developing paper topics #1 china,leadership, succession
TRANSCRIPT
Developing paper topics #1
http://faculty.washington.edu/swhiting/pols442/442spr12papertopics.pdf
China ,leadership, succession
Civil Society in China
Rapid increase of social organizations
Number of nat i onal l evel SOs
44 98
1600
1200
18482000
- 400
100
600
1100
1600
2100
1950s 1965 1989 1992 1997 2008
Civil Society in China
Facilitating factors Economic reform
Work unit society market society Emergence of privately controlled wealth
Civil society in China in comparative contextSocial organizations per 10,000
population
China 2.5USA 52.0France 110.0Argentina 25.0
*Lu Xueyi 2008
Note also: uneven distribution within ChinaEast vs. WestRural vs. Urban
Civil Society in China5
Significance of civil society in theories of democracy
What are the key assumptions?
Civil society—conceptualization
6
Civil society Larry Diamond (1999; cited in Tang &Zhan
p. 429) A sphere of independent group activity
Autonomous from the state Able to make demands on the state
Civil society and pluralism7
Pluralism A system of interest representation in which
Any group can freely form To express interests autonomous from state control
Civil society—corporatist limitations
8
Corporatism A system of interest representation in which
Only certain groups are licensed by the state In exchange for limitations on their expression of
interests
Civil Society—corporatist limitations
9
The authoritarian state uses a corporatist approach to Pre-empt the formation of unapproved interest
groups Coopt the interests expressed by approved groups Repress the expression of interests outside the
control of the state
“Regulations on the Registration and Management of Social Organizations” Implemented by Ministry of Civil Affairs 1998
Regulations Concerning the Registration and Administration of Social Organizations, 1998
Article 10 (barriers to entry) > 50 individual members or > 30 unit members. standardized name and corresponding
organizations NO duplicates allowed (state occupies existing
“space”) permanent address staffed with full-time personnel to carry out
relevant activities legal assets and source of funds
national social organization RMB100,000 (U.S.$12,195)
local social organization RMB30,000 (U.S.$3,659)
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Regulations Concerning the Registration and Administration of Social Organizations, 1998
Article 11 approval document issued by the
authorities concerned. identification of the initiators and
designated responsible persons
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Dual Management System双重管理体系
The ‘Regulation on Registration and Administration of Social Organizations’ (1998) requires:
Sponsoring unit in charge of social organization’s operation (yewu zhuguan danwei 业务主管单位 )
The unit of registration, which is the Department of Civil Affairs at different level (dengji guanli jiguan登记管理机关 )
Effects Limits the number (if not the development) of registered SOs. Encourages registration under different systems
profit-oriented companies paying taxes, but this raises other barriers
Unregistered Political risk
Policy advocacy by social organizations
Results Number %
No effect on policy 1523 53.29
Policy adoption 279 9.76
Policy change 33 1.15
Policy adoption&change 61 2.13
Missing data(most can be regarded as
having no effect or as never having tried to influence government 962 33.66
Probability of Effective Policy advocacy for Social organizations (Logit regression results, based on 3 province survey by CCSS, PKU 2003) necessity of “embeddedness”
Civil society or corporatism?Case 1: Tiananmen 1989 Autonomous
student union Suppressed; no
multiple organizations allowed
Organizers arrested, sentenced to prison Wang Dan sentenced
to 4 years, paroled early
17
Civil society or corporatism?Case 1: Tiananmen 1989
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Beijing Workers’ Autonomous Union Han Dongfang
the promise he had made to the leaders of the Beijing Workers' Autonomous Union before being appointed their leader.
"If the time comes for me to go to prison, I will not wait for them to catch me, but will turn myself in."
Han rode his bicycle back to Beijing, where he reported to police headquarters -- and was sent to prison for the next 22 months.
Civil society or corporatism?Case 1: Tiananmen 1989
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Where is Han Dongfang today? Impact of Tiananmen experience Founded China Labour Bulletin, established
1994 NGO Dedicated to fighting for workers’ rights in
China Where is CLB located?
