layer (2 to 4m) included the following species: Cyathea

contaminans which was dominant, Hydrangeachinensis, Sapium luzonicum, Ficus septica var.septica, Clethra lancifolia and Flacourtia rukam.Unlike the vegetation in Mt. Kitanglad asdescribed by Pipoly and Madulid (1996), the 1-ha plot was characterized by the abundance ofendemic palm (Pinanga philippinensis).

Palo 6, Brgy. Mansawan

The plot in Palo 6, Barangay Mansawan at analtitude of about 1,650 m asl is a secondaryforest (logged over area). The tallest trees (14to 16 m) which occupied the top canopy levelwere Chisocheton pentandrus and Dacrydiumelatum. Occupying the second layer of thecanopy (11 to 13 m) were Adinandra montana,Agathis philippinensis, Flacourtia rukam,Ternstroemia megacarpa, Cinnamomummercadoi, Acer laurinum, Syzygium simile,Macaranga dipterocarpifolia, Sapium luzonicum,Chisocheton pentandrus, and Lithocarpusphilippinensis. In the third layer with heightsranging from 8 to 10 m, the dominant specieswere Lithocarpus philippinensis, Macarangadipterocarpifolia, and Pometia pinnata. Thefourth, the shrub layer, was characterized bytrees 2 to 7 m tall and was dominated byCyathea sp. Just like the study of Brown (1919)in Mt. Makiling, the secondary forest in Palo 6Malindang Range also showed the dominanceof Cyathea.

Tree Profile. The six quadrats in the primaryforest of Mt. Ginanlajan, Brgy. Lake Duminagatwere dominated by Babasa (Polyosmaphilippinensis), Sakam (Clethra lancifolia),Tagilumboy (Adinandra robinsonii), and Papagaputi (Rapanea avenis). However, in thesecondary forest in Palo 6, Brgy. Mansawan, treeferns or Gantaw puti (Cyathea contaminans)were abundant, while Gulayan (Lithocarpusphilippinensis) dominated the area.

The average height of trees, canopy cover, andnumber of trees were higher in Palo 6 than inMt. Ginanlajan, which might be due to flatterrain in the former site. Mt. Ginanlajan hassteeper slopes which would explain the shortertrees. However, being a primary forest, it hasgreater tree diameters and is rich in speciesdiversity.

The tallest trees in the primary forest of Mt.Ginanlajan ranged from 14 to 16 m whichincluded: Flacourtia rukam, Calophyllumlancifolium, Neonauclea media, Polyosma

24 Technical Report

philippinensis, Mastixia premnoides, Parinaricorymbosa, Ardisia sp., and Lithocarpus sulitii.

The tallest trees in the secondary forest of Palo6, Brgy. Mansawan ranged from 14 to 16 mand included Chisocheton pentandrus andDacrydium elatum.

Close canopy cover was observed in quadrat 5in both Mt. Ginanlajan, Brgy. Lake Duminagatand Palo 6, Brgy. Mansawan. This probablyexplains the abundance and high speciesrichness of pteridophytes and mosses in thequadrats when compared with quadrats withless canopy cover. The gaps in canopies in somequadrats have indicated forest disturbance andgrowth of many herbaceous plants but less ofthe bryophytes and ferns. The average percentcanopy cover for all six 5 x 50-m quadrats are60% and 66% for primary and secondaryforests, respectively.

The tree species and tree ferns observed in thesix quadrats in Mt. Ginanlajan included Clethralancifolia, Polyosma philippinensis, Calophyllumlancifolium, Cyathea contaminans, and Adinandrarobinsonii, whereas, Cyathea contaminans,Lithocarpus philippinensis, and Macarangadipterocarpifolia were seen in all quadrats in Palo6. This implies that these species have a fasterreproduction rate and have a tendency todominate the area. Data on specific tree locationare important since it gives an idea of where tocollect specific tree species in the area for useor protection.

Assessment of status of floralresources within the plots

As basis for protecting and conserving thespecies, assessment of plant status isnecessary. Each species revealed twoendangered species, 71 endemic, 11 rare, 171economically important species, and 10 speciesof sociocultural importance (Tables 21 and 22).

An endangered plant seen in two plots isTmesipteris lanceolata Dang (Psilotaceae) (Fig.15). This primitive plant grows only as anepiphyte on the trunk of Cyathea spp. andnowhere else. However, the over collection oftrunks of Cyathea as a medium for growingorchids, anthurium and other epiphytic plants,has endangered the life of Tmesipteris. Althoughnot observed within the sampling plots, Bryumrussulum (Bryaceae) is another endangered

plant found only in the 1-ha plot in Mt. Ginanlajan(Fig. 16).

The complete inventory of tree species showedthat 86 species and 48 (57%) species of theseare endemic (Table 11). This percentage becamehigher when considered on a per hectare basissince species endemism would reach 60%(Table 1). This figure is higher than in Mt.Kitanglad, which only has 47% of speciesendemism (Pipoly and Madulid 1996). It isnoteworthy that some species are site orMindanao endemic such as Saurauiainvolucrata, Saurauia fasciculiflora, Saurauiaglabrifolia, and Cinnamomum mindanaense(Figs. 17, 18, and 19). In some cases, reportedLuzon endemics are now reported in Mindanaolike Begonia cumingii, Vaccinium jagori, andSaurauia fasciculiflora (Figs. 20 and 21). As tothe endemicity of plant groups, the trees andshrubs obtained a high percentage ranging from33 to 50% while herbs and vines had 11 to 25%endemism (Tables 23, 24, and 25).

Fig. 15. Tmesipteris lanceolata (Psilotaceae).

Fig. 16. Bryum russulum (Bryaceae).


Fig. 17. Saurauia involucrata.

Fig. 18. Saurauia fasciculiflora.

Fig. 19. Saurauia glabrifolia.

Many of the floral species have economicimportance. As assessed by the Subanenresearchers and validated by the community, 171species of plants were used as food, medicine,ornamental, building materials, handicraft, and/or forage, which is about 60% of the total plantspecies inventoried.

Another important finding is the discovery ofnew records of mosses in the Philippines. Thethree species of mosses new to the Philippinesaccording to Dr. Benito C. Tan include:Camptochaeta subporotrichoides, which usedto be reported only in Bali to Papua New Guineaand Northern Queensland; Chaetomitriumhorridulum known from Borneo, Sulawesi, Javaand Malay Peninsula; and Metadistichophyllumrhizophorum reported only in Borneo and Seram(Figs. 22 and 23). These mosses were observedfor the first time in the Philippines within the1-ha plot in Mt. Ginanlajan, Malindang Range.

Fig. 20. Begonia cumingii.

Fig. 21. Vaccinium jagori.

26 Technical Report

Fig. 23. Metadistichophyllum rhizophorum.Fig. 22. Camptochaeta subporotrichoides.

Description of socioculturallyimportant species within the plots

Of the floral species within sampling plots, 10species were reported by Subanen researchersto have higher sociocultural importance (Table26). These are used in social occasions such asburial rites, courtship, giving birth orconception, hunting, fishing, farming, and evenas personal possession (“anting-anting”). Beloware the ten species with higher socioculturalimportance:

1. Solanum sp. (Gabol) and Scleria scrobiculata(Limbas-limbas). These plants are burnedafter the burial rites as Pamalina. TheSubanens believe that these species wouldcast away the bad spirits so as not to harmthe living.

2. Habenaria sp. (Dalamdam). During courtship,Dalamdam is sometimes used by a desperateman dying to capture the heart of hisbeloved. This species is considered asPanglumay. It could be mixed with perfumeto be used during courtship for the girl toaccept a suitor’s pleas. This can also beplaced in a small bottle filled with coconutoil and put on the window pane with theearly morning rays of the sun striking it. Bychanting the name of the girl being prayedfor, she would surely search for the manholding this mysterious stuff (Fig. 24).

3. Macaranga bicolor (Labulag). When loverspart ways, there is still a chance for themto be reunited. Either one could place a leafof this plant under the pillow when sleeping.It is also believed to cast away bad spirits

that cause illnesses to new-born babies ifits leaves are placed as poultices on theabdomen of a pregnant woman.

4. Xylaria hypoxylon (Oten-oten sa unggoy).For couples who want a baby boy, thisfungus species is believed to answer theirprayers by making it part of the wife’s beltor Habak before pregnancy.

5. Impatiens montalbanica (Silangka). Thisspecies is of great help to pregnant womenwho are about to give birth. The ripe capsuleof this plant is believed to assure women ofdelivering the baby quickly and easily justby placing it near the feet of the womanabout to give birth and letting the capsuledehisce by touching it (Fig. 25).

6. Gardenia longiflora (Tamilok). This plant isof great importance to Subanen hunters,who use it for attracting wild cats (Milo). Ifplaced near the bait, it would surely captureone.

7. Rubus sp. (Sampinit). Fishermen place theSampinit’s thorny twigs on the fishing poleto attract more fish to the bait, allowingthem to have baskets full of fish.

8. Ficus sp. (Busyong). For farmers who wishto harvest abundant and bigger sweetpotatoes, they would include the fruit ofBusyong in the stems of camote duringplanting. The Subanens believed that if thefruit is included in the first seven seedlings,this would give them a bountiful harvest.


9. Glochidion canescens (Tulog-tulog). Thisplant, sometimes called Tagulilong, is usedby some people who wish to be invisible.Tulog-tulog mixed with Mimosa pudica, wouldmake a person who wants to visit a lovedone’s house or who needs protection,invisible, if placed in a bottle of oilaccompanied by prayer.

10. Unidentified sp. (Tambabawod) – Parents usethis to hasten speaking ability of childrenwho do not speak at a young age by placingthe leaf shoot in the mouth.

Fig. 24. Habenaria sp. (Dalamdam). Fig. 25. Impatiens montalbanica(Silangka).

28 Technical Report

Potential Livelihood DevelopmentProjects for Biodiversity Conservation

During the community validation, thecommunity identified two projects with potentialfor livelihood. These are briefly described below.

Establishment of nursery

As a result of the inventory of trees in the two1-ha plots in Malindang Range, 15 species offast-growing trees were identified andrecommended by the Subanens as reforestationspecies (Table 27 and Fig. 26).

These fast-growing trees will be used in thethree barangays of Don Victoriano to reforestdenuded areas. Not only are these trees fast-growing, they have other economic uses to thecommunity–for lumber, medicine, food, andothers. The Subanen researchers will collectseeds of the fast-growing trees and grow themin the nursery. The seedlings produced will beused by the community to reforest denudedmountains and also for planting along the road

and trails to provide shade. As an income-generating project of the community, all visitors/climbers to Mt. Malindang will be asked to buy aseedling from the nursery and plant it as part ofthe reforestation program. A resolution will bemade by the barangay officials regarding thisand a project proposal will be prepared forsubmission to SEARCA-BRP for possible funding.If approved, this could generate income to thecommunity and at the same time promotebiodiversity conservation.

Establishment of community economicgarden

The Subanen researchers have identified manyeconomically important plants within the twoestablished semipermanent plots and also alongthe trail from Barangays Mansawan, Gandawan,and Lake Duminagat. These economic plantscan be tapped as sources of (a) vegetables forhuman food, (b) medicine, (c) ornamentals, and(d) raw materials for handicraft making. Withinformation on their uses and financial supportfrom SEARCA-BRP and the LGU, these economicplants can be mass propagated and contribute

Fig. 26. Some recommended fast-growing trees.

Agathis philippinensisAlmaciga

Cinnamomum mercadoiKalingag

Dacrydium elatumLukinay

Phyllocladus hypophyllusTungog


to the socioeconomic benefit of the threebarangays through the establishment of acommunity economic garden (Figs. 27 and 28).This is possible by developing:

a. a community farm for edible plants as cashcrops, such as sayote (Sechium edule), andpako (Diplazium esculentum);

b. plantations for medicinal plants;

c. commercial gardens for plants withornamental value; and

d. cottage industry for plants with handicraftpotential like Lygodium spp., Dicranopterisspp., Musa textiles, Pandanus spp., andCalamus spp.

Establishing a community economic gardenproposed by officials and local members of thecommunity is not only a livelihood project, but isalso a strategy in conserving the remainingbiodiversity in the forest. This ex situconservation technique allows the use of plantresources without depleting their naturalpopulation in the wild.

Usefulness of the 1-ha permanentplots

The two 1-ha permanent plots establishedwithin the primary and secondary forests canbe used as a laboratory for botanical inventoryand taxonomic training for parataxonomists andbudding taxonomists since all the species werealready tagged. Monitoring and evaluation offloral dynamics can also be done within thesepermanent plots through time.

Fig. 27. Plants suitable for the community economic garden.

Dicranopteris liniaris

Sechium edule Phyllocladus hypophyllus

30 Technical Report

Fig. 28. Habit of some economically important plants.

Calamus spp. (food plant)Arecaceae

Pandanus spp. (food plant) Pandanaceae

Freycinetia negrosensis (medicinal)Pandanaceae


Summary and Conclusions

Summary of findings

1. Participatory inventory of flora revealed atotal of 301 species, 181 genera, and 113families in the upper montane forest of Mt.Malindang.

2. Complete inventory of trees in the two 1-ha plots showed high species richness (63-67 species), high density (961-1,000individuals) and high endemism (60%).

3. The trees with high species importancevalues include Babasa (Polyosmaphilippinensis), Sakam (Clethra lancifolia),Gantaw (Cyathea brevipes), and Gulayan(Lithocarpus philippinensis). These specieshave various uses to the community.

4. The morphology, uses, odor, size, and colorfeatures of plants were used by Subanensin giving the local names.

5. Assessing floral resources revealed twoendangered species, viz., Tmesipterislanceolata and Bryum russulum.

6. Three species of mosses are new records inthe Philippines and are reported for the firsttime, viz., Camptochaeta subporotrichoides,Chaetomitrium horridulum, andMetadistichophyllum rhizophorum.

7. The survey on sociocultural species revealed10 species (within the plots) and 79 species(outside the plots) that are used in burialrites, courtship, wedding, conception,hunting, farming, for protection, andpersonal “charm.”

8. Indigenous knowledge of Subanenresearchers revealed 171 econonomicallyimportant species. Of these, 39 species aremedicinal, 14 species are food plants, 18ornamental plants, and 100 species are usedfor lumber, firewood, and handicraft. Anethnobotanical survey of the communitiesrevealed 247 medicinal plant species, 79food plants, and 134 species of economicimportance.

9. Active participation of trained Subanenresearchers contributed significantly to thescientific results on ethnobotanical andscientific identification of lower forms ofplants.

10.Two immediate potential livelihood projectsfor biodiversity conservation were identified,viz., establishment of a nursery and acommunity economic garden.

11.Designing a scientific methodology to assessthe availability and potential supply ofcertain forest products in terms of time,distance, and accessibility, cannot be madebecause of the lack of information/data onthese and lack of replications.

Conclusions

1. The most appropriate participatorymethodology for the inventory andassessment of floral resources is to employproperly and adequately trained localresearchers in all project activities (activeparticipation).

2. The upper montane forest of Mt. Malindangis still very rich in floral biodiversity, animportant resource for both in situ and exsitu conservation in Mindanao.

3. Indigenous knowledge on ethnobotanydeepens our understanding on speciesimportance value which could be factoredin computing for species value.

32 Technical Report

Recommendations

Recommended appropriateparticipatory methodologies forbiodiversity assessment:

Integration of participatoryprinciples

Based on the results of the study, participationof local people in biodiversity assessmentresulted in the preservation of localnomenclature of floral species corresponding tothe scientific names. The significant contributionof local participants is on ethnobotany–byproducing the list of food plants, medicinalplants, and other uses. The typology ofparticipation is active and complete, i.e., fromplanning the activities up to inventory andcommunity validation of results.

