developing of nuclear energy for power generation under malaysia's etp
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DEVELOPING NUCLEAR ENERGY FOR POWERDEVELOPING NUCLEAR ENERGY FOR POWERGENERATIONGENERATION
IN MALAYSIAIN MALAYSIASS
ECONOMIC TRANSFORMATION PROGRAMME (ETP)ECONOMIC TRANSFORMATION PROGRAMME (ETP)
bby Jamaly Jamal KhaerKhaer IbrahimIbrahimDirector, Nuclear Power Programme DevelopmentDirector, Nuclear Power Programme Development
Malaysia Nuclear Power Corporation (MNPC)Malaysia Nuclear Power Corporation (MNPC)
Prime MinisterPrime Ministers Departments Department
International Construct ion Week (ICW) 2014International Construct ion Week (ICW) 2014Kuala LumpurKuala Lumpur
118 September 20148 September 2014
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WHY IS NUCLEAR ENERGY IN THE ETP?WHY IS NUCLEAR ENERGY IN THE ETP?
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NUCLEAR ENERGY INNUCLEAR ENERGY IN THE ETPTHE ETP
Source: Economic Transformation Programme (ETP) document
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Source: Economic Transformation Programme (ETP) document
5
NUCLEAR ENERGY IN THE ETP
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AIMING FOR A HIGHAIMING FOR A HIGH--INCOME ECONOMY BY 2020INCOME ECONOMY BY 2020
600600
500500
400400
300300
200200
100100
009090 9494 9898 0202 0606 0808 1010 1212 1414 1616 1818
RMRMbillionbillion
9292 9696 0000 0404 2020
5.4% p.a.5.4% p.a.actual growthactual growth(1990(1990--2010)2010)
5.4% p.a.5.4% p.a.GDP growthGDP growth
(2011(2011--2020)2020)
GDP in 2020 at sustained 5.4% growth rateGDP in 2020 at sustained 5.4% growth rate
as in 1990 to 2010: RM 869 bil lionas in 1990 to 2010: RM 869 bi llion
HighHigh--Income EconomyIncome Economy
Minimum GDP growthMinimum GDP growth
5.0% p.a. (20115.0% p.a. (2011--2020)2020)
Minimum GDP for HighMinimum GDP for High--Income Economy: RM 840 billionIncome Economy: RM 840 billion
USD15,329USD15,329
700700
800800
900900
1,0001,000
1,1001,100
1,2001,200
1,3001,300
1,4001,400
Vision 2020 Target PathVision 2020 Target Path
RM 1,388 billion in 2020RM 1,388 billion in 2020Real GDP in constant 2000 pricesReal GDP in constant 2000 prices
USD14,818USD14,818
USD17,500USD17,500
New Economic Model (NEM)New Economic Model (NEM)
GDP growth targetGDP growth target6.5% p.a.6.5% p.a.
(2011(2011--2020)2020)
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labour
labour
effic
ienc
y
effic
ienc
y
inves
tment
inves
tment
Per CapitaPer Capita
IncomeIncome(USD)(USD)
currentcurrentper capitaper capita
incomeincome
businessbusinessas usualas usual
~7,000~7,000
~15,500~15,500
~17,500~17,500HighHigh--IncomeIncomeEconomiesEconomies
Middle & LowerMiddle & LowerIncomeIncome
EconomiesEconomies
20102010 20202020
Eight Strategic Reform Init iatives (SRIEight Strategic Reform Initiatives (SRIs)s)
valuedrive
rvalue
driverss average annualaverage annual
growth of 6.5%growth of 6.5%
1MALAYSIA:1MALAYSIA: People First, Performance NowPeople First, Performance NowPreservation & Enhancement of Unity in DiversityPreservation & Enhancement of Unity in Diversity
GOVERNMENT TRANSFORMATION PROGRAMME (GTP)GOVERNMENT TRANSFORMATION PROGRAMME (GTP)6 National Key Results Areas (NKRA6 National Key Results Areas (NKRAs)s) for Effective Delivery of Government Servicesfor Effective Delivery of Government Services
Apri l 2009Apri l 2009
January 2010January 2010
ECONOMIC TRANSFORMATION PROGRAMME (ETP)ECONOMIC TRANSFORMATION PROGRAMME (ETP)8 Strategic Reform Initiatives (SRI8 Strategic Reform Initiatives (SRIs) & 12 National Key Economic Areas (NKEAs) & 12 National Key Economic Areas (NKEAs)s)
New Economic Model: A HighNew Economic Model: A High--Income, Inclus ive & Sustainable NationIncome, Inclusive & Sustainable NationMarch 2010March 2010
1010THTH MALAYSIA PLANMALAYSIA PLANMacroeconomic Growth TargetsMacroeconomic Growth Targets
& Expenditure Allocation& Expenditure AllocationSmooth Implementation ofSmooth Implementation of
GovernmentGovernments Development Programmes Development Programme
June 2010June 2010
20152015
1111THTH MALAYSIA PLANMALAYSIA PLAN
FOUR
PILLARSTOACHIEVE
FOUR
PILLARSTOACHIEVE
VISIO
N2020
VISIO
N2020
Source: Malaysia, New Economic Model (NEM)
NEW ECONOMIC MODEL (NEM)NEW ECONOMIC MODEL (NEM)TRANSFORMING MALAYSIATRANSFORMING MALAYSIA
77
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effic
ienc
y
effic
ienc
y
labour
labour
safetysafetycultureculture
highhigh--technology knowledgetechnology knowledge--basedbasededucation & training infrastructureeducation & training infrastructure
investm
ent
investm
ent
HighHigh--Income EconomyIncome Economy
20102010
valuedrive
rs
valuedrive
rs
Per Capita IncomePer Capita Income
highly skilled work forcehighly skilled work force
MiddleMiddle--IncomeIncomeEconomyEconomy
STRATEGI
CREFORMINITI
ATIVES(S
RI
STRATEGI
CREFORMINITI
ATIVES(S
RIs)s)
1.1. ReRe--en
ergisingP
rivateSector;
energising
PrivateSector;
2.2. Develo
pingQual
ityWorkfo
rce&Reducing
Developin
gQuality
Workforce
&Reducing
Dependen
cyonFore
ignLabou
r;
Dependen
cyonFore
ignLabou
r;
3.3. Creatin
gCompet
itiveDom
esticEcon
omy;
CreatingC
ompetitive
Domestic
Economy;
4.4. Streng
theningPu
blicSector
;
Strengthen
ingPublic
Sector;
5.5.Trans
parent&M
arket
Transparen
t&Market
--friendlyA
ffirmative
Action;
friendlyAff
irmativeA
ction;
6.6. BuildingKno
wledgeBa
seInfrastr
ucture;
BuildingKno
wledgeBa
seInfrast
ructure;
7.7. Enhan
cingSourcesofG
rowth;
EnhancingSourc
esofGrow
th;
8.8. Ensur
ingSustai
nabilityofGrowth
.
Ensuring
SustainabilityofG
rowth. industrial advancementindustrial advancement
high technologyhigh technology& high quality& high quality
competitivecompetitiveelectricityelectricity
sustainablesustainabledevelopmentdevelopment
greengreen--househousegas emissiongas emission
avoidanceavoidance
enhanced energyenhanced energy
securitysecurity
concentratedconcentrateddevelopmentdevelopmentaround plantsaround plants
private sectorprivate sector
investmentinvestment
POTENTIAL CONTRIBUTION OFPOTENTIAL CONTRIBUTION OF NUCLEAR POWERNUCLEAR POWER PROJECTSPROJECTSTO THE NEWTO THE NEW ECONOMIC MODEL (NEM)ECONOMIC MODEL (NEM)
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PENINSULARMALAYSIA
40% of land area;80% of population;90% of electricity.
STATES OFSABAH & SARAWAKON BORNEO ISLAND
60% of land area;20% of population;10% of electricity.
MALAYSIALand Area: 329,733 sq. km.
Population: 29.3 million (2012)
POINTS TOPONDER:
CHINESE TAIPEI,
is a quarter the sizeof PeninsularMalaysia wi th apopulationof 24 million,but has 6 operatingnuclear power plants& 2 underconstruction.
REPUBLIC OFKOREA,is three quarters thesize of PeninsularMalaysia wi th a
population of50 million,but has 23 operatingnuclear power plants& 4 underconstruction.
BUT,BUT,NUCLEAR ENERGY CONSIDERED ONLY FOR PENINSULAR MALAYSIANUCLEAR ENERGY CONSIDERED ONLY FOR PENINSULAR MALAYSIA
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What is the next most viable main energy source?
Oil has long been decoupledOil has long been decoupledfrom electricity generationfrom electricity generation
Hydropower resources mostly in Sarawak,Hydropower resources mostly in Sarawak,with resources on the Peninsula almost fu lly developedwith resources on the Peninsula almost fu lly developed
CoaCoall mostly imported,mostly imported,
with increasing importswith increasing imports
Peninsular gas resources depleting,Peninsular gas resources depleting,with anticipated increasing import of LNG for electricity generawith anticipated increasing import of LNG for electricity generationtion
EVOLUTION OF NATIONAL ELECTRICITY GENERATION FUEL MIXEVOLUTION OF NATIONAL ELECTRICITY GENERATION FUEL MIX
Source: adapted from Malaysias Ministry o f Energy, Green Technology & Water (KeTTHA)2012
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PENINSULAR MALAYSIA LOADPENINSULAR MALAYSIA LOAD--DURATION CURVEDURATION CURVE
Source: Energy Commission Malaysia, Annual Report 2012
Combined Cycle Gas TurbinesCombined Cycle Gas Turbines
On Wednesday, 20 June 2012
1111
What is the next most viable main energy source,What is the next most viable main energy source,
for base load electr icity generation?for base load electric ity generation?
