development and refinement of biomedical labs: magnetic … · 2010-09-28 · research base --...
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Supported by the National Science Foundation DUE 04-26754
Development and Refinement of Biomedical Labs: Magnetic
Resonance Imaging and CT Scans
Sytil Murphy, Dean Zollman, & Dyan McBride
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Outline
• Overview of MMMM project
• MRI activity
• CT activity
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Modern Miracle Medical Machines
• NSF sponsored program
• Project to develop learning activities based on medical applications
• Activities typically incorporate both a hands-on activity and a computer-based visualization
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Modern Miracle Medical Machines
• Wavefront Aberrometry
• Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
• X-rays and Computed Tomography (CT) Scans
• Alexander Graham Bell’s Experiment
4http://web.phys.ksu.edu/mmmm
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Outline
• Overview of MMMM project
• MRI activity
• CT activity
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Approach
• Develop a hands-on activity
• Locate supporting visualizations
• First draft of worksheet
– Use knowledge of research base
– Use experience
– Have other experienced researchers/teachers read through materials
• Testing and refinement
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Hands-On Activity
• Compass => Atoms• Electromagnetic Field => Electromagnetic Wave• Field from Magnet/Earth => Fields from Magnets
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Visualization
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http://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/mri
NMR MRI
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What’s Needed…
• In order to understand the hands-on activity and the visualization, students must:
– Understand magnetism and electromagnetism
• Field due to a bar magnet
• Field due to a wire
• Effect of a magnetic field on compass orientation
– Understand resonance
• Dependence of frequency on physical parameters of the oscillator, external field and initial amplitude
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Activity Outline
1. Magnetism Basics
2. Electromagnetism
3. MRI Magnets
4. Resonance
5. NMR
6. MRI
7. Summary
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Research Base -- Magnetism
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• D. P. Maloney, Phys. Educ. 20, 310–316 (1985).
– Magnetic poles are “charged”
• A. B. Arons, A Guide to Introductory Physics Teaching, (John Wiley and Sons, 1990)
– Advice on how to teach Oersted’s experiment
• L. C. McDermott et al., Tutorials in Introductory Physics, (Prentice Hall, 1998)
– Research-based curriculum for teaching the basics of magnetism
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Experience Base -- Resonance
• Students don’t know what it means to be resonant
– Have them work through what it means to be resonant
• Students have not experienced the novel resonant system in our hands-on activity
– Have them start with a (more) familiar system –the pendulum
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Experience Base -- Resonance
• Students think that a pendulum’s frequency depends on mass, amplitude, and length
– Have them measure for mass and length.
– Add an anchor point.
• Students tend to miss the frequency dependence on gravity
– ?????
• Now address the novel resonant system
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To This Point…
• First draft written
• Discussed and worked with during a seminar
• V3: tested with graduate students– All the materials
• V4: tested with undergraduate students – As far as possible in 1-hour (typically to
resonance)
• V5: tested with REU students– All the materials
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Change #1
• Switched from a quantitative to a qualitative measurement of compass oscillation frequency– Hard to measure accurately
– Easy to compare the motion of two compasses
– Focus on the measurement distracted from what was actually happening
• Modification: added “by eye” to the instructions
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Change #2
• Found that students were not noticing how the block arrows in the visualization were changing when the strength of the magnetic field was adjusted.
• Modification: moved a question on this to an earlier point in the activity
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Change #3
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V5
V6
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Change #3
19V6
Added Portion• Anchor – reminds students of something
they already learned in the activity
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Change #3
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V5
Removed Portion• Multiple “measurements” within the
visualization• Time consuming
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Change #3
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V5
Removed Portion• Focus on making only area with the
tumor resonate• Students could see the tumor
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Change #3
22V6
Added Portion• Tumor is now hidden• Students describe the process• Students look for tumor on own first• Describe process for finding the tumor
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Change #3
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V5
Original Final Thought• “In your own words, explain what you
have learned about MRI and how theimage is formed”
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Change #3
26V6
Reworded Final Thought• “In your own words, explain how a
doctor can determine the location of atumor within a person’s body usingmagnetic resonance imagingtechniques?”
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V6 Classroom Implementation
• At Mercyhurst College
• Spring 2010
• 22 students in 8 self-selected groups
• Submitted to PERC.
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V6 Classroom Implementation
• Students had difficulty identifying the factors influencing the period of a pendulum
• Students had difficulty measuring the compass’s oscillation frequency
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In the Next Draft…
• Modify the worksheet to …
– Further assist with the understanding of frequency.
– Help see the link between the hands-on activity and the visualization.
• Modifications will include:
– Additional scaffolding.
– Rewording/rephrasing of questions.
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Outline
• Overview of MMMM project
• MRI activity
• CT activity
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Current Status
• Research base in the form of a PhD dissertation
• Visualization written
• New hands-on activity has been developed
• Need to write and test the worksheets combining these elements.
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Visualization
32Program written by Monica Ring Muthsam, 1999
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The Original Activity
• Legos and detector are expensive• Measurements were dependent on relative
positions of laser, Lego, and detector– Time of manufacture of Legos determines optical
properties
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Pictures from Kalita (2008)
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The New Activity
• Laser => X-ray source• Solar cell => X-ray detector• Filter => Tumor
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This hands-on activity is on display at the apparatuscompetition in the Grand Parlor B/C at the Hilton.
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The New Activity
This hands-on activity is on display at the apparatuscompetition in the Grand Parlor B/C at the Hilton.
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Final Thoughts
• Overview of development/refinement process of two activities
– Begin with hands-on activity
– Use of experience and research as basis of activity
– Further testing to refine
• Knowledge and experience are not enough!
– Always room for improvement!
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Acknowledgements
• MRI: B. N. Meera and Josh Gross
• CT: Spartak Kalita and Brandon Sargent
• Members of KSUPER
• Munich PER group
• National Science Foundation
• http://web.phys.ksu.edu/mmmm/
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