Biodiversity interaction andinterconnection

In trying to sufficiently explain the interactionsand interconnections of biodiversity components(flora, fauna, and socioeconomic and culturaldimensions) within and across ecosystemsincluding vegetative analysis, the followinglandscape, vegetation type, and geo-morphological characteristics have to beconsidered:

Size of sample plots. The sample plot sizesshould be economical, neither too small nor toolarge for rapid appraisal, with more replications,sufficient representations from variouslandscape characteristics, vegetation types, andgeomorphological differentiations. In thecurrent sample plot size of 1-ha, longer time isneeded to do inventory and appraisal (3months/1-ha plot) resulting in insufficientreplication and representation of landscapecharacteristics, vegetation types, andgeomorphological differentiations. In view ofthis, a sample plot size of 20 x 20 m is mostappropriate and acceptable for forest zones andagroecological zones. This is also consistent withthe recommendations in recent biodiversityliterature and researches. A 1 x 1 m sampleplot for grassland and 5 x 5 m sample plot for

brushland can be used due to uniformity ofspecies and economic reasons. Fewer sampleson these areas as well as on agroecologicalzones are also recommended.

Sample size determination. The number ofsamples depends on the standard samplingtechniques used and prescriptions on samplingintensity, and the use of probability sampling.In this situation, the appropriate samplingtechnique is stratified random sampling withequal sample size per stratum and substratum,wherein sample size determination is built intothe sampling technique. The variable that canbe used for this computation is number ofspecies per plot, because it is less variablecompared with other variables, such as speciesdominance or species density. This finding isbased on the data from 5 x 5-m plotsestablished within the 1-ha sample plots fortree species with 10 cm and up dbh in this study.

Sample distribution in the field. There aretwo schemes in distributing the samples bysubsubstratum and substratum in each of thestrata. In this particular case, the strata arethe landscape classifications, the substrata arethe vegetation types, and the subsubstrata arethe southerly and northerly aspects. The firstscheme is the simple random distribution wherethe sample plots are randomly located withinthe subsubstrata provided there are no overlaps.The second one is systematic distributionwherein the constant distance between sampleplots are computed based on the minimum areaamong subsubstrata. The distribution can bemade on the vegetative map whereclassifications into strata, substrata, andsubsubstrata are indicated and located in thefield upon implementation. The inventory andassessment in each sample plot can focus onthe biodiversity components (flora and fauna,socioeconomic, and cultural factors) that areof interest to the researchers.

Analysis of data. Sufficient data andinformation on various ecosystems andgeomorphological parameters can be generatedfor biodiversity resources. Links to keystonespecies or bioindicators can be identified.Interactions and interconnections can be drawn


and explained, paving the way for designingalternative management regimes to rehabilitateand further conserve biodiversity resourcesacross the landscape relative to the culturallandscape. Interactions and interconnectionscan be analyzed using cross classification ofvariables, multiple regression, and multivariateanalysis.

For LGU

1. The officials (barangay captains) of the threebarangays (Mansawan, Gandawan, and LakeDuminagat) of the Municipality of DonVictoriano, Misamis Occidental shouldprepare a proposal for the identifiedpotential livelihood projects and submitthese to SEARCA-BRP and/or LGU for possibleinitial funding.

2. The barangay officials should formulate apolicy requiring all visitors/climbers to plantseedlings to be obtained from thecommunity nursery and by paying a certainamount to be fixed and agreed upon by thecommunity.

3. The two 1-ha semipermanent plots in Mt.Ginanlajan and Palo 6, Mansawan should beprotected and managed by their respectivebarangays. Furthermore, the floral resourcedynamics should be monitored and

documented by the communities as sourcesof planting materials in rehabilitation effortsto conserve the rich floral species of thesites.

4. Trained local researchers (parataxonomists)should be tapped by the other barangays inMisamis Occidental as trainors inparticipatory inventory and assessment forpreparing the community land use plan oftheir respective barangays and to buildbroader base capability.

5. Disseminate and expand the results bypreparing an ethnobotanical guide in thevernacular and English.

6. The three new records of Philippine mossesshould be described and published to berecognized worldwide including severalunidentified and undescribed floralresources.

7. A similar ethnobotanical survey should beconducted in other barangays withSubanens to countercheck and/or enrich thepresent findings of the research.

8. Species importance value (SIV) can beenhanced further by injecting the uses ofspecies. A scale of 1-5 representing therange of uses can be factored in.

34 Technical Report

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Table 1. Assessment of plants within subquadrats and subsubquadrats at Malindang Range.

Family/Species Assessment

ECS DS RS* EIS* VUP1 P2 P1 P2 P1 P 2 P1 P2 P1 P2

A. ANGIOSPERMS

1. TREESI. ACANTHACEAE1. Gratophyllum hortense /

II. ANACARDIACEAE2. Dracontomelon edule (Bl.) Skeels / / ** ** / /

III. ARALIACEAE3. Aralia bipinnata /

IV. BIGNONIACEAE4. Radermachera whitfordi Merr. / /

V. CLETHRACEAE5. Clethra lancifolia / / ** ** / /

VI. CLUSIACEAE6. Calophyllum blancoi Pl. & Tr. / / /, ** /, ** / /7. Calophyllum lancifolium /

VII. CORNACEAE8. Mastixia premnoides (Elm.) Hallier f. / / / /

VIII. ELAEOCARPACEAE9. Elaeocarpus calomala / / ** ** / / / /

IX. EUPHORBIACEAE10. Glochidion album / / ** ** / /11. Macaranga dipterocarpifolia Merr. ** ** / /12. Sapium luzonicum / / / / /, ** /, ** / / / /13. Macaranga bicolor /14. Glochidion canescens /

X. FAGACEAE15. Lithocarpus mindanaensis (Elm.) Rend. / / ** ** / /16. Lithocarpus ovalis (Bl.) Rend. / / ** ** /17. Lithocarpus philippinensis / / / /18. Lithocarpus sulitii ** /

XI. FLACOURTIACEAE19. Flacourtia rukam Zoll. & Mor. /, * /, * / /

XII. HYDRANGEACEAE20. Hydrangea chinensis /

XIII. LAURACEAE21. Cinnamomum mercadoi Vidal / / / /22. Cinnamomum mindanaense Elm. / /, ** /, ** / /23. Eusideroxylon zwageri Teijsm. & Binn. * * /24. Neolitsea vidalii Merr.25. Unidentified sp. / / * * / / / /

XIV. LEEACEAE26. Leea guineensis G. Don /

38 Technical Report

XV. MAGNOLIACEAE27. Emerillia platyphylla (Merr.) Noot. / / / /28. Talauma reticulata / / * * / /

XVI. MELASTOMATACEAE29. Astrocalyx calycina /30. Astronia cumingiana / / ** ** / /31. Everettia pulcherrima ** ** / /32. Melastoma malabathricum ** /33. Memecylon caeruleum Jack ** /

XVII. MELIACEAE34. Chisocheton pentandrum / /, ** /35. Toona calantas Merr. & Rolfe /

XVIII. MORACEAE36. Ficus binnendykii Mig.37. Ficus botryocarpa var. botryocarpa / / /38. Ficus cardinalicarpa / / **39. Ficus irisana var. irisana / / / /40. Ficus nota / / ** ** / /41. Ficus septica var. septica ** ** / /42. Ficus variegata var. syncomoides ** ** / /43. Ficus odorata ** /

XIX. MYRSINACEAE44. Ardisia sp. * * / /45. Ardisia sp. /46. Rapanea avenis (Bl.) Mig. ** ** / /

XX. MYRTACEAE47. Decaspermum fruticosum ** /48. Decaspermum sp. ** /49. Rhodomyrtus sp. ** /50. Syzygium huchinsonii /51. Syzygium simile (Merr.) Merr. / * /52. Syzygium sp. / /53. Unidentified sp. /

XXI. PALMAE54. Pinanga philippinensis /55. Pinanga sp. /

XXII. ROSACEAE56. Prunus grisae var. grisae / / ** ** / /57. Parinaria corymbosa ** ** / /

XXIII. RUBIACEAE58. Tarenna sp. * * / /59. Gardenia longiflora60. Neonauclea media /61. Wendlandia williamsii / / / /

XXIV. RUTACEAE62. Euodia confusa Merr. ** ** / /

Table 1. Continued...

FAMILY/SPECIES Assessment



63. Eurya acuminata * /64. Melicope monophylla Merr. / ** /

XXV. SAPINDACEAE65. Pometia pinnata forst. /,*** /,** / /66. Pometia pinnata forma repanda Jacob * / /

XXVI. SAURAUIACEAE67. Saurauia elegans / /68. Saurauia fasciculiflora Merr. / / / /69. Saurauia glabrifolia / /70. Saurauia involucrata Merr. / / / /71. Saurauia latibractea / /

XXVII. SAXIFRAGACEAE72. Polyosma philippinensis Merr. / / ** ** / /

XXVIII. SYMPLOCACEAE73. Symplocos villarii * /74. Symplocos sp. * * /

XXIX. THEACEAE75. Adinandra montana / /76. Adinandra robinsonii /77. Adinandra sp. /78. Gordonia luzonica / / ** ** /79. Ternstroemia megacarpa Merr. / / ** ** / /80. Pyrenaria mindanaensis / / /

XXX. ULMACEAE81. Trema orientalis /

XXXI. URTICACEAE82. Dendrocnide densiflora (C.B. Rob) Chew / / / /83. Pilea melastomoides /

XXXII. VERBENACEAE84. Callicarpa eriocloma Sch. ** ** / /85. Clerodendrum macrostegium /

XXXIII. UNIDENTIFIED SPECIES86. Ananagon * * / /87. Babasa lahi88. Kauban sa babasa ** /89. Lalumaw, lumaw /90. Magamatong lagwis /91. Mangga-mangga /92. Nangka-nangka ** ** /93. Ngilo-ngilo, Sungay-sungay / /94. Tagibokbok lagpad * /95. Tambal hubag /96. Tulan manok /97. Unidentified sp.1 * * / /98. Unidentified sp.2




40 Technical Report

2. SHRUBS

XXXIV. ACANTHACEAE99. Justicia sp. / /

XXXV. AMARANTHACEAE100. Gomphrena sp.

XXXVI. ARALIACEAE101. Schefflera odorata / / ** ** / /

XXXVII. CELASTRACEAE102. Perrottetia alpestris **

XXXVIII. CHLORANTHACEAE103. Chloranthus elatior / /104. Sarcandra glabra

XXXIX. ERICACEAE105. Vaccinium jagori Warb. / **

XL. GESNERIACEAE106. Cyrtandra cumingii C.B. Clarke / / ** **107. Cyrtandra parvifolia Merr. / / * * / /108. Cyrtandra pilosa /109. Cyrtandra umbellifera Merr. /110. Cyrtandra sp. *111. Trichosporum sp. ** ** / /

XLI. LOGANIACEAE112. Fragraea ceilanica ** **

XLII. MELASTOMATACEAE113. Medinilla clementis Merr. / / / /114. Medinilla cumingii ** ** / /115. Memecylon lanceolatum

XLIII. POLYGALACEAE116. Polygala sp.

XLIV. RUBIACEAE117. Lasianthus appressifolius Simizu

XLV. SAXIFRAGACEAE118. Dichroa philipinnensis / /

XLVI. SOLANACEAE119. Solanum torvum Sev.

XLVII. UNIDENTIFIED SPECIES120. Tagimahon





3. HERBS

XLVIII. ARACEAE121. Arisaema sp.

XLIX. BALSAMINACEAE122. Impatiens montalbanica / / / /

L. BEGONIACEAE123. Begonia copelandii Merr. / /124. Begonia cumingii A. Gray / / / /

LI. COMPOSITAE125. Blumea bicolor Merr. / / /

LII. CYPERACEAE126. Carex sp.127. Carex sp.128. Cyperus sp.1129. Cyperus sp.2130. Scleria scrobiculata

LIII. GRAMINEAE131. Imperata cylindrica132. Oplismenus sp. - Lagitlit133. Paspalum conjugatum - Lakatan

LIV. HYPOXIDACEAE134. Molinaria capitulata

LV. LAMIACEAE135. Coleus sp.136. Unidentified sp.

LVI. LILIACEAE137. Dianella caerulata /

LVII. ORCHIDACEAE138. Geodorum sp. /139. Goodyera sp. /140. Malaxis sp. /141. Dendrobium sp. /142. Dendrochilum sp. /143. Unidentified sp. /

LVIII. URTICACEAE144. Elatostema pulchellum /145. Elatostema sp.146. Pilea elliptifolia / /

LIX. ZINGIBERACEAE147. Alpinia sp.148. Alpinia sp. /




42 Technical Report




4. VINES/Scandent Shrubs

LX. ARACEAE149. Scindapsus sp.

LXI. ASCLEPIADACEAE150. Hoya sp. /151. Dischidia lancifolia / /

LXII. DIOSCOREACEAE152. Dioscorea sp. /

LXIII. GESNERIACEAE153. Aeschynanthus sp.154. Dichrotricum chorisepalum / / C.B. Clarke

LXIV. MORACEAE155. Ficus aurantiaca

LXV. PANDANACEAE156. Freycinetia negrosensis / / /

LXVI. PIPERACEAE157. Piper retrofractum Vahl.158. Piper sp. /

LXVII. ROSACEAE159. Rubus sp. ** ** /

LXVIII. RUBIACEAE160. Psychotria diffusa Merr. / /

LXIX. SMILACEAE161. Smilax sp. **

LXX. VITACEAE162. Cayratia trifolia163. Cayratia trifolia var. cineria

LXXI. Unidentified164. Darikpal, Sinda-sinda ** /165. Sibaon’s limokon166. Tambok-tambok /167. Violet vine168. Unknown Vine

TOTAL 39 48 1 1 **-35 **-42 93 82 4 6





B. GYMNOSPERMSI. ARAUCARIACEAE1. Agathis philippinensis / ** /

II. PODOCARPACEAE2. Dacrycarpus cumingii / / * * / /3. Dacrydium elatum ** /4. Phyllocladus hypophyllus / ** /5. Podocarpus neriifolius *

TOTAL 2 2 0 0 **-1 **-2 2 3 0 0 *-2 *-1

44 Technical Report



ENS ECS DS RS EIS VUP1 P2 P1 P2 P1 P2 P1 P2 P1 P2 P1 P2

C. PTERIDOPHYTESa. FERNI. Aspleniaceae1. Asplenium crinivaule2. Asplenium decorum / / / /3. Asplenium excisum /4. Asplenium militare / /5. Asplenium phyllitidis

II. Athyriaceae6. Diplaziopsis javanica /7. Diplazium tenuifolium / /8. Diplazium trichomanoides9. Diplazium esculentum /10. Diplazium sp. /

III. Cyatheaceae11. Cyathea contaminans / / / /12. Cyathea brevipes / /

IV. Davalliaceae13. Araiostegia hymenophylloides / /14. Leucostegia immersa /15. Humata obtusata / /

V. Dennstaedtiaceae16. Microlepia trichosticha

VI. Dicksoniaceae17. Cibotium cumingii /

VII. Dryopteridaceae18. Arachnioides amabilis19. Arachnioides aristata /20. Arachnioides dentata21. Dryopteris sparsa22. Polystichum elmeri / /

VIII. Gleicheniaceae23. Gleichenia truncata

IX. Grammitidaceae24. Ctenopteris blechnoides

X. Hymenophyllaceae25. Hymenophyllum brasii26. Hymenophyllum crispatum27. Hymenophyllum emarginatum28. Hymenophyllum polyanthus29. Macroglena setacea

XI. Lindsaeaceae30. Tapeinidium lineare /31. Lindsaea adiatoides32. Lindsaea lineari




ENS ECS DS RS EIS VUP1 P2 P1 P2 P1 P2 P1 P2 P1 P2 P1 P2

XII. Lomoriopsidaceae33. Elaphoglossum petiolatum /

XIII. Marratiaceae34. Marratiaceae pellucida /

XIV. Oleandraceae35. Oleandra nitida / **

XV. Plagiogyriaceae36. Palgiogyria pycnophylla

XVI. Polydiaceae37. Crypsinus sp.38. Crypsinus trilobus39. Goniophlebium argutum40. Goniophlebium percussum

XVII. Pteridaceae41. Pteris longipinnula42. Pteris tripartite /43. Pteris whitfordii / /

XVIII. Thelypteridaceae44. Chingia christii45. Christella parasitica46. Coryphoteris sp.47. Pneumatopteris costata / /

XIX. Vittariaceae48. Vittaria elongata

b. FERN ALLIES

XX. Lycopodiaceae49. Lycopodium serratum /50. Lycopodium verticillatum /

XXI. Psilotaceae*51. Tmesipteris lanceolata / /

XXII. Sellaginellaceae52. Sellaginella biformis53. Sellaginella ciliaris54. Sellaginella involvens55. Sellaginella remotifolia / /56. Sellaginella sp.157. Sellaginella sp.2

TOTAL 1 1 1 7 1 1 0 4 7 19 1 1

Legend:* - Rare (Local assessment)** - Common locally/ - National assessmentENS - Endangered SpeciesECS - Endemic SpeciesDS - Depleted SpeciesRS - Rare Species

EIS - Economically Important SpeciesVU - Vulnerable SpeciesPlot 1 (P1) - Mt. Ginanlajan, Barangay LakeDuminagat Submontane Forest*Plot 2 (P2) - Palo 6, Brgy. Mansawan SecondaryForest **

46 Technical Report

Table 2. Summary of identified plants by species within subquadrats (5 x 5 m) in 1-ha plot inMt. Ginanlajan, Brgy. Lake Duminagat.