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PENINSULAR MALAYSIA POWER GENERATION MIXPENINSULAR MALAYSIA POWER GENERATION MIXUP TO 2022UP TO 2022
Source: Energy Commission, Peninsular Malaysia Electricity Supply Industry Outlook 2013
1212
Increasing dependence on coal imports & and share of coal in electricity generation,
leading to decreasing energy security & increasing carbon emission.
Declin ing share of gas util isation in electric ity generation.
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2019
Energy
DEMAND-SUPPLY GAP:NEED NUCLEAR POWER
2020 Year
Energy Demand Growthwithout Policy Intervention
Energy Resource & Supply Constraintwithout Policy Intervention
Targeted SlowerEnergy Demand Growthwith Policy Intervention:Energy Effic iency (EE) &Demand-Side Management (DSM).
Increased Energy SupplyOptionswith Policy Intervention:throughGreen Energy Development,Fit-In Tarif fs (FIT),Increased Oil & Gas
Exploration & Product ion inDeeper Seas, Residual Fields,etc.
NuclearNuclear energy needed to fi ll energy demandenergy needed to fi ll energy demand--supply gapsupply gapwith renewable energy on supply side & energy effic iency & demanwith renewable energy on supply side & energy effic iency & demandd--side management.side management.
NEED FOR NUCLEAR ENERGY FOR THE PENINSULANEED FOR NUCLEAR ENERGY FOR THE PENINSULA
Source: adapted from Economic Planning Unit (EPU), Prime Ministers Department, Malaysia
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NUCLEAR ENERGY INNUCLEAR ENERGY IN THE ETPTHE ETP
2525THTH OCTOBER 2010OCTOBER 2010
ECONOMICECONOMICTRANSFORMATIONTRANSFORMATION
PROGRAMMEPROGRAMME(ETP),(ETP),
INCLUDINGINCLUDINGNUCLEAR POWERNUCLEAR POWER
DEPLOYMENTDEPLOYMENT
LAUNCHEDLAUNCHED
Launching of the ETP by the Prime Ministeras part of the New Economic Model (NEM),
incorporating an Entry Point Project (EPP)on nuclear power deploymentunder the National Key Economic Area (NKEA)for Oil, Gas & Energy (OGE) sector,
with target of building twin-unit nuclear power plantwith total capacity of 2 Gigawatts,with the first unit in operation by 2021.
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20102010 20112011 20122012 20132013 20142014 20152015 20162016 20172017 20182018 20192019 20202020 20212021
Preparation PhaseDecision
PhaseImplementation Phase Launch
Regulatory FrameworkPreparation
Permits& Safety Analysis
Operation Permits& Safety Reports
Pre-Feasibili ty Study (PFS)
ProjectDevelopment
Feasibil ity Study (FS)
Basic & Detailed Design
Bid Invitation & Evaluation
Contract Award & Vendor Procurement
Site Grading & Excavation
Construction
Commissioning
Signing/Ratifying or Acceding to International Instruments & Legislative Development
Site Investigations
Site LicenceConstruction Licence
Preliminary Safety Analysis Report (PSAR)
Pre-Operational Baseline Radiological Data Gathering
Final Safety Analys is Report (FSAR) for Operating Licence
Operator Training
Continuous Stakeholder Involvement, Public Information, Human Capital, Industrial & Technolog ical DevelopmentProgramme&
Regualtory
Develop
ment
INDICATIVEINDICATIVE TIMELINE FOR NUCLEAR POWERTIMELINE FOR NUCLEAR POWER DEVELOPMENTDEVELOPMENTIN THE ETPIN THE ETP
Source: Malaysia NKEA OGE Laboratory 2010, Economic Transformation Programme (ETP)
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Public opinion survey to identifypriority segments & concerns Awareness pro jects Transparency in project implementation
PublicPublic
AcceptanceAcceptance
Promote public acceptance
Fast-track process & make government priorityInternationalInternational
GovernanceGovernance
Sign/ratify relevant treaties &conventions
Al ign on international best pract ices Top-down mandate to accelerate process Engage foreign experts to assess site
& construction permit applications
RegulatoryRegulatorycontextcontext
Put in place detailed regulations
Public information programme Option for localities to bid to host nuclear
plantsas in Japan & Republic of Korea
NuclearNuclearPlant SitePlant Site
Acqu isit ionAcquis it ion
Acqu ire approval for plant si tes Obtain public support in locality
Negotiate with vendors based on timeline
ConstructionConstructionTimelineTimeline
Require best-in-class timeline
from vendors
Potential resolutionChallenge
Combine low-cost & market financinge.g. sovereign-guaranteed foreign export credits,
foreign equity, commercial loans,including Islamic financing options.
ProjectProjectFinancingFinancing
Obtain low-cost financing
KEY CHALLENGES IN NUCLEAR POWERKEY CHALLENGES IN NUCLEAR POWER DEVELOPMENTDEVELOPMENT
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ESTABLISHMENT OFESTABLISHMENT OF MNPC AS THE NEPIOMNPC AS THE NEPIO
77THTH JANUARY 2011:JANUARY 2011:
ESTABLISHMENTESTABLISHMENTOFOF
MALAYSIAMALAYSIA
NUCLEAR POWERNUCLEAR POWERCORPORATIONCORPORATION
(MNPC)(MNPC)AS AAS A NEWNEW
FULLY DEDICATEDFULLY DEDICATED
NUCLEAR ENERGYNUCLEAR ENERGY
PROGRAMMEPROGRAMME
IMPLEMENTINGIMPLEMENTINGORGANISATIONORGANISATION
((NEPIO)NEPIO)
Malaysia Nuclear Power Corporation (MNPC)registered under the Companies Act of Malaysia,as a ful ly Government-owned companylimited by guarantee, without share capital,placed under the jurisdiction ofthe Prime Ministers Department,as a new fully dedicated NEPIO,
and officially launched by the Prime Ministerto spearhead nuclear power deploymentunder the Economic Transformation Programme (ETP)on 11th January 2011.
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Based onBased on the Memorandumthe Memorandum of Association of MNPC under the Companies Act:of Association of MNPC under the Companies Act:
To plan, spearhead & coordinate the implementation ofTo plan, spearhead & coordinate the implementation ofnuclear energy development programme for Malaysianuclear energy development programme for Malaysia
and to take the necessary action to realise the development ofand to take the necessary action to realise the development ofthe first nuclear power plant in Malaysia;the first nuclear power plant in Malaysia;
To ensure the development of nuclear infrastructure for the counTo ensure the development of nuclear infrastructure for the countrytryis in l ine with International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) guidelis in l ine with International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) guidel inesines
covering 19 key areas of national position, nuclear safety, manacovering 19 key areas of national position, nuclear safety, management, funding &gement, funding &
financing, legislative framework, safeguards,financing, legislative framework, safeguards,regulatory framework, radiation protection, electrical grid,regulatory framework, radiation protection, electrical gr id,human resource development, stakeholder involvement,human resource development, stakeholder involvement,
site & supporting facili ties, environmental protection, emergencsite & supporting facili ties, environmental protection, emergency planning, security &y planning, security &physical protection, nuclear fuel cycle, radioactive waste,physical protection, nuclear fuel cycle, radioactive waste,
industrial involvement, and procurement; and,industrial involvement, and procurement; and,
To identify the company or special purpose vehicle (SPV)To identify the company or special purpose vehicle (SPV)to be the owner and/or operator of nuclear power plant.to be the owner and/or operator of nuclear power plant.
OBJECTIVES OF MALAYSIA NUCLEAR POWER CORPORATION (MNPC)OBJECTIVES OF MALAYSIA NUCLEAR POWER CORPORATION (MNPC)
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Ministers of the Federal GovernmentMinisters of the Federal Government Order (No. 2) 2013Order (No. 2) 2013
issued under the Ministersissued under the Ministers of the Federal Government Act (Act. No.2) ofof the Federal Government Act (Act. No.2) of 19691969& published& published in the Federal Government Gazette, P.U. (A) 184, dated 26 Junein the Federal Government Gazette, P.U. (A) 184, dated 26 June 2013:2013:
Under the Functions of the Prime MinisterUnder the Functions of the Prime Minister
Malaysia Nuclear Power Corporation:Malaysia Nuclear Power Corporation:
PlanningPlanning, spearheading and, spearheading and coordinatingcoordinatingthethe implementationimplementation ofof nuclear energy developmentnuclear energy development
asas well as to ensure the development of nuclear infrastructure forwell as to ensure the development of nuclear inf rastructure for thethe countrycountryisis in line with thein line with the International Atomic Energy Agency guidelinesInternational Atomic Energy Agency guidelines..
