development in modern genetics

8/18/2019 Development in Modern Genetics

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Development in moderngenetics

TOPIC 8.4


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Objectives• Discuss how the outcomes of the Hum n !enome Project re

being used in the development of new drugs nd the soci l"mor l nd ethic l issues this r ises.

• Describe how drugs c n be produced using genetic ll#modi$ed org nisms %pl nts nd nim ls nd micro org nisms&.

• Discuss the ris's nd bene$ts ssoci ted with the use of

genetic ll# modi$ed org nisms.


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Hum n !enome Project•

( genome is ll of the D)( %or genes& of n org nism.• The Hum n !enome Project w s multin tion l project

th t determined the b se se*uence of the hum ngenome.


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Development of +t rgeted drugs,•

-ith the dv nces m de b# nd from the H!P nd thescience of proteomics" new disciplines within the $eld ofpplied genetics h ve developed. These include

1. bioinformatics / b sed upon the use of computers tostore nd n l#se the huge mount of d t th t is

gener ted s the se*uence of b ses in di0erentgenomes is discovered

2. pharmacogenomics / n l#sis of the responses oforg nisms to drugs" b sed on their genetic m 'e1up


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RNA interference (antisense technology – RNAi), andthe suppression of cardiovascular restenosis

•

In antisense technology " tin# 2)( molecules reproduced th t re complement r# to p rt of the b sese*uence of messenger 2)( %m2)(& cop# of p rticul r t rget gene.

• Thus the 2)(i" once in position on the m2)(" will bloc'

production of the protein the m2)( codes for.• This would otherwise h ve occurred in ribosomes. In

this w #" dise se gene c n indirectl# be +silenced," fore3 mple.


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• One successful tri lh s involved n

ntisense drug / speci$c length of 2)(ith t wor's b# bloc'ingthe ction of the generesponsible for the

prolifer tion events inthe endotheliumthere.

• Tri ls of this +drug,h ve proved

successful.


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elective attac! on cancer cells•

In the se rch for new drugs th t will t rget oncogenes withthe mut ted K 1Ras gene" rese rch te ms use p ired cecolonies %'nown s cell lines& th t di0er in onl# singlemut ted gene / the K 1Ras gene.

• sing the cell colonies" thous nds of drug compounds h ve

been screened.• 5o f r" four compounds h ve been identi$ed th t distinguish

mut nt cells from norm l" he lth# cells.• One of these compounds inhibits the growth of tumours in

mice" so it is the subject of further" thorough investig tions.


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"thical issues•

-ho owns the inform tion6 5ome groups h ve pplied for p tentson genetic se*uences so th t the# h ve ownership" or h ve to bep id for n# tre tment developed using the 'nowledge of th tse*uence.

• -ho is entitled to 'now the inform tion bout #our genome if it isse*uenced7 5hould insur nce comp nies h ve ccess to theinform tion6

• -ill genetic screening le d to eugenics %the genetic selection ofhum ns& nd designer b bies6

• -ho will p # for the development of the new ther pies nd drugs7n# possible highl# speci lised tre tments m # be ver#

e3pensive nd will onl# be suit ble for few people.


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#he production of drugs using genetically modi$edorganisms


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•

Tod # new t#pe of genetic modi$c tion is lso in use"'nown s genetic engineering .• !enes from one org nism re tr nsferred to the set of

genes %the genome& of nother unrel ted org nism. Theprocess is lso 'nown s recombinant %NA

technology .


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#he steps involved in geneticengineering of E. coli for insul

production.


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sing tr nsformed nim ls


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sing tr nsformed pl nts


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9nvironment l nd ethic l issues ofgenetic engineering

development in modern genetics

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