Trained Subanen (x1) Untrained Subanen (x2) Botanist (x3) Subsub Total # X11 X12 X13 X14 X21 X22 X23 X24 X31 X32 X33 quadrat Species Sci Local OCN Unk Sci Local OCN Unk Sci OCN Unid.

1 30 0 28 2 0 0 30 0 0 30 21 02 31 0 30 0 1 0 31 0 0 30 22 13 29 0 27 1 2 0 29 0 0 28 21 14 37 0 36 0 1 0 37 0 0 34 24 35 23 0 22 0 1 0 23 0 0 23 12 06 13 0 12 1 0 0 13 0 0 13 8 07 23 0 1 22 0 0 23 1 0 23 16 08 34 0 32 1 1 0 33 1 0 34 23 09 23 0 22 0 1 0 23 0 0 22 13 110 35 0 35 0 0 0 35 0 0 33 24 211 35 0 33 0 2 0 35 0 0 33 21 212 36 0 35 0 1 0 36 0 0 34 21 213 29 0 28 0 1 0 28 1 0 28 19 114 24 0 21 1 2 0 23 1 0 23 14 115 19 0 18 0 1 0 19 0 0 18 10 116 22 0 21 0 1 0 22 0 0 21 13 117 30 0 29 1 0 0 29 1 0 29 21 118 25 0 25 0 0 0 25 0 0 24 17 119 38 0 37 0 1 0 38 0 0 37 24 120 36 0 35 0 1 0 36 0 0 34 21 221 33 0 33 0 0 0 33 0 0 31 24 222 34 0 33 0 1 0 34 0 0 34 25 023 32 0 30 1 1 0 30 1 1 29 18 324 30 0 30 0 0 0 29 1 0 29 20 125 32 0 32 0 0 0 32 0 0 32 21 026 28 0 27 0 1 0 28 0 0 27 18 127 28 0 27 0 1 0 28 0 0 28 20 028 16 0 16 0 0 0 16 0 0 16 9 029 32 0 30 0 2 0 32 0 0 31 18 130 30 0 28 1 1 0 29 1 0 29 19 131 29 0 28 0 1 0 29 0 0 27 18 232 32 0 32 0 0 0 31 1 0 29 21 333 30 0 28 0 2 0 30 0 0 28 18 234 30 0 29 1 0 0 29 1 0 28 20 235 22 0 21 0 1 0 22 0 0 21 15 136 22 0 21 0 1 0 22 0 0 20 15 237 35 0 35 0 0 0 35 0 0 33 22 238 38 0 38 0 0 0 37 0 0 36 27 239 28 0 27 1 0 0 27 1 1 28 19 140 39 0 39 0 1 0 39 0 0 38 28 141 21 0 21 0 0 0 21 0 0 20 15 142 33 1 30 3 0 0 31 0 2 29 21 443 24 0 23 1 0 0 23 0 1 21 16 344 38 0 37 0 1 0 35 0 3 35 21 345 24 2 13 9 0 0 22 1 1 23 16 146 9 0 7 2 0 0 9 1 0 9 6 047 28 1 20 7 0 0 25 2 1 27 19 148 17 1 13 3 0 0 15 1 1 17 12 049 25 2 20 3 0 0 24 0 1 25 14 050 22 1 16 5 0 0 18 2 2 21 16 151 35 2 28 5 0 0 30 2 3 33 24 252 24 3 16 5 0 0 21 1 2 23 15 153 17 1 14 2 0 0 15 1 1 16 10 154 21 1 14 6 0 0 19 1 1 21 14 055 28 2 17 9 0 0 23 2 3 26 17 2




56 8 1 7 0 0 0 7 0 1 8 3 057 33 3 24 6 0 0 31 1 1 30 22 358 31 1 23 7 0 0 30 1 0 29 21 259 28 2 19 7 0 0 27 1 0 27 22 160 22 0 16 5 0 0 20 1 1 18 16 461 31 1 22 6 0 0 30 0 1 29 23 262 21 1 16 4 0 0 21 0 0 20 14 163 17 0 14 3 0 0 16 1 0 17 11 064 28 2 19 7 0 0 24 0 4 25 15 365 20 1 9 10 0 0 18 1 1 20 13 066 14 1 10 3 0 0 12 1 1 14 8 067 33 1 23 9 0 0 28 3 2 33 20 068 24 2 15 7 0 0 22 1 1 23 18 169 23 1 15 6 0 0 19 3 1 22 15 170 31 4 17 10 0 0 25 3 3 29 21 271 23 1 18 4 0 0 20 3 0 20 15 372 31 2 23 6 0 0 27 1 3 29 19 273 25 2 19 4 0 0 22 2 1 24 17 174 34 2 23 8 0 0 28 4 2 33 23 175 28 2 17 9 0 0 26 1 0 26 20 276 20 1 14 5 0 0 17 2 1 20 11 077 13 1 10 2 0 0 10 2 1 13 6 078 30 4 18 8 0 0 27 2 1 27 18 379 17 0 15 2 0 0 17 0 0 17 12 080 20 1 15 4 0 0 20 0 0 19 14 1

Total 2143 54 1821 235 31 0 2035 59 50 2043 1393 101

Where:

X11, 21, 31–Scientific name, X12, 22–Local Name, X13, 23, 32–Official common name, and X14, 24, 33–Unidentified

48 Technical Report

Table 3. Summary of identified plants by species within sub-subquadrats (1 x 1 m) in 1-ha plot atMt. Ginanlajan, Brgy. Lake Duminagat


1 17 0 11 1 5 0 16 0 1 16 3 1

2 5 0 3 0 2 0 5 0 0 5 1 03 9 0 6 0 3 0 9 0 0 9 4 04 6 0 4 0 2 0 6 0 0 6 2 05 9 0 8 0 1 0 9 0 0 8 2 16 7 0 6 0 1 0 7 0 0 7 2 07 15 0 10 0 5 0 15 0 0 13 4 28 8 0 6 0 2 0 8 0 0 8 4 09 13 0 9 0 4 0 13 0 0 12 2 110 15 0 11 0 4 0 15 0 0 14 3 111 22 0 13 0 9 0 21 0 1 21 4 112 7 0 5 0 2 0 7 0 0 6 2 113 16 1 9 0 6 0 16 0 0 16 3 014 23 2 12 0 9 0 23 0 0 22 5 115 12 0 8 0 4 0 12 0 0 12 2 016 8 0 7 0 1 0 8 0 0 6 1 217 16 1 13 0 2 0 16 0 0 16 4 018 6 0 4 0 2 0 6 0 0 5 1 119 12 0 7 0 5 0 11 0 1 12 2 020 11 0 8 0 3 0 11 0 0 11 2 021 11 0 8 0 3 0 10 0 1 9 11 222 15 1 11 0 3 0 14 0 1 15 3 023 14 0 14 0 5 0 19 0 0 15 4 424 13 0 8 0 5 0 12 0 1 11 2 225 25 1 19 0 5 0 24 0 1 24 6 126 4 0 4 0 0 0 4 0 0 3 0 127 28 10 13 4 1 0 27 0 1 25 7 328 11 5 5 1 0 0 9 0 2 10 2 129 9 2 5 2 0 0 9 0 0 9 2 030 6 2 4 0 0 0 4 0 2 3 1 331 12 4 6 2 0 0 12 0 0 12 5 032 8 4 3 1 0 0 7 0 1 8 2 033 14 4 8 2 0 0 14 0 0 14 3 034 17 4 11 2 0 0 17 0 0 16 3 135 15 5 9 1 0 0 15 0 0 15 2 036 18 6 8 4 0 0 18 0 0 16 5 237 18 6 7 5 0 0 18 0 0 18 6 038 16 4 11 1 0 0 15 0 1 12 2 439 12 5 7 0 0 0 11 0 1 12 1 040 9 4 3 2 0 0 9 0 0 9 2 041 7 2 4 1 0 0 7 0 0 5 1 242 14 10 4 0 0 0 14 0 0 13 4 143 13 8 5 0 0 0 11 0 2 13 3 0

44 5 4 1 0 0 0 5 0 0 5 1 045 16 7 7 2 0 0 12 0 4 16 5 046 6 2 3 0 1 0 5 0 1 6 1 0




47 22 12 8 2 0 0 20 0 2 20 6 248 15 8 6 1 0 0 14 0 1 15 1 049 15 7 8 0 0 0 12 0 3 12 3 350 19 6 13 0 0 0 16 0 3 19 3 051 20 10 9 1 0 0 15 0 5 17 5 352 21 10 8 2 1 0 18 0 3 21 5 053 12 6 4 2 0 0 8 0 4 12 5 054 19 5 14 0 0 0 17 0 2 19 2 055 12 5 5 2 0 0 12 0 0 12 4 056 6 5 1 0 0 0 5 0 1 6 2 057 14 9 4 1 0 0 13 0 1 13 5 158 18 11 6 1 0 0 18 0 0 16 5 259 20 11 7 2 0 0 19 0 1 17 4 360 18 9 7 2 0 0 18 0 0 16 5 261 6 2 3 1 0 0 6 0 0 4 1 262 19 6 11 2 0 0 19 0 0 16 3 363 8 1 7 0 0 0 8 0 0 8 0 064 24 6 16 1 1 0 18 0 6 21 3 365 10 4 5 1 0 0 8 0 2 10 3 066 20 8 12 0 0 0 14 0 6 20 2 067 16 7 8 1 0 0 15 0 1 15 3 168 17 8 9 0 0 0 14 0 3 17 2 069 8 5 2 1 0 0 8 0 0 8 2 070 18 9 9 0 0 0 13 0 5 16 1 271 13 6 6 1 0 0 11 0 2 12 3 172 19 11 6 2 0 0 16 0 3 19 5 073 13 7 6 0 0 0 12 0 1 13 2 074 16 7 8 1 0 0 13 0 3 16 4 075 16 12 4 0 0 0 14 0 2 16 3 076 13 5 8 0 0 0 10 0 3 12 0 177 10 5 4 1 0 0 10 0 10 3 078 18 8 8 2 0 0 17 0 1 18 4 079 7 1 5 1 0 0 5 1 1 7 1 080 8 3 4 1 0 0 6 0 2 6 3 2

Total 1083 339 589 63 97 0 998 1 89 1018 240 70

Where:

X11, 21, 31–Scientific name, X12, 22–Local Name, X13, 23, 32–Official common name, and X14, 24, 33–Unidentified

50 Technical Report

Table 4. Medicinal uses of plants in Mt. Ginanlajan (primary forest), Malindang Range identified incoordination with local researchers.

Y1 X1 X2 X3Species (no.) Total uses Trained Untrained Botanist

1 2 1 1 12 2 0 0 23 4 4 0 04 5 4 2 15 3 0 0 36 1 1 1 07 11 5 4 78 4 0 0 49 1 0 0 1

10 6 1 1 411 1 1 1 012 2 2 0 013 2 1 1 014 4 0 0 415 1 0 1 016 3 1 2 017 1 1 0 018 1 1 0 019 1 1 0 020 4 3 1 021 6 0 0 622 1 0 1 023 1 1 0 024 2 1 1 025 1 0 1 026 4 1 2 227 15 1 1 1328 1 0 0 129 1 1 0 030 1 1 0 031 2 1 2 032 2 1 2 033 3 0 0 334 1 1 0 035 2 0 0 236 1 1 0 037 1 1 0 038 2 2 0 039 1 1 0 040 4 1 1 341 4 1 0 342 1 1 1 043 1 1 0 044 4 0 0 445 3 1 1 246 3 2 1 047 3 1 3 048 2 1 1 049 1 1 0 0

Total 133 51 33 66


Table 5. Food plants in Mt. Ginanlajan (primary forest), Malindang Range identified incoordination with local researchers.


1 2 2 2 02 1 1 1 03 1 1 1 04 1 1 1 05 2 0 0 26 1 0 1 07 1 0 0 18 2 2 0 09 1 0 1 0

10 1 1 1 011 2 0 0 212 1 1 1 013 1 1 0 014 1 1 0 015 2 0 0 216 1 1 1 017 1 0 1 018 1 1 0 119 1 1 0 020 1 1 0 021 1 1 0 022 1 1 1 0

Total 27 17 12 8

52 Technical Report

Table 6. Other uses of plants in Mt. Ginanlajan (primary forest), Malindang Range identified incoordination with local researchers.

Y1 X1 X2 X3Species Total uses Trained Untrained Botanist

1 2 2 2 02 2 2 2 03 1 1 0 04 2 2 2 05 2 2 2 06 1 1 1 07 2 2 2 08 1 1 1 09 4 2 3 2

10 2 1 1 111 3 2 2 212 1 1 0 013 3 2 2 114 3 2 2 115 3 2 2 116 2 2 2 017 2 2 1 018 10 2 2 919 3 2 2 120 2 2 2 021 2 2 2 022 2 2 2 023 2 2 2 024 3 2 2 225 2 2 2 026 2 2 2 027 2 2 2 028 2 2 2 029 1 1 1 030 2 2 1 031 1 1 1 032 1 1 1 033 1 1 1 034 1 1 1 035 3 3 2 136 1 1 1 037 2 2 2 038 2 2 2 039 2 2 2 040 2 2 2 041 1 1 1 042 2 2 2 043 1 1 1 144 1 1 0 045 2 2 2 046 2 2 2 047 2 2 1 048 2 2 2 049 4 2 2 250 1 0 0 151 2 2 2 052 2 2 2 053 1 1 1 154 1 1 1 155 3 3 2 056 2 2 2 057 2 2 2 1



Y1 X1 X2 X3Species Total uses Trained Untrained Botanist

58 1 1 1 059 1 1 1 060 4 2 2 361 1 1 1 062 3 3 3 063 2 2 2 064 2 2 2 065 2 2 2 066 2 2 2 067 2 2 2 068 2 2 2 069 2 2 2 170 5 2 2 471 2 2 2 072 4 3 2 073 3 3 1 174 2 2 2 075 2 2 2 076 2 2 2 077 2 2 2 078 2 2 2 079 3 2 2 180 2 1 1 181 2 2 2 082 2 2 2 083 2 2 2 084 2 2 2 085 2 2 2 086 2 2 2 087 2 2 2 088 2 2 2 089 5 2 2 390 6 1 1 491 2 2 2 092 2 2 2 093 2 2 2 094 2 2 2 095 2 2 2 096 2 2 2 097 2 2 2 098 2 2 2 099 2 2 2 0

100 2 2 2 0101 2 2 2 0

Total 220 184 174 46

54 Technical Report

Table 7. Specific uses of medicinal plants in Palo 6 (secondary forest), Barangay Mansawanassessed in coordination with local researchers.