FUNCTIONS OFFUNCTIONS OF MALAYSIA NUCLEAR POWER CORPORATION (MNPCMALAYSIA NUCLEAR POWER CORPORATION (MNPC))UNDER THE MINISTERIAL FUNCTIONS ORDER (No. 2) 2013UNDER THE MINISTERIAL FUNCTIONS ORDER (No. 2) 2013
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BUT, WHY NUCLEARBUT, WHY NUCLEAR ENERGYENERGY
& HOW& HOW CAN WE MANAGECAN WE MANAGE IT?IT?
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NUCLEAR FUEL ENERGY CONTENTNUCLEAR FUEL ENERGY CONTENT
nuclear fuel is energy intensive;
nuclear plant refueling cycle
is between 12 & 24 months;
nuclear fuel loads for a few yearscan be stored easilyin nuclear power plants;
thus, nuclear plants can be operatedwithout interruption for a few years,even with nuclear fuel supplyinterruption.
This 30 gm. pellet of uranium oxide fuelThis 30 gm. pellet of uranium oxide fuel
can deliver the same amount of energycan deliver the same amount of energyas 3 tonnes of coal.as 3 tonnes of coal.
If the spent nuc lear fuel is reprocessedIf the spent nuclear fuel is reprocessed
to extract plutonium produced in uraniumto extract plutonium produced in uranium
for use as fuel in fast breeder reactors,for use as fuel in fast breeder reactors,this tiny pellet can deliver much more energythis tiny pellet can deliver much more energy
equivalent to 150 tonnes of coal.equivalent to 150 tonnes of coal.
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uel Requirements for 1,000 MWe plantr 1-year ful l-load operation
2,000,000 metric tonnes of coal;1,960,000,000 gallons of oil;30 metric tonnes of uranium;0.6 metric tonne of tr itium & hydrogenfor nuclear fusion;100 km2 of photovoltaic panels
10% effic iency;3,000 1-MW capacity wind turbines;30,000 km2 of wood for biomass;16,100 km2 of corn for bioalcohol; or,800,000,000 chicken for biogas.
FuelFuelSpecificSpecificEnergy,Energy,
kJ/g.kJ/g.
Methane, CH4 50.7
Propane, C3H8 46.0
Octane, C8H18 41.2
Ethanol, C2H5OH 27.8
Glucose, C6H12O6 15.6
Coal, C96H135O9NS ~30
Hydrogen, H2(for combustion)
249
Uranium-235 90,000,000
Specific Energy of Alternative Fuel
2222COMPARISON OF ENERGY CONTENTCOMPARISON OF ENERGY CONTENT
& FUEL REQUIREMENTS FOR 1,000 MWe POWER PLANT& FUEL REQUIREMENTS FOR 1,000 MWe POWER PLANT
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2352359292UU
2382389292UU
two main uranium isotopes in nature,uranium-235 & uranium-238
only uranium-235 is readily fissile
& undergoes nuclear fissionbut constitutes only0.7% of uranium atoms in nature
uranium-238 constitutes
99.3% of uranium atoms in nature& is not readily f issile, but fertile,i.e. can be transformed intoplutonium-239 as nuclear fuel
plutonium does not exist in nature& can be mass producedonly in nuclear reactors
92 protons92 protons143 neutrons143 neutrons
in nucleusin nucleus
0.7% abundance0.7% abundanceFISSILEFISSILE
92 protons92 protons
146 neutrons146 neutronsin nucleusin nucleus
99.3% abundance99.3% abundanceFERTILEFERTILE
same chemical propertiessame chemical propertieswith difference of only 3 neutronswith difference of only 3 neutrons
in nuclei that provides basisin nuclei that provides basisfor uranium enrichmentfor uranium enrichment
SOURCES OF NUCLEAR FISSION ENERGYSOURCES OF NUCLEAR FISSION ENERGY
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NUCLEARNUCLEARREACTORSREACTORS
nuclear fusionnuclear fusionor thermonuclearor thermonuclear
reactorsreactors
nuclear fissionnuclear fissionreactorsreactors
fusion reaction sustainedfusion reaction sustainedby very high temperature approachingby very high temperature approaching
the surface temperature of the Sunthe surface temperature of the Sun
fission reaction sustained by neutronsfission reaction sustained by neutrons& fission reactors sub& fission reactors sub--classifiedclassifiedby neutron energyby neutron energy
This presentation focused on nuclear fission,This presentation focused on nuclear fission,particularly thermal reactors.particularly thermal reactors.
being developed under an Internationalbeing developed under an InternationalThermonuclear Experimental ReactorThermonuclear Experimental Reactor
(ITER) Project(ITER) Project
NUCLEAR FUSION &NUCLEAR FUSION & FISSION REACTORSFISSION REACTORS
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NUCLEAR FISSION CHAINNUCLEAR FISSION CHAIN REACTIONREACTION
1/100,000,000,000,000th second1/100,000,000,000,000th secondper neutron generationper neutron generation
2352359292UU
2382389292UU
induced fissioninduced fission
of uraniumof uranium--235235
after neutronafter neutronabsorptionabsorption
fission productfission productatom Xatom X
fission productfission product
atom Yatom Y
200200megaelectronmegaelectron
vol t (MeV)vol t (MeV)
of energyof energyper Uper U--235235atom fissionedatom fissioned
averageaverage
2.43 neutrons2.43 neutronsper fissionper fission
of uraniumof uranium--235235
2392399494PuPu
transmutationtransmutationof uraniumof uranium--238238
into plutoniuminto plutonium--239239
induced fissioninduced fissionof subsequentof subsequentUU--235 atoms235 atoms
2352359292UU
2352359292UU
2382389292UU
2352359292UU
absorption of neutronabsorption of neutron
by uraniumby uranium--238238
neutron,neutron,11
00nn
1100nn
1100nn
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NUCLEAR FISSION CHAINNUCLEAR FISSION CHAIN REACTIONREACTION
BUT, IN A NUCLEAR REACTOR:
fission neutrons are fast, of more than 1 megaelectron-volt (MeV) energy,& need to be slowed down or moderated to thermal energy (0.025 eV),to increase probability of further U-235 fission & sustain reaction.
slowing down through collis ion of fast neutrons with moderator atoms,with most commercial nuclear power reactors using wateras moderator.
need to control neutron population or fluxwith control rods or neutron absorbers,
e.g. boron, cadmium, hafnium or gadolinium,to avoid runaway chain reaction.
certain f ission products, especially xenon-135 (Xe-135),can readily absorb neutrons or be neutron poisons,which can inhibit the nuclear chain reaction.
need to remove fission heat with reactor cooling system& the moderator can also be the coolant, especially water.
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FISSION NEUTRON ENERGYFISSION NEUTRON ENERGY SPECTRUMSPECTRUM
neutron energy (electronneutron energy (electron--Volt, eV)Volt , eV)
0.0010.001 0.010.01 0.10.1 11 1010 100100 10001000 101044 101055 101066 101077 101088
relative
neutronflux
relative
neutronflux
1010--1010
1010--88
1010--66
1010--44
1010--22
101000
101022
thermalthermalneutronsneutrons
epithermalepithermalneutronsneutrons
fastfast
neutronsneutrons
close similarity between energy spectraclose similarity between energy spectra
for uraniumfor uranium--235 & pluton ium235 & pluton ium--239 fission neutrons239 fission neutrons
1 MeV1 MeV
0.025 eV0.025 eV
can design nuclear fission reactorscan design nuclear fission reactors toto operate on thermal, epithermal or fast neutronsoperate on thermal, epithermal or fast neutronsusing different neutron moderator, coolantusing dif ferent neutron moderator, coolant , &, & nuclear fuel characteristicsnuclear fuel characteristics
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NUCLEAR FISSION REACTORSNUCLEAR FISSION REACTORS
NUCLEARNUCLEARREACTORSREACTORS
nuclear fusionnuclear fusionor thermonuclearor thermonuclear
reactorsreactors
nuclear fissionnuclear fissionreactorsreactors
fastfastreactorsreactors
thermalthermal
reactorsreactors
operate on thermal neutronsoperate on thermal neutrons
& require moderators;& require moderators;existing commercial reactors.existing commercial reactors.
operate on fast neutronsoperate on fast neutrons& do not require moderator;& do not require moderator;
still prototype reactors.still prototype reactors.
epithermalepithermalreactorsreactors
operate on epithermal neutronsoperate on epithermal neutrons
& require some moderator;& require some moderator;still experimental reactors.stil l experimental reactors.
