Development and psychometric evaluation of the Social Exclusion Assessment Scale for the women

with divorce in Iran (SEAS-DW)An exploratory mixed method

Prof. Mohammad Hossein Taghdisi Dr.Merghati khoei

Dr. Mahnaz Solhi Dr.Sahranaz Nedjat

Prof.Davood Shojaei zadeh

Prof.Ann Taket

Why Divorce !From statistic Currently, Iran is in high rank in terms of divorce. In 2013, one out of every five marriages in Iran and one out of 3 in Tehran ended in divorce .(Iran Census Bureau 2012).

From conceptAlthough there are identical definitions for divorce in literal and legal terms, the emergence and understanding of this phenomenon differs in the cultural context of each society, due to its complex nature (Janmardy 2011).

Why divorcee woman!

The number of divorced women in Iran was 4.1% and twice as much as men among the population in over ten year (the latest census in 2011) .

Why social exclusion!

Social exclusion is one of the social factors affecting health, which affects achieving equal life opportunities (Smith 2000).

Why social exclusion & Divorce!

Among the social factors, White (2001) considers separation of parents as one of the processes leading to social exclusion and also refers to loss of equal opportunities, social stigma ,discrimination, unemployment , marginalization, and loneliness as the outcomes of depriving processes (Marmot and Wilkinson 2005).

What we aimed to !

The present study was aimed to develop and examine the psychometric items of a scale in order to assess social exclusion Questionnaire for divorced women.

How we done! Designing for an exploratory mixed method

In the first one, qualitative methods.

In the second phase, psychometric properties.

Core Them Sub them

   

Social Acceptance

  

Unreliability

SupportBeing divorced

Social discriminationSelf –efficacy

Social attitude Social contextLegal dysfunction

Depravation /isolation Health jeopardizedExclusion

Alienation

 Social identity threatSexual identity threat

 Suspension

 

Religious behaviorSeclude

The theory we explored from our participation stories.

Any understanding ,interpretation and acceptance among Iranian woman is depended on her marital statues .

The resultsWhat we received!

At the end of the first phase, an item pool containing 47 statements related to social exclusion was generated.

In the second phase, item reduction was applied to product the final version of the questionnaire containing 28 items. The results of psychometric assessment showed that the instrument has a good structure, and reliably.

The results of the exploratory factor analysis indicated a 5 factor solution for the instrument that jointly accounted for the 64% of the variance observed. The Cronbach ’s alpha coefficient for the instrument was found to be 0.70.

Exploratory factor analysis of the SEAS-DW *Domains Items Item

Nomber Factor 1

Factor 2

Factor 3

Factor 4

Factor

5

ICC Cronbach ’s alpha coefficient

Discriminative marital status

In public opinion, a divorcee is trouble for her neighbors.

6 .794 .257 .056 .074 .072 0.99 0.899

To fulfill her future expenditures (rent, children’s education & marriage) a divorcee is in need of financial support.

11 .860 .032 .148 .067 -.027 0.98

Divorced women are not given equal employment opportunities.

12 .837 .150 .126 .063 -.158 1.00

Being insured is a kind of social support for divorcees.

13 .900 .177 .118 .108 .002 0.98

Our society does not support divorcees. 14 .587 .221 .089 .163 .017 0.99

When it comes to a divorcee, social justice is not adhered to.

15 .853 .002 .067 .134 .009 0.95

A divorcee does not enjoy her family’s financial support.

18 .576 .361 .066 .214 .250 0.99

Cancellation of a rental agreement is considered a sort of social exclusion for a divorcee.

20 .326 .145 .035 .427 .001 1.00

Economic dependence on marital status

Divorcees are abused at their workplaces. 1 .002 .570 .045 .367 .483 1.00 0.792

The society eyes divorcees in a disagreeable manner.

4 .214 .759 .079 .281 .170 1.00

Divorce carries stigma. 5 .109 .535 .171 .041 .136 1.00

A divorcee feels like a burden. 7 .537 .410 .031 .218 .164 0.99

Divorced women are not treated the 8 .096 .700 .154 .188 .202 1.00

Domains Items

Discriminative marital status

In public opinion, a divorcee is trouble for her neighbors. To fulfill her future expenditures (rent, children’s education & marriage) a divorcee is in need of financial support. Divorced women are not given equal employment opportunities. Being insured is a kind of social support for divorcees. Our society does not support divorcees. When it comes to a divorcee, social justice is not adhered to. A divorcee does not enjoy her family’s financial support. Cancellation of a rental agreement is considered a sort of social exclusion for a divorcee.

Economic dependence on marital status

Divorcees are abused at their workplaces. The society eyes divorcees in a disagreeable manner. Divorce carries stigma. A divorcee feels like a burden. Divorced women are not treated the same as married women at the workplace. Being a divorcee is a barrier to equal employment opportunities. Unemployment and financial difficulties are amongst the most significant problems divorcees face.

Exclusionary marital status

A divorcee is rejected by her family. A divorcee is deprecated by her family and children A woman’s divorced status is problematic for her child’s marriage. A divorcee is more prone to risky behavior such as addiction and prostitution. A divorcee’s financial needs force her to give in to open sexual relationships and/or to sell her body organs. A divorcee is forced to do difficult and low-paying jobs to fulfill her financial needs. A divorcee has a lower social rank, hence earning less income.

Traumatic marital status health risks

Our society does not welcome divorcees. Our society does not understand divorcees. Divorce is not an accepted phenomenon among families. Friends, family and relatives avoid a divorcee.

Frightening marital status

Married women avoid divorced women. A divorcee avoids those surrounding her.

Fisher Divorce Adjustment Scale questionnaire (FDAS).The Co-Parenting Behavior Questionnaire (CBQ).The Discrimination and Stigma Scale (DISC)

• Our Limitation

In qualitative phase : In Iran divorce is conceptualized in a culturally sensitive context. in qualitative phase : we have not tested convergent or known -groups validity and that the majority of the participants were in low socio- economic status (80%) .

To Sum UP!

Assessment of social exclusion might help to improve women’s social health. It is vital to address the quality of divorced women’s lives.It is necessary to incorporate into health women-centered programs and to provide divorcees

SEAS-DW