1 4 4 0 02 4 4 0 03 4 3 2 14 3 0 0 35 3 0 0 36 1 1 1 07 2 0 1 18 9 4 1 99 4 0 0 4

10 2 0 0 111 5 1 1 412 1 1 1 013 1 1 0 014 2 1 1 015 4 0 0 416 1 0 1 017 1 0 1 018 1 1 0 019 4 3 3 020 6 0 0 621 1 1 0 022 18 1 0 1723 1 0 1 024 2 0 0 125 15 1 1 1326 1 0 0 127 2 1 2 028 3 0 0 329 2 0 0 230 1 1 0 031 1 1 0 032 18 0 1 1733 2 2 0 034 1 1 0 035 4 0 1 336 4 1 0 337 12 0 1 1138 1 1 1 039 1 1 0 040 3 0 0 441 3 1 1 242 2 1 1 043 1 0 1 044 3 1 3 045 1 1 0 0

Total 165 40 27 113


Table 8. Other uses of plants in Palo 6 (secondary forest), Barangay Mansawan assessed incoordination with local researchers.


1 2 2 2 02 2 2 2 03 1 0 1 04 2 2 2 05 2 2 1 06 1 1 1 07 1 1 1 18 1 1 1 19 4 2 3 2

10 2 1 1 111 3 2 2 212 1 1 0 013 3 2 2 114 2 2 2 015 3 2 2 116 3 2 2 117 2 2 1 018 10 2 2 919 3 2 2 120 1 1 0 021 2 2 2 022 2 2 2 023 2 2 2 024 2 2 2 025 3 2 2 226 2 2 2 027 2 2 2 028 2 2 2 029 2 2 2 030 1 1 1 031 2 2 1 032 1 1 1 033 1 1 1 034 3 3 2 135 1 1 1 036 2 2 2 037 2 2 2 038 1 1 1 139 2 2 2 040 2 2 1 041 2 2 2 042 1 1 1 143 2 2 2 044 2 2 2 045 2 2 2 046 3 3 2 047 2 2 2 048 2 2 2 149 4 2 2 350 1 1 0 051 3 3 3 052 2 2 2 053 2 2 2 054 2 2 2 155 5 2 2 456 1 0 0 157 1 1 1 0

56 Technical Report



58 2 2 2 059 4 3 2 060 3 3 1 161 2 1 1 162 2 2 2 063 2 2 2 064 2 2 2 065 2 2 2 066 2 2 2 067 5 2 2 368 7 1 1 569 1 0 1 070 2 2 2 071 2 2 2 0

Total 161 125 116 45

Table 9. Uses of food plants in Palo 6 (secondary forest), Barangay Mansawan assessed incoordination with local researchers.


1 1 1 0 02 2 2 2 03 1 1 1 04 1 1 1 05 1 1 1 06 1 1 1 07 2 0 0 28 1 0 1 09 1 1 1 0

10 2 1 1 111 1 0 0 112 2 2 0 013 1 0 1 014 1 1 1 015 2 0 0 216 1 1 0 017 2 0 0 218 1 0 1 019 1 0 0 120 1 1 0 0

Total 26 14 12 9


Table 10. Species within subquadrats and subsubquadrats in two 1-ha plots in Mt. Malindang.

Family/Species Local name DistributionPlot 1 Plot 2

A. ANGIOSPERMSI. ACANTHACEAE1. Justicia sp. Babakag / /

II. AMARANTHACEAE2. Gomphrena sp.

Sinaw-sinaw / /

III. ANACARDIACEAE3. Dracontomelon edule (Bl.) Skeels

Magabyalong, Byalong / /

IV. ARACEAE4. Arisaema sp. Unknown5. Scindapsus sp. Labid / /

V. ARALIACEAE6. Aralia bipinnata Blco. Suha-suha /7. Schefflera odorata (Blco.) Merr. & Rolfe Tagima / /

VI. ASCLEPIADACEAE8. Dischidia lancifolia Merr. Christmas tree /9. Hoya sp. Christmas tree /

VII. BALSAMINACEAE10. Impatiens montalbanica Hook. Silangka / /

VIII. BEGONIACEAE11. Begonia copelandii Merr. Mamangpang /12. Begonia cumingii A. Gray Mamangpang / /

IX. BIGNONIACEAE13. Radermachera whitfordi Merr. Magasili /

X. CELASTRACEAE14. Perrottetia alpestris (Bl.) Loes. Dapuan siaw /

XI. CHLORANTHACEAE15. Chloranthus elatior R. Br. ex Link / /16. Sarcandra glabra /

XII. CLETHRACEAE17. Clethra lancifolia Turcz. Sakam, Pamugisan nosa / /

XIII.CLUSIACEAE18. Calophyllum blancoi Pl. & Tr. Bintangol, Palo maria / /19. Calophyllum lancifolium Elm. Pulayo /

XIV.COMPOSITAE20. Blumea bicolor Merr. Halib-on ihalas / /

XV. CORNACEAE21. Mastixia premnoides (Elm.) Hallier f. Tagibokbok / /

XVI.CYPERACEAE22. Carex sp.1 Aglusay /

58 Technical Report



23. Carex sp.2 Pandasina / /24. Cyperus sp.1 Limbas-limbas /25. Cyperus sp.2 Bugang /26. Scleria scrobiculata Ness & Mey. ex Ness Limbas-limbas /

XVII. DIOSCOREACEAE27. Dioscorea sp. Magulemon /

XVIII. ELAEOCARPACEAE28. Elaeocarpus calomala (Blco.) Merr. Babate / /

XIX. ERICACEAE29. Vaccinium jagori Warb. Lalumaw /

XX. EUPHORBIACEAE30. Glochidion album (Blco.) Boerl. Balitadhan, Libang na / /31. Glochidion canescens Elm. Tolog-tulog /32. Macaranga bicolor Muell.-Arg. Labulag /33. Macaranga dipterocarpifolia Merr. Salumay / /34. Sapium luzonicum (Vid.) Merr. Baho-baho / /

XXI. FAGACEAE35. Lithocarpus mindanaensis (Elm.) Rend. Gulayan kaputos / /36. Lithocarpus ovalis (Bl.) Rend. Gulayan / /37. Lithocarpus philippinensis (A.DC.) Rehd. Kulasit kaputos /38. Lithocarpus sulitii Soepadmo Kulasit /

XXII. FLACOURTIACEAE39. Flacourtia rukam Zoll. & Mor. Malakubi / /

XXIII. GRAMINEAE40. Imperata cylindrica (L.) P. Beauv. Cogon /41. Oplismenus sp. Lagitlit / /42. Paspalum conjugatum Berg. Lakatan / /

XXIV. GESNERIACEAE43. Aeschynanthus sp. Christmas tree /44. Cyrtandra cumingii C.B. Clarke Lalago dako / /45. Cyrtandra parvifolia Merr. Pure salisip / /46. Cyrtandra sp. Tabako-tabako /47. Cyrtandra umbellifera Merr. Lalago pino /48. Cyrtandra sp. Lumboy-lumboy /49. Dichrotricum chorisepalum C.B. Clarke Unknown / /50. Trichosporum sp. Talipaso / /

XXV. HYDRANGEACEAE51. Hydrangea chinensis Maxim. Salisip /

XXVI. HYPOXIDACEAE52. Molinaria capitulata (Lour.) Herbert Karot, Tujabang /

XXVII. LABIATAE53. Unidentified sp. Bino-bino /

XXVIII. LAMIACEAE54. Coleus sp. Mayana /




XXIX. LAURACEAE55. Cinnamomum mercadoi Vidal Kalingag / /56. Cinnamomum mindanaense Elm. Mana-mana / /57. Eusideroxylon zwageri Teijsm. & Binn. Magamatong, Gamong / /58. Neolitsea vidalii Merr. Kupong-kupong / /59. Unidentified sp. Tigbay-tigbay /

XXX. LEEACEAE60. Leea guineensis G. Don Bintuko /

XXXI. LILIACEAE61. Dianella caerulea Sims Limbas-limbas / /

XXXII. LOGANIACEAE62. Fagraea ceilanica Thunb. Bulak humot / /

XXXIII. MAGNOLIACEAE63. Elmerillia platyphylla (Merr.) Noot. Lagundi, Ngilo / /64. Talauma reticulata Merr. Bunot-bunot / /

XXXIV. MELASTOMATACEAE65. Astrocalyx calycina (Vid.) Merr. Hantatungaw brown / /66. Astronia cumingiana Vid. Tungaw-tungaw gagmay /67. Everettia pulcherrima Merr. Tungaw-tungaw puti / /68. Melastoma malabathricum L. Pure tutungaw /69. Memecylon ovatum Sm. Balikuku, pulayo / /70. Medinilla clementis Merr. Kayupo lagwis / /71. Medinilla cumingii Naud. Kayupo / /72. Memecylon lanceolatum Blco. Digeg /

XXXV. MELIACEAE73. Chisocheton pentandrus (Blco.) Merr. subsp. pentandrus Lingaw malabago /74. Toona calantas Merr. & Rolfe Lago tulang /

XXXVI. MORACEAE75. Ficus aurantiaca Griff. Unknown /76. Ficus binnendykii Miq. var. coriacea Corner Galang nunok /77. Ficus botryocarpa Miq. var. botryocarpa Tatanak / /78. Ficus cardinalicarpa Elm. Kalangkaeng /79. Ficus irisana Elm. var. irisana Tatanak lagwis, Saginsil / /80. Ficus nota (Blco.) Merr. Busyong / /81. Ficus odorata (Blco.) Merr. Busyong gamay /82. Ficus septica Burm. f. var. septica Lagnob / /83. Ficus variegata Bl. var. syncomoroides Sigawan liakpaw /

XXXVII. MYRSINACEAE84. Ardisia sp. Gulisan pula / /85. Ardisia sp. Danglas /86. Rapanea avenis (Bl.) Miq. Gulisan puti / /

XXXVIII. MYRTACEAE87. Decaspermum fruticosum J.R. & G. Forst. Olingon / /88. Decaspermum sp. Balikuku /89. Rhodomyrtus sp. Ligad /90. Syzygium huchinsonii (Merr.) Merr. Zazan, Sagimsim /91. Syzygium simile (Merr.) Merr. Pulayo puti / /92. Syzygium sp. Pulayo pula / /

60 Technical Report



XXXIX. ORCHIDACEAE93. Geodorum sp. Unknown /94. Goodyera sp. Dalamdam /95. Malaxis sp. Unknown /96. Dendrobium sp. Salapid /97. Dendrochilum sp. Ahos-ahos /98. Unidentified sp. Aglusay /

XL. PALMAE99. Pinanga philippinensis Becc. Karupay pula / /100. Pinanga sp. Karupay green /

XLI. PANDANACEAE101. Freycinetia negrosensis Merr. Baraas / /

XLII. PIPERACEAE102. Piper retrofractum Vahl. Buyo-buyo / /103. Piper sp. Buyo-buyo, Gapinbakbak /

XLIII. POLYGALACEAE104. Polygala sp. Batikulon sa manok /

XLIV. ROSACEAE105. Prunus grisae (C. Muell.) Kalkm. Tanga-tanga / /106. Parinari corymbosa (Bl.) Miq. Santol-santol / /107. Rubus sp. Sampinit / /

XLV. RUBIACEAE108. Tarenna sp. Malakape / /109. Gardenia longiflora Vid. Tamilok /110. Neonauclea media (Havil.) Merr. Tambabawod /111. Wendlandia williamsii Merr. Malatakwaw /112. Lasianthus appressifolius Simizu / /113. Psychotria diffusa Merr. Bagun / /

XLVI. RUTACEAE114. Euodia confusa Merr. Bintuko / /115. Melicope monophylla Merr. Bintuko lagpad /

XLVII. SAPINDACEAE116. Pometia pinnata J.R. & G. Forst. Malagabo / /117. Pometia pinnata J.R. & G. Forst. Darungnay, Sesengan / / forma repanda Jacobs

XLVIII. SAURAUIACEAE118. Saurauia elegans (Choisy) F.-Vill. Balangog dako /119. Saurauia fasciculiflora Merr. Balangog lagwis / /120. Saurauia glabrifolia Merr. Balangog balhibuon /121. Saurauia involucrata Merr. Balangog balhibuon / /122. Saurauia latibractea Choisy Balangog lagwis puti /

XLIX. SAXIFRAGACEAE123. Polyosma philippinensis Merr. Babasa / /124. Dichroa philipinnensis Schltr.

L. SMILACACEAE125. Smilax sp. Banag /




LI. SOLANACEAE126. Solanum torvum Sev. Gabol /

LII. SYMPLOCACEAE127. Symplocos villarii Vid. Lanutan /128. Symplocos sp. Highblood-highblood / /

LIII. THEACEAE129. Adinandra montana Merr. Tabantis /130. Adinandra robinsonii Elm. Tagilumboy /131. Adinandra sp. Tabantis lahi /132. Eurya acuminata DC. Magatambis, Tabantis / /133. Gordonia luzonica Vid. Sabon-sabon / /134. Ternstroemia megacarpa Merr. Tagilumboy / /135. Pyrenaria mindanaensis Merr. Unknown /

LIV. ULMACEAE136. Trema orientalis (L.) Bl. Hanagdong / /

LV. URTICACEAE137. Dendrocnide densiflora (C.B. Rob) Chew Lingatong / /138. Pilea melastomoides (Poir.) Wedd. Handalamay /139. Elatostema pulchellum C.B. Rob. Unknown /140. Elatostema sp. Unknown /141. Pilea sp. Lamay-lamay / /

LVI. VERBENACEAE142. Callicarpa erioclona Sch. Ngiyop / /143. Clerodendron macrostegium Schauer Lindang-lindang /144. Gratophyllum hortense Nees Atay-atay /

LVII. VITACEAE145. Cayratia trifolia (L.) Domin. Palia-palia /146. Cayratia trifolia (L.) Domin. var. cinerea (Lam.) Gagnep. Lagili /

LVIII. ZINGIBERACEAE147. Alpinia sp. Saging-saging /148. Zingiber sp. Luy-a luy-a / /

LIX. UNIDENTIFIED SPECIES149. Unidentified sp.1 Ananagon / /150. Unidentified sp.2 Kauban sa babasa /151. Unidentified sp.3 Babasa lahi /152. Unidentified sp.4 Lalumaw, lumaw /153. Unidentified sp.5 Magamatong lagwis /154. Unidentified sp.6 Mangga-mangga / /155. Unidentified sp.7 Nangka-nangka /156. Unidentified sp.8 Ngilo-ngilo, Sungay-

Sungay / /

157. Unidentified sp.9 Tagibokbok lagpad /158. Unidentified sp.10 Tambal hubag /159. Unidentified sp.11 Tulan manok / /160. Unidentified sp.12 Unidentified sp.1 /161. Unidentified sp.13 Unidentified sp.2 /162. Unidentified sp.14 Tagimahon / /163. Unidentified sp.15 Darikpal, sinda-sinda /

62 Technical Report



164. Unidentified sp.16 Sibaon’s limokon / /165. Unidentified sp.17 Tambok-tambok /166. Unidentified sp.18 Violet vine / /167. Unidentified sp.19 Unknown 164 /

TOTAL 132 115

B. GYMNOSPERMSI. Araucariaceae1. Agathis philippinensis Warb. Almasiga /

II. Podocarpaceae2. Dacrycarpus cumingii (Parl.) de Laubenf. Pine tree / /3. Dacrydium elatum (Roxb.) Wall. Lumot /4. Phyllocladus hypophyllus Hook. f. Magaringan /5. Podocarpus neriifolius D. Don ex Lamb. Subing diwata /

TOTAL 3 3

C. PTERIDOPHYTESI. Aspleniaceae1. Asplenium crinicaule Hance Lakno, Grame /2. Asplenium decorum Kunze /3. Asplenium excisum Presl /4. Asplenium militare Copel /5. Asplenium phyllitidis Don /

II. Athyriaceae6. Diplaziopsis javanica (Bl.) Christen. Butitay /7. Diplazium tenuifolium (Copel.) Price8. Diplazium sp.9. Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Sw.10. Diplazium sp.