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BASIC PRINCIPLE OF NUCLEAR REACTORSBASIC PRINCIPLE OF NUCLEAR REACTORS
2382389292UU
239239
9494
PuPu
2352359292UU2352359292UU
2382389292UU
239239
9494
PuPu
fast (> 1 MeV)fast (> 1 MeV)fission neutronsfission neutronsfrom precedingfrom precedingUU--235 fission235 fission
slowing downslowing down
of fission neutronsof fission neutrons
to thermal energiesto thermal energies
transmutationtransmutationof uraniumof uranium--238238
into plutoniuminto plutonium--239239
fast neutron fissionfast neutron fission
of plutoniumof plutonium--239239
thermal neutron fissionthermal neutron fissionof uraniumof uranium--235235
control rods inserted tocontrol rods inserted to
absorb excess neutronsabsorb excess neutrons& control neutron flux& control neutron flux
absorption of neutronsabsorption of neutronsby neutron poisonby neutron poison
fission productfission product
neutron absorptionneutron absorptionby uraniumby uranium--238238
coolantcoolantmoderator,moderator,
HH22OO
11
00nn
1100nn
1100nn
1100nn
11
00nn
1100nn 1
100nn
1100nn
1100nn
1100nn
1100nn
1100nn
fission productfission product
fissionfissionproductproduct
fission productfission product
fission productfission product
(neutron poison)(neutron poison)
fission energyfission energy(heat)(heat)
fission energyfission energy
(heat)(heat)
nuclear fuel elementnuclear fuel element
fuel element claddingfuel element c ladding
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condensedcondensedwaterwater
steamsteamturbineturbine
coolingcoolingwater inwater in
hot waterhot wateroutout
steam linesteam line
nuclearnuclearreactorreactorvesselvessel
primaryprimarycooling loopcooling loop
reactor containment buildingreactor containment build ing
steamsteamgeneratorgenerator
electricalelectricalgeneratorgenerator
nuclearnuclearfuelfuel
controlcontrolrodsrods
Nuclear Steam Supply System (NSSS)Nuclear Steam Supply System (NSSS)
Balance of Plant (BOP)Balance of Plant (BOP)
coolantcoolantmoderatormoderator
3030
NUCLEAR POWER PLANTNUCLEAR POWER PLANT
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NUCLEAR POWER PLANT WITH TWONUCLEAR POWER PLANT WITH TWO--LOOP COOLING SYSTEMLOOP COOLING SYSTEM(PRESSURISED WATER REACTOR (PWR))(PRESSURISED WATER REACTOR (PWR))
3131
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3232NUCLEAR POWER PLANT WITHNUCLEAR POWER PLANT WITH ONEONE--LOOPLOOP COOLING SYSTEMCOOLING SYSTEM
(BOILING WATER REACTOR (BWR))(BOILING WATER REACTOR (BWR))
3333
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TYPICAL NUCLEAR POWER PLANT LAYOUTTYPICAL NUCLEAR POWER PLANT LAYOUT
Reactor Containment BuildingReactor Containment BuildingNuclear Fuel Bui ldingNuclear Fuel Building
Nuclear Auxiliary BuildingNuclear Auxiliary Building
Radioactive Waste BuildingRadioactive Waste BuildingDiesel Generator Building 2Diesel Generator Building 2
Turbine BuildingTurbine Building
Control & InstrumentationControl & InstrumentationElectrical BuildingElectrical Building
Access Bui ld ingAccess Bui ld ing
Service Build ingService Building
Service BuildingService Build ing
Turbine Buildings usually aligned perpendicularlyTurbine Buildings usually aligned perpendicularlyto Reactor Containment Build ings for safety reasonsto Reactor Containment Buildings for safety reasons
DieselDiesel
GeneratorGeneratorBuilding 1Building 1
Office BuildingOffice Building
3333
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Sequoyah Nuclear Power Plantin Tennessee, U.S.A.
ReactorContainment
Buildings(Twin Units)
Cooling Towers(Twin Units)
Turbine Building
Electrical Switchyard& Grid Connection
3434
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Nuclear Power Plant BuildingsNuclear Power Plant Buildings
ReactorReactorContainmentContainment
BuildingBuilding
Cooling TowerCooling Tower
TurbineTurbineBuildingBuilding
3535
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Nuclear Reactor VesselNuclear Reactor Vessel3636
3737
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Nuclear Power Plant Steam GeneratorNuclear Power Plant Steam Generator
3737
3838
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Nuclear Power Plant Steam GeneratorNuclear Power Plant Steam Generator
38
N l P Pl tN l P Pl t3939
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Nuclear Power PlantNuclear Power PlantSteam TurbineSteam Turbine
4040
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Nuclear Power Plant Steam TurbineNuclear Power Plant Steam Turbine
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NuclearNuclearPowerPowerPlantPlantElectricalElectricalGeneratorGenerator
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Cerenkov Radiation creates blue glowCerenkov Radiation creates blue glow
Nuclear Power Reactor CoreNuclear Power Reactor Core
During Refuelling OperationDuring Refuelling Operation
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URANIUMURANIUM
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uraniummining
uraniumrefining
uraniumore
uraniumtetraoxide, U3O8,
or yellow-cake
uraniumconversion
enrichedUF6 gas(3 to 5% U-235)
uraniumenrichment
uraniumhexafluoride,
UF6, gas
UF6reconversion
nuclear fuelfabrication
enricheduraniumdioxide
nuclear fuelassemblies
nuclearpower plants
spent nuclear fuelreprocessing
recoveredunused uranium
extractedplutonium
irradiated orspent nuc lear fuel
high-levelnuclear wastedisposal
interim spentnuclear fuelstorage
spent
nuclear fuel
0.7% U-235& 99.3% U-238
natural
uraniumdioxideor metal
depleteduranium
by-product
NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLENUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE
diversionof extracted plutoniumto nuclear weaponsproduction
diversion of highly enriched(>90% U-235) uranium
to nuclear weaponsproduction
GLOBAL NUCLEAR WEAPONS NONGLOBAL NUCLEAR WEAPONS NON--PROLIFERATION SAFEGUARDSPROLIFERATION SAFEGUARDS45
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GLOBAL NUCLEAR WEAPONS NONGLOBAL NUCLEAR WEAPONS NON-PROLIFERATION SAFEGUARDSPROLIFERATION SAFEGUARDSREGIMEREGIME
TREATY ON THE NON-PROLIFERATION OF NUCLEAR WEAPONS (NPT)with the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
as the Treaty verification agency
with differentiated treaty obl igations
betweennuclear weapon States (NWS)
& non-nuclear weapon States (NNWS)
IAEA Safeguards Agreements
& Additional Protocolswith NNWS NPT Parties(bilateral agreements)
NWS not obliged to concludeIAEA Safeguards Agreements,but obliged to disarm nuclear weapons
IAEAsafeguards verification
UN SECURITY COUNCILbased on
IAEA Statute
Reinforced by Nuclear Weapons-Free Zone Treaties
& Regional Treaty Safeguards Authorities(e.g. Treaty on the South-East Asia
Nuclear Weapons-Free Zone (SEAWNFZ)& SEANWFZ Commission)
GLOBAL NUCLEAR SAFETY REGIME
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GLOBAL NUCLEAR SAFETY REGIMEGLOBAL NUCLEAR SAFETY REGIME
NationalNational & Regional& RegionalNuclearNuclearInfrastructureInfrastructure
IAEA SafetyIAEA SafetyStandardsStandards
IAEA SafetyIAEA SafetyReviews andReviews and
ServicesServices
GlobalGlobalKnowledgeKnowledgeNetworkNetwork
RegulationRegulationEnforcementEnforcement
OperationOperation
Research & EducationResearch & Education
International Legal InstrumentsInternational Legal InstrumentsConventionsConventions & Codes& Codes of Conductof Conduct
Global ExpertsGlobal Experts CommunityCommunity
BASIC SAFETYBASIC SAFETY PRINCIPLES FORPRINCIPLES FOR NUCLEAR POWER PLANTSNUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
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BASIC SAFETYBASIC SAFETY PRINCIPLES FORPRINCIPLES FOR NUCLEAR POWER PLANTSNUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
GENERAL NUCLEAR SAFETY OBJECTIVEGENERAL NUCLEAR SAFETY OBJECTIVE
TECHNICAL SAFETY OBJECTIVETECHNICAL SAFETY OBJECTIVEinherent safety,inherent safety,
multimulti --barrier containmentbarrier containment& defence in depth in plant design& defence in depth in plant design
& prudent plant siting& prudent plant siting& safety culture in plant& safety culture in plant managementmanagement
RADIATIONRADIATION PROTECTION OBJECTIVEPROTECTION OBJECTIVEAs Low As Reasonably AchievableAs Low As Reasonably Achievable
(ALARA)(ALARA)& emergency response,& emergency response,
with evacuation, if necessary,with evacuation, if necessary,facilitated by prudent sitingfacilitated by prudent siting..
1 SAFETY OBJECTIVE:The fundamental safety objective is to protect people& the environment from the harmful effects of ionizing radiation.
