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Developing Long-Term Socioeconomic Strategy in Israel Institutions, Processes, and Supporting Information Howard J. Shatz, Steven W. Popper, Sami Friedrich, Shmuel Abramzon, Anat Brodsky, Roni Harel, Ofir Cohen C O R P O R A T I O N

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Page 1: Developing Long-Term Socioeconomic Strategy in Israel...iv Developing Long-Term Socioeconomic Strategy in Israel progressed, we determined that the true value of such an institutional

Developing Long-Term Socioeconomic Strategy in IsraelInstitutions, Processes, and Supporting Information

Howard J. Shatz, Steven W. Popper, Sami Friedrich,

Shmuel Abramzon, Anat Brodsky, Roni Harel, Ofir Cohen

C O R P O R A T I O N

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Preface

Many of Israelโ€™s socioeconomic achievements have been dramatic. A young country that has absorbed massive influxes of immigrants and responded to constant security threats, Israel successfully developed a vibrant, open, and technologically advanced economy characterized by high rates of economic growth. These strengths were well manifested during the recent global downturn, in which Israelโ€™s economy outper-formed that of almost all other developed countries.

However, Israel faces substantial economic and social challenges, some of which are well known to policymakers and recently fueled a wave of social unrest. These challenges include differential ability within the population to participate in and benefit from the growth in the economy, rising costs of living, and questions on the part of the public about the governmentโ€™s ability to address those challenges. Faced with major existential challenges throughout Israelโ€™s history, the government has not routinely developed strategic responses to prob-lems that demand longer-term, coordinated policy action.

In 2011, the RAND Corporation, a global policy research insti-tution, was asked to assist a select task force of leading government officials in developing means by which Israel could create a long-term socioeconomic strategy. The task force was appointed by the Prime Minister and Minister of Finance in spring 2010 and was led by the head of the National Economic Council and the Director General of the Ministry of Finance. In part, RAND was asked to consider what institutional structure might best support this capacity in light of Isra-elโ€™s needs and taking into account international experience. As work

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iv Developing Long-Term Socioeconomic Strategy in Israel

progressed, we determined that the true value of such an institutional structure and its related processes would be to enhance the Israeli gov-ernmentโ€™s capacity for applying a strategic perspective to the develop-ment of government policy. Accordingly, we focused on developing means by which Israel could develop and apply the ability to take a strategic perspective, particularly in the socioeconomic sphere. RAND teamed with Shaldor Strategy Consulting, a leading strategic consult-ing firm in Israel, to respond to this challenge. A companion report describes key methods for taking a strategic perspective and conduct-ing long-term socioeconomic strategic analysis (Popper et al., 2015).

We investigated how the government of Israel applies a strate-gic perspective currently, how other countries develop and manage such a perspective in the creation of policy approaches to deal with their socioeconomic challenges, and what gaps exist in Israelโ€™s current institutions and processes. Informed by our research, we then recom-mended an institutional and procedural design to enhance strategic analysis to inform government policies; to provide strategic early warn-ing, strategic alternatives, and strategic training and education across government changes; and to help in the creation of a specific socioeco-nomic strategy should the government desire one. These recommenda-tions formed the basis for proposals presented to the cabinet in Octo-ber 2012 and approved for implementation.

The Israeli Prime Ministerโ€™s Office and the Israeli Ministry of Finance sponsored the research reported here. This report should be of interest to the Israeli public at large, government officials in Israel and elsewhere responsible for policy design, and researchers and others who have an interest in comparative governance and strategy.

RAND Labor and Population and the RAND Environment, Energy, and Economic Development Program

This research was undertaken jointly within RAND Labor and Popu-lation and the RAND Environment, Energy, and Economic Develop-ment Program.

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Preface v

RAND Labor and Population has built an international reputa-tion for conducting objective, high-quality, empirical research to sup-port and improve policies and organizations around the world. Its work focuses on children and families, demographic behavior, education and training, labor markets, social welfare policy, immigration, inter-national development, financial decisionmaking, and issues related to aging and retirement with a common aim of understanding how policy and social and economic forces affect individual decisionmaking and human well-being.

The RAND Environment, Energy, and Economic Development Program addresses topics relating to environmental quality and regu-lation, water and energy resources and systems, climate, natural haz-ards and disasters, and economic development, both domestically and internationally. Program research is supported by government agencies, foundations, and the private sector.

This program is part of RAND Justice, Infrastructure, and Envi-ronment, a division of the RAND Corporation dedicated to improving policy and decisionmaking in a wide range of policy domains, includ-ing civil and criminal justice, infrastructure protection and homeland security, transportation and energy policy, and environmental and nat-ural resource policy.

Questions or comments about this report should be sent to the project leader, Steven W. Popper ([email protected]). For more information about RAND Labor and Population, see http://www.rand.org/labor.html or contact the director at [email protected]. For more information about the Environment, Energy, and Economic Develop-ment Program, see http://www.rand.org/energy or contact the director at [email protected].

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Contents

Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iiiFigures and Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiSummary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiiiAcknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xixAbbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxi

CHAPTER ONE

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

CHAPTER TWO

Strategy and the Strategic Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5Defining a Strategic Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Defining Strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6Defining Strategic Perspective and Its Link to Strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Strategy, Plans, Strategic Planning, Strategic Programming, and Policy . . . . 9Israel and the Strategic Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

CHAPTER THREE

The Strategic Perspective and Israelโ€™s Socioeconomic Challenges . . . . . . 13Expert Interviews. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14Israelโ€™s Recent Economic Strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16Characteristics of the Israeli Government . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Interministerial Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20Prior Institutions for Identifying Socioeconomic Challenges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

The General Cabinet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22The Socioeconomic Cabinet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

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The Prime Ministerโ€™s Office . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22The Ministry of Finance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25Bank of Israel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27Government Ministry Policy Planning Departments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

Prior Processes for Applying a Strategic Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28Routine Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29Exceptional Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

Data, Information, and Research for Applying a Socioeconomic Strategic Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

Intragovernmental Research Capabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34Extragovernmental Research Capabilities: The Government as

Information Consumer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35Monitoring and Evaluation Capabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

CHAPTER FOUR

International Comparisons of Socioeconomic Strategy Development and Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

Insights from the Case Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40Content and Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

Case-Study Support: Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46A Strategy Unit That Receives the Prime Ministerโ€™s Attention and

Has Professional Capabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46Creating and Maintaining Demand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48Ministry Strategy Capabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50Elements External to the Government . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

Case-Study Support: Content and Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54Term Strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54Longer-Term Strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56Coordination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58Analytic Tools and Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60Outreach and Outputs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61Connections to the Budget . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

Case-Study Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

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CHAPTER FIVE

Perceived Gaps in Israel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67Gap 1. Lack of Involvement by the Political Leadership . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68Gap 2. Reactive Posture and Lack of Government-Initiated Strategic

Approaches to Policy Challenges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69Gap 3. Lack of Interministerial Coordination in Policymaking . . . . . . . . . . . . 70Gap 4. Low Levels of Engagement with Stakeholders and the Public . . . . . . 72Gap 5. Inadequate Use of Research and Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73Gap 6. Difficulties Transitioning Strategy to Policies and Their

Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74Gap 7. Inadequate Measurement and Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

CHAPTER SIX

Recommendations for Anticipating and Responding to Socioeconomic Challenges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

Background and Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80Recommendations in Detail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

Recommendation 1. Form a Political-Level Strategy Forum . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84Recommendation 2. Form a Professional-Level Socioeconomic

Strategy Forum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87Recommendation 3. Form a Socioeconomic Strategy Staff Unit . . . . . . . . . 89Recommendation 4. Create a Socioeconomic Strategic Agenda . . . . . . . . . 92Recommendation 5. Create a Mechanism for Managing the Plans

for the Socioeconomic Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93Recommendation 6. Establish a Deputy Director-General Forum

and Strengthen Ministry Strategy, Policy, and Planning Units . . . . . 94Recommendation 7. Establish a Council of External Stakeholders

and Experts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95Recommendation 8. Use Monitoring, Evaluation, and Research . . . . . . . . 98Recommendation 9. Create Incentives for Maintaining and

Strengthening Strategic Institutions and Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99Conclusions: Applying the Strategic Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101

Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103

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Figures and Tables

Figures

3.1. Institutions Involved in Strategic Approaches and Policy Management. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

4.1. Generators of Demand for Taking a Strategic Perspective . . . . . . 49 4.2. Strategy Publications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

Tables

3.1. Overview of Interviews Conducted with Israelis on Socioeconomic Strategy in Israel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

6.1. Case-Study Conclusions and Recommendations for Gap 1, Lack of Involvement by the Political Leadership . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

6.2. Case-Study Conclusions and Recommendations for Gap 2, Reactive Posture and Lack of Government-Initiated Strategic Approaches to Policy Challenges. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

6.3. Case-Study Conclusions and Recommendations for Gap 3, Lack of Interministerial Coordination in Policymaking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

6.4. Case-Study Conclusions and Recommendations for Gap 4, Low Levels of Engagement with Stakeholders and the Public . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86

6.5. Case-Study Conclusions and Recommendations for Gap 5, Inadequate Use of Research and Information . . . . . . . . . . 87

6.6. Case-Study Conclusions and Recommendations for Gap 6, Difficulties Transitioning Strategy to Policies and Their Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88

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6.7. Case-Study Conclusions and Recommendations for Gap 7, Inadequate Measurement and Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89

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Summary

Israelโ€™s macroeconomic performance since the mid-1980s has been admirable. Growth of gross domestic product and high-technology exports, for example, has been higher than in the countries of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) as a group and in the world as a whole. Even with this growth, infla-tion in Israel has generally run lower than in the OECD and the world since 2000.

However, Israel faces a variety of economic and social challenges, including rising costs of living, differential ability across the population to participate in and benefit from the growth in the economy, and the publicโ€™s questions about the governmentโ€™s role and its ability to play that role. Faced with more-immediate, major existential challenges throughout Israelโ€™s history, the government has not routinely devel-oped and successfully implemented strategic responses to socioeco-nomic problems that demand longer-term, coordinated policy action.

Effective means to respond to such longer-term challenges may require a more systematic approach to policymaking by the govern-ment. To this end, the National Economic Council (NEC) in the Prime Ministerโ€™s Office (PMO) and the Ministry of Finance, joined by the Policy Planning Department in the Prime Ministerโ€™s Office and the Bank of Israel, requested assistance in designing the institutions through which the government can consider, form, and implement a socioeconomic strategy and take a long-term view of socioeconomic issues for the state of Israel. It also sought support in the process of cre-

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ating the foundations for such a strategy. This document suggests the institutions for doing so.

To respond to this question, the RAND Corporation and Shaldor Strategy Consulting performed the following steps:

โ€ข mapped the institutions and processes in the formation of socio-economic strategy in the state of Israel as they existed at the time of the project in 2011

โ€ข described the information used to support strategy formationโ€ข analyzed the evaluation and monitoring processes in current

strategy formationโ€ข identified the gaps in current strategy-formation institutions, pro-

cesses, information, and evaluation and monitoringโ€ข conducted international case studies of strategy formationโ€ข compared Israeli practices with international practices.

We relied on two similar definitions of strategy to give structure to our research: (1) the calculated relationship of means to large ends and (2) a diagnosis of a challenge, a guiding policy defining the overall approach to the challenge, and a set of coherent actions. Both these definitions highlight the idea of coherent actions, rationally designed, to meet a goal. But we also determined that the idea of strategic perspec-tive would be more useful to the government as a matter for emphasis. Taking a strategic perspective means adopting a viewpoint that consid-ers the nature of the policy problem and the larger context in which it is placed, as well as the factors and issues that may influence any coherent set of actions that could be designed to solve it. This observ-ing and orientingโ€”embodied in research, analysis, monitoring, evalu-ation, and other activities that support the political leadershipโ€”would then be repeated as strategies were translated into government actions so that new information could be incorporated and strategies could be changed or refined.

Informed by our findings related to the six research steps described above, we developed detailed recommendations related to institutions, processes, supporting information, outputs, and implementation for the government of Israel to take a strategic perspective toward socio-

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Summary xv

economic issues and to develop a formal socioeconomic strategy for the state of Israel. These recommendations formed the basis for proposals that were presented to the cabient in October 2012 and approved for implementation.

Findings

We identified seven gaps in the development and management of Israeli socioeconomic strategy prior to 2011:

โ€ข a lack of involvement by the political leadershipโ€ข a reactive posture and lack of government-initiated strategic

approaches to policy challengesโ€ข lack of interministerial coordination in policymakingโ€ข low levels of engagement with stakeholders and the publicโ€ข inadequate use of research and informationโ€ข difficulties transitioning strategy to policies and their implemen-

tationโ€ข inadequate measurement and evaluation of policy interventions.

The interviews and our discussions with government officials also revealed unease as to whether the government had a common vision and goals. This and the other gaps may be found in other countries. Governments around the world have responded to similar gaps in dif-ferent ways. Our case studies produced insights on institutions, pro-cesses, and content for the use of a strategic perspective and the devel-opment and implementation of socioeconomic strategy. In the area of institutions, we found the following:

โ€ข The use of a strategic perspective and the development of longer-term socioeconomic strategy will benefit from the establishment of a strategy unit that receives the Prime Ministerโ€™s (PMโ€™s) atten-tion and has strong professional capabilities.

โ€ข Legal requirements and engagement of the head of government can create and maintain demand for a strategic approach to chal-

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xvi Developing Long-Term Socioeconomic Strategy in Israel

lenges. Creating a culture within the government that will value such an approach could be more difficult but will also provide demand. Indeed, the existence of capacity without demand for its output from within the system puts the continuation of that capacity at risk.

โ€ข Capabilities for taking a strategic perspective within ministries should be enhanced.

โ€ข The use of a strategic perspective and the development of a longer-term socioeconomic strategy will also benefit from the existence of and input from institutions that are external to the govern-ment.

In the area of content and processes, we found the following:

โ€ข One task of the strategy unit should be to develop a specific strategy tied to the term of newly elected government.1 Specific, attainable targets can be part of the strategy.

โ€ข Continuously taking a strategic perspective toward socioeconomic challenges and developing a longer-term strategy, strategic alter-natives, and strategic early warning should be carried out as well, especially when governments characteristically have short terms.

โ€ข The use of a strategic perspective toward socioeconomic chal-lenges, the creation of policies to respond to those challenges, and the implementation of those policies can be enhanced by strength-ening the ability of the PMO, including the NEC, to coordinate ministries. Committees of directors-general (DGs) and deputy DGs can be valuable tools for interministerial coordination and implementation and should be instituted.

โ€ข Approaching challenges with a strategic perspective and develop-ing strategies to respond to those challenges should be informed by a variety of analytic tools and research, including budget pro-jections, economic projections, scenario analyses, and research by

1 In parliamentary systems, it is governments that are elected, not individual officeholders. The distinction is important because of the parliamentary concept of shared responsibility, which, in turn, is the basis for government agreements. These play a large part in parliamen-tary government and in our discussion.

