developing sustainable urban water management framework for kabupaten bekasi, indonesia
TRANSCRIPT
DEVELOPING SUSTAINABLE URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK FOR KABUPATEN BEKASI, INDONESIA
Raden Ajeng Koesoemo Roekmi
School of Engineering
Deakin University
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URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT CHALLENGES IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
lack of adequate water resources,
low coverage and quality of piped water services,
increasing industrial water demand,
growing urban population, and
environment degradations
(Ujang & Buckley, 2002)
Developing centralized urban water systems
Biggest barrier:
Budget constrain(Grey & Sadoff, 2007)
Population growth (ADB, 2006)
Conventional Approach
• Costly, complex, resource-intensive (Marlow et al, 2013)
• Neglect the function of natural made resources (Brown & Farrelly, 2009; Novotny, 2008)
• Unable to deal with extreme cases (Novotny, 2008; Van der Brugge et al,2005)
• Aging infrastructures (Mitchell, 2006)
Current centralized system no longer appropriate
Challenges
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SUSTAINABLE URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT (SUWM)
Decentralized, hybrid
Adaptive, participatory and integrated
Value local resources
Optimizing urban water cycle(Brown & Farrelly, 2009; Maheepala & Blackmore, 2008; Novotny, 2008; Wong & Brown, 2009)
Sustainable Urban Water Management
DEVELOPING SUSTAINABLE URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK FOR KABUPATEN BEKASI, INDONESIA
Water security (UN Water, 2013)
Safe drinking water (WHO, 2005)
Water as Basic Human Right (UN, 2014) require:
Equal access
Affordability
Sustainable Development Principles
For basic needs
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OVERVIEW OF KABUPATEN BEKASI
Total Area: 127,388 ha
Total: 23 districts
Urban: 12 districts
Population 2013: 3,002,112 people
Urban Population: 2,360,660 people
Population Growth: 4.78
Population density:
Average: 23.57 person per ha
Highest: 108.97 person per ha
Industrial Estates: 9 areas
Industrial Companies: more than 2,669 companies
Seasons: dry season and rainy season
Annual rainfall: 918 – 1,740 mm (BPS & Bappeda, 2014)
INDONESIA
79 % population
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IMPACT: High dependency on other sources:
SUWM PROPOSAL
Water carriers
Groundwater
Limited public and private piped water
services
(30 % in urban areas)
Improve piped water services
Bottled/refilled water
UNSUSTAINABLE URBAN WATER MANAGEMENTWATER SUPPLY
Introduce rainwater harvesting (RWH) &
water recycling
Maintain safe drinking water
quality
Improve other WSP services
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Other water service providers (WSPs)
Water Carrier in SukamahiPhotographer: Diding Darmadi
Refilled Bottled Water Kiosk Source: bekasibusiness.com, 2013
Community based water supplySource: Citarum.org, 2015
33 % (2013) & 35 % (2014) samples were contaminated by coliform
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UNSUSTAINABLE URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT
ISSUES
Limited piped water services
Over groundwater withdrawal
Septic tank leakage
Groundwater degradation
• Increased damaged zone
• Contaminated by Coliform
Land Subsidence
• 10.6 cm per year (Chaussard et al, 2013)
Short distance between septic tank and water
source
SUWM PROPOSAL
Improvement in Sanitation facilities
Improvement in piped water services
Communal Effluent Collection System
Improvement in monitoring on groundwater withdrawal
Policy for new housing development to provide
sustainable water source and communal waste water
treatment
GROUNDWATER
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LEGEND
Non aquifer
Recharge zone
Save zone
Disturbed zone
Critical zone
Damaged zone
2006 2012
Groundwater Zone in Bekasi Karawang Aquifer, Source: ESDM Jabar
Groundwater zone
Contaminated/damaged zone : • TDS > 100,000 mg/l
or electrical conductivity > 5,000 µS/cm
• Decrease groundwater table > 80 %
• Decrease phreatic > 80 %
• Decrease piezometric> 80 %
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Low cost housing complex in Sukadami receive supportto build a communal effluent collection system fromUSAID- not yet workingSource: USAID IUWASH Quarterly Progress Report 4
60 m2 residential plot site plan
Common 60 m2 Plot Site Plan Source: caramendesainrumah.com
Bedroom
Bedroom
Living room
Dining room
Kitchen
Water Source
Septic Tank
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ISSUES SUWM PROPOSAL
Domestic makeshift latrines
Domestic Solid Waste dumping
Lack of centralized waste water treatment
Most rivers are polluted
Improvement in Sanitation facilities
Improvement in Solid Waste Management
Communal Waste Water Treatment
Industrial Sludge dumping
Improvement in Monitoring of illegal
dumping
UNSUSTAINABLE URBAN WATER MANAGEMENTSURFACE WATER
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Domestic waste dumping near on riverbankSource: Google Map, 2015
Makeshift Latrine, KedungwaringinPhotographer: Ahmad Ahyad
Waste dumping
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RESEARCH QUESTION
How can SUWM be implemented in Kabupaten Bekasi?
PolicyUser preference
on infrastructure
Water supplyWaste water
management
DomesticIndustry
Agriculture
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