10 SAFETY PRINCIPLES:
Principle 1: Responsibil ity for SafetyPrinciple 2: Role of Government
Principle 3: Leadership & Management for SafetyPrinciple 4: Justifi cation of Facilities & ActivitiesPrinciple 5: Optimization of ProtectionPrinciple 6: Limitation of Risks to IndividualsPrinciple 7: Protection of Present & Future GenerationsPrinciple 8: Prevention of AccidentsPrinciple 9: Emergency Preparedness & ResponsePrinciple 10: Protective Actions to Reduce Existing or Unregulated Radiation Risks
GLOBAL NUCLEAR LIABILITY REGIMEGLOBAL NUCLEAR LIABILITY REGIME
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GLOBAL NUCLEAR LIABILITY REGIMEGLOBAL NUCLEAR LIABILITY REGIME
Unified Global Nuclear Liability RegimeUnified Global Nuclear Liability Regimethrough thethrough the 1988 Joint1988 Joint Protocol relatingProtocol relating toto the Viennathe Vienna & Paris Conventions& Paris Conventions
OECD Conventions
(Regional)
OECD ConventionsOECD Conventions
(Regional)(Regional)
IAEA Conventions
(Global)
IAEA ConventionsIAEA Conventions
(Global)(Global)
1960 Paris Convention onThird Party Liability
in the Field of Nuclear Energy
(amended in 1964, 1982 & 2004)
1960 Paris Convention on1960 Paris Convention onThird Party LiabilityThird Party Liability
inin the Field of Nuclear Energythe Field of Nuclear Energy(amended in 1964, 1982 & 2004)(amended in 1964, 1982 & 2004)
1963 Vienna Convention onCivil Liability for Nuclear Damage
1963 Vienna Convention on1963 Vienna Convention onCivilCivil Liability for NuclearLiability for Nuclear DamageDamage
1963 Brussels ConventionSupplementary to the Paris
Convention
on Nuclear Third Party Liability
1963 Brussels Convention1963 Brussels ConventionSupplementary to the ParisSupplementary to the Paris
ConventionConvention
on Nuclear Third Partyon Nuclear Third Party
LiabilityLiability
1997 Protocol to Amendthe Vienna Convention on
Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage
19971997 Protocol to AmendProtocol to Amendthethe ViennaVienna Convention onConvention on
Civil Liabili ty for NuclearCivil Liability for Nuclear DamageDamage
1997 Convention on
Supplementary Compensationfor Nuclear Damage
1997 Convention on1997 Convention on
SupplementarySupplementary CompensationCompensationfor Nuclear Damagefor Nuclear Damage2004 Protocols Revising
the Paris & Brussels Conventions
2004 Protocols Revising2004 Protocols Revisingthethe Paris & Brussels ConventionsParis & Brussels Conventions
FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF NUCLEARFUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF NUCLEAR LIABILITYLIABILITY
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& NUCLEAR INSURANCE& NUCLEAR INSURANCE
FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES
Liability is channeled exclusively
to the operators of nuclear installations;
Liability of operator is absolute,i.e. operator is held liable
irrespective of fault,except for acts of armed conflict,
hostilities, civil war or insurrection;
Liability of the operator is limited in amount;
Liability is limited in time;
Under both the OECD & IAEA Conventions
FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLESFUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES
LiabilityLiability is channeled exclusivelyis channeled exclusivelyto the operators of nuclear installations;to the operators of nuclear installations;
Liability of operator is absolute,Liability of operator is absolute,i.e. operator is heldi.e. operator is held liableliable
irrespectiveirrespective of fault,of fault,except for acts of armed confl ict,except for acts of armed conflict,
hostilitieshostilities,, civilcivil war or insurrection;war or insurrection;
Liability of the operator is limited in amount;Liability of the operator is limited in amount;
Liability is limited inLiability is limited in time;time;
Under both the OECD & IAEA ConventionsUnder both the OECD & IAEA Conventions
Nuclear InsuranceNuclear Insurance& Reinsurance Pools& Reinsurance Pools
National Limi t of Liability on OperatorsNational Limi t of Liability on Operators
Limit for International CompensationLimit for International Compensation
Compensation byCompensation byNational GovernmentsNational Governmentsunder Respective Lawsunder Respective Laws
International CompensationInternational Compensationuunder the Conventions onnder the Conventions on
Supplementary CompensationSupplementary Compensation
CONCEPT OF MULTICONCEPT OF MULTI BARRIER CONTAINMENTBARRIER CONTAINMENT
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CONCEPT OF MULTICONCEPT OF MULTI--BARRIER CONTAINMENTBARRIER CONTAINMENT
aircraft crashaircraft crash--proofproof
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Nuclear Power Plant Building Aircraft Crash TestNuclear Power Plant Building Aircraft Crash TestUS F4 Phantom Fighter Jet Crash Test AgainstUS F4 Phantom Fighter Jet Crash Test AgainstA MockA Mock--up Segment of A Nuclear Power Plantup Segment of A Nuclear Power Plant
Containment BuildingContainment Building
NUCLEAR POWER PLANT BUILDING AIRCRAFT CRASH TEST VIDEONUCLEAR POWER PLANT BUILDING AIRCRAFT CRASH TEST VIDEOUSUS F4 Phantom Fighter Jet Crash TestF4 Phantom Fighter Jet Crash Test AgainstAgainst
5252
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USUS F4 Phantom Fighter Jet Crash TestF4 Phantom Fighter Jet Crash Test AgainstAgainstA MockA Mock--UpUp Nuclear Power Plant Containment BuildingNuclear Power Plant Containment Building SegmentSegment
MULTIMULTI--BARRIER CONTAINMENT & DEFENCEBARRIER CONTAINMENT & DEFENCE--ININ--DEPTHDEPTH
5353
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MULTIMULTI BARRIER CONTAINMENT & DEFENCEBARRIER CONTAINMENT & DEFENCE ININ DEPTHDEPTH
CONCEPT & LEVELS OFCONCEPT & LEVELS OF DEFENCE IN DEPTHDEFENCE IN DEPTH Prevention ofPrevention ofPreventionPrevention
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CONCEPT & LEVELS OFCONCEPT & LEVELS OF DEFENCE IN DEPTHDEFENCE IN DEPTH
LEVELLEVEL::
OBJECTIVE:OBJECTIVE: MEANS:MEANS:
LevelLevel11
Prevention of abnormal operationPrevention of abnormal operation& failures& failures
Conservative design;Conservative design;High quality in constructionHigh quality in construction
and operation & maintenance.and operation & maintenance.
LevelLevel22
Control of abnormal operation;Control of abnormal operation;Detection of failures.Detection of failures.
Control, limiting & protectionControl, limiting & protectionsystemssystems
& other surveillance features.& other surveillance features.
LevelLevel
33Control of accidents withinControl of accidents within
Design Basis Accidents (DBA).Design Basis Accidents (DBA).Engineered Safety Features (ESF)Engineered Safety Features (ESF)
& accident procedures.& accident procedures.
LevelLevel44
Control of severe plantControl of severe plantconditions, including preventionconditions, including prevention
of accident progression &of accident progression &mitigation of consequences ofmitigation of consequences of
severe accidents.severe accidents.
Complementary measuresComplementary measures& accident management.& accident management.
LevelLevel55
Mitigating radiologicalMitigating radiologicalconsequences of significantconsequences of significant
radioactivity releases.radioactivity releases.
OffOff--site emergency response.site emergency response.
Prevention ofPrevention ofseveresevere corecore
damagedamage
PreventionPreventionofof accidentsaccidents
EMERGENCY ZONES FOR NUCLEAR POWER PLANTSEMERGENCY ZONES FOR NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
5555
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EMERGENCY ZONES FOR NUCLEAR POWER PLANTSEMERGENCY ZONES FOR NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
populationcentres
low population zone
NPP exclusion zone(zero population)
NPP
NPP site boundary
COMPARATIVE RADIATION EXPOSURECOMPARATIVE RADIATION EXPOSURE BY SOURCEBY SOURCE
5656
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Source: United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR)
COMPOSITIONCOMPOSITION OF FRESH &OF FRESH & IRRADIATED OR SPENTIRRADIATED OR SPENT NUCLEAR FUELNUCLEAR FUEL
5757
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INITIALINITIALFRESH FUELFRESH FUELevery 1000 kg.every 1000 kg.
3.3% enriched3.3% enriched
with Uwith U--235235
33 kg. U33 kg. U--235235
967 kg. U-238
8.0 kg. unused U-235
4.6 kg. U-236
8.9 kg. Pu-239& other isotopes
of plutonium
943 kg. U-238 SPENT FUELSPENT FUEL
every 1000 kg.every 1000 kg.
0.65 kg. varioustransuranic elements
35 kg. assortedfission products
3-yearcoolingcooling
High-LevelNuclear Waste
RecyclableNuclear Material
RADIOACTIVE WASTERADIOACTIVE WASTE CATEGORY INCATEGORY IN FRANCEFRANCE
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CategoryRadioactivity
RangeVolume Radioactivity Waste Sources
Very LowLevel
(VLL)
1 to 102
Bq/g. 58 % 10-3 %
earth, gravel & scrap metal fromdismantling and process waste (pumps,
valves..)
Low Level(LL)
103to 10
5
Bq/g. 40 % 1 %
waste from operating nuclearinstallations, reactors, factories,
laboratories, hospitals,waste from Defence,
graphite from dismantling
MediumLevel (ML)
105
to 109
Bq/g. 2 % 1 %
ion exchange resinsfrom reactor coolant,
slurries, hulls & end fittings
HighLevel (HL)
109 to 1012
Bq/g. 0.1 % 98 %
vitri fied waste & irradiated fuel
Medium & highMedium & high--level waste accounts for 5% of total wastelevel waste accounts for 5% of total waste volume, butvolume, but contains 99% of radioactivi ty.contains 99% of radioactivi ty.