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Summary xvii

subject-matter experts, including commissioned research by such experts outside the government.

โ€ข Stakeholders and sources outside the strategy unit and the gov-ernment should be engaged early and often in the development of strategic approaches to challenges. Although it may not be appro-priate to publish all strategy documents, there should be a pro-pensity toward external exposure.

โ€ข Connections to the budget will aid implementation. The strat-egy unit should have influence over the budgeting process in its creation of the term strategy, and the budget staff should provide inputs into the term strategy, especially pertaining to fiscal impli-cations of policy initiatives.

Given our findings, we recommend the following institutions, processes, and actions to the government of Israel so that it may take a strategic perspective toward socioeconomic challenges and create a long-term socioeconomic strategy:

1. Form a political-level strategy forum led by the PM to serve as the focal point for the adoption of a strategic perspective, deci-sionmaking regarding strategy development, and oversight of the management of the strategic process.

2. Form a professional-level socioeconomic strategy forum linked to the PM and comprised of top civil servants, to serve as the focal point for coordinated thinking and management of a new socioeconomic strategic agenda at the top civil servant level.

3. Form a socioeconomic strategy staff unit, as part of the NEC, to be the focal point of support for engaging socioeconomic challenges with a strategic perspective, strategic early warn-ing, development of strategic alternatives, and strategy educa-tion for the civil service and to provide professional support for the professional-level forum in government agenda formulation and management processes. By strategic early warning, we mean longer-term challenges that would otherwise go undiscovered or ignored without the research, analysis, and other scanning activities undertaken by the strategy staff unit. By strategic alter-

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xviii Developing Long-Term Socioeconomic Strategy in Israel

natives, we mean alternative decisions and actions the govern-ment could take in response to identified socioeconomic prob-lems.

4. Create a new socioeconomic strategic agenda to be defined and promoted by the government for its term in office. The agenda would include an analysis of the socioeconomic situation and its long-term implications; a definition of the governmentโ€™s socio-economic goals for its term in office and how these goals help solve long-term problems; and detailed plans for specific socio-economic programs to be promoted by the government.

5. Create a mechanism, led by the professional-level socioeconomic strategy forum, for managing the plans for socioeconomic pro-grams selected in the governmentโ€™s agenda.

6. Establish a deputy DG forum; strengthen ministry strategy, policy, and planning units; and develop ministry capabilities for taking a strategic perspective, translating strategies into policies, programs, and plans, and implementing them.

7. Establish a council of external stakeholders and experts to link the public to strategy processes.

8. Use research, monitoring, and evaluation to assess the work of the new institutions and processes and the policies and pro-grams that result from them.

9. Create formal and informal incentives for taking a strategic per-spective, participating in the new institutions and processes, and using their outputs.

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Acknowledgments

The members of the RAND Corporation and Shaldor Strategy Con-sulting project team thank the many people in Israel who spoke with us about Israelโ€™s current socioeconomic strategy development and the many officials and others from British Columbia, Denmark, the Republic of Korea, and Singapore who corresponded and spoke with us about socioeconomic strategy development by their governments.

We also thank Claude Berrebi of RAND and the Hebrew Univer-sity of Jerusalem for contributions throughout the research and Scott Harold and Stephanie Pezard of RAND for their contributions as part of the research team on the international case studies. Two anonymous reviewers provided comments that greatly improved the manuscript. Beth Bernstein and Lisa Bernard also provided skilled assistance in improving the manuscript and guiding it through to publication. We are responsible for all remaining errors.

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xxi

Abbreviations

ADAM Annual Danish Aggregate ModelALP American Life PanelCOPS Committee of Permanent SecretariesDDG deputy director-generalDG director-generalGDP gross domestic productGRI Government Research InstituteKDI Korea Development InstituteMOF Ministry of FinanceNEC National Economic CouncilOECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and

DevelopmentPM Prime MinisterPMO Prime Ministerโ€™s Office

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1

CHAPTER ONE

Introduction

Israelโ€™s economic performance since the mid-1980s has been undeni-ably impressive. Growth of real gross domestic product (GDP) from 1985 to 2010 averaged 4.4  percent, well above the 2.9  percent reg-istered by the world and the 2.4 percent registered by the countries of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Growth of per capita GDP has also been larger than that of the world and the OECD, as has nominal growth of exports of goods. Since 1990, nominal high-technology exports have grown 10.4 percent annually, compared with 5.3 percent for the OECD as a whole. And with only two exceptions, starting in 2000, annual inflation as mea-sured by the GDP deflator has been lower than that of the world and the OECD (World Bank, 2014).

However, Israel faces a variety of economic and social challenges. Despite the strong macroeconomic performance, young and work-ing families are experiencing economic distress, facing a high cost of living, high cost of housing, and high cost of caring for and educat-ing their children. Income inequality has increased dramatically from the nationโ€™s not-too-distant roots, particularly because of increases in income at the high end of the income distribution. What may be more troubling are the concerns that access to and opportunity to participate in the most dynamic sectors of the economy may also be subject to a growing divide. In addition, many see the government as distant and

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2 Developing Long-Term Socioeconomic Strategy in Israel

not working on behalf of the public (Committee on Socioeconomic Change, 2012).1

The response to these challenges may require a more systematic and continuous approach to the examination and formulation of poli-cies, rather than the episodic and shorter-term approach that has been the more standard practice in Israel. To this end, in 2011, the Prime Ministerโ€™s Office (PMO) and the Ministry of Finance (MOF), joined by the Bank of Israel, requested assistance from the RAND Corpora-tion in helping to design the institutions through which the govern-ment can form and implement socioeconomic policies from a strategic perspective. It also sought support in the process of beginning the cre-ation of a socioeconomic strategy.

In carrying out its work, RAND was asked to address the follow-ing question:

How may the economic strategic-planning processes, includ-ing decision making and procedures for how work is conducted in the government, be improved, with an aim to strengthen the long-term perspective?

It should be noted that โ€œeconomic strategic planningโ€ as stated in this clause, means decisions with substantive, wide-ranging and long-term socioeconomic implications for the Israeli economy. (Israeli PMO, 2011)

To answer this question, the RAND Corporation engaged with Shaldor Strategy Consulting to undertake the following initial steps:

โ€ข Map the current institutions and processes in the formation of socioeconomic strategy in the state of Israel.

โ€ข Describe the information used to support strategy formation.

1 These are the findings of the report of the Committee on Socioeconomic Change, Cre-ating a More Just Israeli Society, issued in October 2011. The committee, also known as the Trajtenberg Committee, was formed in 2011 in the wake of large-scale social protests in Israel. These findings appear on pp. 3โ€“4 of the English translation of the official summary, posted at the Berman Jewish Policy Archive, Wagner School, New York University.

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Introduction 3

โ€ข Analyze the evaluation and monitoring processes in current strat-egy formation.

โ€ข Identify the gaps in current strategy-formation institutions, pro-cesses, information, and evaluation and monitoring.

โ€ข Conduct international case studies of strategy formation.โ€ข Compare Israeli practices with international practices.

As our work progressed, informed by discussions with the spon-sor, we broadened our investigation to include the following steps:

โ€ข Establish how governments cause their strategies to be imple-mented.

โ€ข Provide guidance on the specific outputs that accompany strategy formation.

Although the original focus was on the creation of a strategy, we determined that the true value of any institutional structure for strat-egy and its related processes would be to enhance the Israeli govern-mentโ€™s capacity for applying a strategic perspective to the development of government policy. Accordingly, we focused on developing means by which Israel could develop and apply the ability to take a strategic perspective, particularly in the socioeconomic sphere.

Informed by our research findings, we then developed detailed recommendations related to institutions, processes, supporting infor-mation, and outputs to help the government of Israel develop a strate-gic perspective toward socioeconomic issues, to create a specific strat-egy if desired, and to translate that strategic perspective into policies and programs that a government could implement during its term in office. These recommendations formed the basis for proposals that were presented to the cabinet in October 2012 and approved for implementation.

We present the results of our research in the following five chap-ters. In Chapter Two, we provide an overview of the key concepts of strategy and planning. Chapter Three describes the current socioeco-nomic strategy of Israel and the institutions, processes, and informa-tion used for decisionmaking as of the time of our research in 2011 to

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4 Developing Long-Term Socioeconomic Strategy in Israel

2012. Chapter Four presents international examples of the use of a stra-tegic perspective in policy development and implementation from four in-depth case studies of Denmark, Korea, Singapore, and the province of British Columbia in Canada and more-targeted case studies of seven other countries. Next, Chapter Five discusses perceived gaps in the use of a strategic perspective in Israel and the formation of Israeli socioeco-nomic strategy.

Finally, in Chapter Six, we present an institutional design for the strategic development of socioeconomic policies in Israel and for the creation of a strategy, if desired. We recommend processes and other actions, including monitoring and evaluation and the creation of incentives to increase use of strategic perspective. Where appropriate, we discuss alternative arrangements, as well as pros and cons. A com-panion report describes key methods for taking a strategic perspective and conducting long-term socioeconomic strategic analysis (Popper et al., 2015).

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CHAPTER TWO

Strategy and the Strategic Perspective

The original goal of our work was to contribute to the formation of an economic and social strategy for the state of Israel (Israeli PMO, 2011). In this chapter, we define and discuss the ideas behind such terms as strategy, strategic perspective, strategic planning, and others relevant to the development of socioeconomic strategy in Israel.

Israel will gain the greatest value if it can embed a strategic per-spective in its socioeconomic policymaking. By this, we mean an ori-entation, both supported by and driving a coherent set of activities and processes, designed to identify emerging socioeconomic problems and opportunities, analyze potential direct and indirect effects, and assess policies or actions to address them. A strategic perspective is also a tool for ensuring the coherence and feasibility of policies. Policies that address a specific problem or opportunity should be coherent, in the sense that they should work together and complement each other. Just as important is the need for them to be feasible: They should take account of potential obstacles and constraints.

We focus on the idea of a strategic perspective rather than the development of a specific strategy. Specific strategies can be useful for a variety of reasons, including helping the public understand the govern-mentโ€™s intentions. However, specific strategies must necessarily change as implementation starts because no strategist can foresee all obstacles. In addition, specific strategies are brittle: Examination of international experience, as discussed in Chapter Four, shows that policymakers can easily drop or ignore specific strategies. Indeed, elected leaders or the public may see little need to devise strategy in the government. Espe-

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6 Developing Long-Term Socioeconomic Strategy in Israel

cially if the public responds to short-term benefits or costs, politicians may be predisposed against promulgating specific strategies.

A strategic perspective, on the other hand, used to assess exist-ing and prospective problems, is harder to ignore. Injected into any policy discussion, it can push policymakers and government officials to confront the problem of how their proposed actions fit together to solve a problem. For Israel, taking a strategic perspective toward socio-economic issues should be more than creating a specific socioeconomic strategy and publishing it: โ€œ[I]t is also about the patterns of thinking that best match resources and capabilities to achieving desired policy endsโ€ (Drezner, 2009, p. 14).1

Defining a Strategic Perspective

Strategy is often considered to be the peak of the policy pyramid in terms of importance of its practitioners (usually the chief executive and his or her staff) and its purpose (to set the overall direction of the nation, the government, or a governmental department). But strategy is often ill-defined. In this section, we provide a definition of strategy to serve as a foundation for what we intend by the idea of a strategic perspective and then more firmly define strategic perspective.

Defining Strategy

Writers about strategy in different domainsโ€”security, business, and government policy, for exampleโ€”often note the confusion about what strategy means. For example, one leading scholar of business strategy has written that strategy has been equated with โ€œambition, leadership, โ€˜vision,โ€™ planning, or the economic logic of competitionโ€ (Rumelt, 2011, pp. 2, 5).2 We suggest that there are useful, clear definitions of strategy

1 The quotation actually refers to โ€œplanning,โ€ but the author uses planning in the sense that we use strategy. The terms strategy, planning, and strategic planning are often conflated or left undefined, leading to a lack of clarity in how strategy and planning overlap and influence each other.2 For an example from the literature on public administration, see UK House of Commons Public Administration Select Committee, 2010, p. 7. For an example from the literature on

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Strategy and the Strategic Perspective 7

and that these definitions lend support to the idea of the importance of a strategic perspective in policymaking.

We draw from Gaddis (2009) and Rumelt (2011) to provide a definition of strategy. For Gaddis, strategy is โ€œthe calculated relation-ship of means to large ends.โ€ Although he wrote this in the context of grand strategy, he added that it is โ€œpotentially applicable to any endeavor in which means must be deployed in the pursuit of impor-tant ends.โ€ Improving the socioeconomic well-being of a population, as Israeli policymakers seek to do, can be considered an important end and thus would be an appropriate subject for strategy.

For Rumelt (2011), good strategy contains three elements:

โ€ข a diagnosis of a challenge, simplifying reality and identifying crit-ical aspects (p. 77)

โ€ข a guiding policy, setting out the overall approach to overcoming obstacles, thereby marking what types of actions can be used and what kinds will be ruled out (pp. 77, 84)

โ€ข a set of coherent actions that are coordinated across various agents and work together to accomplish the guiding policy (p. 77).

These definitions both contain some element of a goalโ€”โ€œlarge endsโ€ and an approach to overcoming a diagnosed challenge. Both also specify that any strategy describe a set of coordinated actions to help achieve the specified ends. Rumelt notes that organizations often con-fuse guiding policy with strategy but that โ€œstrategy is about action, about doing somethingโ€ (2011, p.  87).3 Other definitions note that

security, see Douglas C. Lovelace, Jr., director of the U.S. Army War College Strategic Stud-ies Institute, in Yarger, 2006, p. v.3 For example, Rumelt identifies โ€œcontainment,โ€ the U.S. stance toward the Soviet Union during the Cold War, as a guiding policy. It stemmed from a diagnosis of โ€œa long-term strug-gle without the possibility of a negotiated settlementโ€ and set the stage for actions differently than an alternative guiding policy, such as engagement with the Soviet Union, transfer of the problem to the United Nations, or armed confrontation, would have (Rumelt, 2011, pp. 82โ€“83). However, the guiding policy of containment was not by itself a strategy because it did not contain specific actions.

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8 Developing Long-Term Socioeconomic Strategy in Israel

actions should be chosen rationally and that any strategy represents a distinct choice.