Civil society or corporatism?Case 2: China Democracy Party 21
Note impact of Tiananmen experience among founders Wang Youcai, Tiananmen veteran
Graduate Student in Physics, Peking University Sentenced for counter-revolutionary activity Detained, imprisoned (1990), paroled (1991)
Civil society or corporatism?Case 2: China Democracy Party 22
Wang Youcai 1998 founder of China Democracy Party
Attempt formal, legal registration of opposition political party Through provincial civil affairs bureau with
responsibility for “social organizations” Invoked Chinese constitution and regulations
on social organizations Invoked signing of International Covenant on
Civil and Political Rights
Civil society or corporatism?Case 2: China Democracy Party 23
Declared an “illegal organization.” Wang Youcai sentenced in December
1998 to 11 years' imprisonment for subversion by the Hangzhou Intermediate People's Court. Paroled for medical reasons 2004
Co-founder Qin Yongmin served a 12-year sentence for endangering state security in Hubei Province.
Civil society or corporatism?Case 2: China Democracy Party Criminalization of civil society activists PRC Constitution
Article 28. The state maintains public order and suppresses treasonable and other counter-revolutionary activities; it penalizes actions that endanger public security and disrupt the socialist economy and other criminal activities, and punishes and reforms criminals.
PRC Criminal Code (1997) Article 105(2): Use of rumor mongering or
defamation or other means to incite subversion of the national regime or the overthrow of the socialist system shall be punished…
Jingjing Zhang, Litigation Director
Civil society or corporatism?Case 3: Center for Legal Assistance to Pollution Victims
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Civil society or corporatism?Case 3: Center for Legal Assistance27
Impact of Tiananmen experience motivated Zhang Jingjing to join
Center for Legal Assistance to Pollution victims Affiliated with China University of Political Science and Law
University provides a kind of umbrella Couldn’t function outside of university cover Funded by Ford Foundation
Dependent on international funding Represents pollution victims in lawsuits Helps communities organize public hearings on environmental
rights and licensing processes. Has won and lost milestone cases in the Chinese courts
first successful environmental class action suit in China, against a chemical company that discharged toxic substances in Fujian Province.
landmark (but unsuccessful) suit against the Beijing Municipal Commission of Urban Planning and the Beijing Environmental Protection Bureau
Civil society or corporatism?Case 3: Center for Legal Assistance28
Jingjing Zhang Recently left CLAPV for PILI Public Interest Law Initiative
(international ngo)
Civil society or corporatism?Case 4: Charter ‘08
30
Impact of Tiananmen experience, e.g. Liu Xiaobo (literary critic, video)
Also inspired by Charter 77 in Czechoslovakia(1977) 200+ intellectuals formed a loose, informal, and open
association of people...united by the will to strive individually and collectively for respect for human and civil rights in our country and throughout the world.
Charter ’08 300+ intellectuals, elites freedom of expression freedom of association free elections. coincide with the 60th anniversary of the Universal Declaration
of Human Rights Dec’08 Police harassment of signers Liu Xiaobo formally charged with inciting subversion June 09
Case 5: Open Constitution Initiative
Founder: Xu Zhiyong Volunteered to be the defense lawyer for Sun
Dawu Founder of Dawu Group—businessman critical of gov:
arrested Elected twice as a People’s Representative at
Haidian District of Beijing Conducted research on petitioners in Beijing, etc. In March 2009, OCI prepared to file a
collective lawsuit for victims of the milk power poisoning incident, seeking compensation for those who could not afford to hire a lawyer.
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Case 5: Open Constitution Initiative Significant international financial support In substance, a non-profit NGO But technically a company,
since organizing as a non-profit NGO is extremely difficult in China
July 2009 slapped with a gigantic 1.42 million yuan fine by the tax authorities for alleged tax violations
Result of international financial support OCI's leader Xu Zhiyong did not deny the
possibility of minor violations. Is more is going on here that just tax problems?
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Case 5: Open Constitution Initiative
Xu Zhiyong Summer 2009 charged with tax evasion;
appealed July 29, 2009 arrested; prompted
campaign Released August 2009
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Totalitarianism Authoritarianism
Single charismatic leader No charismatic leader
Single dominant party Single dominant party
Utopian, forward-looking ideology Nationalist and performance-based ideology
State control over all organized activity Emergence of non-political private sphere
Mobilized participation Apathy okay
Popular fear instilled by arbitrary terror end of fear and arbitrary terror
no organized opposition allowed