RADIOACTIVE WASTE MANAGEMENTRADIOACTIVE WASTE MANAGEMENT BYBY CATEGORY IN FRANCECATEGORY IN FRANCE
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Waste CategoryWaste CategoryVeryVery
ShortShort--livedlivedShortShort--lived < 30yrslived < 30yrs LongLong--lived > 30yrslived > 30yrs
VLL ()Surface storage
since 2003
1,000,000 m3
Mining residues:stored locally52,000,000 m3
Radiferous waste:under investigation
>100,000 m3
LL ( + )
Radioactivedecay
Surface storage centressince 1969:
1,300,000 m3
Graphite wasteunder review:
14,000 m3
ML ()Waste from reprocessingunder review: 60,000 m3
HL ( + )
+ waste from spent fuel reprocessing:
5,000 m33,500 tonnesunder review
LOW & MEDIUM LEVEL WASTE TREATMENT IN FRANCELOW & MEDIUM LEVEL WASTE TREATMENT IN FRANCE
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Shirts, gloves, shoes
Filters...
TreatmentTreatment(examples)(examples)
Compacting
Casting in bars
ConditioningConditioning(example)(example)
Encapsulationin cement
inside concrete drum
TraceabilityTraceability
tiquette code-barre
Inspection
Bar code label
Types of WasteTypes of Waste
Source: Various sources
LOW & MEDIUM LEVELLOW & MEDIUM LEVEL WASTE STORAGE STRUCTURESWASTE STORAGE STRUCTURESININ FRANCEFRANCE
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ININ FRANCEFRANCE
humus
concrete recess
drainage layer
layer of clay
inspection gallery
Raft
buried gravitational separation system
LOW & MEDIUM LEVELLOW & MEDIUM LEVEL WASTE STORAGE STRUCTURESWASTE STORAGE STRUCTURESININ FRANCEFRANCE
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ININ FRANCEFRANCE
THREE PHASES IN STORAGE:
1. Operat ion;2. Monitoring for
at least 300 years; and,3. Reclamation after that stage.
THREE CONTAINMENT SYSTEMS:
1st containment system, the waste package;2nd containment system, host structure covered & drained;3rd containment system, the site.
SPENT NUCLEAR FUELSPENT NUCLEAR FUEL MANAGEMENT & STORAGEMANAGEMENT & STORAGEIN FRANCEIN FRANCE
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IN FRANCEIN FRANCE
Spent fuel assembly storage
Spent nuclear fuelassembly
Transport of 6 tonnesof spent nuclear fuelin 110 tonne flask
Interim Spent Nuclear Fuel Storagein pool at la Hague, France
SPENT NUCLEAR FUELSPENT NUCLEAR FUEL MANAGEMENT & STORAGEMANAGEMENT & STORAGEIN FRANCEIN FRANCE
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Hall for storing glass containers
from the vitrification plant(COGEMA - Marcoule)
Storage of spent fuel by the CEA,Cascad installation
Source: COGEMA, France
RADIOTOXICITY OF SPENT NUCLEAR FUELRADIOTOXICITY OF SPENT NUCLEAR FUEL
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Source: International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
DEEP UNDERGROUND STORAGEDEEP UNDERGROUND STORAGE FOR HIGHFOR HIGH--LEVEL NUCLEAR WASTELEVEL NUCLEAR WASTEININ FRANCEFRANCE
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Clay host formation
Seal
Storage shafts or recessesGallery
>200
m
Uppersedimentaryrockformations Way-shaft
NATURALOUTLET
Fault
Shaft
Engineeredbarriercontainer
DEEP GEOLOGICAL NUCLEAR WASTE MANAGEMENT & DISPOSALDEEP GEOLOGICAL NUCLEAR WASTE MANAGEMENT & DISPOSAL& NATURAL NUCLEAR REACTOR IN OKLO, GABON& NATURAL NUCLEAR REACTOR IN OKLO, GABON
6767
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Olkiluoto,
Finland
New Mexico,USA
Bure (Meuse/Haute-Marne),France
Oskarshamn, Sweden
2 billion-year old natural nuclear reactors in Oklo, Gabon
Source: Various sources
GEOLOGICAL NUCLEAR WASTE STORAGE RESEARCHGEOLOGICAL NUCLEAR WASTE STORAGE RESEARCHIN VARIOUS COUNTRIESIN VARIOUS COUNTRIES
6868
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Mol, Belgium (clay) Grimsel, Switzerland (granite)
Gorleben, Germany (salt) Bure, France (clay)
YuccaMountain,
USA(tuff)
Mont Terri, Switzerland(clay)
Source: Various sources
GLOBAL URANIUM RESOURCE AVAILABILITYGLOBAL URANIUM RESOURCE AVAILABILITY
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Resource CategoryLess than
USD 40/kg.ULess than
USD 80/kg.ULess than
USD 130/kg.U
No recoverycost estimate
assigned
Reasonably AssuredResources (RAR)
1,947,000 2,643,000 3,297,000 n.a.
Inferred 799,000 1,161,000 1,446,000 n.a.Prognosticated n.a. 1,700,000 2,519,000 n.a.
Speculative n.a. n.a. 4,557,000 2,979,000
Total 2,716,000 5,504,000 11,819,000 14,798,000
Historical &Historical &ProjectedProjectedGlobal UraniumGlobal UraniumSupply & DemandSupply & Demandfrom 1945 to 2025from 1945 to 2025
NoteNote::
Estimated g lobal uranium requirementEstimated g lobal uranium requirementfor operating nuclear power plantsfor operating nuclear power plants
for 2012 is 67,990 tonnes.for 2012 is 67,990 tonnes.
Global resourcesGlobal resources sufficientsufficient forfor 80 years80 years..Use of fast reactors wil lUse of fast reactors wil l prolong to 2,500prolong to 2,500 yearsyears..
Uranium in phosphates estimated atUranium in phosphates estimated atoverover 35 mill ion tonnes35 mill ion tonnes..
Source: OECD Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA), IAEA & other sources
GLOBAL URANIUM SUPPLYGLOBAL URANIUM SUPPLY
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MajorUraniumProducers:
UraniumResources (tonnes)
% ofWorldTotal
Austral ia 1,243,000 23
Kazakhstan 817,000 15
RussianFederation
546,000 10
South Africa 435,000 8
Canada 423,000 8
USA 342,000 6
Brazil 278,000 5Namibia 275,000 5
Niger 274,000 5
Jordan 112,000 2
Uzbekistan 111,000 2
India 73,000 1China 68,000 1
Mongolia 62,000 1
SSecondary nuclearecondary nuclearfuel supply fromfuel supply f rom
dismantled nucleardismantled nuclearweaponsweapons
under the Megatonsunder the Megatonsto Megawattto MegawattProgrammeProgramme
between the USAbetween the USA& Russian& RussianFederationFederation
Source: Various sources
GLOBAL URANIUM & NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE SERVICE PRICE TRENDSGLOBAL URANIUM & NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE SERVICE PRICE TRENDS
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pricesdeclinedsince
Spot Yellow-cakePricesin Constant 2007
US$& Current US$
Uranium pr ice increase in recent years due to dynamics of global uranium supply and demand itself,i.e. flooding at McArthur River mine in Saskatchewan, Canada,with largest known high-grade uranium deposits in the world, in 2003,temporary shutdown of Honeywell uranium conversion plant in Metropol is, Illlinois, USA, in late 2004 to early 2005,uncertainties over continued operation of Rssing mine in Namibia,fire at the multi-mineral Olympic Dam mine in South Australia,and advent of uranium hedge funds in 2005,with underlying positive outlook for nuclear power due to concerns over global warming & Kyoto Protocol.
71
1988 to 2013
Source: UxC
CURRENT GLOBAL URANIUM & NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE SERVICE PRICECURRENT GLOBAL URANIUM & NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE SERVICE PRICE
7272
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Uranium & Nuclear Fuel ServicesSpot Market Prices
on 24 February 2014
Uranium Ore, andConversion
& Enrichment ServicesPrice Trends
from December 2013
to February 2014
Source: UxC
SWU = Separative Work Unit for enrichment
CURRENT GLOBAL URANIUM ENRICHMENT SUPPLIERSCURRENT GLOBAL URANIUM ENRICHMENT SUPPLIERS
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CountryCountryUranium Enrichment ServiceUranium Enrichment Service
SupplierSupplierStart of OperationStart of Operation
Uranium EnrichmentUranium EnrichmentCapacityCapacity (SWU(SWU per year)per year)
Gaseous DiffusionGaseous Diffusion::
USAUSA US Enrichment Company Inc.(USEC)
1954 11,300,000
FranceFrance Areva 1979 10,800,000Centrifuge:
RussianRussianFederationFederation
TENEX 1949 to 1964 15,000,000 to 20,000,000
United KingdomUnited Kingdom URENCO 1976 3,100,000
NetherlandsNetherlands URENCO 1973 2,500,000
GermanyGermany URENCO 1985 1,700,000JapanJapan Japan Nuclear Fuel Ltd. (JNFL) 1992 600,000
1997 450,000ChinaChina China National Nuclear
Corporation (CNNC)2002 500,000
1999 500,000OthersOthers
((Argentina,Argentina,Brazil, India andBrazil, India andPakistan)Pakistan)
not applicable not applicable 300,000
Total 46,750,000 to 51,750,000
Source: International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
NUCLEAR POWER COST CHARACTERISTICSNUCLEAR POWER COST CHARACTERISTICS
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NuclearNuclear plant construction costs generally higher,plant construction costs generally higher,comparedcompared to coal or gasto coal or gas--fired plants,fired plants,becausebecause of higher level of technology,of higher level of technology, sophisticationsophistication of equipment,of equipment,qualityquality of materialof material && quality assurance standards.quality assurance standards.