Defining Strategic Perspective and Its Link to Strategy

A diagnosis or an understanding of the problem and the environment is a foundation to developing good strategy. Rumelt (2011) likens a strategy to a scientific hypothesisโ€”an educated prediction about how the world will work, based on insight but tested against known princi-ples and accumulated knowledge, and then refined once the hypothesis is tested. Another way of capturing this idea is with the โ€œOODA loopโ€ model of decisionmaking developed by U.S. Air Force Col John Boyd to explain why pilots of one nation can achieve dominance over the pilots of another (Boyd, 1996 [2012]). The elements are observing (O), orienting (O), deciding (D), and acting (A) but then observing and orienting on the basis of the decisions and actions. Others have rec-ognized the OODA loop as a valid model for decisionmaking within organizations (Angerman, 2004).

An organization wishing to operate strategically must be able to scan the horizon (observe) and understand not only the factors that give rise to these observations but also what implications they have for the organization or the missions for which it is responsible (orient). It must base its decisions on known principles and accumulated knowledge.

In the context of designing policies to respond to socioeconomic challenges, taking a strategic perspective means adopting a viewpoint that considers the nature of the policy problem and the larger context in which it is placed, as well as the factors and issues that may influence any coherent set of actions that could be designed to solve it. A strategic perspective largely corresponds to the observe and orient functions of the OODA loop, or the factual inputs into a hypothesis.

Strategic alternatives would encompass alternative decisions and actions that would arise from observing and orienting, or they would be alternative hypotheses based on observed facts and tests of prior hypotheses. Strategic early warning would encompass the longer-term trends or challenges that are discovered from the observe and orient steps. Without this prior analysis, they might be overlooked, so strate-gies and their accompanying policy responses might not be developed

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Strategy and the Strategic Perspective 9

in time enough to forestall crises or ensure that these challenges are well managed.

Creating new institutions or charging existing institutions within the government with these responsibilities provides a way to ensure that there is capacity for developing a strategic perspective that is incor-porated into the work of the organization in a meaningful way. Rec-ognizing the loop nature of decisionmaking also provides the basis for understanding and modifying decisions and actions.

Taking a strategic perspective does not mean arriving at a single best solution. The strategic perspective does, however, begin the pro-cess of defining the feasible optionsโ€”the strategic alternativesโ€”and their pros and cons in order to help elected political leaders make what they consider to be the best strategic choices. Institutionalizing a stra-tegic perspective also implies implicit acknowledgment of the fact that strategic choices need flexibility because the nature of the policy prob-lem, its context, and other factors that may influence a solution can all change.

The idea of a strategic perspective is, in many ways, process ori-ented. Processes, such as analysis and debate, are essential to developing, testing, and implementing strategies. Likewise, capacity-strengthening can help spread the practice of taking a strategic perspective through-out the government. Processes for generating strategic perspectives within and across government organizations may prove to be valu-able in themselves, beyond their formal output. These processes can help create coordination mechanisms across the government. In addi-tion, because no one person or organization can know everything, embedding the idea of taking a strategic perspective throughout the government means that new ideas can arise that would otherwise be overlooked.

Strategy, Plans, Strategic Planning, Strategic Programming, and Policy

We have so far avoided using the term strategic planning, choosing instead to focus on strategy and strategic perspective. Research suggests

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10 Developing Long-Term Socioeconomic Strategy in Israel

that strategic planningโ€”formal analytical procedures taking place on a regular schedule to create a strategyโ€”is not agile or flexible enough to take account of uncertainty and frequent large and small surprises, sometimes ignores operational realities, and does not synthesize ana-lytical components into a coherent picture (Mintzberg, 1994). How-ever, strategic planning can fulfill a variety of useful functions. In this section, we focus on how strategic planning can support the strategic perspective. We also define other terms useful to the strategy process.

Strategic planners and planning are best viewed not as a source of strategies but as creating analytic inputs to taking a strategic per-spective and devising concrete steps for the programming of strategy. These planners and planning activities are important, if not essential, to taking a strategic perspective.

The U.S. Department of Stateโ€™s planning staff, when it was origi-nally formed, was charged by Secretary of State George C. Marshall with four functions: โ€œweighing alternative strategies, assessing current strategy, examining high-impact contingencies, and identifying key trends and emerging issuesโ€ (Friedberg, 2007โ€“2008, p. 49). The view of Secretary of State Dean Acheson was that the planning staff would โ€œlook ahead, not into the distant future, but beyond the vision of the operating officers caught in the smoke and crises of current battle; far enough ahead to see the emerging form of things to come and out-line what should be done to meet or anticipate themโ€ (Drezner, 2009, p. 14). Although designated as a planning staff, these are all roles of strategists, and they can be supported by formal analysis.

Because of the complexity of implementing government pro-grams, especially those that involve several ministries, strategies will often need to be converted into sub-strategies, milestones, specific objectives, and tasks for different offices, and implementation will need to be budgeted. This can be considered strategic planning, although another term could be strategic programmingโ€”turning a strategy into a clear program (Mintzberg, 1994, p. 336). The result would be a longer-term comprehensive plan that operationalizes the strategy.

Applying a strategic perspective to problems need not involve stra-tegic planning or programming in the sense of developing comprehen-sive plans. Such plans may be an end result, but, as suggested by the

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Strategy and the Strategic Perspective 11

four functions identified for the U.S. Department of Stateโ€™s planning staff, they are not the only result. On the other hand, accounting for implementation issues can also aid the strategic perspective. The litera-ture often draws a strict line between strategy and planning. However, the two are not as separate as they may seem. If strategy involves coher-ent actions, then the actions must be feasible by the organization and people who are to carry them out. Implementation failures can there-fore be the result of failure to create effective strategy:

Every failure of implementation is, by definition, also a failure of [strategy] formulation. If there is to be a separation between the two, so that one side thinks before the other side acts, then clearly, the capacity to act has to be taken into consideration in the thinking process. (Mintzberg, 1994, p. 25)

Considering how to implement a strategy over the long term can pro-vide a test of whether that strategy is feasible.

This suggests that taking a strategic perspective also involves con-sidering the feasibility and practicality of possible courses of action. Considering implementation factors in a strategy also suggests that members of any strategy staff cannot be completely separated from the rest of government operations. If they are to support strategy develop-ment effectively, they also need a sense of how the government operates and would benefit by being networked with officials throughout the ministries.

Finally, in our definitions, we consider policy. The literature on strategy in national security and domestic programs differs markedly in its treatment of policy. In the national security realm, policy pre-cedes strategy. In national security, strategy is the link between policy and its implementation; policy is defined as the ends, the goals, or what should be attempted (Gray, 2010; Yarger, 2006). In the realm of domestic programs, however, strategy has been defined as preceding policy. Policies are the means of achieving the goals defined by strategy (UK PMโ€™s Strategy Unit, 2004). For purposes of this document, we adopt the second definition, with policies designed to fulfill strategic directions.

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12 Developing Long-Term Socioeconomic Strategy in Israel

Despite the differences, there is agreement on one issue. As in our discussion of strategy and planning above, and in our illustration of the strategic perspective, strategy and policy are, in practice, interactive. In national security, a policy that cannot be fulfilled by any strategy is no policy at all, and, in the domestic realm, a strategy for which no suc-cessful policy can be designed is no strategy at all.

Israel and the Strategic Perspective

In the remainder of this report, we assess the nature of strategic approaches to socioeconomic policy in Israel as of the time of our researchโ€”2011 to 2012โ€”to draw lessons from case studies of prac-tices by other governments. We then present recommendations for strengthening the institutions and processes that can support a strate-gic perspective in Israel.

This information was accompanied by other RAND inputs regarding concepts, methods, and tools to a task force of leading gov-ernment officials engaged in developing means by which Israel can enhance its capacity for applying a strategic perspective to the develop-ment of government policy, particularly in the socioeconomic sphere. Our goal in these parallel efforts was to frame the pathways so that the strategic perspective could become embedded in the government, from lower-level civil servants to top political leaders. Embedding such a perspective means better defining emerging policy problems and potential solutions; thinking about necessary actions, how they can be coordinated, and what their effects might be; and taking account of constraints and uncertainty. Institutions and processes, as discussed in this document, would then support officialsโ€™ ability to take a strategic perspective and develop strategy.

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CHAPTER THREE

The Strategic Perspective and Israelโ€™s Socioeconomic Challenges

At its start, the ultimate goal of this research was to assist in the devel-opment of socioeconomic strategy for Israel. Specific topics included an evaluation of Israelโ€™s then-current strategy, focusing on the institutions and processes in its development; information and analysis on which any strategy was based; and evaluation and monitoring of the strategy. Informed by our discussions with our Israeli project sponsors, we also included implementation issuesโ€”the translation of strategy to policies and the planning, coordination, and management of those policiesโ€”and consideration of the outputs of strategy processes.

Institutions, processes, information and analysis, and other topics investigated can contribute to the development of a specific strategy, but their contribution can go well beyond that. Specifically, they can make their most important contribution by enabling Israeli officials and policymakers to take a strategic perspective toward socioeconomic challenges.

A first step to improving the use of a strategic perspective in Israel was to understand Israelโ€™s then-current strategy, how the government developed a strategic perspective, how the government was implement-ing its strategy, and what gaps existed in Israelโ€™s strategy processes. This chapter describes the situation in Israel as it existed at the beginning of our work, with an emphasis on institutions and processes. We also investigated these same issues in other countries, with the findings pre-sented in Chapter Four. We discuss the presumed gaps in Chapter Five, after reviewing international practices. We combined the Israel results

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14 Developing Long-Term Socioeconomic Strategy in Israel

and the case-study results to present a proposed institutional design for Israel (Chapter Six).

In this chapter, we first describe the source material for much of our information about Israel, a series of interviews with knowledgeable experts. We then review Israelโ€™s recent economic strategy and intro-duce important factors in the Israeli system of government that are relevant to any discussion of governmental reform. We next provide an in-depth discussion of the institutions, processes, and information used for taking strategic approaches toward socioeconomic challenges in Israel. We conclude with a brief discussion of the implications of what we have described.

Expert Interviews

We gained the material presented in Chapters Three and Five largely through a series of intensive interviews, conducted by Shaldor, of those who currently are serving or have served the government of Israel in senior positions. Other interviews included observers from outside the government whom the project team felt would be valuable sources of insight. All interviews were conducted in 2011 and were done so on the agreement of providing no direct attribution to specific informants. Table 3.1 presents an overview of the character and coverage of these 56 interviews.

The interviews generally asked the following questions and requested the following information:

โ€ข What are your general thoughts on the Israeli government strat-egy and policymaking system?

โ€ข Please map the current situation and your personal experience in government strategy and policymaking. Who are the key players, and what are the processes?

โ€ข Where relevant, how are research and other information used to support decisionmaking?

โ€ข How are strategy and policy coordinated among the players?โ€ข What are the main gaps in strategy and policymaking?

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The Strategic Perspective and Israelโ€™s Socioeconomic Challenges 15

โ€ข What solutions do you suggest?โ€ข Please provide examples of important topics or cases for analysis.

These questions bear directly on the ability of Israeli policymakers to take a strategic perspective. As we noted in Chapter Two, taking such a perspective involves being able to scan the horizon regarding an issue under consideration and then to understand not only the factors that give rise to these observations but also the implications they have for policies and programs. Taking such a perspective also involves basing decisions on known principles and accumulated knowledge. The first three questions, by asking about the overall system, the processes, and

Table 3.1Overview of Interviews Conducted with Israelis on Socioeconomic Strategy in Israel

OrganizationFormer or

Current DGs

Former or Current

Department or Agency Heads Other Managers Total

PMO 6 7 13

MOF 2 10 2 14

Other ministries 4 7 11

Other government of Israela

3b 4 1 8

Local government

3 3

Industry associations and labor unions

3 3

Private sector 4 4

Total 15 28 13 56

NOTE: DGs = directors-general. a Offices not organized as ministries (e.g., Bank of Israel, Higher Education Council, government-owned companies).b Serving and former directors of the Bank of Israel.

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16 Developing Long-Term Socioeconomic Strategy in Israel

information inputs, are asking, in part, about how the Israeli govern-ment observes and orients.

Using interviews as a research method may have two potential flaws. First, those interviewed will necessarily draw from personal experiences and have personal biases. This may limit the usefulness of any single interview. However, this flaw can be mitigated by observing whether people with different backgrounds have formed similar views about the use of a strategic perspective in policy development in Israel. Our conclusions reflect areas of widespread agreement.

Second, as discussed in the previous chapter, there is no specific normative model of strategy development and the use of a strategic perspective that can apply to all governments. The discussion of formal strategic planning illustrates the pitfalls of assuming that there can be such a model (Mintzberg, 1994). This may suggest that people being interviewed were asked to evaluate Israelโ€™s current situation against an ill-defined standard. However, this is not the case. If we consider strategy to be the calculated relationship of means to large ends, or a coordinated set of actions in response to a challenge, then it is reason-able to ask experts whether Israel has successfully devised coordinated policies in response to major socioeconomic problems. We can also ask whether Israeli policymakers regularly adopt a viewpoint that considers the nature of the policy problem and the larger context in which it is placed, as well as the factors and issues that may influence any coherent set of actions that could be designed to solve it. In other words, we can ask whether Israeli policymakers already take a strategic perspective.

An additional way of overcoming the lack of a normative model is to consider how other countries develop a strategic perspective in their decisionmaking. We do so in Chapter Four. A comparative study of what works and does not work suggests which elements Israel may require for obtaining a strategic perspective on socioeconomic policy.

Israelโ€™s Recent Economic Strategy

Various socioeconomic strategies have been advanced in Israel ever since its founding. Although they helped secure the countryโ€™s economic

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The Strategic Perspective and Israelโ€™s Socioeconomic Challenges 17

development and led Israelโ€™s economy and society to extraordinary achievements, they also left significant challenges unmet. The roots of the economic strategy (adopted de facto, but not officially) in existence at the time of our research can be traced largely to lessons learned from the grave economic crisis of the early 1980s that culminated in the eco-nomic stabilization plan of 1985. This led to a transition from a high level of government economic direction in an economy with highly centralized production to a market economy integrated into the global economy.

Governments carried out the set of actions in this strategy in two broad, related areas. First, they sought to restrict the public sector by privatizing major companies and activities and initiating a balanced fiscal policy to support the reduction of public debt. Second, they pro-moted significant reforms regarding Israelโ€™s interaction with global markets, such as reforming financial and capital markets and the rules for holding foreign currency; liberalizing foreign trade; and focusing on tapping into opportunities offered by the global technology revolution.