III. Cyatheaceae11. Cyathea contaminans (Wall.) Copel. Gantaw puti / /12. Cyathea sp. Gantaw brown / /

IV. Davalliaceae13. Araiostegia hymenophylloides (Bl.) Copel. / /14. Leucostegia immersa (Wall.) Presl. Kasikad, Lakno /15. Humata obtusata v.A.v.R. Serelak / /

V. Dennstaedtiaceae16. Microlepia trichosticha J. Sm.

VI. Dicksoniaceae17. Cibotium cumingii Kunze Gantaw balhibuon /

VII. Dryopteridaceae18. Arachnioides amabilis (Bl.) Tindale /19. Arachnioides aristata (Forst.) Tindale /20. Arachnioides sp. Lakno /21. Dryopteris sparsa (Don) O. Kuntze /22. Polystichum elmeri Copel. /




VIII. Gleicheniaceae23. Gleichenia truncata (Willd.) Spreng. Gaksam /

IX. Grammitidaceae24. Ctenopteris blechnoides (Grev.) Wagner et Grether Lakno / /

X. Hymenophyllaceae25. Hymenophyllum sp. Bangnay, Lakno /26. Hymenophyllum crispatum Wall. Lakno /27. Hymenophyllum emarginatum Sw. Lakno /28. Hymenophyllum polyanthus Sw. Lakno /29. Trichomanes setaceum v.d.B. Lakno /

XI. Lindsaeaceae30. Tapeinidium lineare (Cav.) Christ / /31. Lindsaea adiatoides J. Sm. /32. Lindsaea sp. /

XII. Lomariopsidaceae33. Elaphoglossum petiolatum (Sw.) Urb. /

XIII. Lycopodiaceae34. Lycopodium serratum Thunb. /35. Lycopodium verticillatum Linn. f. /

XIV. Marratiaceae36. Marratia pellucida Presl Magalaglab, unod-unod

XV. Oleandraceae37. Oleandra nitida (Copel.) Copel. Kaliskis halas /

XVI. Plagiogyriaceae38. Plagiogyria pycnophylla (Kunze) Mett. Butitay / /

XVII. Polypodiaceae39. Crypsinus trilobus (Holtt.) Copel. /40. Crypsinus sp. Palad notong /41. Goniophlebium argutum Wall. / /42. Goniophlebium percussum (Cav.) Wag. et Greth. /

XVIII. Psilotaceae*43. Tmesipteris lanceolata Dang. / /

XIX. Pteridaceae44. Pteris longipinnula Wall. ex Agardh /45. Pteris tripartita Sw. Lakno, Palang-palang /46. Pteris whitfordii Copel. /

XX. Sellaginellaceae47. Selaginella biformis A.Br. ex Kuhn Bangnay /48. Selaginella ciliaris (Retz.) Spring. Bangnay /49. Selaginella involvens (Sw.) Spr. Bangnay / /50. Selaginella remotifolia Spring Bangnay /51. Selaginella sp.1 Bangnay /52. Selaginella sp.2 Bangnay /

64 Technical Report



XXI. Thelypteridaceae53. Chingia christii (Copel.) Holtt. /54. Christella parasitica (Linn.) Lev. /55. Coryphoteris sp. /56. Pneumatopteris costata (Brack.) Holtt. / /

XXII. Vittariaceae57. Vittaria elongata Sw. /

TOTAL 23 47

D. LICHENSI. Lobariaceae1. Lobaria robinsonii Lumot /2. Lobaria sp. Lumot /3. Pseudocyphellaria sp. Lumot /4. Sticta sp.1 - hairy Lumot / /5. Sticta sp.2 - slimy Lumot / /

II. Parmeliaceae6. Parmotrema sp. Lumot /

III. Peltigeraceae7. Peltigera sp. Lumot /

IV. Usneaceae8. Usnea misamisensis Vain Lumot /

V. Unidentified9. Unidentified sp. Ap-ap /10. Unidentified sp. Lichenized alga /11. Unidentified sp. Unknown /

TOTAL 9 4

E. FUNGII.1. Xylaria hypoxylon Oten-oten sa unggoy /

II.2. Stereum sp. Talingang batang /

TOTAL 2 0

F. BRYOPHYTESI. Anthocerotae1. Anthoceros sp. Lumot /

II. Bryaceae2. Rhodobryum giganteum Lumot /

III. Calymperaceae3. Calymperes sp. Lumot / /

IV. Dicranaceae4. Dicranoloma sp. Lumot / /5. Leucoloma sp. Lumot /




V. Fissidentaceae6. Fissidens sp.1 Lumot / /7. Fissidens sp.2 Bambol pisoy /

VI. Hookeriaceae8. Distichophyllum mittenii Lumot /9. Distichophyllum nigricaule Lumot /

VII. Hypnaceae10. Ectropothecium sp. Lumot / /

VIII. Hypnodendraceae11. Hypnodendron sp.1 Tree moss / /12. Hypnodendron sp.2 - One lane Tree moss /13. Hypnodendron dendroides Tree moss / /

IX. Hypopterygiaceae14. Lopidium sp. Lumot /

X. Lejeuneaceae15. Lejeunea sp. Lumot /

XI. Lepidoziaceae16. Bazzania sp.1 Lumot / /17. Bazzania sp.2 Lumot /

XII. Leucobryaceae18. Leucobryum sp. Lumot puti / /19. Leucobryum javense Lumot puti /

XIII. Marchantiaceae20. Dumortiera sp. Lumot /21. Marchantia sp. Lumot /

XIV. Meteoriaceae22. Aerobryidium sp. Lumot /23. Barbella sp. Lumot /24. Barbella sp. Lumot /25. Meteorium sp. Lumot / /26. Floribundaria sp. Lumot / /

XV. Neckeraceae27. Homaliodendron flabellatum Lumot / /28. Neckera warburgii Lumot /

XVI. Plagiochilaceae29. Plagiochila sp.1 Lumot / /30. Plagiochila sp.2 Lumot / /31. Plagiochila sp.3 Lumot / /32. Plagiochila sp.4 Lumot / /33. Plagiochila sp.5 Lumot /34. Plagiochila sp.6 Lumot /

XVII. Polytrichaceae35. Pogonatum sp. Lumot /

66 Technical Report



XVIII. Pterobryaceae36. Garovaglia elegans Lumot /

XIX. Pterobryaceae37. Calyptothecium sp. Lumot /38. Pterobryella longifrons Lumot /

XX. Ptilidiaceae39. Trichocolea sp. Lumot / /

XXI. Racopilaceae40. Racopilum sp. Lumot / /

XXII. Rhizogoniaceae41. Pyrrobryum latifolium Lumot / /42. Rhizogonium sp. Lumot /

XXIII. Riccardiaceae43. Riccardia sp. Lumot /

XXIV. Schistochilaceae44. Schistochila sp.1 Lumot /45. Schistochila sp.2 Lumot /46. Schistochila sp.3 Lumot /

XXV. Sematophyllaceae47. Trismegistia sp. Lumot / /48. Acroporium sp. Lumot /

XXVI. Spiridentaceae49. Spiridens reinwardtii Lumot / /

XXVII. Thuidiaceae50. Thuidium cymbifolium Feather moss / /

XXVIII. Unidentified species51. Unidentified sp.1 Lumot /52. Unidentified sp.2 Lumot53. Unidentified sp.3 Lumot /54. Unidentified sp.4 Lumot55. Unidentified sp.5 Lumot /56. Unidentified sp.6 Lumot /57. Unidentified sp.7 Lumot / /58. Unidentified sp.8 Lumot / /59. Unidentified sp.9 Lumot / /60. Unidentified sp.10 Lumot /61. Unidentified sp.11 Lumot /

TOTAL 35 47


Table 11. Species richness of trees* in two 1-ha plots in Malindang Range.

Family/Species Local Official Mt. Palo Endemic name name Ginanlajan 6

Aceraceae 1 Acer laurinum Hassk Salindata / 2 Gratophyllum hortense Nees Atayatay Atay atay /

Anacardiaceae 3 Dracontomelon edule (Blanco) Byalong Lamio / / / Skeels

Araliaceae 4 Aralia bipinnata Blanco Suha-suha / /5 Schefflera sp.

Arecaceae 6 Pinanga philippinensis Becc. Karupay / / /7 Calamus ornatus Blume ex. Schultes Oway Oway / /8 Calamus usitatus Blanco Oway Oway /

Bignoniaceae 9 Rhadermachera whitfordii Merr. Magasili / /

Burseraceae 10 Canarium hirsutum var. hirsutum Manog Dulit /

Willd.Clethraceae

11 Clethra lancifolia Turez Sakam Kamog / / /Clusiaceae

12 Callophyllum blancoi Pl. & Tr. Bitanghol Bitanghol / / /13 Calophyllum lancifolium Elm. Pulayo Bitanghol sibat / /

Cornaceae 14 Mastixia premnoides (Elm) Magatalo / / / Hallier f.

Cyatheaceae 15 Cyathea brevipes Gantaw Tree fern / /

Elaeocarpaceae 16 Elaeocarpus calomala (Blanco) Babate Calomala / / / Merr.

Euphorbiaceae 17 Glochidion album (Blanco) Boerl Libangna Malabagang / / /18 Macaranga dipterocarpifolia Merr. Salumay / / 19 Sapium luzonicum (Vid.) Merr. Baho-baho Balakat gubat / / /

Fagaceae 20 Lithcarpus sulitii Soep. Gulayan Pangnan / / /21 Lithocarpus mindanaensis Gulayan Mindanao oak / / / (Elmer) Rend.22 Lithocarpus philippinensis Gulayan puti Pangnan bundok / / / (A.DC.) Rend.23 Lithocarpus ovalis (Blanco) Rend. Gapotos Maggasiriki / /

Flacourtiaceae 24 Flacourtia rukam Zoll. & Mor. Malakobe Bitongol / /

Hydrangeaceae 25 Hydragea chinensis Maxim Salisip /

Lauraceae 26 Cinnamomum mindanensae Elmer / /27 Cinnamomum mercadoi Vidal Kalingag Kaligag / / /28 Eusideroxylon zwageri Teijsm. Gamong Tambulian / / and Binn. 29 Neolitsea vidalii Merr. Magamatong Puso-puso / /

Leeaceae 30 Leea guineensis G. Don Bintuko Malimali /

Magnoliaceae 31 Talauma reticulata Merr. Bunot-bunot Tabhisan / / /

32 Elmerillia platyphylla (Merr.) Noot Lagundi Hangilo / /

68 Technical Report


Family/Species Local Official Mt. Palo Endemic name name Ginanlajan 6

Melastomataceae 33 Astrocalyx calycina (Vidal) Merr. Hantutungaw Tanghaw / / /34 Astronia cumingiana var. Tungaw-Tungaw Badling / / / cumingiana Vidal

35 Everettia pulcherima Merr. Tutungaw Malintungaw / / /36 Memecylon caeruleum Jack Balikoko Javanes kulis /

Meliaceae 37 Chisocheton pentandrus ssp. Lingaw malabago Katong matsing / / / Pentandrus (Bl) Merr.38 Toona calantas Merr. & Rolfe Lago tulang Kalantas / /

Moraceae 39 Ficus odorata Busyong gagmay / / 40 Ficus botryocarpa var. botryocarpa Tatanak Basikong / / / Mig.41 Ficus septica var. septica Burm. F. Lagnob Hauili / / /42 Ficus irisina var. irisina Elmer Saginsil Aplas / /43 Ficus nota (Blanco) Merr. Busyong Tibig / / /44 Ficus binnendykii var. coriacea Kalangkaing Baliting liitan / Crner

Myrsinaceae 45 Ardisia sp. Papaga pula / / 46 Rapanea avenis (Bl.) Mig. Papapa / /

Myrtaceae 47 Decaspermum fruticosum Forst. Ulingon Patalsik / 48 Decaspermum sp. Tago bahi / 49 Rhodomyrtus sp. Ligad / / 50 Syzygium simile (Merr.) Merr. Pulayo puti Panglomboien / / /51 Syzygium sp. Polayo / 52 Syzygium hutchinsonii (Merr.) Pulayo Malatambis / /

Pandanaceae 53 Pandanus copelandii Merr. Pandan Pandan / /

Podocarpaceae 54 Dacrycarpus cumingii (Parl.) Pine tree Igem / / / de Laub.55 Dacrydium elatum (Roxb.) Wall. Lomot Lokinai / 56 Phyllocladus hypophyllus Hook. f. Magaringan Dalung / / /

Rosaceae 57 Parinari corymbosa (Blume) Mig. Santol-santol / / 58 Prunus grisae var. grisae (Blume) Tanga Lago / / / Kalkm.

Rubiaceae 59 Wendlandia wiliamsii Merr. Malatakwaw / /60 Gardinia longiflora Vid Magatamilok Balanigan / /61 Tarenna sp. Malakape / /

Rutaceae 62 Evodia confusa Merr. Bintuko Bugauak / / 63 Melicope monophylla Merr. Bintuko Dako Dalo / /

Sapindaceae 64 Pometia pinnata forma repanda Sesengan Malugai liitan /65 Pometia pinnata Forst Malabago Malugai / / /

Saurauiaceae 66 Saurauia latebractea Merr. Balangog / /67 Saurauia fasciculiflora Merr. Balangog lagwis / /

Saxifragaceae 68 Polyosma philippinensis Merr. Babasa / / /



Family/Species Local Official MT. Palo Endemic name name Ginanlajan 6

Symplocaceae 69 Symplocos sp. Highblood / / 70 Symplocos villarii Vid Lanutan Agosip / / /

Theaceae 71 Adinandra montana Merr Tabantis / / /72 Gordonia luzonica Vidal Sabon-sabon / / /73 Ternstroemia megacarpa Merr. Tagilumboy / /

Ulmaceae / 74 Trema orientalis (L.) Blume Hanagdong Anabiong /

Urticaceae 75 Dendrocnide densiflora (C.B.Rob) Lingatong Lipang kalabaw / / / Chew

Verbenaceae 76 Callicarpa eriocloma Sch. Ngiyop / /

Unidentified 77 Unidentified sp.1 Babasa lahi / 78 Unidentified sp.2 Banisil / 79 Unidentified sp.3 Lalumaw / 80 Unidentified sp.4 Manga-manga / 81 Unidentified sp.5 Morag tambis / 82 Unidentified sp.6 Patilo / 83 Unidentified sp.7 Tubo Tubo / 84 Unidentified sp.8 Tulanmanok / / 85 Unidentified sp.9 Unidentified 265 /

TOTAL 67 63 48

70 Technical Report

Table 12. Scientific groupings of species by family and genus with indigenous names.