Even though such factors contributeEven though such factors contribute toto higher nuclear power plant capitalhigher nuclear power plant capitalcost,cost,onceonce the plants are commissioned,the plants are commissioned, variablevariable or operating costs are minor.or operating costs are minor.
Thus,Thus, nuclearnuclear power plants are most suitable forpower plants are most suitable for basebase--load.load.
StandardStandard practice to internalisepractice to internalise decommissioning, spentdecommissioning, spent fuelfuel managementmanagementand radioactiveand radioactive waste disposalwaste disposal costs incosts in nuclear generation costs,nuclear generation costs,
unlikeunlike otherother energy sources.energy sources.
7575
IMPROVEMENT IN NUCLEAR POWER TECHNOLOGIESIMPROVEMENT IN NUCLEAR POWER TECHNOLOGIES
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Reduced construction periods of modern nuclear power plants,from 10 to 15 years, down to 3 to 6 years,and extension of the plant operating li fe from 25 to 40 years, and now 60 years.
Design of nuclear fuel used in modern plants have also resultedDesign of nuclear fuel used in modern plants have also resultedin a significant extension of the refueling cycle of those plantin a significant extension of the refueling cycle of those plants,s,from 12 to 18 months, up to 24 months,from 12 to 18 months, up to 24 months,hence, minimising scheduled plant outage,hence, minimising scheduled plant outage,and improving overall plant load factors.and improving overall plant load factors.
RANGE OF SIZES OF POWER PLANTS BY ENERGY SOURCERANGE OF SIZES OF POWER PLANTS BY ENERGY SOURCE
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Fuel typeFuel type 1 kW1 kW 10 kW10 kW 100 kW100 kW 1 MW1 MW 10 MW10 MW 100 MW100 MW 1,000 MW1,000 MW
Capacity rangesCapacity ranges
RenewableRenewable
ConventionalConventional
HumanHuman heartheart
1.5 W1.5 W
BiomassBiomass 10 kW10 kW--50 MW50 MW
CoalCoal 8080--1,000 MW1,000 MW
WindWind 10 kW10 kW--5 MW5 MW
SolarSolar 1 kW1 kW--100 kW100 kW
GasGas 25 kW25 kW--500 MW500 MW
HydroHydro 1 kW1 kW--700 MW700 MW
NuclearNuclear 300300--1,500 MW1,500 MW
Source: Malaysia NKEA OGE Laboratory 2010, Economic Transformation Programme (ETP)
COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGES OF NUCLEAR POWER ECONOMICSCOMPETITIVE ADVANTAGES OF NUCLEAR POWER ECONOMICS
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Comparative Cost Structure by Fuel TypeComparative Cost Structure by Fuel Type
Nuclear Power GenerationNuclear Power Generation
Cost ComponentsCost Components
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
Natural gas
Wind farm
Nuclear
Clean coal &CCS
Clean coal
Coal
Billion US $
InvestmentInvestment
Costs forCosts for
1,000 MWe Plant1,000 MWe Plant
Range of Levelised Generation Costs for New Power PlantsRange of Levelised Generation Costs for New Power Plants
Source: International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
LIFELIFE--CYCLE CASH FLOW OF A NUCLEAR POWER PLANTCYCLE CASH FLOW OF A NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
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NoteNote::
Latest generation of nuclear power plantsLatest generation of nuclear power plants have 60have 60--year lifetime,year lifetime,which may be extended to 80 years, subject to safety review at ewhich may be extended to 80 years, subject to safety review at end of 60nd of 60--years.years.
IMPACT OF FUEL COSTS ON ELECTRICITY GENERATION COSTSIMPACT OF FUEL COSTS ON ELECTRICITY GENERATION COSTSFINLAND (2000)FINLAND (2000)
7979
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Source: World Nuclear Association (WNA)
COMPARATIVE LEVELISEDCOMPARATIVE LEVELISED GENERATION COST RANGEGENERATION COST RANGEBY ENERGYBY ENERGY SOURCE IN USASOURCE IN USA
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Source: World Nuclear Association (WNA)
COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGES OF NUCLEAR POWERCOMPETITIVE ADVANTAGES OF NUCLEAR POWERIN THE MITIGATION OF GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONSIN THE MITIGATION OF GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS
8181
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Source: International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
COMPARISON OF LIFECOMPARISON OF LIFE CYCLECYCLE GREENHOUSE GAS (GHG) EMISSIONSGREENHOUSE GAS (GHG) EMISSIONSBYBY ENERGY SOURCEENERGY SOURCE
8282
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[16][16][15][15]
[15][15]
[13][13]
[8][8]
[4][4]Standard deviationStandard deviation
aa MeanMean
MinMin -- MaxMax
[sample size][sample size]
gCO
gCO22--eqeq/kW
h
/kWh
[8][8]
[12][12]
[10][10]
[16][16]
[8][8]
gCO
gCO22--eqeq/kW
h
/kW
h
00
200200
400400
600600
800800
1 0001 000
1 2001 200
1 4001 400
1 6001 600
1 8001 800
lignitelignite coalcoal oi loi l gasgas CCSCCS00
2020
4040
6060
8080
100100
120120
140140
160160
180180
hydrohydro nuclearnuclear windwind solarsolarPVPV
biobiomassmass
storagestorage
NoteNote different scales on vertical axesdifferent scales on vertical axes
Source: International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
COMPARATIVE WASTE GENERATION BETWEEN ENERGY SOURCESCOMPARATIVE WASTE GENERATION BETWEEN ENERGY SOURCES
8383
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Waste Generated by EnergyWaste Generated by EnergySourceSource
Indust rial Waste per CapitaIndust rial Waste per Capitaper Annum in Franceper Annum in France
Source: International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
COMPARATIVE FATALITY RISKS OF COMMERCIAL ENERGY SOURCESCOMPARATIVE FATALITY RISKS OF COMMERCIAL ENERGY SOURCES
8484
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Energy Source Fatalities(1970-92)
Fatal Victims Fatality per TW-yr.
Hydropower dam breaks 4,000 workers & public 883
Coal mine accidents & methane explosions 6,400 coal miners 342
Oil & gas explosions & well blowout 1,200 workers & public 85
Nuclear plant & fuel facility accidents 50workers
& fi re personnel13
Source: Paul Scherer Institute
NUCLEAR POWER PLANTNUCLEAR POWER PLANT DESIGN EVOLUTIONDESIGN EVOLUTION
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Source: Generation IV Forum (GIF)
GLOBAL NUCLEAR POWER STATUSGLOBAL NUCLEAR POWER STATUS
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434 operable nuclear power p lants in the world434 operable nuclear power plants in the world and many more areand many more are planned, mostly in Asia.planned, mostly in Asia.
Nuclear PowerNuclear PowerPlant Status:Plant Status:
No. ofNo. ofPlants:Plants:
GeneratingGeneratingCapacity (MWe):Capacity (MWe):
Operable 434 374,335UnderConstruction
70 74,911
In Planning 173 186,388
Proposed 310 349,170
Status as of 1 February 2014
Top 10 countries most reliant on nuclear power in 2013Top 10 countries most reliant on nuclear power in 2013
CountryCountry Nuclear as % of total electricityNuclear as % of to tal electricity
France 74.8
Slovakia 53.8
Slovenia 53.8
Belgium 51.0
Ukraine 46.2
Hungary 45.9Sweden 38.1
Switzerland 35.9
Czech Republi c 35.3
Finland 32.6
Top 10 countries with most nuclear projects in progressTop 10 countries with most nuclear projects in progress
CountryCountryUnitsUnits
OperableOperableUnitsUnits
ConstructionConstructionUnitsUnits
PlannedPlannedUnitsUnits
ProposedProposed
China 20 28 58 118
Russian Fed. 33 10 31 18
India 21 7 18 39
USA 100 5 7 15
Korea (ROK) 23 5 6 0Japan 48 3 9 3
UAE 0 2 2 10
Pakistan 3 2 0 2
Slovakia 4 2 0 1
Saudi Arabia 0 0 6 16
Source: World Nuclear Association (WNA)
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SOSO..,..,
WHAT ARE WE DOING ABOUT IT?WHAT ARE WE DOING ABOUT IT?
NUCLEAR LEGAL & REGULATORY STUDYNUCLEAR LEGAL & REGULATORY STUDY
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CURRENTCURRENT NUCLEARNUCLEAR--RELATED REGULATORYRELATED REGULATORY STRUCTURESTRUCTURE
8989
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Source: Atomic Energy Licensing Board (AELB)
NUCLEAR POWER INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT PLAN (NPIDP),NUCLEAR POWER INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT PLAN (NPIDP),FEASIBILITY STUDY (FS), SITE EVALUATION (SE) & BID DOCUMENTSFEASIBILITY STUDY (FS), SITE EVALUATION (SE) & BID DOCUMENTS
(BD)(BD)
9090
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NUCLEAR POWER INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT PLANNUCLEAR POWER INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT PLAN(NPIDP)(NPIDP)
9191
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ASSESSMENT OF SOURCES & METHODS OF PROJECT FINANCINGASSESSMENT OF SOURCES & METHODS OF PROJECT FINANCINGIN THE FEASIBILITY STUDYIN THE FEASIBILITY STUDY
9292
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NEPIO
(MNPC)
NEPIONEPIO
(MNPC)(MNPC)NPP Owner SPV
NPP Owner SPVNPP Owner SPV
CAPACITYCAPACITY--BUILDINGBUILDING & SUPPORT NETWORK& SUPPORT NETWORK
9494
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NPP Operator SPVNPP Operator SPVNPP Operator SPV
Malaysian IndustriesMalaysian Industries
Malaysian EducationalMalaysian Educational
& Training Institutions& Training Institutions
NationalNational
RegulatorsRegulators
(AELB, ST, DOSH,(AELB, ST, DOSH,
DOE, MHLG)DOE, MHLG)
TSOTSOss(NM & others)(NM & others)
( )( )( )
planning &planning &
implementationimplementationcoordinationcoordination
technicaltechnical
supportsupport
regulateregulate
NPP VendorNPP Vendor
TurnkeyTurnkey
ContractorContractor
supplysupply
Vendor CountryVendor Country
TSOTSO
Vendor CountryVendor Country
RegulatorsRegulators
Vendor CountryVendor Country
IndustriesIndustries
Vendor CountryVendor CountryEducationalEducational
&Training Institutions&Training Institutions
tech
nolo
gy
trans
fer
tech
nolo
gy
trans
fer
&t
ech
nic
al
assista
nce
&t
ech
nic
al
assista
nce
Vendor CountryVendor Country
Nuclear UtilityNuclear Utility
SITE INVESTIGATION & SELECTION STAGESSITE INVESTIGATION & SELECTION STAGES
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Construction
Operation
Post
Closure
9595
ON HOLD PENDINGON HOLD PENDINGSTAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENTSTAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT
PRELIMINARYPRELIMINARY SITE SELECTIONSITE SELECTION
9696
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Digital Map OverlayDigital Map Overlaywithwith DifferentDifferentTypesTypes of Mapsof Mapsusing GISusing GIS SoftwareSoftwarewith Weighting Factorswith Weighting Factors
forfor aa Set of SiteSet of SiteAssessmentAssessmentParametersParameters
Source: Petersen et al, Tectonophysics 390 (2004)
sensit ive areas
roads
settlement areas
elevation / terrain
land use
NATIONAL REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS FORNATIONAL REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS FORSOCIAL, ENVIRONMENTAL & RADIOLOGICAL IMPACT ASSESSMENTSSOCIAL, ENVIRONMENTAL & RADIOLOGICAL IMPACT ASSESSMENTS
9797
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*Public engagement is an integral part of SIA & EIA preparation*Public engagement is an integral part of SIA & EIA preparation
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SOCIAL ACCEPTABILITYSOCIAL ACCEPTABILITY ISSUESISSUESATAT NATIONALNATIONAL vs.vs. LOCAL LEVELSLOCAL LEVELS
STATE GOVERNMENTS
STATE GOVERNMENTSSTATE GOVERNMENTS
NATIONAL PUBLIC OPINION
NATIONAL PUBLIC OPINIONNATIONAL PUBLIC OPINION
9999
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civic society, mass media, noncivic society, mass media, non--governmental organisations (NGOgovernmental organisations (NGOs),s),religious, women & other civic organisations, teacher training creligious, women & other civic organisations, teacher training colleges,olleges,
university & school students, general public.university & school students, general public.
local Government, community leaders, village heads,local Government, community leaders, village heads,local associations, such as farmers & fishermen associations, slocal associations, such as farmers & fishermen associations, schools, etc.chools, etc.
GENERAL CIVIL SOCIETY & PUBLIC STAKEHOLDERSGENERAL CIVIL SOCIETY & PUBLIC STAKEHOLDERS
STATE & LOCAL STAKEHOLDERS AROUND NUCLEAR PLANT SITESSTATE & LOCAL STAKEHOLDERS AROUND NUCLEAR PLANT SITES
Why nuclear?Why nuclear?Why not solar?Why not solar?Is it safe?Is it safe?What about the waste?What about the waste?IsnIsn t it too expensive?t it too expensive?Where to get the fuel?Where to get the fuel?
Nuclear accidents?Nuclear accidents?Public radiation exposure?Public radiation exposure?Environmental impacts?Environmental impacts?Yes, but not in my backyard!Yes, but not in my backyard!
Why build in this district?Why build in this district?Is it safe for the people?Is it safe for the people?
Why build in th is State?Why build in th is State?WonWon t we lose the next election?t we lose the next election?Is it safe? What benefit to theIs it safe? What benefit to theState?State?
Why build here?Why build here?Is it safe for us?Is it safe for us?
Accident effect?Accident effect?
WonWon t our food, fish,t our food, fish,vegetable supplyvegetable supplybe contaminated?be contaminated?Our children?Our children?Our river, our beach?Our river, our beach?
STATE GOVERNMENTSSTATE GOVERNMENTSSTATE GOVERNMENTS
MUNICIPAL AUTHORITIESMUNICIPAL AUTHORITIESMUNICIPAL AUTHORITIES
NIMBY, BANANA!*NIMBY, BANANA!*
LOCAL POPULATIONLOCAL POPULATIONLOCAL POPULATION
*NIMBY*NIMBY = Not in My Backyard= Not in My Backyard*BANANA*BANANA = Build Absolutely Nothing Anywhere Near Anything= Build Absolutely Nothing Anywhere Near Anything
SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (SIA) PARAMETERSSOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (SIA) PARAMETERS
Demography Impacts
DemographyDemography ImpactsImpacts
Perception of Risk
Perception of RiskPerception of Risk
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Demography ImpactsDemographyDemography ImpactsImpacts
Community &Institution Structure
Impacts
Community &Community &Institution StructureInstitution Structure
ImpactsImpacts
Individual & FamilyImpacts
Individual & FamilyIndividual & FamilyImpactsImpacts
Confl icts between
Local Community& Foreign Workers
Conflicts betweenConfl icts between
Local CommunityLocal Community& Foreign Workers& Foreign Workers
Infrastructure
& Amenities
InfrastructureInfrastructure
& Amenities& Amenities
HealthHealthHealth
EmploymentEmploymentEmployment
Perception of Riskby the Community
Perception of RiskPerception of Riskbyby thethe CommunityCommunity
Crime & SafetyCrime & SafetyCrime & Safety
Housing& Accommodation
HousingHousing& Accommodation& Accommodation
Cultural & CommunityValues
CulturalCultural & Community& CommunityValuesValues
Physically ChallengedPerson & Minority
Group Needs
Physically ChallengedPhysically ChallengedPerson &Person & MinorityMinority
GroupGroup NeedsNeeds
Source: Federal Town & Country Planning Dept. (JPBD) Malaysia
COMPREHENSIVE COMMUNICATIONS PLAN & STRATEGIESCOMPREHENSIVE COMMUNICATIONS PLAN & STRATEGIESON NUCLEAR ENERGYON NUCLEAR ENERGY
New ComprehensiveNew Comprehensive Leads to intense public debate
101101
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Nuclear Law to beNuclear Law to betabled in Parliamenttabled in Parliament
In Situ DetailedIn Situ DetailedSite InvestigationsSite Investigations
& Evaluation& Evaluation
Completion ofCompletion ofFeasibility StudiesFeasibility Studies
Pending detailed site parameters
Pending prior approval of localauthorities & communities
Policy DecisionPolicy Decisionto proceed withto proceed withNuclear PowerNuclear PowerPlant ProjectPlant Project
Pending completion of Feasibil ity Studies& Approval of Site by Local Stakeholders
Needs national publ ic support
NEEDNEED
Public Opinion Research ResultsPublic Opinion Research Results
Social Media PlatformSocial Media Platformfor publ ic feedback on concernsfor publ ic feedback on concerns
Stakeholder MappingStakeholder Mapping
with Segmental Concernswith Segmental Concerns
Communications PlanCommunications Plan& Strategies to address& Strategies to address
public concernspublic concernsby stakeholder segmentby stakeholder segment
Pending new law & regulations to comply
102
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IN THE ENDIN THE END,,
WHERE DO WE GO FROM HEREWHERE DO WE GO FROM HERE??
103
IN THE END.
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103
WHERE DO WE GO FROM HERE?WHERE DO WE GO FROM HERE?
104104
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105105
Questions?
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THANK YOUTHANK YOU
Jamal Khaer Ibrahim,Director, Nuclear Power Programme Development,
Malaysia Nuclear Power Corporation (MNPC),Prime Ministers Department,
A-1-01 & A-1-03, SME Technopreneur Centre 2, 2260 Jalan Usahawan 1,63000 Cyberjaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
Tel: ++60-(0)3-8319 4700Fax: ++60-(0)3-8319 4800
Email:[email protected]