The current strategyโ€™s achievements, which include economic sta-bility and a high growth rate, were made possible by the professional and institutional capabilities accumulated in recent years within the government and at the MOFโ€™s Budget Department in particular. Such capabilities include strong budgetary control, quick decisionmaking (due in part to the Arrangements Law, strong legal authority over the budget allocation, and backing by the Prime Minister [PM]), privatiza-tion process management, and the ability to lead and oversee legislative reforms.1

Nevertheless, Israelโ€™s society and economy are faced with serious challenges. The current strategy is apparently unable to respond reli-ably, and capabilities for developing and implementing new approaches to respond to these challenges are lacking. The current capabilities that

1 The Arrangements Law is submitted each year to the Knesset, Israelโ€™s parliament, at the same time as the budget bill. It is a single, omnibus instrument that includes those bills and legislative amendments that the government considers necessary for meeting the goals that have been set out in its economic policy. This may also include amendments that would nul-lify previously passed legislation if such would be deemed injurious to adhering to economic policy goals.

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18 Developing Long-Term Socioeconomic Strategy in Israel

need to be developed in the government are fundamentally different from the capabilities developed in the past; those were designed mainly to provide macroeconomic stability and facilitate venturing into exter-nal markets. They were not designed to support dynamic change in Israelโ€™s society nor geared toward reforms in internal government insti-tutions. These institutions were developed to allow for government downsizing, not with a view toward enhancing governmentโ€™s policy-making and implementation capabilities. These institutions suffer from extreme workload and have little time for analysis of complex problems and development of strategic perspectives.

The emphasis on macroeconomic policy is understandable given Israelโ€™s past experience. However, it has not allowed for similar devel-opment of tools for the creation of strategies for solving complex socio-economic problems and translating those strategies into policies and programs that can be and actually are implemented. There has been a widening perception of the necessity for new strategic institutions and ways of taking a strategic perspective on socioeconomic challenges. The difficulty of developing and implementing long term strategic perspec-tive can be found in many representative democracies. Although there are already instances of the emergence of such thinking in Israel, much needs to be done to enhance and institutionalize them at the govern-mental level.

Characteristics of the Israeli Government

The Israeli system of government has three characteristics that any reform proposals must take into account. First, compared with the U.S. system, there is weaker separation of powers between the execu-tive (known in Israel as the government) and the legislative branch (known as the Knesset) and therefore comparably weak checks and bal-ances between the two. The executive is very strong compared with the legislature and often is able to force its agenda on the legislature. The Knesset works largely on issues that the government (the PM and his coalition ministers) deems important. The executive is selected mostly from among the party leadership representing the majority coalition

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The Strategic Perspective and Israelโ€™s Socioeconomic Challenges 19

in the Knesset, as is standard in parliamentary systems, so it almost entirely controls the Knessetโ€™s majority vote. The Knesset does have a substantial role in influencing public discourse, but it can hardly force policies that contradict the executiveโ€™s agenda.

Second, the MOF is extremely powerful compared with other ministries because of its ability to allocate resources and therefore determine policy (Ben-Bassat and Dahan, 2006). This situation stemmed from the stabilization plan of 1985, which led to adoption of strong measures of budget discipline and control. Two branches of the MOF are particularly strongโ€”the Budget Department and the accountant-general. They have exercised considerable control over min-istries, with the result that the MOF has had a near monopoly over strategic approaches toward socioeconomic challenges and any poli-cies adopted to meet them even though these units had little time and resources available for strategic analysis. This was compounded by the fact that, until recently, the PM had little interest in or knowledge of economics. However, this changed under PMs Ehud Olmert and Bin-yamin Netanyahu, and the PMO has become more involved in socio-economic issues. Despite this change, the MOF has retained consider-able autonomy.

Finally, the Israeli government is generally a coalition government, with individual parties given control over ministries and resources as the price of their partnership in the coalition. As a result, a PM may have limited power over a specific minister if the coalition is fragile or the PM needs that ministerโ€™s party to retain the coalition.

In discussing issues related to the government in Israel, it is impor-tant to note that, in Israel, the government can have multiple meanings. It can refer collectively to all ministries, which, in the United States, would be considered the executive branch. However, government meet-ing refers to a cabinet meeting, and government can refer to the cabinet. Accordingly, in the English version of this document, we use the term cabinet when we refer to the collectivity of the PM and the ministersโ€”the elected political leaders.

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20 Developing Long-Term Socioeconomic Strategy in Israel

Interministerial Processes

The Israeli government has three main ways to convene ministries for discussion and development of socioeconomic policy. The first is through discussions with the Budget Department of the MOF. Budget officials will convene ministry officials and coordinate policy devel-opment. Two flaws are that budget officials are often not substantive experts in the policy areas and that they are concerned primarily with budget discipline over competing goals.

The second is through the convening power of the PMO. How-ever, at the time of our work on this project, this had not been used systematically. The PMOโ€™s interest in interministerial coordination for socioeconomic policy has been developing since the early 2000s, when PM Ariel Sharon established the Coordinating and Follow-Up Unit under the PMO DG to work on specific issues of interest to the PM. PM Olmert then established the National Economic Council (NEC) and the Policy Planning Department in 2006. In general, they worked on discrete problems rather than on the overall strategy, and, when they conducted interministerial coordination, it was generally at the deputy DG (DDG) level.

A third avenue is ad hoc committees. These are usually estab-lished to tackle a specific policy problem and are often headed by a public figure with representation of relevant ministries.

We now turn to a more complete explanation of the institutions, processes, and information that enable the government to take a stra-tegic perspective toward socioeconomic challenges. One point to note is that, for most of these institutions, the number of personnel rarely exceeds a dozen, yet they all deal with a multiplicity of issues facing a diverse society that is still formally at war with several of its neighbors.

Prior Institutions for Identifying Socioeconomic Challenges

In 2011, Israel had a variety of institutions involved in developing and managing Israelโ€™s strategic approaches toward socioeconomic chal-

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The Strategic Perspective and Israelโ€™s Socioeconomic Challenges 21

lenges and the policies adopted to meet them.2 Figure 3.1 shows how the major institutions interact within the structure of the government. The major institutions discussed below are the PMO, the MOF, the Bank of Israel, and government ministries.

2 Many of the institutions we discuss are quite small. In particular, the NEC; Policy Plan-ning Department; and Division for Coordination, Follow-Up and Control in the PMO and the Economics and Research Department in the MOF all have staffs of from five to 12 people, including research assistants, with the staff levels somewhat flexible and changing periodically.

Figure 3.1Institutions Involved in Strategic Approaches and Policy Management

NOTE: Operational authorities are government institutions that have operationalmissions and mandates. They report to ministries and include such institutionsas the Israel Defense Forces, the Israel Police, and the Israel Land Authority.RAND RR275-3.1

Socioeconomiccabinet

General Cabinet(PM and ministers)

PMO

MOF

Ministry staff

Ministry DG

DepartmentsOperationalauthorities

PolicyPlanning

Department

BudgetDepartmentDG DG . . .. . .NEC

Interministerialmechanisms

(permanent forums,ad hoc committees)

Governmentministries

Bank of Israel andindependent or

semi-independentpublic policymechanisms

โ€ข Think tanksโ€ข Public conferencesโ€ข Sectorial representativesโ€ข . . .

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22 Developing Long-Term Socioeconomic Strategy in Israel

The General Cabinet

The general cabinet is the forum of all ministersโ€”the government. Its members meet weekly to discuss issues and vote on government deci-sions (also known as resolutions), formal documents that reflect cabi-net decisions. The cabinet holds the ultimate executive power, but it relies on the professional work of the ministries themselves. Its involve-ment in the development of strategic approaches toward socioeconomic challenges, the policies adopted to meet them, and the management of those policies varies by government. In most cases, the cabinet is merely a forum for ministerial voting, while the discussions and nego-tiations are kept outside, in either smaller or lower-level forums. How-ever, there are times when there is discussion of strategies and policies at the cabinet level, without direct decisionmaking.

The Socioeconomic Cabinet

The socioeconomic cabinet (officially named the Ministerial Commit-tee for Social and Economic Affairs) is a forum of government minis-ters that derives its powers from the full cabinet and acts in its name to develop strategic approaches toward socioeconomic challenges and then formulate and approve socioeconomic policies to meet those challenges. In certain cases, the socioeconomic cabinet is the official group to approve reforms or new socioeconomic policies and programs, which are usually brought for its approval by the Budget Department. In the absence of a dedicated staff that takes a strategic perspective on issues, the cabinet does not address these topics in a systematic manner. Through the years, the composition and size of the socioeconomic cab-inet, usually headed by the finance minister, have changed consider-ably. Since the 2013 elections, 13 ministers are members.3

The Prime Ministerโ€™s OfficeThe Director-General of the Prime Ministerโ€™s Office

The PMO DG is tasked with coordinating, on behalf of the PM, the staff and policy work carried out in the government regarding eco-

3 The current government has 21 ministers. The government that existed until the elections of 2013 had 31 ministers, of whom 15 were members of the socioeconomic cabinet.

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The Strategic Perspective and Israelโ€™s Socioeconomic Challenges 23

nomic, social, and civic issues. In that capacity, the PMO DG is respon-sible for initiating and leading large-scale national projects included on the governmentโ€™s and the PMโ€™s agenda. However, he or she does not have formal authority over the budget.

The PMO DG is appointed by the PM and approved by the full cabinet and is assisted by a team of personal and professional advisers, such as the head of the Economics Department at the PMO.4 In recent years, new staff units have been established at the PMO, such as the Policy Planning Department and the Division for Coordination, Fol-low-Up and Control (see below). In addition, several professional staff agencies engaged in cross-ministry issues report to the PMO DG, such as the Authority for the Economic Development of the Arab, Druze, and Circassian Sectors. The PMO DG also chairs various ad hoc com-mittees and, in recent years, a ministerial DG forum, which is attended by the DGs of all government ministries and convenes regularly.

In the absence of formal powers, PMO DGs throughout the years have used various channels for promoting the governmentโ€™s work. The PMO DGโ€™s power rests on his or her direct link to the PM and the PMโ€™s backing, as well as the DGโ€™s ability to influence the agenda in cabinet meetings (in coordination with the government secretary). The DG is central for the approval of government programs prior to those programs being brought to the full cabinet for approval. This is espe-cially relevant to the stateโ€™s budget and economic plans, which are sub-mitted for the DGโ€™s review and approval before they are submitted for approval by the PM and the cabinet (or, as it would be known in Israel, the government). The DGโ€™s workload and his or her intensive involve-ment in urgent issues of a political nature make it difficult for him or her and his or her direct staff to take a strategic perspective on socio-economic challenges on a regular and systematic basis.

The National Economic Council

The NEC at the PMO was established in 2006 and serves as a staff body for the PM, helping to develop government policy on economic issues. According to the government decision establishing the NEC,

4 The Economics Department is not the same as the NEC, which we discuss next.

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24 Developing Long-Term Socioeconomic Strategy in Israel

the council was established, among other reasons, to promote system-atic, professional, and long-term economic thinking. The councilโ€™s head serves as economic adviser to the PM and is appointed by the PM and approved by the government. The head operates as part of the PMO in coordination with the PMO DG. The NEC heads have been prominent academic economists.5 However, the NEC does not have Ph.D.-level research capacity or a statistical staff.

The NECโ€™s activity has not yet been grounded in legislation, and it functions in a slightly different manner from the one assigned to it by the original government decision, which stipulated its role as the prepa-ration of professional opinion papers regarding the state budget and other proposals awaiting decision by the government. The NEC oper-ates on several levels. In some cases, it publishes papers that facilitate the initiation and support of government policy measures. It also works on the PMโ€™s behalf in promoting economic programs topping the PMโ€™s agenda. In addition, the council leads and takes part in the professional formulation of government policy measures, mainly in the framework of interministerial and public committees. Finally, the council partici-pates in the staff work of the PMO on economic issues, especially the budget discussions led by the PMO DG. In sum, despite the lack of formal powers, the councilโ€™s authority derives from the combination of professional authority, a relationship of intimacy and trust with the PM, and coordination with the DG.

Policy Planning Department

Started in 2006, the Policy Planning Department operates in the PMO under the office of the PMO DG. Led by a DDG, the department seeks to lead changes that will improve the effectiveness of govern-ment. In recent years, it championed a process for the formulation of a government planning manual as part of a broader process aimed at enhancing the PMOโ€™s planning capabilities. As part of an annual plan-ning process, the department coordinates the preparation process of government ministriesโ€™ annual work plans and assessment documents,

5 The first head of the NEC was Professor Manuel Trajtenberg of Tel Aviv University. He was succeeded in 2009 by Professor Eugene Kandel of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.

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The Strategic Perspective and Israelโ€™s Socioeconomic Challenges 25

which are distinct from the budget. It also assists in the establishment of ministry-level planning units and guides their operation. In addi-tion, the department is a vehicle for promoting specific national social policies on behalf of the PMO DG, as well as overseeing social projects by the government.

As part of the annual planning process, the department convenes an annual meeting and publishes ministerial plans. It has also pub-lished a planning manual. The department has limited power to recon-cile ministry plans. It can suggest revisions but cannot overrule a min-ister. As is explained more below, the budget remains more important than the plans.

Division for Coordination, Follow-Up and Control

The Division for Coordination, Follow-Up and Control is a staff body within the PMO, in subordination to the PMO DG. It is engaged in promoting and monitoring the implementation of national programs high on the PMโ€™s agenda and requiring cross-ministerial coordination. It has recently developed a tracking system to monitor the implementa-tion phases of government decisions.

The Ministry of FinanceBudget Department

The Budget Department is the body charged with preparing the state budget on behalf of the finance minister, which makes it responsible for Israelโ€™s fiscal policy. Stemming from the 1985 economic stabili-zation reforms, the department has become Israelโ€™s central body for formulating and implementing the governmentโ€™s economic policy and promoting structural reform in the economy. The MOF submits the budget to the Knesset and delegates this to the head of the Budget Department. The Budget Department director is equal in rank to a ministry DG, and some observers of the Israeli government consider the director to be, at times, as influential as the MOF DG.

Along with the budget documents, the department brings for cabinet approval (or, as it would be known in the Israeli system, gov-ernment approval) an economic plan for the next budget period. This plan includes a series of policy measures in various areas, not necessar-

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26 Developing Long-Term Socioeconomic Strategy in Israel

ily strictly economic in nature. Some of these measures are eventually submitted to the Knesset for approval within the framework of the Arrangements Law.6

The Budget Department has a major and critical influence over the formulation and implementation of the governmentโ€™s socioeco-nomic policy, and by virtue of its role, takes part in every decision and has a major effect on the governmentโ€™s performance. The Budget Department staff is generally highly skilled and adept in the intricacies of Israeli policymaking and should be credited with much of the mac-roeconomic achievement and major economic reforms of recent years. There are, however, those who argue that the departmentโ€™s powers are excessive and tend to hinder considerably the planning work done in individual ministries. In addition, some argue that the departmentโ€™s human resources and available time, given its many tasks, are insuf-ficient for adequate planning and that the emphasis on ensuring short-term conformance to fiscal guidelines precludes the consideration of the entire range of relevant longer-range issues.

