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6/26/2014 1 Development and Current Situation of Brachytherapy in Mainland China Fuquan Zhang Director of Radiotherapy Department PUMC Hospital Beijing, China Overview History Current situation PUMC hospital experience PUMC hospital experience

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Page 1: Development and Current Situation of Brachytherapy in ... · Total 93 patients,during 2013.4 ‐2013.8 were involved in the study CT scan was performed for all patients in the first

6/26/2014

1

Development and Current Situation of Brachytherapy in Mainland China

Fuquan Zhang

Director of Radiotherapy DepartmentPUMC HospitalBeijing, China

Overview

• Historyy

• Current situation

• PUMC hospital experience• PUMC hospital experience

Page 2: Development and Current Situation of Brachytherapy in ... · Total 93 patients,during 2013.4 ‐2013.8 were involved in the study CT scan was performed for all patients in the first

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History• In 1923, PUMC  started to use Radium source to treat cervix cancer and other cancerto treat cervix cancer and other cancer

PUMCH is the most famous general hospitalgeneral hospital in ChinaFounded in 1921

History

In 1960’s,  Beijing system was developed for cervix cancer treatment in RITAN hospital in Beijing by  Dr p j g yWu Huanxing .

In 1980’s, start to use remote afterloading system, mainly use Cs‐137 and Co‐60 sources

In 1989, first Nucletron microSelctron afterloader was installed in Beijing

Page 3: Development and Current Situation of Brachytherapy in ... · Total 93 patients,during 2013.4 ‐2013.8 were involved in the study CT scan was performed for all patients in the first

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Development of BT in China

Since 1990’s, HDR brachytherapy started t b id l dto be widely used. 

Treatment expanded from gynecological cancer to whole body sites. 

Local control rate was improved but a lot of complications were introduced 

Development of BT in China

From 2000’s with the development of 3DCRTFrom 2000 s, with the development of 3DCRT and IMRT,  the clinical application of BT  other than cervix cancer decreased significantly. 

Some centers even wanted to use IMRT orSome centers  even wanted to use IMRT or SRBT to replace brachytherapy, but failure treatments are often 

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Current situation

With more than 10 years experience, more and more hospitals realize that brachytherapy is irreplaceable in cancer treatment especially for cervix cancer. 

There are more than 300 afterloaders in Mainland China now. 

17%3%

1%

79%

Elekta

Varian

Bebig

Local

HDR application mainly on Cervix Cancer

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

83%

patients treated

 with HDR 

Other types of Cancer

ENT and Head & Neck Cancer

Lung & other resp. Cancer

Esophageal Cancer

Skin Cancer

Colorectal Cancer

Breast Cancer

Prostate Cancer

0%

10%

20%

China

% of p

GYN

Source:  Market study report of Nucletron

Page 5: Development and Current Situation of Brachytherapy in ... · Total 93 patients,during 2013.4 ‐2013.8 were involved in the study CT scan was performed for all patients in the first

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Cancer incidence rate in China

43Breast

Cancer incidence rate in female • Cervical cancer is 2nd commonly

10

13

14

15

23

26

36

43

Thyroid

Cervix

Esophagus

Liver

Stomach

Colorectal

Lung

Breast 2nd commonly cancer in female

• ~ 100,000 –150,000 new patients per year

8

9

10

0 10 20 30 40

Ovary

Endom.

Thyroid

Incident rate per 105 females

• ~ 30,000 died per year

China Cancer Registration Annual report 2012 

Treatment protocol

Mainly by Ir‐192 HDR afterloader

2D treatment based on ICRU 38 report

Some hospitals start to use CT/MR based 3D technique

Sichuan Cancer HospitalHDR combined with IMRT

Xijing HospitalCT based, treated more than 100 patients already

PUMC Hospital

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Brachytherapy in PUMC hospital

Mainly on cervix cancer

Other tumor: endometrium ca, lung ca 

Cervical ca:700‐800 patients per year

8‐10 patients are treated in brachytherapy per day

Most patients are treated based on ICRU 38 report

60 patients have been treated with CT/MR based 3D technique

Our department

Treat 3000 patients nearly  per year

microSelectron HDR Varian Trilogy Tomotherapy

Philips CT‐sim Ct‐onrail 2300c/d

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Clinical outcome

2006‐2012, 108 patients with IIIB cervical cancer were treated in our departmentcancer were treated in our department

Median follow up is 35.8 months

3 and 5 years overall survival rate is 65.8% 

d 61 5% ti land 61.5%  respectively

3 and 5 years disease‐free survival rate is 58.3% and 51.1% respectively

Clinical outcome

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Clinical outcome

CT based 2D brachytherapy approach

Due to large patient load, 8‐10 patients per d d li i i f d li iday and limitation of MRI and 3D application

We are trying CT based 2D treatment• Perform CT scan after applicator placement• Treatment plan is based on Point A prescriptionTreatment plan is based on Point A prescription• Graphical/Manual optimization• CT is mainly used to verify the position of 

applicators

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The prospective study

All patients of cervical cancer treated by Fletcher applicator,CT based 2D brachytherapy

Total 93 patients,during 2013.4 ‐ 2013.8 were involved in the study

CT scan was performed for all patients in the first fractionfirst fraction

• Measure the length and angle of uterus• Record the cases of uterine perforation 

and poor position of applicators

Result of the study

• The incidence of uterine perforation is 3.2%– all of them were asymptomatic and the angle ofall of them were asymptomatic and the angle of uterine is maximum

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Result of the study

• The incidence of poor position of applicators is 28%28%– In 13 cases, the tandem was too close to the bottom of uterine

– In 9 cases, the tandem deviated the central axis of uterine cavity

– In 4 cases, the tandem was too far from the bottom of uterine

– In 1 case, the applicators position was OK, but the uterus was small and surrounded by sigmoid colon

Some poor application position cases

Case A: The tandem is too close to the bottom of uterus which adjacent to small intestine

Case B: The tandem was too far from the bottom of uterus.  The tandem is 7cm in the uterus but still 3 5cm to the bottomstill 3.5cm to the bottom

Case C: The tandem deviated from the central of uterus to right side

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Conclusion of the study

CT/MR image is necessary in brachytherapy

Asymptomatic uterine perforation and other poor position of applicators can be found by CT scan during 

brachytherapy 

We can adjust the 2D plan and the angle of tandem in next fractionnext fraction

CT scan in brachytherapy is easy and convenient ,

it  can be widely applied in china

Summary

• Brachytherapy is in progress in Mainland China, but we are facing challengesbut we are facing challenges

– huge patient volume and huge divergence of  technique

CT based 2D approach is more realistic to current situation,Tradeoff between efficiencycurrent situation ,Tradeoff between efficiency 

and efficacy

CT/MR based 3D brachytherapy is our future

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科室照片

THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION