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International Journal of Architecture (IJA) Volume 3, Issue 1, January- June 2017, pp. 01–11, Article ID: IJA_03_01_001
Available online at
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© IAEME Publication
DEVELOPING NEO-VERNACULAR HOUSING IN
INDORE
Anuroy Vyas
Final Year Student, School of Architecture, IPS Academy,
Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
ABSTRACT
Human negligence has brought catastrophic imbalance in ecosystems all around the globe.
Construction industry is a major contributor in the cause of this imbalance hence elaborate
measures should be taken by architects and designers to rectify this. Moreover, rapid urbanisation
in India has resulted in increasing demand of housing proximal to towns and cities. This movement
of urbanisation is still in its conception phase (in India) and hence has a lot of purview for
interventions. Neo-vernacular style which is evolved from culture and qualities of both
contemporary era and vernacular traditional practices could be considered ideal for this
rectification. After concluding certain observations many interventions regarding all the aspects of
design could be suggested which when applied on the all levels could contribute to sustainability of
the dwellings in an enormous way. This style of architecture should be encouraged because of the
qualities it comprises and sustainable future it promises. This research paper aims at providing neo
vernacular alternatives for current housing practices through detailed analytical case studies of
relevant structures.
Key words: Eco-friendly architecture, Neo-vernacular architecture Sustainable housing,
Residential design, Sustainability.
Cite this Article: Anuroy Vyas, Developing Neo-Vernacular Housing in Indore. International
Journal of Architecture (IJA), 3(1), 2017, pp. 01–11.
http://www.iaeme.com/IJA/issues.asp?JType=IJA&VType=3&IType=1
1. INTRODUCTION
Affrontery and oblivious attitude towards nature will cost humans the most invaluable commodity that
exists, their future. All the researches, case studies, geographical and climatic analysis have directly
alluded that dire consequences are upon humans should they continue their current malpractices towards
nature.
Construction as a practice itself consumes lots of natural resources. Around 50% energy and 60% of
timber overall produced is consumed directly in building maintenance and construction industry.
Construction accounts for 23% of total air pollution, 40% of total water pollution 55% of ozone depletion.
These facts are terrifying as well as alarming. Housing remains the most prominent part of infrastructure
development. In India more than 1,15,07,476 houses will be constructed annually between years 2012-
2025. The process of urbanization has resulted in rapid construction of numerous townships and urban
settlements around the cities to accommodate their growing population and it is extremely vital that this
development follows certain principles which make it sustainable and eco-friendly. It is now an established
fact that construction industry as a whole is consuming a lot resources than feasible and in process causing
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immense damage to ecology it is very important that certain reforms are created and architects, project
managers, urban planners and engineers are trained to have an eco-friendly mind-set.
Sustainability in construction could be achieved through lots of ways; neo-vernacular architecture is
one of them. Vernacular Architecture is the art of constructing buildings and shelters which are
spontaneous, environment-oriented, and community-based; it acknowledges no architect or treaty and
reflects the technology and culture of the indigenous society and environment. This style has developed
through centuries of trial and error and applies rudimentary science to overcome most complex spatial
problems. It gives us knowledge of planning, construction techniques and building materials while
embodying the essence of our roots. This style is specifically ideal for residential design because of the
principles it hails. Despite having rich vernacular heritage the traditional, cultural as well as sustainable
elements it comprises are now extinct in our current architectural practices. However, it carefully analyzed
combining modern technological advancements with vernacular architecture could lead housing
architecture towards a whole new dimension of sustainability. This neo-vernacular style will include all the
key elements of its predecessor while simultaneously rectify its drawbacks by introducing contemporary
materials and techniques to it.
2. METHODOLOGY
The process of deriving conclusion is divided into 2 major parts-
2.1. Case Studies
• Selection of residential project for case study based on relevance to the topic and originality.
• Collection of every possible data related to construction techniques, materials and aesthetics of vernacular
residences of Indore
• Analyzing the effectiveness of vernacular techniques in modern residential projects.
Table 1 Understanding methodology
2.2. Interventions
Based on the inferences drawn from the case studies, solutions will be suggested regarding all the aspects
of residential design. These solutions will integrate modern advancements into vernacular architecture and
create a hybrid style which may provide designers with better insight towards sustainability.
3. CASE STUDIES
3.1. Ground Case Study: Private Residence, Chaawni Main Road Indore
Chaawni is a common place where many of the buildings still exist from pre independence era and the
private residential units still effectively portray the original vernacular architecture of Indore. One of the
oldest houses of these was chosen for case study as it was majorly unaltered since its preliminary
Details Objectives Input In Research
Case Study- I
(Ground/Live
)
Private Residence
Chaawni, Indore.
To observe and study in detail
about vernacular architecture of
Indore
Provide with understanding
about actual architecture of
Indore dated in 1900s
Case Study-
II (Desktop)
Vikas
Community
Housing Project,
Auroville.
To understand how sustainable
techniques are applied to modern
residential designs.
Act as a template on which
reforms could be planned.
Developing Neo-Vernacular Housing in Indore
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construction and exhibited many of the older design features. Major spaces inside the east facing house are
not dissimilar to current planning, a long overhanging balcony, and use of light colours along with minimal
aesthetic installments are major elements of the front façade of the house. The backyard is used as focal
point and is surrounded by areas like washing area, kitchen, toilets and bedrooms. It also has a subsidiary
entrance.
Figure 1 Form of residence
Table 2 Overall Analysis
3.1.1. Materials
The house was constructed with materials indigenous to the area. No use of concrete or cement in any
form.
S.No. Particulars Observations Analysis
1.
Climate
Composite climate, moderate annual rainfall Residence need to be protected from
high temperature as well as low
temperatures during night.
2,
Site Surroundings Approach by a narrow lane
Similar houses in close proximity.
Shared walls with nearby houses.
Overshadowing through compact
planning and lesser exposure to sun
3. Volumetric
Analysis
Volume of house was 72% of the whole site.
Remaining 28% was used in courtyard, semi
open spaces and balconies.
Emphasis on open spaces
4. Topography
Flat land, no natural or developed contour was
observed.
N.A.
5.
User
Requirements
No influence of occupation on spaces of the
house
Standard templates designs are
effective
6. Form The form of the house was a typical cuboidal
in shape with considerable sized voids created
as subtractions from the overall form.
Open spaces are encouraged as they
allow wind flow, daylight and
ventilation
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Table 3 Material Analysis
Figure 2 View of back entrance through courtyard
3.1.2. Structural Details
Primarily the residence was a load bearing structure with columns and bamboo struts a secondary supports.
Table 4 Material Analysis
S.no, Particulars Observations Analysis
1.
Walls
Composite climate, moderate
annual rainfall
Allows the house to breathe by use of perforated mud
bricks
2,
Fenestrations Iron, wood, glass panels
Deep-set windows for provision of diffused daylight
3. Plaster Sand, lime plaster
Lime plaster to provide smooth finish
4. Roof
Clay tiles, Timber strutting Haystack, and bamboo is used to maintain
5.
Floor and
Tiles
Wood, stone, lime, rocks These materials remain cool even when subjected to
direct sunlight.
S.no. Particulars Observations
1.
Walls
Thickness- 0.5 meters (narrow towards top).
Wooden struts (dia. 7cm) placed at regular intervals
inside walls.
2,
Columns Dimensions- 0.5mX0.7m (narrow towards top)
Continuous Iron sections penetrating through columns
3. Rood 2 side sloping roof which was earlier covered with roof
tiles.
4. Floor
Timber strutting was done, perforated rocks were laid
under the framing and wooden boards/stone slabs were
used to flatten the surface.
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3.1.3. Discussion on Planning
The planning has many unique features regarding its segregation of private and public areas and its
placement of areas. The overall planning is compact with unclear separation of public
Only required area is allotted to all the spaces of the house to save building materials and other resources.
Washrooms and washing spaces are designed on the external walls for easy dispatch of foul smell. All the
rooms are interconnected even the bedrooms. Courtyard is surrounded by bedrooms and all of them open
towards it. Kitchen is placed on south western side of the house which is completely shelled by adjacent
house but windows are provided for ventilation. The courtyard is always
7 m high walls around its three sides.
The balcony opens on the front façade of the house which also serves as an elevation treatment. Long
Asoka trees are planted in the garden on the western side of the house to block di
circulation inside the house is continuous and well planned. Comfortable temperature in the core of the
house is maintained by regular air flow through courtyard.
Developing Neo-Vernacular Housing in Indore
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Figure 3 Approach through narrow lane
Figure 4 Deep-set windows
The planning has many unique features regarding its segregation of private and public areas and its
placement of areas. The overall planning is compact with unclear separation of public
Only required area is allotted to all the spaces of the house to save building materials and other resources.
Washrooms and washing spaces are designed on the external walls for easy dispatch of foul smell. All the
ed even the bedrooms. Courtyard is surrounded by bedrooms and all of them open
towards it. Kitchen is placed on south western side of the house which is completely shelled by adjacent
house but windows are provided for ventilation. The courtyard is always shaded because of the presence of
7 m high walls around its three sides.
The balcony opens on the front façade of the house which also serves as an elevation treatment. Long
Asoka trees are planted in the garden on the western side of the house to block di
circulation inside the house is continuous and well planned. Comfortable temperature in the core of the
house is maintained by regular air flow through courtyard.
The planning has many unique features regarding its segregation of private and public areas and its
placement of areas. The overall planning is compact with unclear separation of public and private areas.
Only required area is allotted to all the spaces of the house to save building materials and other resources.
Washrooms and washing spaces are designed on the external walls for easy dispatch of foul smell. All the
ed even the bedrooms. Courtyard is surrounded by bedrooms and all of them open
towards it. Kitchen is placed on south western side of the house which is completely shelled by adjacent
shaded because of the presence of
The balcony opens on the front façade of the house which also serves as an elevation treatment. Long
Asoka trees are planted in the garden on the western side of the house to block direct sunlight. The
circulation inside the house is continuous and well planned. Comfortable temperature in the core of the
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3.2. Desktop Case Study: Vikas
Auroville (City of Dawn) is an experimental township in
Nadu, India which is known for its sustainable architecture.
development in Auroville, which used stabilized earth right from foundations to roof. The extensive use of
sustainable materials in its design and construction makes it ideal for case study. The third and final block
of the project was built in 1998 which comprised of 13 apartments
basement). The main idea behind the building was that it should be self sufficient on every aspect. From its
construction to its functionality from materials to application of renewable techniques this project
incorporated vernacular architecture form the binary level.
Figure 6 Plan of the project (Source:
Anuroy Vyas
IJA/index.asp 6
Figure 5 Plan of the house
Desktop Case Study: Vikas Community Housing Auroville
) is an experimental township in Viluppuram district
India which is known for its sustainable architecture. Vikas housing project was the first
which used stabilized earth right from foundations to roof. The extensive use of
sustainable materials in its design and construction makes it ideal for case study. The third and final block
of the project was built in 1998 which comprised of 13 apartments build across four floors (including
basement). The main idea behind the building was that it should be self sufficient on every aspect. From its
construction to its functionality from materials to application of renewable techniques this project
ted vernacular architecture form the binary level.
f the project (Source: http://www.earth-auroville.com/vikas_community_en.php
mostly in the state of Tamil
Vikas housing project was the first
which used stabilized earth right from foundations to roof. The extensive use of
sustainable materials in its design and construction makes it ideal for case study. The third and final block
build across four floors (including
basement). The main idea behind the building was that it should be self sufficient on every aspect. From its
construction to its functionality from materials to application of renewable techniques this project
auroville.com/vikas_community_en.php)
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3.2.1. Salient Features
The structure has energy efficient mechanisms along with adequate natural
It integrates into the land with existing nature, trees, etc.. The project is designed after detailed climatic
study.
3.2.2. Building Technology
• Stabilized rammed earth foundations with 5 % cement
• Plinths and walls in compressed stabilized earth
• Stabilized rammed earth walls with 5% cement
• Composite beams and lintels and composite
• Ferro-cement plasters for water tanks and
• Rain water harvesting
• Waste water treatment pond
4. INTERVENTIONS
Based on the problems identified and case studies performed certain solutions/interventions could be
suggested to rectify the issues with the present design practices on a precise level. These interventions
would be amalgamation of traditio
The whole procedure of fabrication of a dwelling unit could be broadly divided into two phases design
and construction. Design refers to planning of every space, element and feature of a structure while
construction means its implementation and commission. Modifying both these phases is mandatory for a
true sustainable approach
4.1. Design Interventions
Energy conservation should be kept in mind throughout the design process as all the design decisions
immensely affect energy requirement of a residence.
improved by introduction of vernacular approach are
• Orientation and Form
• Internal Planning
Developing Neo-Vernacular Housing in Indore
IJA/index.asp 7
The structure has energy efficient mechanisms along with adequate natural ventilation and sun protection.
It integrates into the land with existing nature, trees, etc.. The project is designed after detailed climatic
Stabilized rammed earth foundations with 5 % cement
ressed stabilized earth blocks
Stabilized rammed earth walls with 5% cement
nd lintels and composite columns
nt plasters for water tanks and ponds
Figure 7 Construction phase
Based on the problems identified and case studies performed certain solutions/interventions could be
suggested to rectify the issues with the present design practices on a precise level. These interventions
would be amalgamation of traditional vernacular architecture with modern techniques.
The whole procedure of fabrication of a dwelling unit could be broadly divided into two phases design
and construction. Design refers to planning of every space, element and feature of a structure while
construction means its implementation and commission. Modifying both these phases is mandatory for a
Energy conservation should be kept in mind throughout the design process as all the design decisions
gy requirement of a residence. Certain aspects of design which could be greatly
ion of vernacular approach are
ventilation and sun protection.
It integrates into the land with existing nature, trees, etc.. The project is designed after detailed climatic
Based on the problems identified and case studies performed certain solutions/interventions could be
suggested to rectify the issues with the present design practices on a precise level. These interventions
nal vernacular architecture with modern techniques.
The whole procedure of fabrication of a dwelling unit could be broadly divided into two phases design
and construction. Design refers to planning of every space, element and feature of a structure while
construction means its implementation and commission. Modifying both these phases is mandatory for a
Energy conservation should be kept in mind throughout the design process as all the design decisions
Certain aspects of design which could be greatly
Anuroy Vyas
http://www.iaeme.com/IJA/index.asp 8 [email protected]
• Day light and Ventilation
4.1.1. Orientation and From
One of the most crucial stages of design is determining the ideal orientation of the block. In the composite
climate of Indore providing shade in summers and adequate sunlight in winters to the dwelling area are
very important. Ideal orientation can only be decided by surveying the micro climate of the site (a common
ancient vernacular practice) however, generally north eastern areas of the structures experience less heat
gain in summers. Southern orientation is suggested for winter solar gain while landscaping must be
planned to counter winter winds from entering the structure. It is observed that slight deviations in
orientation could change the energy consumption of a house by 5%-10% hence it should be decided
carefully.
According to case study 60% to 75% of the total site volume should only be constructed rest should be
left to provide open spaces and provisions for ventilation. This type of form also enhances the aesthetic
appeal of a structure. In traditional vernacular practices compact planning was emphasized as it minimizes
solar gain by keeping the plan aspect ratio around 1:1. Generally, orientation and form of a structure are
influenced by planning regulations and site constraints.
4.1.2. Internal Planning
It is arguably the most important aspect of design and has a huge potential of energy conservation.
• Air movement for cross ventilation and summer cooling should be provided.
• Careful placement of fenestrations and walls for heat transfer.
• Areas should be distinguished according to their functions. For eg.- Heat generating areas like kitchen
should be placed in the northern area of the house.
Courtyard planning which is a major feature of vernacular architecture of Indore is considered
excellent for passive cooling and improving ventilation. Provisions for small courtyard spaces should be
included invariably in modern residential design as well.
4.1.3. Daylight and ventilation
Heating and cooling of a structure account for about 50 % of total energy consumption and proper day
lighting could alone reduce lighting bill up to 15%. It also provides a nourishing and soothing environment
inside a residence. The fenestrations should be designed considering the required daylight factor. The light
admitted by windows should not cause glare in the eyes of dwellers neither should it be unable to light a
room effectively in day hours. In composite climate of Indore diffused light is almost always favoured over
direct light and deep-set windows; a salient feature of vernacular architecture is a viable option.
Ventilation increases the comfort level of the habitants while lowering the overall energy requirement
of the building. Openings after studying micro climatic wind pattern should be meticulously placed to
provide good ventilation inside a residence.
4.1.4. Miscellaneous
Thick stone walls provide natural cooling; a Jaali wall which is an important feature of vernacular
architecture prevents direct heat distribution inside the house. Installment of kitchen gardens should be
encouraged where organic waste of the house is used as a manure to grow in house crops to create zero
waste homes. All these elements derived from traditional vernacular architecture must be necessarily
incorporated in contemporary designs.
4.2. Building Material Interventions
Identification and application of eco-friendly construction materials is very important for any sustainable
design. These building materials play a pivotal role in determining true sustainability of a building. Recent
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advancements in the field of architecture and chemical engineering have resulted in invention of many
futuristic/innovative building materials which are sustainable and affordable as well.
Traditional vernacular materials are however easier to harvest and process,
costs of construction and transportation. These materials are completely eco
in environment degradation in any way. Combining application of these with modern building materials
could bring out amazing results as this combination eradicates the limitations of both the groups while
keeping their favorable properties.
4.2.1. Lime
Lime is one of the most prominent vernacular building materials. It was used extensively for binding
stones and bricks, plastering, flooring and decorative purposes. It is abundantly available in all parts of
India and is a cheaper option compared to Portland cement. One of its only disadvantages is its longer
setting time but it more than makes up for it through other advantage
• Could be produced on small scale (ideal for
• Lime has permeability which allows wind flow
• It is an excellent adhesive because of its fine particle nature
• Lime is durable and provides excellent strength
• It reduces greenhouse effect as it absorbs CO
4.2.2. Rammed Earth
Rammed earth buildings are extremely durable and strong. To create masonry using rammed earth
techniques, builder pounds layers of moist
removable forms. The best mixture of rammed earth contains 30% of clay and 70% of sand with small
quantity of cement. This technique is inexpensive and extremely feasible. The main advantages of
rammed earth in residential design are
• High strength yet inexpensive.
• Soil dug out from the site itself could be used for this process to reduce soil waste and transportation costs.
Black soil is indigenous to Indore which is even better for this p
• Thermal mass of rammed earth walls helps to even out temperature fluctuations between day and night
which are favored in composite
• Gives a personal feel to the house.
4.2.3. Flyash Bricks
Fly ash is a combustion product of coal or lignite in thermal power plant. It is a waste material which can
have many applications in construction industry because of its low density, high fusion temperature and
high surface active property. It is available abundantly and cheaply near all thermal power plants in India.
Developing Neo-Vernacular Housing in Indore
IJA/index.asp 9
ents in the field of architecture and chemical engineering have resulted in invention of many
futuristic/innovative building materials which are sustainable and affordable as well.
Traditional vernacular materials are however easier to harvest and process,
costs of construction and transportation. These materials are completely eco-friendly and don’t contribute
in environment degradation in any way. Combining application of these with modern building materials
g results as this combination eradicates the limitations of both the groups while
keeping their favorable properties.
Lime is one of the most prominent vernacular building materials. It was used extensively for binding
ering, flooring and decorative purposes. It is abundantly available in all parts of
India and is a cheaper option compared to Portland cement. One of its only disadvantages is its longer
setting time but it more than makes up for it through other advantages such as-
duced on small scale (ideal for individual residences)
eability which allows wind flow inside buildings.
It is an excellent adhesive because of its fine particle nature
and provides excellent strength to other materials as well
It reduces greenhouse effect as it absorbs CO2 throughout its lifecycle
Rammed earth buildings are extremely durable and strong. To create masonry using rammed earth
techniques, builder pounds layers of moist, sifted soil mixed with small amount of Portland cement into
removable forms. The best mixture of rammed earth contains 30% of clay and 70% of sand with small
quantity of cement. This technique is inexpensive and extremely feasible. The main advantages of
rammed earth in residential design are-
High strength yet inexpensive.
Soil dug out from the site itself could be used for this process to reduce soil waste and transportation costs.
Black soil is indigenous to Indore which is even better for this process.
Thermal mass of rammed earth walls helps to even out temperature fluctuations between day and night
which are favored in composite climate of Indore.
Gives a personal feel to the house.
Figure 8 Rammed earth Constructions
Fly ash is a combustion product of coal or lignite in thermal power plant. It is a waste material which can
have many applications in construction industry because of its low density, high fusion temperature and
ace active property. It is available abundantly and cheaply near all thermal power plants in India.
ents in the field of architecture and chemical engineering have resulted in invention of many
futuristic/innovative building materials which are sustainable and affordable as well.
Traditional vernacular materials are however easier to harvest and process, this reduces the overall
friendly and don’t contribute
in environment degradation in any way. Combining application of these with modern building materials
g results as this combination eradicates the limitations of both the groups while
Lime is one of the most prominent vernacular building materials. It was used extensively for binding
ering, flooring and decorative purposes. It is abundantly available in all parts of
India and is a cheaper option compared to Portland cement. One of its only disadvantages is its longer
Rammed earth buildings are extremely durable and strong. To create masonry using rammed earth
, sifted soil mixed with small amount of Portland cement into
removable forms. The best mixture of rammed earth contains 30% of clay and 70% of sand with small
quantity of cement. This technique is inexpensive and extremely feasible. The main advantages of using
Soil dug out from the site itself could be used for this process to reduce soil waste and transportation costs.
Thermal mass of rammed earth walls helps to even out temperature fluctuations between day and night
Fly ash is a combustion product of coal or lignite in thermal power plant. It is a waste material which can
have many applications in construction industry because of its low density, high fusion temperature and
ace active property. It is available abundantly and cheaply near all thermal power plants in India.
Anuroy Vyas
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Of the various usage of flyash, flyash based brick making is one of the most developed wide spread
application. These bricks are manufactured by grinding and later sun drying volumetrically pre-measured
quantities of flyash, lime and gypsum in ratio of 92:4.5:3.5 with measured quantities of water. Advantages
of flyash bricks-
• Cheaper in cost and superior in quality when compared to burnt clay bricks.
• Flyash bricks have sharper edges and smooth finishes.
• Higher compressive strength.
• Flyash bricks consume large amount of flyash which reduces atmospheric, surface and ground water
pollution.
Figure 9 Fly-ash bricks
4.2.4. Old Railway Sleepers
Wooden ties/sleepers were used traditionally in construction of railway tracks. However, after introduction
of concrete sleepers in early 1980s in India these wooden sleepers were deemed outdated and were
replaced. These used and surplus wooden sleepers currently stacked in railway warehouses throughout the
country could have vast applications in construction industry. Azkoitia Station extension designed by
Studio Beldarrain uses old wooden sleepers as a façade element to give a unique aesthetic appeal to the
building. These wooden sleepers are excellent substitute for virgin wood which is a major cause of
deforestation. Some suggested applications of wooden sleepers are-
• Carpentry and façade treatment
• Platform construction to alter space inside a residence
• Truss design and fabrication
• Old furniture repair and patchwork
Figure 10 Old railway sleepers
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Figure 11 Azkoitia Station façade
5. CONCLUSION
It can be now concluded that these interventions can effectively decrease the carbon footprint of individual
housing units while being affordable and readily accessible. The vernacular derivation of these solutions
imparts some unique pro climate techniques as well as aesthetics to the contemporary architecture evolving
it in a more interactive, relatable and responsible style. However, despite having numerous qualities such
solutions are not applied practically to the extent one would expect. This is because lack of awareness of
people towards environment degradation, unavailability of skilled and aware work force and absence of
strong initiatives by government to support and encourage sustainable vernacular design applications.
These issues could only be resolved by organizing awareness campaigns, including strict bylaws in
building codes and educating all strata of construction industry about advantages and applications of these
interventions.
Perpetuated environmental degradation has connoted dark times ahead for humans should they choose
to continue on their current path. Construction industry being one of the biggest contributors to this
atrocity has enormous scope of sustainable transformation which can be achieved by neo-vernacular
architecture. This transformation is absolute necessity for conservation of earth and betterment of human
race on it.
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[3] Ahmadreza.Foruzanmehr, Prof. Fergus Nicol, Towards new approaches for integrating vernacular
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[4] Pankaj Khanna, Kriti Nagarth, Amol Mangrulkar Climate and construction, An impact assessment
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