The Director-General of the Ministry of Finance

The MOF DG is in charge of managing the ministryโ€™s operations but shares these responsibilities with the director of the Budget Depart-ment; the accountant-general; the director of the Capital Market, Insurance and Savings Department; and the director of the Wages Department. The MOF DG faces a considerable managerial challenge because the positionโ€™s formal powers are limited in comparison to those of subordinate department heads; department heads all have the rank of DG and have the finance ministerโ€™s legal powers delegated directly to them.

As a result of these shared management responsibilities, MOF DGs usually focus on promoting one or two major reforms during their terms in office, whereas department heads enjoy considerable auton-omy in their individual domains. In addition, the MOF DG coordi-nates the intraministerial staff work when complex cross-departmental

6 Please see โ€œIsraelโ€™s Recent Economic Strategyโ€ earlier in this chapter for a discussion of the Arrangements Law.

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The Strategic Perspective and Israelโ€™s Socioeconomic Challenges 27

decisions are called for, as, for instance, during the most recent global economic crisis. Also reporting to the MOF DG are various ministerial staff bodies, including the Economics and Research Department and the legal adviser.

Bank of Israel

The Israeli central bank operates like many central banks but has some differences that make it more relevant than central banks in other countries to the development of a strategic perspective toward socio-economic challenges and the policies to meet them. The most notable is that the governor of the Bank of Israel is formally adviser to the government on economic affairs. The governor presents policy recom-mendations and assesses policy, assisted by the bankโ€™s research depart-ment. This historical role is an exception to the practice of most other central banks and can raise challenges to a core goal of central bank independence.

The Research Division of the Bank of Israel assists the governor of the bank in his or her role as adviser to the government on eco-nomic affairs. Employing a team of postgraduate economists, the divi-sion performs economic research and analysis on a broad range of sub-jects, both macroeconomic and microeconomic, thereby creating an important research foundation for governmental policy. This research includes analyses that underlie policies formulated by the MOF, includ-ing construction of the budget.

Besides publishing reports and position papers, employees also participate as experts in interministerial committees and furnish the government and the Knesset with professional opinions. In some cases, the Research Division attaches to its studies recommendations for policy measures. An example of the direct support to government operations is the divisionโ€™s participation in an interministerial research team to monitor the negative income tax program for low-wage work-ers that was introduced in 2007.

The division is now working to enhance the bankโ€™s decision-support research capabilitiesโ€”that is, improving the bankโ€™s ability to perform focused studies in a short time frame in order to provide deci-sionmakers with a prompt, research-based foundation. Nevertheless,

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28 Developing Long-Term Socioeconomic Strategy in Israel

the division and the bank in general are required to maintain vigilance to preserve their independent position vis-ร -vis the government.

Government Ministry Policy Planning Departments

Ministerial policy planning units exist in several government minis-tries.7 Most of these units were established in the previous five years as part of a process led by the PMOโ€™s Policy Planning Department. They are generally quite small.

The capabilities developed by the ministerial planning units vary among individual ministries. As a general rule, these units are engaged in the annual development of ministerial work plans, and some of them also lead or take part in the formulation of a longer-range minis-terial strategy. Some ministerial planning units combine research capa-bilities, which provide the ministerial DGs with a broader perspec-tive of knowledge and policy direction; some are also responsible for ministerial budgeting. However, they do not generally have program-evaluation capabilities.

Prior Processes for Applying a Strategic Perspective

The two traditional routine government processes that previously came closest to approaching socioeconomic challenges with a strategic per-spective and formulating policies to meet those challenges were the budgeting process and the ministerial planning process. In addition, exceptional processes for the formulation of longer-range policy have existed and still exist in Israel. These include governmental and public committees, as well as ad hoc efforts to formulate a socioeconomic agenda for the government.

7 As of mid-2013, these were the ministries of Interior; Health; Industry, Trade and Labor; Environmental Protection; Transport; Immigrant Absorption; Agriculture; Justice; Science and Technology; Culture and Sport; Defense; Public Safety; and Foreign Affairs.

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The Strategic Perspective and Israelโ€™s Socioeconomic Challenges 29

Routine ProcessesThe Budgeting Process

The budgeting process occurs in two directions. The first, from the bottom up, is focused mainly in setting up the โ€œautomatic pilotโ€โ€”liabilities resulting from previously taken and non-renegotiable decisionsโ€”by the Budget Department. It also includes negotiations and understandings between the MOF and other ministries regard-ing ministerial programs for which budgets are to be allocated. The second, from the top down, is concerned mainly with deciding the allocations across major categories, such as ministry totals, and alloca-tions for new programs (or cancellation of old ones) according to prior-ities set largely by the Budget Department. This part usually includes a series of significant cuts (โ€œdeductionsโ€). Beginning in 2009, the Israeli government changed its budgeting process to occur every two years. In addition, the budget includes reporting on budget allocations for the next three years (known as โ€œenvelopesโ€), but these numbers are not binding. Finally, the Budget Department is charged with the prepara-tion of the annual budget proposal, performs its own economic evalu-ation, and proposes annual targets ahead of the budgetary discussions.

Despite this process, the budget does not necessarily reflect a stra-tegic perspective on Israelโ€™s socioeconomic challenges. For example, the PMO, which approves the budget proposal prior to its submission to the full cabinet, does not examine the Budget Departmentโ€™s annual targets routinely in a thorough manner; the government, during or ahead of the deliberations, does not discuss them in depth either. As a result, โ€œat the present time, there is no structured ex-ante process of determining the governmentโ€™s order of priority, which could have been used for deriving clear guidelines for budget allocationโ€ (NEC, 2009).

The Ministerial Planning Process

In 2007, the government initiated a formal process for enhancing ministerial planning capabilities, led by the PMOโ€™s Policy Planning Department. The ministerial planning process begins with a ministe-rial assessment phase, continues with the formulation of longer-range goals and annual targets, and ends with budget allocation. At year-end, the ministry is expected to examine planning versus implementation

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30 Developing Long-Term Socioeconomic Strategy in Israel

and draw lessons to be applied in the ministerial plan for the next year. This process is designed to enhance government ministriesโ€™ per-formance and ensure that their key goals are expressed in their annual work plans and budget books. In the assessment of those involved in the process, both in individual ministries and in the PMO, the plan-ning process has come to provide a significant grounding for the oper-ation of individual ministries throughout the year, but there is still much room for improving the ability to take a strategic perspective, to plan for the long term, and, in particular, to better establish a defined process for determining the order of the governmentโ€™s priorities, which would then feed into the long-term targets of individual ministries.

Interaction Between the Budgetary and Planning Processes

The dialogue between the MOF and other government ministries has indeed improved in recent years, thanks to the improvement in minis-terial planning capabilities, but the interaction between the budgeting and planning processes is still lacking. The original intention in estab-lishing these ministerial planning capabilities was to set in motion an ongoing mutual feedback cycle between the ministerial planning pro-cess and the governmentโ€™s budgeting process. In reality, however, these processes are often uncoordinated and conducted in isolation (among other reasons, because of time constraints). Specifically, the two pro-cesses are run separately. Plans are not formulated entirely in coordina-tion with budgeting considerations, such as budget constraints and the need for multiyear allocations. Furthermore, the submission of minis-try plans is not fully integrated into the budgeting process.

Except for the budgeting process and the ministerial planning process, there are currently no other formally structured governmental processes or routines that enable officials to take a strategic perspective toward socioeconomic problems, formulate socioeconomic strategy and policies, determine the order of the governmental priorities, and manage any resulting strategy. The Budget Department focuses on the annual budgeting cycle and does not provide long-term guidance to ministries. And in the rare case in which long-term targets are consid-ered, there is no systematic way of incorporating them into the budget

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The Strategic Perspective and Israelโ€™s Socioeconomic Challenges 31

or ministerial plans. Hence, there is also no formal process for linking budgeting and planning processes to the goals defined in strategies.

Exceptional Processes

In some cases, interministerial committees or ad hoc special commis-sions have been used to take a strategic perspective toward socioeco-nomic challenges and develop policies to respond to them. Such com-mittees have proven to be valuable both in Israel, as noted below, and in other countries, as noted in Chapter Four. They can bring expert opinion to bear on an issue in a way that is not beholden to the interests of politicians, and they can better introduce a strategic perspective to socioeconomic problems.

However, there are also liabilities. When set up in response to an event, these committees are necessarily reactive, examining a prob-lem after it has emerged rather than before, when a strategic perspec-tive could have perhaps allowed earlier action with more and better available options. As such, they may be a symptom of lack of foresight by the government. Because they are external to the routine world of policymaking, their ideas may face implementation challenges. The absence of an institutionalized routing mechanism for assigning their conclusions to appropriate agencies for action raises concerns that sys-temic issues that have a bearing on the activities of several ministries, or issues requiring ongoing management and monitoring, may not get an adequate response once a strategy has been developed.

A prominent recent example of ad hoc activity addressing strate-gic socioeconomic issues is the Committee on Socioeconomic Change, a public committee appointed in response to the social unrest of the summer of 2011.8 The committee had a notable effect on government policy, including comprehensive revisions of taxation policy and public service allocations. In addition, it constitutes one of the most signifi-cant examples of public participation in the formulation of public policy in Israel.

8 This special commission was colloquially referred to as the Trajtenberg Committee after its head, the former director of the NEC, Manuel Trajtenberg.

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32 Developing Long-Term Socioeconomic Strategy in Israel

Another example of this type of one-time deliberative process is the socioeconomic agenda for 2008โ€“2010 (Israeli PMO, 2007). This policy paper was formulated by the NEC during its first year of opera-tion, approved by the full cabinet, and then submitted for follow-up and implementation by a team headed by the MOF DG. Included among the documentโ€™s achievements are putting the principle of โ€œreduc-ing poverty while encouraging growthโ€ on the governmentโ€™s agenda and, for the first time, defining quantifiable governmental objectives in terms of poverty and employment rates. The agenda projectโ€™s sub-committees also contributed to the formulation of policy measures in various areas, such as the initiation of the negative income tax and the treatment of migrant laborers. The socioeconomic agenda provides an interesting example of how a socioeconomic strategy for a government term may be formulated in Israel. However, both agenda formulation and its implementation also lay bare some of the difficulties of trans-lating strategies into concrete government programs and maintaining a strategic perspective in Israel. Parts of the agenda met with consider-able difficulties of implementation and integration into the budgeting process, primarily due to Budget Department resistance and lack of interest on the part of the political leadership. It is salient that, contrary to hopes and expectations, the agenda has not been officially updated or expanded since.

Israeli governments have also relied on special or informal pro-cesses within the government to coordinate and implement major stra-tegic initiatives. Several examples of strategic courses of action are per-ceived as having been successful. Key among these is the handling of children and youth at risk. This coordinated program was supported by the highest-ranking politicians (including the PM) and followed closely by the PMO before being handed over to the formal respon-sibility and operation of the relevant government ministries. This was preceded by professional planning and preparatory work (known as the Schmid report), which also outlined an effective implementation model (Schmid, 2006).

However, two other prominent examples have been far less suc-cessful, according to our interviewees. These are the cases of framing a comprehensive approach to labor policy and the need to stimulate

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The Strategic Perspective and Israelโ€™s Socioeconomic Challenges 33

growth in the Galilee and Negev regions, known in Israel as the geo-graphic periphery. We present the views of our interviewees regarding the difficulties because these views provide valuable insight about how experts see the system.

In the field of employment, as suggested by the report of the Committee for Evaluating Employment Policy in Israel (the Eckstein report) among others, numerous bodies have shared responsibility but suffered from lack of coordination (Committee for Evaluating Employ-ment Policy, 2010). In particular, there was no overall policy in place to define and convey governmental vision, goals, and objectives to these bodies. This lack of overall policy is one reason for the 2013 decision to establish in the Ministry of Economy a body charged with outlining and coordinating a comprehensive governmental employment policy.

Many perceive the various attempts through the years to develop Israelโ€™s geographic periphery to be yet another example of the govern-mentโ€™s problems in formulating and executing a socioeconomic strat-egy. Despite the existence of a dedicated government ministry and gov-ernment approval of several different programs, the government has never been able to put together a comprehensive and ongoing strategic course of action to address the problems of the periphery. Some of the difficulties mentioned in this context were constantly changing atten-tion levels and priorities on the part of the political leadership, budget-ary uncertainty, lack of vision and common goals, and lack of coordi-nation among government agencies.

Data, Information, and Research for Applying a Socioeconomic Strategic Perspective

Policymakers in Israel have access to a variety of sources of data, analy-sis, and other information. In this section, we first review the sources that are generated within the government and then those that are gen-erated outside the government. We then discuss assessment and moni-toring capabilities.

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34 Developing Long-Term Socioeconomic Strategy in Israel

Intragovernmental Research Capabilities

In the PMO, the NEC serves primarily as an integrator of external research, information, and data. In certain cases, the council performs some basic processing and analyses that are relevant to its activities and often produces its own studies to support policymaking, such as the study on employment in the ultraorthodox sector (Levin, 2009). Although well-regarded academics have been appointed to head the NEC, and despite the fact that the governmentโ€™s decision regarding its establishment had stipulated that the council would have an auxil-iary research and information department led by the deputy head, the councilโ€™s research capabilities are still limited.

In the MOF, the Economics and Research Department is charged with economic research and analysis, mainly in macroeconomics, with a view to assist decisionmakers in formulating economic policy. Depart-ment staff maintains informal ties with the Bank of Israel, the Central Bureau of Statistics, the NEC, and sometimes with academic insti-tutions. The departmentโ€™s key contributions include periodic reviews of the state of the economy, and members of its staff are frequently involved in professional discussions held by the MOF DG. Neverthe-less, according to several of our interviewees, at present, the depart-ment is not an integral part in the decisionmaking process in the MOF and is only rarely part of policy formulation in the Budget Depart-ment. It should be noted that, in parallel with the Research Depart-ment, the MOF operates the State Revenue Administration, which is also charged with supporting policy development on taxation.9

A handful of government ministries have ministerial research units or research capabilities that were developed in recent years as part of the ministerial planning units. Most of the ministries lack well-developed research capabilities. Some interact with extragovernmental research bodies, but this relationship is informal, and our interviewees complained that it is fraught with red tape and bureaucratic complexi-

9 As of the time of this writing, a merger was expected to take place between the Econom-ics and Research Department and the State Revenue Administration to bring them under a single manager. Whether this step would help to upgrade the ministryโ€™s ability to develop a strategic perspective remains to be seen.

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The Strategic Perspective and Israelโ€™s Socioeconomic Challenges 35

ties. The ministriesโ€™ capabilities in utilizing external knowledge sources and professional studies to support policymaking are underdeveloped as well.

Extragovernmental Research Capabilities: The Government as Information Consumer

There are many external sources of information and research, which include, among others, the Research Division of the Bank of Israel (described above), independent think tanks and research institutions (such as the Israel Democracy Institute and the Taub Center for Social Policy Studies in Israel), and academic bodies. The governmentโ€™s con-sumption of information that would enable it to develop a strategic perspective on socioeconomic issues is neither systematic nor consis-tent. There is no formal body that collects and preserves the informa-tion received from external research commissioned by the government and individual ministries.

In most cases, the interface with external bodies is based on occa-sional and informal collaborations. Thus, for instance, the relationship between government ministries and the Research Department of the Bank of Israel is mainly unstructured and is based on informal ties. Interministerial ad hoc committees also consume external studies in an unregulated manner, which is greatly influenced by the chairperson and membersโ€™ approaches and inclinations.

Monitoring and Evaluation Capabilities

The MOF carries out the main government monitoring and evalua-tion processes, which focus on the budgetary frameworks and expendi-tures and are supported by the MOFโ€™s computer systems. Government offices seem to be undergoing a significant upgrading of the computer infrastructure designed to monitor and control the outputs and out-comes of their own activities.

In recent years, the PMOโ€™s Coordination, Monitoring and Con-trol Department began to monitor systematically the implementation of government decisions. The department performs discrete and highly targeted monitoring of high-priority programs that are the focus of the PMโ€™s attention. There is also a visible improvement in the infrastruc-

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36 Developing Long-Term Socioeconomic Strategy in Israel

ture that facilitates the assessment processes of ministerial activities, as a result of the writing of ministerial plans, in which the ministries are obliged to define indicators and targets for their objectives. These are later used for reporting and monitoring the implementation of the work plans. Still, the ministries and the government as a whole lack the means for assessing the effectiveness of policy tools in terms of outputs and outcomes, so it is doubtful whether the infrastructural improve-ment is sufficient in itself.

According to our interviewees, the Bank of Israel seems to have an adequate infrastructure in place for monitoring government objec-tives in the economic arena, including employment and other socioeco-nomic indicators. It may be possible that, if the government creates an overall socioeconomic strategy or strategies to deal with specific prob-lems, the research infrastructure that exists in the Bank of Israel would be capable of supporting systematic monitoring of the implementation of those strategies. The researchers there have the necessary skills, but a more thorough analysis will need to be done to determine whether they have the time and whether they would have to stop carrying out other functions.

Conclusion

This chapter shows that Israel has institutions, processes, and data and information available that could enable its government to take a more strategic perspective toward its socioeconomic issues. These institutions reside largely in the PMO and the MOF but also exist in numerous line ministries. The central processes are the annual budget and plan-ning processes, but these do not interact well and may militate against longer-term policy development that would be enabled by the ability to take a strategic perspective toward socioeconomic issues. There is a wealth of data and analysis available, but they are not well-integrated in strategy, policy, and planning processes. We discuss these issues in more depth in Chapter Five. In the next chapter, we describe how other countries have handled the challenge of taking a strategic per-spective, developing institutions and processes to create and implement

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The Strategic Perspective and Israelโ€™s Socioeconomic Challenges 37

their strategies, and integrating information into those institutions and processes.

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39

CHAPTER FOUR

International Comparisons of Socioeconomic Strategy Development and Implementation

Countries around the world have faced the problem of how to incor-porate a strategic perspective in their consideration of socioeconomic issues and develop and pursue a long-term socioeconomic strategy that is useful to current and successive governments. Although Israel has unique characteristics, it may be able to learn from the successes and failures of other countries regarding socioeconomic strategy develop-ment and implementation.

RAND researchers conducted in-depth case studies of socioeco-nomic strategy development and implementation in Denmark, the Republic of Korea, Singapore, and the province of British Columbia in Canada and more-targeted case studies of Canada, Finland, Ger-many, Ireland, the Netherlands, New Zealand, and the United States. We also drew on prior studies and concurrent work of Shaldor on Finland, Ireland, and New Zealand. These in-depth case studies are based largely on interviews with experts, including current and former officials, in each jurisdiction. All interviewees were promised anonym-ity; accordingly, sources for much of the information presented in this chapter are not cited.

In this chapter, we first present insights suggested by our case-study findings. We then present examples from the case studies illus-trating the insights. Information in this chapter was current as of the time of the research in 2011 and 2012. In the next chapter, we describe specific gaps in Israelโ€™s ability to incorporate a strategic perspective in its consideration of socioeconomic issues and to develop, pursue, and manage a socioeconomic strategy. Chapter Six, which contains our

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40 Developing Long-Term Socioeconomic Strategy in Israel

recommendations about specific institutions and processes for Israel, builds on the insights of this chapter and the findings of the next.

Insights from the Case Studies

We focus on institutions, content, and processes. Institutions include the form and function of all elements of the government and entities outside the government that contribute to longer-term socioeconomic strategies and oversee their implementation. Content and processes are intimately related and include types of strategies, processes for devel-oping the strategies, and data and information used in the strategies. There is limited information on processes. When codified, these for-malizations may diverge from actual practice; they are often informal, and gaining a complete understanding of them depends on finding the right people to interview and then receiving accurate responses. Such process elements as timing, whether research and analytic tools are used, and the extent of consultations can be described. However, more-detailed information about the daily routines of strategy units and strategy development is difficult to capture in our case studies.

Institutions

Some of our case-study countries have formal institutions with legal foundation, and others have informal institutions backed by tacit social agreement. Examples of institutions include central strategy units, min-istry strategy units that may act on their own but may also cooperate with a central strategy unit to work in a distributed fashion, and semi-independent institutions that provide longer-range research and analy-sis. Semi-independent or external institutions were sometimes linked to the government strategy process through shared staff, formal par-ticipation of government officials, government input into institutional agendas, or formal or informal mechanisms of government response to institution outputs. Regardless of the type of strategy institution, the existence of institutions encouraged foresight and planning by at least some part of the government, even when much of government was responding to immediate political and policy concerns.

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Institutions that work on strategy tend to fulfill one or more of four functions. First is to produce formal strategies. These strategies are often the highest-profile output but are not necessarily the most important. The other functions are to develop strategic alternatives, scan the horizon for strategic early warning, and serve as a resource for other groups working on strategy. Because of this, working on socio-economic strategies does not necessarily mean developing specific stra-tegic plans, although that is certainly part of the task. Developing stra-tegic alternatives and scanning the horizon for strategic early warning allow policymakers to adjust more easily to changed circumstances and to anticipate the implications both of long-term trends and of potential surprises. Serving as a resource can help foster a culture of strategy in the government.

Carrying out these different functions can help institutions over-come an important problem: Once enunciated, formal socioeconomic strategies are highly vulnerable.1 Even strategies of long gestation and resulting from concerted effort may be modified, neglected, or aban-doned for two reasons. First, a political change, such as a change of government, may bring in a new long-term strategy, even if the previ-ous long-term strategy had just been developed. Second, changes in the environment, such as a financial crisis or social unrest, may call for a revision or even neglect of the strategy.

The prevalence of these two problems and the frequency with which detailed government strategies are quietly abandoned in prac-tice suggest that creating and protecting a specific strategy must not be the central focus for strategic assessment. Creating and protecting institutions and processes for developing strategies and maintaining a

1 Functions may also be vulnerable, although we have encountered fewer cases in which a strategy organization or function was disbanded as opposed to reorganized. One such case that comes close is that of the UK PMโ€™s Strategy Unit, disbanded by PM David Cameron in November 2010 after having been set up by PM Tony Blair in 2002 (Institute for Govern-ment, 2011; UK PMโ€™s Strategy Unit, 2010). Rather than being a new organization, however, the Strategy Unit was formed from two existing organizations and evolved throughout its existence (Truswell and Atkinson, 2011). Following the end of the Strategy Unit, members were dispersed across units associated with the PMO, the Office for Civil Society, and the Deputy PMโ€™s Office, and the PM eventually established a 12-person policy and implementa-tion unit (Institute for Government, 2011; Waugh, 2011).

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42 Developing Long-Term Socioeconomic Strategy in Israel

strategic perspectives may be a more certain way to ensure continuity of strategic thinking and direction in the government.

We also found that engagement of the head of government pro-vides a necessary ingredient for the development and execution of a strategy. In some of our cases, in which the head of government was directly involved, ministries made strategy development and execution a priority. In others, in which the power of the head of government was perceived to be ebbing, strategy execution slowed. Engagement of the head of government is one of the main drivers of acceptance within the government of both the need for and the desirability of having a strategic perspective in our case-study countries. Legal requirements to develop strategy documents or follow certain processes are another source of demand for taking a strategic perspective. A third driver appears to be a culture of consensus or widespread recognition of the need for a strategic perspective.

Finally, we found that institutions evolve. Responsibilities may be shifted to different ministries, research units may be merged or split apart, and governments do considerable learning. Therefore, it appears that flexibility in institutional design will be important to allow insti-tutional evolution.

We derive several insights from the international case studies:

โ€ข The use of a strategic perspective and the development of a longer-term socioeconomic strategy will benefit from the establishment or reinforcement of a strategy unit that receives the PMโ€™s atten-tion and has strong professional capabilities. Because processes and institutions are more important than specific plans, forming a strategy unit may make it more difficultโ€”although certainly not impossibleโ€”for future governments to ignore the strategy process.

โ€ข Legal requirements and engagement of the head of government can create and maintain demand for a strategic approach to chal-lenges. Creating a culture within the government that will value such an approach could be more difficult but will also provide demand. The corollary is that the existence of strategy units with the capacity for applying a strategic perspective must be paired

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International Comparisons of Socioeconomic Strategy Development 43

with demand from within the system for those unitsโ€™ output if the units are to have both influence and reasonable assurance of continued existence.

โ€ข Capabilities for taking a strategic perspective within ministries should be enhanced. This can involve establishing or strengthen-ing ministry strategy units, providing special training to ministry strategy officials, and providing a mechanism under which min-istry strategy officials have input into the ministryโ€™s strategy and budget.

โ€ข The use of a strategic perspective and development of a longer-term socioeconomic strategy will also benefit from the existence of and input from institutions that are external to the government and independent to some degree. Such external elements should be linked to the strategy process, such as by serving as an external advisory board, being staffed by the planning unit, or producing reports to which the planning unit must respond.

Content and Processes

In our case-study countries, socioeconomic strategies fall into two dif-ferent typesโ€”medium term and longer termโ€”and are supported by different processes and institutions. Some strategies have legal founda-tions, while others are created on a one-off basis or regularly by custom.

Medium-term strategies, those of up to ten years, are often tied to the term of a government and often have a budgeting component. Longer-term strategies of more than ten years cross governments but sometimes have a short-term or medium-term action component. Either of the two types may be broad-based, covering most or all aspects of socioeconomic policy, or narrow, covering just one aspect, such as energy policy.

Short- and medium-term strategies are usually created within the government, often in a process led by the head of government or the MOF. Part of the process usually involves interministerial consultations and occasionally includes consultations with people or organizations outside the government. Longer-term strategies, in contrast, are almost always created with participation by people outside the governmentโ€”stakeholders, such as business, labor, and nonprofit, nongovernmen-

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44 Developing Long-Term Socioeconomic Strategy in Israel

tal organization leaders; and experts, such as academics or think-tank leaders. Both medium-term and longer-term strategies often contain targets and goals, some general and some specific. However, these are more common in the medium-term strategies we reviewed.

Guiding and monitoring progress of strategy development and implementation often involve interministerial committees of higher-level civil servants who may prepare the ground for decisions in simi-lar committees of top political decisionmakers. Such interministerial committees of civil servants can be used to improve coordination and monitoring, as well as to provide early notice of program problems or successes that officials in one ministry see but that others might less readily observe.

In many cases, strategies are developed with inputs from research and analysis, and, in almost all cases, strategies are published; support-ing documents, including background papers prepared by experts or stakeholders, are often released as well.

We derive several insights on content and processes from the international case studies:

โ€ข One task of the strategy unit should be to develop a specific strat-egy tied to newly elected governments. Specific, attainable targets can be part of these strategies. Because strategies are highly vul-nerable to changes in government, tying strategies to the term of a government makes them more likely to be carried out. Such ties could be created by upgrading coalition agreements into medium-term strategies or by producing a strategy document at the begin-ning of a term.

โ€ข Continuously taking a strategic perspective toward socioeco-nomic challenges and developing a longer-term strategy, stra-tegic alternatives, and strategic early warning should be carried out as well, especially when governments characteristically have short terms. Focusing exclusively on a governmentโ€™s term makes it more likely that longer-term issues may be neglected. Develop-ing a longer-term overall strategy or specific strategies in discrete policy areas may identify issues with which governments of any political composition must eventually deal, and they can provide

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valuable input for a term strategy that would contain first steps toward longer-range goals. Such longer-term strategies can be developed through consultations between the strategy unit and outside stakeholders.

โ€ข The use of a strategic perspective toward socioeconomic chal-lenges, the creation of policies to respond to those challenges, and the implementation of those policies can be enhanced by strength-ening the ability of the PMO, including the NEC, to coordinate ministries. Committees of DGs and DDGs can be valuable tools for interministerial coordination and implementation and should be instituted.

โ€ข Approaching challenges with a strategic perspective and develop-ing strategies to respond to those challenges should be informed by a variety of analytic tools and research, including budget pro-jections, economic projections, scenario analyses, and research by subject-matter experts.

โ€ข Stakeholders and sources outside the strategy unit and the gov-ernment should be engaged early and often in the development of strategic approaches to challenges. Although publication may not be appropriate for all strategy documents, there should be a propensity toward external exposure, with supporting documents submitted by experts or stakeholders from outside the govern-ment published as well.

โ€ข Connections to the budget will aid implementation. The strat-egy unit should have influence over the budgeting process in its creation of the term strategy, and the budget staff should provide inputs into the term strategy, especially pertaining to fiscal impli-cations of policy initiatives. Such inputs will help policymakers better connect ends and the means for achieving those ends. In addition, a medium-term budget framework would support stra-tegic thinking. Such a framework will provide a fiscal road map for the period of the strategy, as well as guidance to line minis-tries, by showing the level of resources those ministries can expect to receive during the period of the strategy.

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Case-Study Support: Institutions

In the rest of this chapter, we provide examples from our case studies that illustrate the insights about socioeconomic strategy development and implementation. We start with institutions and then move to con-tent and processes. The subsections correspond, in order, to the bul-leted insights discussed above.

A Strategy Unit That Receives the Prime Ministerโ€™s Attention and Has Professional Capabilities

Some of our countries have dedicated staffs for taking a strategic per-spective toward socioeconomic challenges, often in the office of the head of government. In Finland, the Government Policy Analysis Unit in the PMO works on medium-term issues by monitoring the imple-mentation of the governmentโ€™s term program and providing planning and analytical services. It also serves as the secretariat to the Economic Council, a broad-based group of stakeholders and government officials chaired by the PM that serves for the duration of the governmentโ€™s term. As of May 2012, the Government Policy Analysis Unit included eight professional staff members and two administrative assistants. In Singapore, the Strategic Policy Office within the Public Service Divi-sion of the PMO develops strategic-planning capabilities across the civil service, develops and disseminates national scenarios, coordinates analysis of policy implications, and maintains expertise on methods of analysis of potential futures. As of mid-September 2012, it had 13 pro-fessional staff members and three assistant executives.

However, the PMO does not have a special office dedicated to medium-term or even longer-term strategy in all of our case-study countries. In Denmark, rather than having a dedicated strategy staff, the PMO has a domestic policy staff of around ten people, usually recruited from the MOF but also containing a few experts in different policy areas from the other ministries. They monitor all policy ques-tions, but, given their size, are involved only in the most pressing issues. Much of the longer-term thinking within the government appears to come from staff within the MOF and the Ministry of Economic Affairs and the Interior, although the PMO is strongly involved. Even

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where a strategy staff does not formally exist, however, it sometimes informally exists. In British Columbia, there is no dedicated or named policy group within the Office of the Premier, but, in effect, such a group exists, headed by the deputy to the premier, consisting of senior colleagues within the office, and supported by committees of deputy ministers, the equivalent of DGs in Israel.

An essential part of strategy development and implementation includes setting priorities, and our case studies suggest that, where strategy is developed, the head of government cannotโ€”or does notโ€”delegate this task and still have an effective strategy. For example, in British Columbia, the Office of the Premier produces a ten-year strat-egy document, and the premier heads a Priorities and Planning Com-mittee consisting of seven cabinet ministers and two members of par-liament. In Denmark, our discussions pointed specifically to prime ministerial leadership as a reason that initiatives that were developed by a broad-based Danish Globalisation Council, which met in 2005 and 2006, were incorporated into ministry actions upon publication of the councilโ€™s report in 2006. In fact, the PM chaired the council. As in our other case-study countries, the president in Korea takes a strong hand in strategy development and, while in power, coordinates the process through senior secretaries in the Blue House, the office of the president. However, Korea also provides an important lesson on the value of the power of the head of government. Because the president is limited to one five-year term, our conversations indicated that his or her power dissipates around midterm and, with it, the ability to intro-duce programs that will have longer-run effects.

Our case studies also showed that staff members who work in the area of socioeconomic strategy often have advanced skills or the abil-ity to use technical tools. Singapore provides a strong example of how professional capabilities are valued and developed. There, the Strategic Policy Office and the Centre for Strategic Futures offer a sequence of five courses, called FutureCraft, as part of their efforts to promote stra-tegic thinking across the government. These courses include an intro-duction to scenario planning, tools for thinking systematically about the future, facilitation skills for running a foresight process, commu-nicating and presenting the results of exercises for visualizing potential

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futures, and overcoming challenges to foresight, such as complexity and cognitive limitations (Singaporean Public Service Division, 2011).

Creating and Maintaining Demand

Creating and maintaining demand within the government for taking a strategic perspective is a well-recognized problem. It featured promi-nently in two recent UK reports produced by the House of Commons Public Administration Select Committee (UK House of Commons Public Administration Select Committee, 2010, 2012). The commit-tee found that the only way to stimulate demand for strategic analysis and assessment within government was for ministers to โ€œinvest time and energy into this. . . . It must be supported by the establishment of specific mechanisms with appropriate authorityโ€ (UK House of Com-mons Public Administration Select Committee, 2010, p. 3). Written evidence submitted by a witness noted that there must be demand not only from ministers but also from boards and the wider civil service and that institutional change was needed regarding recruitment, per-formance, and reward for strategic thinking (Scopes, 2010). One step the committee recommended was a quarterly cabinet meeting to focus only on long-term strategic issues (UK House of Commons Public Administration Select Committee, 2012, p. 34).

A simple diagram can represent the different means of creating demand (Figure 4.1). We show a triangle with each corner represent-ing one of the means of creating demand for strategy. On the triangle, we show our impressions, drawn from case-study evidence, of the two strongest drivers of demand in three of our case-study countries.

Engagement by government heads includes the commitment by the head of government or head of civil service to include strategic think-ing in policy development and the actions of the government. Legal requirements includes not only laws requiring the development of docu-ments presenting strategies but also specific institutional mechanisms for fostering strategic thinking, such as incentive pay or performance rewards. Culture of strategic thinking includes a broader cultural or gov-ernment acceptance of the need for thinking longer term. This may be a fundamental driver, or it may be a positive outgrowth of successful practice.

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British Columbia presents an example of how leadership vision and legal requirements combined to foster strategic thinking. Our interviews suggested that the PM under whom the first longer-term strategy was written valued strategic thinking and maintained a hands-on approach to overseeing government policy development and imple-mentation. However, strategic practice is also backed by the Budget Transparency and Accountability Act (2000), which requires an overall strategy, a budget with a three-year fiscal framework, annual ministry service plans, and annual ministry service plan reports. In addition, the salaries of deputy ministersโ€”the top civil servants in each ministryโ€”depend in part on how well their ministries fulfill their goals (British Columbia Public Service, undated).

In Denmark, in contrast, governments create medium-term fiscal plans voluntarily. The country has two notable institutional character-istics that lead to longer-term thinking, one of which is hard for any country to replicate and the other of which has brought about continu-ity in policymaking. First, there is a strong emphasis on consensus in Danish policymaking. Even though disagreements may be deep, the various parties involvedโ€”from political parties to leaders and groups in civil societyโ€”seek consensus. This tends to smooth extreme views

Figure 4.1Generators of Demand for Taking a Strategic Perspective

SOURCE: Authorsโ€™ analysis based on case studies.NOTE: Placement on the triangle represents the authorsโ€™ approximation ofthe relative strength of the two strongest drivers of demand in each country.RAND RR275-4.1

Legal requirements

Singapore

Denmark

British Columbia

Culture of strategicthinking

Engagement bygovernment heads

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and lead to continuity. More formal, however, is the fact that there tend to be written party agreements about major policy initiatives. Denmark has historically had minority governments, and, when a gov-ernment wants to institute a major policy initiative, it will seek agree-ment not only from its coalition partners but from other parties as well. Once the parties sign these, they honor them even if the government falls and new parties form a government.

Singaporeโ€™s practices regarding strategy grew out of recognition by its early leaders that, with its small size, lack of natural resources, and other vulnerabilities, it would need to think long term and strategi-cally to survive (Singaporean Public Service Division, 2011). As noted earlier, it created institutions to teach the importance and spread the practice of strategic thinking. Furthermore, its top leadership stayed involved. For example, the head of the civil service, the top civil servant in Singapore, leads the Strategic Futures Network, with a committee comprised of the deputy secretary of each ministry (discussed below). Likewise, when Singapore started the Centre for Strategic Futures, another strategy institution (described below), it named the head of the civil service as chairperson of the advisory board.

Ministry Strategy Capabilities

Governments often involve the line ministries in filling in the details of strategic directions. In part, giving civil servants in line ministries room for maneuver also helps foster active, personal engagement, we were told. In fact, our conversations suggested that, at least in Den-mark and Korea, many initiatives start in the civil service. However, there is considerable variance in ministerial strategy units. Nearly all ministries in our case-study countries have some type of budget and planning unit, but it is less usual for ministries to have dedicated strat-egy units.

Singapore is one example of a country with formal ministry strat-egy units. In 2009, Singapore started a Strategic Futures Network, with a committee comprised of the deputy secretary of each ministry, headed by the head of the civil service. The committee was expanded in 2011 to include chief executives from key statutory boards. Minis-try representatives were designated strategic futures officers, and some

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have set up futures groups in their own ministries. Outside the PMO, at least seven other government bodies have foresight agencies, such as the Futures Group of the Ministry of Trade and Industry, which stud-ies trends and their economic implications (Lee, 2011).

In some of our case-study governments, ministries have to think strategically, at least for the medium term, because they have to create their own medium-term plans regardless of whether they have formal strategy units. In British Columbia, each ministry and crown agency must create a three-year service plan each year. In Korea, each min-istry has a five-year plan and an annual policy plan, both written in cooperation with the Ministry of Strategy and Finance. In New Zea-land, ministries create three- to five-year plans, updated every year and known as statements of intent. In the United States, under the Govern-ment Performance and Results Act of 1993 (Pub. L. No. 103-62), each department creates a five-year strategic plan.

Elements External to the Government

Longer-term strategies, strategic options, or strategic early warning are sometimes developed inside the government, but, more often, some type of organization that is external to the government (although, in many cases, strongly linked to it) develops these. Examples include ad hoc commissions, standing councils, and government-funded research organizations.

Organizations with more independence and staffs that are fur-ther from the political process appear to be more likely to raise less politically popular issues that will need to be addressed across govern-ments; however, such organizations have less effect on short-term and medium-term policy. Organizations more closely aligned with the cur-rent government or staffed by people answerable to the current govern-ment, such as officials from within the PMO, can have more influence on current policy but are likely to have less influence regarding difficult problems that must be approached across governments or with which the current government does not want to deal.

The Danish Globalisation Council from 2005 to 2006 is one example of an ad hoc commission that dealt with socioeconomic strat-egy. Chaired by the PM, it included five ministers, academics, the head

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of the Confederation of Danish Industry, the head of the Danish Con-federation of Trade Unions, representatives of other business and labor groups, the former governor of Danmarks Nationalbank, and leading business people (Danish Globalisation Council, undated). A contrast-ing example from Denmark is the Welfare Commission, which met from 2003 to 2005. Rather than including a broad cross-section of stakeholder groups as members, it was composed more narrowly of nine people and weighted toward experts, including three academics (one of whom was the chairperson), the head of a state-funded think tank, an OECD deputy director, the director of the medical associa-tion, and three business people.

Other examples of broad-based groups are found in Korea and Singapore. Korea has several presidential commissions and councils, such as the 27-member Presidential Council on National Competi-tiveness, which includes leading business people; university professors; representatives of business and labor; and researchers and presidents of government research institutes, semi-independent research organiza-tions that are linked to ministries. In Singapore, largely in response to the global financial crisis, the PM convened in May 2009 a 25-member Economic Strategies Committee chaired by the minister of finance and consisting of four other ministers, one acting minister, two senior ministers, representatives of business and labor, and the dean of the National University of Singapore business school (Singaporean Eco-nomic Strategies Committee, 2010).

External or semi-independent groups are used not only to develop strategies but even more frequently to provide the analytical backing for strategies and longer-term thinking. Examples include the Economic Council in Denmark and government research institutes in Korea.

The Danish Economic Council is chaired by four economics pro-fessors known as the Wise Men and includes 22 other members drawn from groups representing Danish society. Founded in 1962, it produces two reports each year covering various topics, as well as fiscal forecasts for the short, medium, and long terms. It has a secretariat of about 35 people, of whom about 25 are economists. The Wise Men operate with substantial autonomy. They originate the topics to be covered in each report and then produce the report with the secretariat; the rest of

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the council discusses and comments on the report. The reports receive significant press coverage, and the forecasts provide one input into the national budget.

Another model of external or semi-independent institutions linked to longer-term strategy can be found in the Korean government research institutes (GRIs), of which the most relevant for socioeco-nomic policy are the 27 GRIs under the National Research Council for Economics, Humanities and Social Sciences, which is under the PMO. Each of these is associated with a different ministry. As a whole, they are about 60 percent funded by the government and then raise the other 40 percent through contract research.

Of these, the Korea Development Institute (KDI) has been most involved in sustaining longer-term thinking in Korea. Founded in 1971, it now has a staff of about 300 researchers, including 50 with Ph.D.โ€™s. As an example of its work, starting in 2004, the Ministry of Planning and Budget took the lead on developing a longer-term docu-ment called Vision 2030. About 60 scholars and government officials were involved, and KDI developed the details based on the broad out-lines developed by the office of the president and the Ministry of Plan-ning and Budget.

GRIs are involved in policy in other ways. Their presidents, appointed by the president of Korea and approved by an indepen-dent board of trustees, often sit on advisory councils. Their research-ers also sit on advisory committees for different units of government. When developing the National Fiscal Management Plan, the five-year, medium-term fiscal framework, the Ministry of Strategy and Finance holds sector seminars, which KDI helps run. GRIs are also involved in bottom-up policy development. According to one interview, when civil servants first start developing a policy, officials from each ministry involved will write position papers, as will the relevant GRI. The GRI researcher will attend meetings at each level of the bureaucracy as the policy is moved up from the director level to the DG level to the assis-tant minister level and higher.

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Case-Study Support: Content and Processes

Term Strategy

Several of our case-study governments develop their socioeconomic strategy in a one-off exercise to cover their expected term of govern-ment, although sometimes the duration of the strategy goes beyond their terms. Occasionally, as noted above in the section on creating demand for strategy, doing so is backed by a legal requirement, but, in other instances, it is more a matter of accepted practice.

In Finland, the new government writes a constitutionally required government program detailing the governmentโ€™s intentions for the term, including three to five high-priority interministerial programs (Finnish Ministry of Justice, 1999).2 The document serves as a form of coalition agreement. The government also writes a term government implementation plan for the top priorities; this is issued several months after the term government program (the most recent government pro-gram is Finnish PMO, 2011b, and the most recent implementation plan is Finnish PMO, 2011a). The most recent government program, published in 2011, contains a variety of targets and goals, such as rais-ing the employment rate to 72 percent and lowering unemployment to 5 percent by 2015 (Finnish PMO, 2011b, p. 12)โ€”and noting the broad policy directions it will take to do soโ€”and details specific expected changes in tax measures (Finnish PMO, 2011b, pp. 142โ€“144).

The formulation of coalition agreements in the Netherlands pro-vides a second example. The agreement includes varying levels of detail, from broad principles to general plans to specific action items, and serves as the comprehensive policy plan for the four-year term of the government. It also has a significant budgetary component in the form of a multiyear expenditure framework for the entire cabinet period, including net expenditures for each of the three budget sectors: the โ€œcoreโ€ budget sector, the health care sector, and the social security and

2 Specifically, Section 61 of the constitution says, โ€œBefore the Prime Minister is elected, the groups represented in the Parliament negotiate on the political programme and composition of the Government.โ€ Section 62 says, โ€œThe Government shall without delay submit its pro-gramme to the Parliament in the form of a statement. The same applies when the composi-tion of the Government is essentially alteredโ€ (Finnish Ministry of Justice, 1999).

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labor market sector. The agreement also encompasses multiyear expen-diture projections for each ministry, and these guide the ministerial budget bills presented separately to parliament.