Family/Genus Indigenous names

ACANTHACEAE Justicia BabakagGratophyllum Atay-atay

ANACARDIACEAE Dracontomelon Byalong, Magabyalong

ARALIACEAE Aralia Suha-suhaSchefflera Tagima

ARAUCARIACEAE Agathis Almasiga, Dingan

ASPLENIACEAE Asplenium Lakno, Grame

ATHYRIACEAE Diplaziopsis ButitayDiplazium Pako

BALSAMINACEAE Impatiens Silangka

BEGONIACEAE Begonia Amamangpang, Mamangpang

BIGNONIACEAE Radermachera Magasili

CHLORANTHACEAE Chloranthus BabakagSarcandra Babakag

CLETHRACEAE Clethra Pamugisan nosa, Sakam

CLUSIACEAE Calophyllum Bintangol, Palo maria

COMPOSITAE Blumea Handilib-on, Halib-on

CORNACEAE Mastixia Magatalo, Tagibokbok

CYATHEACEAE Cyathea Gantaw

CYPERACEAE Cyperus Bugang, Limbas-limbas

DICKSONICEAE Cibotium Gantaw

DIOSCOREACEAE Dioscorea Magulemon

ELAEOCARPACEAE Elaeocarpus Babate, Tanga-tanga

ERICACEAE Vaccinium Lalumaw, Lumaw

EUPHORBIACEAE Glochidion Balitadhan, Libang na, Tulog-tulogMacaranga Labulag, SalumaySapium Baho-baho

FAGACEAE Lithocarpus Gulayan, Kulasit

FLACOURTIACEAE Flacourtia Malakubi

GESNERIACEAE Aeschynanthus Christmas treeCyrtandra Lalago, Salisip, Tabako-tabako, Lumboy-lumboyTrichosporum Talipaso, Panosolan



Family/Genus Indigenous Names

GRAMINEAE Imperata KogonOplismenus LagitlitPaspalum Lakatan

HYDRANGEACEAE Hydrangea Salisip

HYPOXIDACEAE Molinaria Karot

LAURACEAE Cinnamomum Kalingag, Mana-manaEusideroxylon Gamong, MagamatongNeolitsea Kupong-kupong, Magamatong

LEEACEAE Leea Bintuko

LYCOPODIACEAE Lycopodium Ikog sa iring

MAGNOLIACEAE Elmerilla Lagundi, NgiloTalauma Bunot-bunot, Salimbunot

MARRATIACEAE Marratia Magalaglab, Unod-unod

MELASTOMATACEAE Astrocalyx HantatungawAstronia Tungaw-tungawEverettia Tungaw-tungawMedinilla KayupoMelastoma TutungawMemecylon Balikuku

MELIACEAE Chisocheton MalabagoToona Lago tulang

MORACEAE Ficus Busyong, Galang nunok, Labnog, Saginsil,

Sigawan liakpaw, TatanakMYRSINACEAE

Ardisia Danglas, GulisanRapanea Gulisan

MYRTACEAE Decaspermum Balikuku, OlingonRhodomyrtus LigadSyzygium Pulayo, Sagimsim, Zazan

ORCHIDACEAE Habenaria Dalamdam

PALMAE/ARECACEAE Calamus UwayPinanga Karupay

PANDANACEAE Freycinetia Baraas, Blas notongPandanus Pandan

PIPERACEAE Piper Buyo-buyo, Gapinbakbak

PODOCARPACEAE Dacrycarpus Baburing, Pine treeDacrydium LumotPhyllocladus Magaringan, TungogPodocarpus Subing diwata

72 Technical Report


Family/Genus Indigenous names

PTERIDACEAE Pteris Lakno, Palang-palang

ROSACEAE Parinari Santol-santolPrunus Tanga-tangaRubus Sampinit, Sabinit

RUBIACEAE Neonauclea Labalod, TambabawodWendlandia Malatakwaw

RUTACEAE Euodia BintukoMelicope BintukoTarenna Malakape

SAPINDACEAE Pometia Darungnay, Malabago, Sesengan

SAURAUIACEAE Saurauia Balangog

SAXIFRAGACEAE Polyosma Babasa

SELAGINELLACEAE Selaginella Bangnay

SOLANACEAE Solanum Gabol

SYMPLOCACEAE Symplocos Highblood-highblood, Lanutan

THEACEAE Adinandra TabantisEurya Magatambis, TabantisGordonia Sabon-sabonTernstroemia Tagilumboy

ULMACEAE Trema Hanagdong

URTICACEAE Dendrocnide LingatongPilea Handalamay, Lamay-lamay

VERBENACEAE Callicarpa NgiyopClerodendron Lindang-lindang

VITACEAE Cayratia Palya-palya, Lagili

ZINGIBERACEAE Alpinia Saging-sagingZingiber Luy-a luy-a

UNIDENTIFIED Unidentified Ananagon, CyrusUnidentified Darikpal, Sinda-sindaUnidentified GasaUnidentified Kauban sa BabasaUnidentified Lumaw, LalumawUnidentified MagamatongUnidentified Mangga-manggaUnidentified Ngilo-ngilo, Sungay-sungayUnidentified TagibokbokUnidentified Tambal hubagUnidentified Tambok-tambokUnidentified Tulan manokUnknown Unknown


Table 13. Summary of economically important plants.

Uses Species (no.)

Food 14Medicine 39Ornamental 18Sociocultural 10Other Uses (lumber, firewood, handicraft) 100

Total 181

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Table 14. Plant species in Mt. Malindang with medicinal uses assessed by the community.

Local name Scientific name Ailments that can be cured 1. Abaka Musa textilis Nee 62. Abgaw 53. Abod 24. Abokado Persea americana 115. Adyopana 16. Aglusay 17. Agutay 18. Agyo 19. Ahos Allium sativum L. 310. Alagasi Leucosyke capitellata (Poir.) Wedd. 511. Albutra, Magulemon Arcangelisia flava (L.) Merr. 812. Alingatong Dendrocnide densiflora 213. Almasiga Agathis philippinensis 414. Alum 115. Amagos 116. Amorseko Chrysopogon aciculatus 117. Ampiyon 118. Ananagon Unidentified sp. 519. Ananamsi Eurya acuminata 420. Anghelika Kalanchoe pinnata (Lamk.) Pers. 821. Anonang 322. Antulanga Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. 623. Aslom 224. Asunting Cassia alata L. 225. Bago Gnetum gnemon 426. Bahay 127. Baho-baho Sapium luzonicum 328. Bakaw 129. Balangog Saurauia involucrata 230. Balangog lagwis Saurauia fasciculiflora 331. Balite Ficus sp. 332. Banaba Lagerstroemia speciosa (L.) Pers. 133. Banag Smilax sp. 234. Bangka-bangkahan 135. Bani 236. Banisil 137. Bansagan 138. Baras-baras 139. Baungon Citrus grandis (L.) Osb. 740. Bayabas Psidium guajava L. 1241. Baylo-baylo 142. Bermuda Cynodon dactylon 343. Bila Belamcanda chinensis 244. Bila-bila Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. 1145. Bino-bino 146. Bintaus 147. Biti-biti, otot demonyo Lantana camara L. 148. Bugayana 149. Bugsakan wasay Aphanamixis perrottetiana 150. Buhok ni Maria Usnea sp. 151. Buli Corypha utan 752. Buliyantin 153. Bunga Areca catechu L. 254. Bunod 255. Buntong Bambusa sp. 156. Busikad Cyperus brevifolius 857. Busyong Ficus odorata 158. Buwagon 159. Buyo Piper retrofractum 6



Local name Scientific name Ailments that can be cured

60. Byasong 161. Cobra 162. Comfrey Symphytum officinale 563. Crinoso 164. Cyrus vine 165. Dalapaw, Dapaw-dapaw 266. Dama Cestrum nocturnum 167. Darikpal 168. Dawa 269. Dila-dila Elephantopus scaber 1670. Diplawan 171. Domiro 172. Duldol Bombax ceiba 173. Durian Durio zibethinus 174. Elipante Stachytarpheta jamaicensis 575. Eskobang mayawis Sida rhombifolia L. 576. Espada-espada Sanseviera zeylanica (L.) Wiild. 177. Gabi Colocasia esculentum 378. Ganda 579. Gantaw Cyathea contaminans 880. Gapas-gapas Crassocephalum crepidioides 481. Gatas-gatas, Salingkapaw Euphorbia hirta 182. Gilon Bischofia javanica 783. Giwa 184. Gubo rubod 285. Hagnaya 186. Hagonoy Chromolaena odorata 287. Hanagdong Trema orientalis 888. Handalamay Pilea melastomoides 289. Handalupang 290. Handalusa Justicia gendarussa 1091. Handaluyot 192. Handilib-on, Gabon Blumea balsamifera 1493. Hantulaya 194. Hantutungaw Melastoma malabathricum 295. Haruy 196. Hibi-hibi Mimosa pudica L. 197. Highblood-highblood Symplocos sp. 198. Hilbas Artemisia vulgaris 499. Himbabuena Mentha arvensis L. 5100. Humay Oryza sativa 2101. Ikog sa iring Lycopodium squarossum 1102. Inday-inday, Pikot-pikot, Baras-baras 8103. Kadisnon Musa sp. 2104. Kaimito Chrysophyllum cainito L. 4105. Kakao Theobroma cacao L. 5106. Kalabasa Cucurbita maxima Duchesne 2107. Kalabo 5108. Kalachuchi Plumiera acuminata 2109. Kalamantigue Impatiens balsamina 4110. Kalayaan, Gulian 2111. Kalingag Cinnamomum mercadoi Vidal 3112. Kaliskis ahas Oleandra nitida 1113. Kalubi 1114. Kamansilis Artocarpus sp. 2115. Kamote pula Ipomoea batatas L. 2116. Kamoteng kahoy Manihot esculenta 4117. Kamunggay Moringa oleifera 1

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118. Kanding-kanding 4119. Kapayas Carica papaya L. 8120. Kape Coffea arabica 2121. Kardaba Musa sp. 1122. Karots Daucus carota var. sativa 2123. Kasla, Tuba-tuba Jatropha curcas L. 7124. Kilala 1125. Kilob Gleichenia truncata 1126. Kogon Imperata cylindrica (L.) Beauv. 5127. Kolitis, kudyapa Amaranthus viridis L. 2128. Kukogbanog Elephantopus tomentosus L. 8129. Kumintang Catharanthus roseus (L.) Reichb. 3130. Kurawang, Alas kwatro Mirabilis jalapa 1131. Labana Annona muricata 1132. Labigan Acorus calamus L. 1133. Labnog Ficus septica var. septica 10134. Labulag Macaranga bicolor 1135. Laguloy 1136. Lagundi Vitex negundo L. 2137. Lakatan Paspalum conjugatum 1138. Lalambo, Tambok-tambok Unidentified sp. 2139. Lalano 1140. Lalawe 1141. Lalumaw 2142. Lambi 1143. Lansona 1144. Lansones Lansium domesticum 1145. Lanutan lahi 1146. Latepo Medinilla cumingii 2147. Lawog 1148. Lemonsito Citrus microcarpa Bunge 4149. Likway 1150. Lindog 1151. Lokos 2152. Luang 2153. Lubi Cocos nucifera 7154. Lubigan 1155. Luhod-luhod 1156. Lumbilan 2157. Lumboy Syzygium cumini 3158. Lusay 1159. Luy-a Zingiber officinale Rosc. 11160. Madre de cacao Cassia 2161. Mahogany Swietenia macrophylla 1162. Mais Zea maize 7163. Malabago Pometia pinnata 1164. Mamagos 1165. Mamangpang Begonia cumingii 1166. Mangga Mangifera indica 2167. Mangosteen Mangostana montana 3168. Mani Arachis hypogaea L. 1169. Manog, kamanyan Canarium hirsutum var. hirsutum 1170. Maragaya 4171. Marang Artocarpus odoratissimus 1172. Maribuhok Casuarina montana 2173. Marugo Iresine herbstii Hook. 2174. Mayana kuyanap 1175. Mayana pula Coleus blumei 9176. Mayana puti Coleus sp. 2




177. Monggos Vigna radiata 2178. Muti-muti Solanum nigrum L. 1179. Nangka Artocarpus heterophyllus Lamk. 10180. Narra Pterocarpus indicus 1181. Natumao 1182. Nescape Cassia tora 1183. Ngilo Elmerillia platyphylla 1184. Ngiyop Callicarpa erioclona 9185. Niyob 1186. Oway Calamus usitatus 2187. Pahauli 1188. Palad tiki 1189. Paling 1190. Paliya Momordica charantia L. 1191. Palo maria Calophyllum blancoi 2192. Pampalan 1193. Panyawan Tinospora rumphii Boerl. 3194. Patola Luffa acutangula 2195. Perioles Phaseolus lunatus 2196. Pikot-pikot 1197. Pine tree Dacrycarpus cumingii 1198. Pinya Ananas comosus (L.) Merr. 1199. Pisaw-pisaw Emilia sonchifolia 9200. Pisngi ni inday 1201. Progonium, covercrop 1202. Pulayo, Bagtikan 5203. Repolyo Brassica oleracea var. capitata 1204. Romlon Pandanus sp. 1205. Sabila Aloe barbadensis Mill. 2206. Sabinit Rubus sp. 3207. Saging Musa sapientum 5208. Saging bulungan Musa sp. 4209. Saging kadisnon Musa sp. 1210. Salapid 1211. Salimbagat 1212. Salisip Hydrangea chinensis 1213. Sanib, Bawing Ocimum basilicum L. 10214. Santo domingo 3215. Santol Sandoricum koetjape 3216. Sayote Sechium edule 2217. Sibukaw Caesalpinia sappan L. 4218. Sibuyas Allium fistulosum L. 3219. Sili Capsicum frutescens L. 4220. Sinda-sinda - grass 2221. Suha 1222. Tabako Nicotiana tabacum 8223. Tabalse 1224. Tagilayo 1225. Tagima Schefflera odorata 2226. Tagubahi Decaspermum sp. 1227. Talong Solanum melongena 1228. Tambis Syzygium 1229. Tambon-tambon Atuna racemosa 3230. Tamilok Gardenia longiflora 1231. Tangan-tangan Ricinus communis 1232. Tangkuluran 1233. Tanglad Cymbopogon citratus 9234. Tanguile Shorea polysperma 1235. Tiwase Costus speciosus 4

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236. Tubo Saccharum officinarum 2237. Tubo-tubo 1238. Tulay-tulay Bidens pilosa 6239. Tundan Musa sp. 3240. Tungaw-tungaw Melastoma malabathricum 1241. Ubod 1242. Ungkog 1243. Upo Lagenaria siceraria 1244. Uway Calamus usiatus 1245. Yahong-yahong Centella asiatica L. 1246. Unknown Cordyline fruticosa (L.) A. Cheval 1247. Unknown Hyptis capitata 1


Table 15. List of ailments in Mt. Malindang and herbal species used as cure.

Ailments Herbal plant species used to cure

1 Abscess on gums 22 Amoeba 93 Anemia 74 Anti-sterility 25 Arthritis 86 Asthma 27 Beri-beri 28 Insect bites 19 Boils 2610 Cholera 1511 Clogged nose 312 Contusion 213 Cough 3014 Diabetes 115 Dog bite 716 Dysmenorrhea 417 Eczema 218 Edema 1019 Eltor 620 Fever 5921 Flatulence 822 After childbirth 323 Goiter 624 Good eyesight 325 Hairloss 326 Headache 3427 Heart ailment 428 Hematemesis 429 Hepatitis 530 Hypertension 531 Indigestion 632 Internal fever 233 Influenza 234 Kidney trouble 1535 Late menstruation 236 LBM 2537 Leukemia 138 Measles 1239 Migraine 140 Miscarriage 141 Mouth sores 242 Mumps 1843 Muscle pains 144 Nosebleeding 245 Otitis media 6

Ailments Herbal plant species used to cure

46 Paleness 247 Poisoning 348 Pulmonia 249 Relapse 3350 Rheumatism 651 Colds 1252 Skin allergy 253 Skin diseases 454 Skin infection (Kaskaro,

Kurikong, Bun-I) 655 Skin itching (Dupang) 656 Skin sores (Ugahip) 457 Snakebite 458 Sore eyes 259 Sore throat 360 Sprains 1061 Stomachache/Gastric pains 3362 Tonsilitis 263 Toothache 164 Tuberculosis 265 Ulcer 1266 Waist pains 567 Whooping cough 168 Wounds 3669 Thirst 170 Anthelminthic 171 Tetanus 172 Typhoid fever 173 Hemorrhage 174 “Gangipunan” 975 “Kabuhi” 1776 “Dagaton” 177 “Luod” 178 “Nuka-nuka” 579 “Pasmo” 3880 “Sakit sa kuto-kuto” 2581 “Sinda” 781 “Sinda sa hangin” 582 “Utol” 383 “Bago” 184 “Tunok sa lansang” 685 “Impatsu” 186 “Lamon” 187 To increase mother’s milk 1

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Table 16. Plant species in Mt. Malindang considered as food plants.

Local name Scientific name F V S ER Total

1. Agutay Musa sp. / 12. Almasiga Agathis philippinensis / 13. Ananagon / 14. Anibong / 15. Aslom / 16. Bago Gnetum gnemon / 17. Balangas / 18. Balangog Saurauia involucrata / 19. Balite Ficus sp. / 110. Balobo / 111. Balugisan / 112. Batiles / 113. Dao Dracontomelon dao / 114. Dupol / 115. Passion fruit Passiflora edulis / 116. Gabi-gabi / 117. Ganlis / 118. Gantaw Cyathea contaminans / 119. Garang / 120. Gasa / 121. Gilon Bischofia javanica / / 122. Gulayan kaputos Lithocarpus mindanaensis / 123. Gurong / 124. Hagnaya / 125. Hantutungaw Melastoma malabathricum / 126. Harag / 127. Kalubi / 128. Kamagi / 129. Kamansiles Artocarpus sp. / 130. Kandiis / 131. Karot, Tuyabang Molinaria capitulata / 132. Karupay Pinanga philippinensis / 133. Katmon, lambug Dillenia philippinensis / 134. Katuron / 135. Kubong/Nami Dioscorea hispida / / 136. Kurirol Rubus rosaefolius / 137. Lalumaw / / 238. Latepo Medinilla cumingii / 139. Lokdo-lokdo Diplazium sp. / 140. Luyaw / 141. Malibatwan / 142. Malibagon / / 243. Mamampang Begonia cumingii / / 244. Mamata / 145. Mangga-mangga / 146. Mangganotong / 147. Manla / / 248. Mote Solanum nigrum / 149. Natu/Lukos-lukos / 150. Nito Lygodium circinatum / 151. Nupol / / 252. Pakit / 153. Pako-pako Diplazium esculentum / / 254. Palali / 155. Paling / 156. Palikan / 157. Pamasitan / 1



Local name Scientific name F V S ER Total

58. Pangi / 159. Petsay-petsay / 160. Pugahan Caryota rumphii / / 261. Pulayo / 162. Pusaw / / 263. Sabinit Rubus sp. / 164. Salawag / 165. Salimbago / 166. Salung-gisog / 167. Siryalis / 168. Suha / / 269. Tabige / 170. Talan / 171. Tambis-tambis / 172. Tambok-tambok/Lalambo / / 273. Tarbak Zingiber sp. / / 274. Timbangalan / 175. Tulay-tulay / 176. Ubas / 177. Ungkog / 178. Urong / 179. Uway Calamus usitatus / / 2

TOTAL 57 25 5 6

Legend:F - FruitV - VegetableS - SpiceER - Eaten raw

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Table 17. Economically-important species in Mt. Malindang as assessed by the community.

Local name Scientific name HC O H F OU IN Total 1. Abaka Musa textilis / / 22. African daisy Gerbera jamesonii / 13. Albotra Arcangelisia flava (L.) Merr. / 14. Alingatong Dendrocnide densiflora / 15. Almasiga, Cedar Agathis philippinensis / / 26. Anthurium Anthurium andraeanum / 17. Antuanga Hibiscus rosa-sinensis / 18. Apitong Dipterocarpus grandiflorus / 19. Bakhaw / 110. Balabaan / 111. Balingbing sa / 1 kagulangan12. Balitadhan Glochidion album / 113. Balite Ficus sp. / 114. Balungbong / / 215. Banban Donax cannaeformis / / 216. Baraas Freycinetia negrosensis / 117. Batang-batang / 118. Bayanti / 119. Binalati Calamus usitatus / / 220. Bintuko Euodia confusa / 121. Blas / 122. Bombil Bougainvillea spectabilis / 123. Bubingan / 124. Bugsakan wasay Aphanamixis perrottetiana / 125. Bulak sa kagulangan / 1 (Orchids)26. Buli Corypha utan / 127. Bulitik, White lauan Shorea contorta / 128. Bunot-bunot Talauma reticulata / / 229. Butterfly plant / 130. Dahlia Dahlia sp. / 131. Dapo-antigbay / 132. Dancing lady / 133. Danlugan / / 234. Daula / 135. Dingan Almaciga philippinensis / / 236. Duranta Duranta repens “Golden” / 137. Falcata Paraserianthes falcataria / 138. Gabi-gabi Colocasia bicolor / 139. Ganon / 140. Gantaw Cyathea contaminans / 141. Gasog-lemon-vine / 142. Gasuso / / 243. Gilon Bischofia javanica / / 244. Giyong / 145. Guban / 146. Gulayan Lithocarpus ovalis / / 247. Everlasting Helichrysum bracteatum / 148. Hagnaya / / 249. Hanagdong Trema orientalis / / 250. Handilika Kalanchoe pinnata / 151. Hindang / 152. Ikog sa iring, Lycopodium squarossum / 1 Tagawili53. Jakarta / 154. Kadena de amor / 155. Kalayaan / 156. Kalingag Cinnamomum mercadoi / 1



Local name Scientific name HC O H F OU IN Total

57. Kapa de leon / 158. Karupay Pinanga philippinensis / 159. Katigbe / 160. Katmon Dillenia philippinensis / 161. Kawayan Bambusa sp. / / 262. Kabkab Asplenium nidus / 163. Kogon Imperata cylindrica / 164. Kulasit Lithocarpus sulitii / 165. Labigan / 166. Labulag Macaranga bicolor / 167. Lagili Cayratia trifolia var. cinerea / 168. Lago-tulang Toona calantas / 169. Lagundi Elmerillia platyphylla / / 270. Laknap / 171. Latigo nga dalang / 172. Lawaan pula Shorea negrosensis / 173. Lawaan puti Shorea contorta / 174. Limbas-limbas Cyperus sp. / 175. Lipata / 176. Lipatong / 177. Lirio Hippeastrum puniceum / 178. Lubi Cocos nucifera / 179. Lokinai Dacrydium elatum / / 280. Lokos / 181. Magamatong Eusideroxylon zwageri / / 282. Magaringan Phylocladus hypophyllus / / / 383. Magsinolo / 184. Mahogany Swietenia mahogany / 185. Mais-mais / 186. Malabago Pometia pinnata / 187. Malakauayan Podocarpus philippinensis / 188. Mamangpang Begonia cumingii / 189. Maribuhok Casuarina montana / / / 390. Mayana Coleus blumei / 191. Million / 192. Nap-nap / 193. Nato / 194. Nito Lygodium circinatum / / 295. Nupol / 196. Pagaypay / 197. Paling / 198. Palo maria Calophyllum blancoi / 199. Pandan Pandanus multiflora / 1100. Pine tree Dacrycarpus cumingii / / 2101. Pitcher plant Nepenthes sp. / 1102. Pudlos Calamus ornatus / / 2103. Pulayo / / 2104. Romblon Pandanus sp. / 1105. Rosal Gardenia jasminoides / 1106. Rose Rosa grandiflora / 1107. Sabon-sabon Gordonia luzonica / 1108. Sagimsim Adinandra robinsonii / 1109. Saging-saging Alpinia sp. / 1110. Saksak / / 2111. Sakam Clethra lancifolia / 1112. Salindata Acer laurinum / 1113. Silangka Impatiens montalbanica / 1114. Subing diwata Podocarpus neriifolius / / 2115. Salumay Macaranga dipterocarpifolia / 1

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Local name Scientific name HC O H F OU IN Total

116. Tagawili / 1117. Tagat-nolang / 1118. Tagibokbok Maastixia premnoides / 1119. Tagilumboy Ternstroemia megacarpa / 1120. Tambabawod Neonauclea media / 1121. Tamuyan / 1122. Tanguile / 1123. Tatanak Ficus botryocarpa var. / 1

botryocarpa124. Tigbay-tigbay / 1125. Tikog Cyperus sp. / 1126. Trumpet Datura suaveolens Humb. / 1

Et Bonpl. 1127. Tubli Derris sp. / / 2128. Tugas nuai / / 2129. Tulan manok / 1130. Tupi-tupi / 1131. Tutungaw Melastoma malabathricum / 1132. Ulingon Decaspermum fruticosum / 1133. Waling-waling Vanda sanderiana / 1134. Yakal Shorea astylosa / 1

TOTAL 51 39 16 31 25 1

Legend:

HC - For Housing constructionO - OrnamentalF - FuelH - HandicraftOU - Other uses (Rope, Garden post, Mat-weaving)


Table 18. Plant species with sociocultural uses in Mt. Malindang.

Local name Scientific name BC BH BR P FI GB NB FP PR W F C B BD Total

1. Unknown Hyptis capitata / 12. Abihid, Salingkapaw / 13. Agingay / 14. Agusais / 15. Ahos Allium sativum / 16. Alingatong Dendrocnide densiflora / 17. Amahong / 18. Ananamsi Eurya acuminata / 19. Anonang / 110. Aslum / 111. Badyang Alocasia portei / 112. Bayante / 113. Bihod-bihod/salingkapaw / 114. Branch of any tree species / 115. Bunlay / 116. Burakan / 117. Buongon Citrus grandis / / 218. Busyong Ficus sp. / 119. Byasong / 120. Daat Scleria scrobiculata / 121. Dalamdam Habenaria sp. / 122. Dama Cestrum nocturnum / 123. Dawa / 124. Dahlia Dahlia sp. / 125. Hagimit / 126. Handilib-on, Gabon Blumea sp. / 127. Handilika Kalanchoe pinnata (Lamk.) / 1

Pers.28. Herbabuena Mentha arvensis L. / 129. Hibi-hibi Mimosa pudica / 130. Humay Oryza sativa / / 231. Internal parts of / 1 any flower32. Gabi Colocasia esculentum / 133. Kachubong Datura sp. / 134. Kamantigue Impatiens balsamina / / 235. Kamanyan Canarium hirsutum var. / 1

hirsutum36. Kamote Ipoemea batatas / 137. Kisol / 138. Kogon Imperata cylindrica / 139. Kubong Dioscorea hispida / 140. Labigan / 141. Labulag Macaranga bicolor / 142. Likway / 143. Limbas-limbas Cyperus sp. / 144. Lingo-lingo / 145. Lipayan / 146. Lubi Cocos nucifera / / 147. Luy-a Zingiber officinale / / / / 348. Mais Zea mays / 149. Manan-aw Phalenopsis sp. / / / 350. Mayana pula Coleus blumei / / 251. Mayana puti Coleus sp. / 152. Mote Solanum nigrum / 153. Nangka Artocarpus heterophylla / / 254. Panaktakan / 155. Pangandaw / 156. Panyawan Tinosphora rumphii / 157. Pipino Cucumis sativus / 158. Pusaw / / 259. Sabinit Rubus sp. / 160. Saging Musa sapientum / 161. Salimbangon/ Justicia gendarussa / / / 3 Handalusa62. Salumaya / / 263. Sambulawan Sambucus javanica / 1

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Local name Scientific name BC BH BR P FI GB NB FP PR W F C B BD Total

64. Sasayng / 165. Sidra / 166. Silangka Impatiens montalbanica / 167. Sipol / 168. Suha / / / 269. Suro-suro / 170. Tabako Nicotiana tabacum / / 171. Talid, Daat Scleria scrobiculata / 172. Talong-talong/Gabol Solanum torvum / 173. Tapalak / 174. Tiwasi Costus speciosus / 175. Tuba-tuba, Kasla Jatropha curcas / / / 276. Tubli Derris sp. / 177. Tubo Saccharum officinarum / 178. Tubo-tubo / 179. Tuyabang Molinaria capitulata / 1

TOTAL 1 2 18 1 3 9 3 19 26 10 1 3 1 1

Legend:C - Courtship, charm NB - New-born babyBC - Birth control FP - Farming practicesBH - Building a house PR - Pregnancy, ConceptionBR - Burial rite W - WeddingP - Protection F - FearFI - First infant’s bath B - BusinessGB - Giving birth BD - Birthday


Table 19. Species importance value (SIV) of trees within sampling quadrats in Mt. Ginanlajan,Brgy. Lake Duminagat.

Rank Species SIV

1 Polyosma philippinensis Merr. 22.92 Clethra lancifolia Turez 20.83 Adinandra robinsonii Elm. 15.14 Calophyllum lancifolium Elm. 9.065 Cyathea brevipes 8.976 Elmerillia platyphylla (Merr.) Noot 8.637 Rapanea avenis (Blm.) Mez. 8.398 Symplocos villarii Vid. 8.349 Sapium luzonicum (Vid.) Merr. 8.1410 Cinnamomum mercadoi Vidal 6.7111 Lithocarpus sulitii Soep. 5.8412 Lithocarpus mindanaensis (Elm.) Rend. 5.6913 Gordonia luzonica Vid. 5.6814 Macaranga dipterocarpifolia Merr. 5.0515 Ardisia sp. 5.0416 Evodia confusa Merr. 4.5717 Adinandra montana Merr. 3.9818 Flacourtia rukam Zoll. & Mor. 3.9819 Prunus grisae var. grisae (Blume) kalkm. 3.9620 Hydrangea chinensis Maxim. 3.9521 Elaeocarpus calomala (Blco.) Merr. 3.3622 Neonauclea media (Hawil) Merr. 3.3623 Syzygium hutchinsonii (Merr.) Merr. 3.3424 Pometia pinnata Forst. 1.6925 Chisocheton pentandrus ssp. Pentandrus (Blanco) Merr. 1.6826 Rhodomyrtus sp. 1.6827 Callicarpa eriocloma Schauer 1.6728 Calophyllum blancoi Pl. & Tr. 1.6729 Cinnamomum mindanaense Elmer 1.6730 Dracontomelon edule (Blco.) Skeels 1.6731 Eusideroxylon zwageri Teijsm. & Binn. 1.6732 Ficus binnendykii var. coriacea Corner 1.6733 Ficus nota (Blanco) Merr. 1.6734 Ficus septica var. septica Burm. F. 1.6735 Leea guineensis G. Don 1.6736 Lithocarpus philippinensis (A.DC.) Rend. 1.6737 Mastixia premnoides (Elm.) Hallier F. 1.6738 Parinari sp. 1.6739 Schefflera sp. 1.6740 Unidentified Patilo 1.6741 Unidentified Tubo 1.6742 Unidentified tulan manok 1.67

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Table 20. Species importance value (SIV) of trees within sampling quadrats in Palo 6, Brgy.Mansawan.

Rank Species SIV

1 Cyathea brevipes 78.732 Lithocarpus philippinensis (A.DC.) Rend. 36.433 Pometia pinnata Forst. 20.344 Macaranga dipterocarpifolia Merr. 18.015 Unidentified species (Babasa lahi) 16.286 Chisocheton pentandrus ssp. pentandrus (Blanco) Merr. 13.77 Ternstroemia megacarpa Merr. 9.458 Callicarpa eriocloma Sch. 8.629 Cinnamomum mercadoi Vidal 8.17510 Ficus sp. 6.70811 Sapium luzonicum (Vid.) Merr. 6.0712 Lithocarpus sulitii Soep. 5.77913 Syzygium simile (Merr.) Merr. 5.36714 Memecylon caeruleum Jack 5.1515 Clethra lancifolia Turez 4.96816 Unidentified Tulan manok 4.94217 Pometia pinnata forma repanda 4.82618 Unidentified species (Manga-manga) 4.11919 Astrocalyx calycina (Vidal) Merr. 4.03820 Ficus botryocarpa var. botryocarpa Miq. 4.03821 Dacrydium elatum (Roxb.) Wall. 2.83522 Agathis philippinensis Ward. 2.41923 Flacourtia rukam Zoll. & Mor. 2.24824 Adinandra montana Merr. 2.22425 Parinari corymbosa (Blume) Mig. 2.11726 Polyosma philippinensis Merr. 2.09927 Acer laurinum Hassk 2.08228 Unidentified species (Nangka-nangka) 2.08229 Eusideroxylon zwageri Teijsm. & Binn. 2.03730 Evodia confusa Merr. 2.03731 Dendrocnide densiflora (C.B.Rob) Chew 2.02532 Ficus septica var. septica Burm. F. 2.02533 Phyllocladus hypophyllus Hook. F. 2.02534 Saurauia sp. 2.02535 Calophyllum blancoi Pl. & Tr. 2.01336 Gordonia luzonica Vidal 2.013


Table 21. Number of species within subquadrats and subsubquadrats and their conservationstatus.

Conservation status Total number of speciesMt. Ginanlajan Palo 6 In 2 plots

Endangered (EN) 1 [1] 1 2Endemic (ECS) 54* 55* 71Depleted (D) 8 8 2Rare (R ) 5 (15) 11 (15) 11 (19)Economically Important Species (EIS) 102 103 171Socioculturally Important Species (SIS) 9 3 10

* 100% inventory of trees( ) Local assessment[ ] Outside sampling plots

Table 22. Inventory of tree species and endemism in 1-ha plot in Malindang Range.

Locality SpeciesIdentified Unidentified Total Endemic (%) Individuals

Mt. Ginanlajan 62 5 67 40 (60%) 961Palo 6 59 4 63 38 (60%) 1000

Table 24. Species richness and endemic species within subquadrats and sub subquadrats inMalindang Range.

Habit Species Endemic (%)Mt. Ginanlajan Palo 6 Mt. Ginanlajan Palo 6

Trees 79 68 28 (35%) 33 (49%)Shrubs 15 20 5 (33%) 7 (35%)Herbs 20 18 4 (20%) 4 (22%)Vine 18 9 2 (11%) 4 (44%)

Total 132 112 39 (30%) 48 (42%)

Table 23. Species richness and endemic species within subquadrats and subsubquadratsin Malindang Range.

Plant Groups Species Endemic (%)Mt. Ginanlajan Palo 6 Mt. Ginanlajan Palo 6

Angiosperms 132 115 39 (30%) 48 (42%)Gymnosperms 3 3 2 (67%) 2 (67%)Pteridophytes 23 47 1 (4%) 7 (15%)Bryophytes 10 47Lichen 2 4Fungi 0

TOTAL 205 216 42 57

90 Technical Report

Table 25. List of endemic species within subquadrats and subsubquadrats in MalindangRange.

Family/Species Distribution Palo 6 Mt.Ginanlajan

A. TREESI. Anacardiaceae1. Dracontomelon edule Luzon (Bataan, Rizal, Bulacan, Batangas,

Laguna, Tayabas, Camarines, Sorsogon),Tablas, Samar, Mindanao (Cotabato) / /

II. Araliaceae2. Aralia bipinnata Luzon (Bontoc, Benguet, Nueva Ecija, Bataan,

Tayabas, Albay) Leyte, Negros /

III. Bignoniaceae3. Radermachera whitfordii Mindanao (Bukidnon, Davao, Cotabato, Lanao,

Zamboanga) /

IV. Clethraceae4. Clethra lancifolia Luzon (Cagayan to Sorsogon), Mindoro, Leyte,

Negros, Mindanao (Bukidnon, Lanao) / /

V. Clusiaceae5. Calophyllum blancoi Luzon (Cagayan to Sorsogon), Ambil, Palawan,

Masbate, Leyte, Panay, Mindanao (Surigao,Lanao, Zamboanga) / /

VI. Cornaceae6. Maxtixia premnoides Mindanao (Davao, Bukidnon, Lanao) / /

VII. Elaeocarpaceae7. Elaeocarpus calomala Luzon (Isabela, Rizal, Bataan, Laguna, Tayabas,

Albay), Mindoro / /

VIII. Euphorbiaceae8. Glochidion album Luzon (Cagayan to Sorsogon), Mindoro, Panay,

Leyte, Samar, Siargao, Dinagat, Mindanao / /9. Glochidion canescens Luzon (Laguna) /10. Sapium luzonicum Luzon (Ilocos Sur, Bulacan, Rizal, Bataan, Laguna),

Mindoro, Palawan, Ticao, Bucas Grande,Mindanao (Davao) / /

IX. Lauraceae11. Lithocarpus mindanaensis Leyte, Mindanao (Lanao, Zamboanga, Davao,

Misamis) / /12. Lithocarpus ovalis Luzon (Cagayan to Camarines) / /13. Lithocarpus philippinensis Luzon (Zambales, Tayabas, Laguna, Rizal) /14. Cinnamomum mercadoi Babuyan Islands, Northern Luzon to Mindanao / /15. Cinnamomum mindanaense Mindanao (Surigao, Davao, Zamboanga) / /16. Neolitsea vidalii Luzon (Cagayan, Bataan, Rizal, Laguna, Tayabas,

Camarines, Sorsogon), Mindoro, Guimaras,Mindanao, Basilan / /

X. Magnoliaceae17. Elmerillia platyphylla Leyte, Agusan, Lanao, Zamboanga / /18. Talauma reticulata Dinagat / /




XI. Melastomataceae19. Astrocalyx calycina Luzon (Laguna, Tayabas, Sorsogon), Catanduanes,

Leyte /20. Astronia cumingiana Luzon (Cagayan to Sorsogon, all or most provinces),

Mindoro, Leyte, Mindanao, Basilan / /21. Everettia pulcherrima Catanduanes, Leyte, Negros, Mindanao

(Misamis, Bukidnon, Davao) / /

XII. Meliaceae22. Chisocheton pentandrum Babuyan Islands, Luzon (Cagayan to Albay),

Mindoro, Masbate, Leyte, Samar, Negros, Panay,Mindanao /

23. Toona calantas Batan Islands, Luzon (Cagayan to Sorsogon),Mindoro, Samar, Negros, Leyte, Cebu, Mindanao /

XIII. Moraceae24. Ficus irisana Luzon (Benguet, Nueva Ecija, Rizal, Laguna,

Camarines), Panay, Camiguin de Misamis / /25. Ficus nota Batan Islands, Luzon (Cagayan to Sorsogon),

Polillo, Mindoro, Culion, Palawan, Balabac, Samar,Biliran, Leyte, Panay / /

26. Ficus septica Samar, Mindanao (Bukidnon) / /27. Ficus cardinalicarpa Palawan /

XIV. Myrtaceae28. Syzygium simile Luzon, Mindoro, Masbate, Negros, Mindanao /29. Syzygium huchinsonii Basilan /

XV. Palmae30. Pinanga philippinensis Babuyan Islands, Luzon (Cagayan, Ilocos Norte,

Ifugao, Bontoc, Benguet, Pangasinan, Nueva Vizcaya,Bulacan, Rizal, Bataan, Zambales, Laguna, Tayabas,Sorsogon), Mindoro, Leyte, Negros, Panay /

XVI. Rosaceae31. Prunus grisae Sorsogon, Negros, Bohol, Leyte, Mindanao / /

XVII. Rubiaceae32. Wendlandia williamsii Mindanao (Zamboanga) /33. Gardenia longiflora Luzon (Cagayan, Isabela, Rizal, Laguna, Tayabas,

Camarines, Sorsogon), Busuanga, Palawan, Samar,Sibuyan, Mindanao (Zamboanga) /

34. Neonauclea media Luzon (Cagayan, Amburayan, Bataan, Rizal, Laguna,Tayabas, Batangas), Mindoro, Panay, Mindanao

XVIII. Rutaceae35. Melicope monophylla Panay, Mindanao (Bukidnon, Butuan, Cotabato,

Lanao, Davao, Zamboanga) /

XIX. Saurauiaceae36. Saurauia elegans Luzon (Ilocos Norte, Bontoc, Lepanto, Benguet,

Nueva Viscaya, Nueva Ecija, Tayabas, Bataan,Camarines, Albay), Mindoro, Palawan /

37. Saurauia fasciculiflora Mindanao (Surigao) / /38. Saurauia glabrifolia Mindanao (Davao) / /39. Saurauia involucrata Luzon (Cagayan to Sorsogon), Polillo /40. Saurauia latibractea Mindoro, Cebu /

92 Technical Report



XX. Saxifragaceae41. Polyosma philippinensis Luzon (Benguet, Zambales, Tayabas, Bataan, / /

Laguna, Camarines, Sorsogon), Mindoro

XXI. Symplocaceae42. Symplocos villarii Luzon (Cagayan, Zambales, Bataan, Rizal,

Laguna, Tayabas, Sorsogon), Mindoro, Samar,Mindanao (Davao) /

XXII. Theaceae43. Adinandra montana Luzon (Ilocos Norte, Benguet, Nueva Ecija,

Tayabas, Camarines), Mindoro, Panay, Mindanao(Bukidnon, Misamis, Davao) /

44. Gordonia luzonica Luzon (Benguet, Bataan, Zambales, Laguna,Sorsogon), Negros, Panay, Mindanao (Lanao,Bukidnon, Surigao / /

45. Ternstroemia megacarpa Mindanao (Lanao, Bukidnon) /46. Pyrenaria mindanaensis Mindanao (Lanao, Bukidnon) / /

XXIII. Urticaceae47. Dendrocnide densiflora Mindoro, Camiguin de Misamis, Zamboanga / /

TOTAL 34 41

B. SHRUBI. Araliaceae1. Schefflera odorata Batan Islands and northern Luzon to Palawan

and Mindanao / /

II. Ericaceae2. Vaccinium jagori Luzon (Isabela, Abra, Lepanto, Bontoc, Benguet,

Zambales, Bataan, Rizal, Tayabas) /

III. Gesneriaceae3. Cyrtandra cumingii Batan Islands, Luzon (Cagayan, Benguet, Rizal,

Laguna, Tayabas, Camarines, Mindoro, Panay,Mindanao (Bukidnon) / /

4. Cyrtandra parvifolia Luzon (Ifugao, Benguet), Mindoro, Panay, Negros,Mindanao (Agusan, Bukidnon, Misamis) /

5. Cyrtandra umbellifera Batan Islands / /

IV. Melastomataceae6. Medinilla clementis Luzon (Apayao, Ifugao, Benguet, Laguna,

Tayabas, Camarines), Mindoro, Catanduanes,Camiguin de Misamis, Mindanao / /

V. Saxifragaceae7. Dichroa philipinnensis Luzon, Mindoro, Catanduanes, Camiguin de

Misamis, Mindanao / /

TOTAL 7 5




C. HERBSI. Compositae1. Blumea bicolor Panay, Camiguin de Misamis, Mindanao

(Zamboanga) /

II. Balsaminaceae2. Impatiens montalbanica Luzon (Rizal) / /

III. Begoniaceae3. Begonia copelandii Luzon (Cagayan), Panay, Mindanao (Davao) / /

4. Begonia cumingii Luzon (Laguna, Tayabas), Mt. Banahaw,Mt. Makiling /

IV. Urticaceae5. Elatostema pulchellum Luzon (Tayabas, Laguna), Mindanao

TOTAL 4 3

D. VINESI. Asclepiadaceae1. Dischidia lancifolia Luzon (Sorsogon), Catanduanes, Mindanao

(Bukidnon) /

II. Gesneriaceae2. Dichrotricum chorisepalum Luzon (Cagayan, Laguna, Tayabas, Sorsogon), C.B. Clarke Mindoro, Biliran, Leyte, Panay, Negros, Camiguin

de Misamis, Mindanao (Lanao, Agusan, Misamis,Zamboanga) / /

III. Pandanaceae3. Freycinetia negrosensis Luzon (Laguna, Sorsogon), Leyte, Negros,

Mindanao (Agusan) / /

IV. Rubiaceae4. Psychotria diffusa Merr. Luzon (Bontoc, Lepanto, Benguet, Bataan,

Rizal, Laguna, Tayabas, Albay, Sorsogon),Mindoro, Leyte, Negros, Mindanao (Bukidnon) / /

TOTAL 3 4

94 Technical Report

Table 26. List of socioculturally important species.

Family/Species Local name Sociocultural use

I. Balsaminaceae1. Balsamina montalbanica Silangka Child delivery

II. Cyperaceae2. Scleria scrobiculata Limbas-limbas Burial rite

III. Euphorbiaceae3. Glochidion canescens Tulog-tulog “Anting-anting”4. Macaranga bicolor Labulag Conception

IV. Moraceae5. Ficus nota Busyong Farming practices

V. Orchidaceae6. Goodyera sp. Dalamdam Personal Charm, Courtship

VI. Rosaceae7. Rubus sp. Sampinit Fishing

VII. Rubiaceae8. Gardenia longiflora Tamilok Hunting

VIII. Solanaceae9. Solanum sp. Gabol Burial rite

IX. Unidentified10. Xylaria hypoxylon Oten-oten sa unggoy Pregnancy

Table 27. Tree species recommended by the Subanens for reforestation.

No. Species Official name

1 Agathis philippinensis Almaciga2 Calophyllum blancoi Pl. & Tr. Bitanghol3 Chisocheton pentandrus var. pentandrus (Blanco) Merr. Katong matsing4 Cinnamomum mercadoi Vidal Kalingag5 Dacrydium elatum (Roxb.) Wall Lokinai6 Dracontomelon edule (Blanco) Skeels Lamio7 Elmerilla platyphylla (Merr.) Noot Hangilo8 Ficus botryocarpa var. botryocarpa Mig. Basikong9 Flacourtia rukam Zoll & Morr Bitongol10 Lithocarpus philippinensis (A. DC) Rend. Pangnan bundok11 Mastixia premnoides (Elm.) Hallier f. Mindanao apanit12 Parinaria corymbosa (Blumea) Mig Liusin13 Phyllocladus hypophyllus Hook f. Dalung14 Pometia pinnata Forst. Malugai15 Sapium luzonicum (Vid.) Merr. Balakat gubat

Project Leader: Jose B. Arances Study Leader: Victor B. Amoroso Research Collaborators: William Sm. Gruezo, Colin Ridsdale, Leontine Visser, Benito C. Tan Research Staff: Lilibeth V. Rufila, Jennifer B. Galvezo, Guiller S. Opiso Subanen Researchers: Rufino Comilap, Carlos Lumaray, Carmilo Comilap, Noli Pacut, Benigno Montimar, Sulficio Sacal Editing/Layout: Elizabeth M. Libas Production Assistant: Carina S. Fule

Biodiversity Research Programme (BRP) for Development in Mindanao:

Focus on Mt. Malindang and Environs

National Support Secretariat (NSS) SEAMEO SEARCA, College, Laguna

4031 Philippines

Site Coordinating Office (SCO) Don Anselmo Bernad Avenue

cor. Jose Abad Santos St. Ozamiz City

7200 Philippines

ISBN 971-560-105-7

development of a participatory methodology for … species, 71 endemic species, 11 rare and 171...

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