The development of the agreement starts after the elections, when the queen nominates an adviser to negotiate with the party leaders. During negotiations, the Central Planning Bureau, an independent government advisory agency, forecasts the budgetary consequences of the proposed coalition program as a whole and the multiyear expen-diture framework, and these forecasts can affect coalition formation, sometimes causing the breakup of negotiations. At the end of the nego-tiation process, the coalition program is published.

There are also examples of rolling medium-term plans and plans created at some point other than the beginning of the term of a govern-ment. In nearly all cases, the creation of the document is internal to the government, and there is limited consultation with stakeholders. One example is that of British Columbia, which (as noted earlier) produces a ten-year strategy along with a three-year fiscal framework. The ten-year strategies have included goals along with broad policy directions. For example, the 2006 strategy had as a goal making British Columbia the best-educated, most literate jurisdiction on the continent. Perfor-mance measures included specific targets for school readiness, student literacy, high school graduation, and completion of apprenticeships, college programs, and university degrees (Province of British Colum-bia, 2006).

Governments in Denmark have written several medium-term fiscal frameworks that cover a period of up to ten years, without a legal requirement for doing so. The process includes a means of gaining sup-port for some, but not all, policies through successive governments. As with all strategies that span different governments, the frameworks are vulnerable to changes. A 2020 medium-term fiscal framework released in 2011 (Danish MOF, 2011a) was replaced by a new version in 2012 (Danish MOF, 2012a), prepared by a new government that had taken office in October 2011. These documents can be quite detailed, con-taining policy directions and budget directions. The most recent one, published on May 8, 2012, and called Denmark at Work: Challenges for the Danish Economy in 2020 (Danmark i arbejde: Udfordringer for

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Dansk รธkonomi mod 2020), set targets for overall growth of govern-ment spending, the proportion of young people with higher education, growth of the private sector, and new job creation, among other goals (Danish MOF, 2012a; Weaver, 2012; Hjortdal and Rehn, 2012; Hjort-dal, 2012).

Longer-Term Strategies

Broad-based socioeconomic strategy documents and even well-defined and articulated strategies covering long time periods are less typical than medium-term strategies, but there are a few examples. These are most often created by government in cooperation with institutions or people external to the government, rather than by government alone. We provide institutional detail along with information on content and processes. Aside from formal strategies, institutions focused on the longer term sometimes consider strategic alternatives or strategic early warning and sometimes serve as a resource for other units working on strategy.

In Korea, successive presidential administrations have appointed presidential commissions or councils of 30 to 60 people to consider the longer-range future. For example, President Roh Moo-hyeon (2003โ€“2008) had the Presidential Commission on Policy Planning, and his successor, President Lee Myung-bak (2008โ€“2013), had the Presidential Council for Future and Vision. In both cases, the president appointed the members, and the staff was drawn from the civil service. Members of the Presidential Commission on Policy Planning were divided into subgroups by expertise, met in subcommittee meetings, and reported to the head of the commission. The commission head, in turn, would work with senior staff membersโ€”government officialsโ€”to determine the feasibility of member recommendations.

Singaporeโ€™s institutions dedicated to longer-term strategy illus-trate well how such institutions evolve and how the content of their work evolves.3 The hub of these is the Strategic Policy Office, as noted earlier. The effort started with the idea not of developing a specific

3 The section on Singapore institutions is drawn from Singaporean Public Service Division, 2011.

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long-term strategy but of considering alternatives and risks through the use of scenarios.

The office started as the Scenario Planning Branch in the Min-istry of Defense in the 1980s. By 1993, the government had approved scenario planning as a tool for developing long-term strategy and policy for nonsecurity issues, and, in 1995, the Scenario Planning Branch was transferred to the PMO and became the Scenario Planning Office. Among its tasks were to push the formation of interagency teams and coordinate strategy formulation across the government. It was renamed the Strategic Policy Office in 2003 so that its name would better match its tasks.

As Singapore developed its capabilities for scenario planning, offi-cials realized that scenarios too often relied on trend extrapolation and that they needed new tools for assessing unexpected events. In 2004, the National Security Coordination Secretariat set up a Risk Assess-ment and Horizon Scanning program office, and the government developed a Whole-of-Government Integrated Risk Management framework. Building on these efforts, Singapore in 2009 started the Centre for Strategic Futures, which conducts long-term forecasts, pro-motes strategic thinking across the government, and develops and pro-motes tools and methods. Although part of the Strategic Policy Office, it is meant to operate as a think tank outside bureaucratic structures and therefore to be โ€œtolerated, but not embraced.โ€ Also in 2009, Singa-pore started a Strategic Futures Network, with a committee comprised of the deputy secretary of each ministry, headed by the head of the civil service. The committee was expanded in 2011 to include chief execu-tives from key statutory boards. Ministry representatives were desig-nated strategic futures officers, and some have set up futures groups in their own ministries. The committee meets every two months; the Centre for Strategic Futures develops the agenda with member input. Staff-level officers of each ministry also meet regularly. Outside the PMO, at least seven other government bodies have established formal foresight agencies, such as the Futures Group of the Ministry of Trade and Industry, which studies trends and their economic implications (Lee, 2011).

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Occasionally, the institution that can provide long-term think-ing is not formally government funded. This is the case with the Social and Economic Council of the Netherlands. Established in 1950 and comprised of representatives of employer and employee organizations, academics, and representatives of the Central Planning Bureau and the Central Bank, it is funded by mandatory levies on business. It has its own secretariat, which includes 120  employees. In terms of content and processes, the council produces advisory reports on social and eco-nomic policy at the request of parliament, the government, or at its own initiative. In this way, as the Singapore institutions do, the council can provide alternatives. The council will provide an unrequested advisory report if it believes that the advice will have unanimous backing, and such unrequested reports account for about 17 percent of all council reports. Although the government does not have to follow the councilโ€™s recommendations, it is required to respond within three months. If it chooses not to follow the recommendations, it must state its reasons (Social and Economic Council of the Netherlands, undated, 2010).

Coordination

Many of our case-study countries included interministerial coordi-nating bodies of ministers (in the form of standing cabinet commit-tees) and of senior civil servants as elements in creating medium-term strategies and managing policy development and implementation. We encountered several examples of formal coordination of medium-term strategies but far fewer examples of formal coordination of long-term strategies. The various committees charged with coordination and oversight of implementation tended to be small, on the order of six to eight people, and they tended to meet regularly. Beyond formal meet-ings, there are informal methods of coordination.

Often, the PMO or the minister of finance leads coordination. For example, in Denmark, longer-term strategic issues are handled by a coordination committee, chaired by the PM, whereas economic policy coordination is conducted by the Economic Cabinet Commit-tee, chaired by the minister of finance, with a preparatory committee consisting of the permanent secretaries of the same ministries that are members, as well as the permanent secretary of the PMO. Likewise, the

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PM in British Columbia chairs that provinceโ€™s Priorities and Planning Committee.

Finland sets up a formal mechanism for strategic coordination of the governmentโ€™s term strategy. As noted earlier, the government pro-duces a government program and an implementation plan at the begin-ning of its term. The government that took office in 2011 identified three strategic priorities. For each priority, the implementation plan identifies a coordinating ministry, responsible ministers, and cooper-ating ministries. For example, for the strategic priority โ€œreduction of poverty, inequality and social exclusion,โ€ the Ministry of Social Affairs and Health was designated as the coordinating ministry, and the min-isters of that ministry and of Health and Social Services were identified as responsible ministers. Other ministers were included as responsible for actions within this strategic priority. In addition, a contact-person network was set up, to be led by the permanent secretary of the Min-istry of Social Affairs and Health and including officials from other ministries, as well as representatives from civil society (Finnish PMO, 2011a).

Singapore presents an example of how senior civil servants, rather than just the PMO or ministers, facilitate implementation. Between the cabinet, which sets overall goals, and the ministries, which are responsible for their policy areas, stands the Committee of Permanent Secretaries (COPS), which sets the overall direction for the civil service and functions as a civil servantsโ€™ version of the cabinet, meeting several times per year. The head of the civil service coordinates COPS, and the Centre for Strategic Futures takes a lead role in coordinating among the ministries ahead of these meetings, playing a role as a central node. The chairperson of COPS (or any other coordinating committee, of which there are several) calls it into session. If there is an issue on which the committee members need to focus for longer-term attention, they can constitute (for example) a subcommittee to do standing work on an issue while the principals return to their home ministries.

New Zealand presents another model, in which strategic coordi-nation for a sector is carried out through a standing arrangement at the civil servant level. The Ministry of Social Development is tasked with social-sector leadership, and the chief executiveโ€”the highest civil ser-

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vant in the ministryโ€”chairs and leads the Social Sector Chief Execu-tivesโ€™ Forum. The forum includes several standing members, can invite other chief executives to participate as needed, and is supported by a group of deputy chief executives. Staffing for the group is the ministryโ€™s Medium Term Strategy Unit, which focuses on policies in the three- to six-year range.

Analytic Tools and Models

Denmark provides an example of a government that not only uses externally generated research but also produces notable analytic reports and uses a variety of formal models internal to the government. We have already noted the work of the independent although government-funded Economic Council and ad hoc committees. The Ministry of Economic Affairs and the Interior produces a biennial economic report about the same time as the report of the Economic Council. Our inter-views indicated that the two reports are considered the most important and highest-quality inputs into socioeconomic policy debates.

The Ministry of Economic Affairs and the Interior has also become more prominent in hosting both models and research institu-tions, indicative of an increased role it has taken in Danish socioeco-nomic policymaking since the arrival of the new government in 2011. The ministry hosts a proprietary model known as the Law Model, which is run by the ministryโ€™s Danish Economy Department (Danish Ministry of Economic Affairs and the Interior, undated). The model is a system of microsimulation models that includes comprehensive data on the population of Denmark and that is used to simulate the effects of policy changes in a variety of policy areas, such as taxes, public pen-sions, housing subsidies, and day-care benefits (Danish MOF, 2003; Danish Ministry of Economic Affairs and the Interior, 2000).4 Another modeling tool internal to the government is the Annual Danish Aggre-gate Model (ADAM) developed by the macroeconomic modeling unit and maintained by Statistics Denmark. The main users are the Min-istries of Finance and of Economic Affairs and the Interior, although outside groups use it, too (Statistics Denmark, undated).

4 The Law Model was housed in the MOF for most of the first decade of the 2000s.

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Models and formal methods and tools are used in our other case-study countries as well. In the United States, the Council of Economic Advisersโ€”the economic advisory group within the Executive Office of the Presidentโ€”has used a macroeconomic model maintained by a pri-vate economic advisory firm (Mankiw, 2006). In Singapore, the Stra-tegic Policy Office and the Centre for Strategic Futures develop and promote models and methods for strategic thinking, among which are the Cynefin model, the futures wheel, the futures triangle, causal lay-ered analysis, shared history, and backcasting.

Outreach and Outputs

Engagement with outsiders occurs both formally and informally in some of our case-study countries. As noted in the โ€œInstitutionsโ€ section earlier, the Korean GRIs are involved in strategy and policy develop-ment. One of our Korean interviewees noted that, in his experience, a representative of a GRI attends interministerial meetings at each level as the idea moves from the lower levels of the civil service to the pres-identโ€™s office. Ad hoc committees in Denmark and Singapore invite testimony and written submissions from outside experts. Even in the development of its strategy institutions, Singapore consulted a variety of outside experts to learn new methods. Such external engagement lets officials test their ideas and learn new ideas that may be helpful.

Governments use the publication of formal strategic documents as a tool to engage the public, coordinate across government, and pro-vide support for priorities (Figure 4.2). In British Columbia, the gov-ernment produces a strategic plan covering ten years. The MOF pro-duces a budget and three-year fiscal plan, and each ministry produces an annual three-year service plan. These plans are posted on the Inter-net when the budget is released. Each ministry also produces an annual service plan report.

In Denmark, there are numerous published outputs. The expert commissions and ad hoc commissions publish their reports, and many of these commissions publish interim reports as well as the papers sub-mitted by experts. The Economic Council publishes its reports twice each year, and the Environmental Economic Councilโ€”also chaired by the Wise Men and staffed by the same secretariat as the Economic

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Councilโ€”publishes once per year; the Ministry of Economic Affairs and the Interior publishes the economic report twice each year. The government also publishes the medium-term fiscal framework, along with a subsequent document providing details of specific policy agree-ments among the parties.

In Finland, as noted earlier, the government produces a govern-ment program and an implementation plan for the program. It also produces a foresight report, covering the next ten to 20  years, once during an electoral period, although not at the beginning of its term. The most recent government, which took office in 2011, appointed a ministerial working group in November 2011 to prepare a foresight report for submission to parliament in 2013. The foresight process was formally launched on March 20, 2012, with the goal of reporting on sustainable growth and well-being in Finland (Finnish PMO, 2011c, 2012). Previous foresight reports have covered long-term climate and energy policy (Finnish PMO, 2009), demographic change (Finnish PMO, 2004), and regional development (2001).

In Korea, the presidential councils have published reports of their visions for the long term. The Presidential Commission on Policy Planning under President Roh produced Koreaโ€™s Future: Vision and

Figure 4.2Strategy Publications

SOURCES: Province of British Columbia, 2006; Danish Ministry of Finance, 2012a;Finnish Prime Ministerโ€™s Of๏ฟฝce, 2011b; Singaporean Economic Strategies Committee,2010.NOTE: Figure shows the 2006 British Columbia overall strategy, the newest Denmark2020 plan, the government of Finlandโ€™s most recent term program, and the reportof Singaporeโ€™s ad hoc Economic Strategies Committee. RAND RR275-4.2

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Strategyโ€”Koreaโ€™s Ambition to Become an Advanced Power by 2030. This was published in 2008, toward the end of President Rohโ€™s term. Our interviews suggested that it made little difference to concrete policy actions. Likewise, the Presidential Council for Future and Vision under President Lee produced Future Vision 2040. The Presidential Council on National Competitiveness, another presidential council under Presi-dent Lee, has also published topical reports, such as one on measures to promote free economic zones and deregulation measures for improving the business environment. Aside from presidential councils, the Min-istry of Strategy and Finance publishes five-year fiscal frameworks (the National Fiscal Management Plan) and five-year policy plans, as well as the one-year budget and one-year policy plan. In addition, twice each year, the cabinet produces a six-month planning and budgeting document. Even though the six-month document is not required by law, one interviewee told us that it is the document that gets the most public attention.

Connections to the Budget

In every case-study country, the people we interviewed emphasized that, for effective implementation of strategy, strong links to the budget are necessary. Among medium-term documents, the coalition agree-ments of the Netherlands and the medium-term fiscal frameworks of Denmark have both detailed policy proposals and fiscal details linked to those proposals.

In British Columbia, ministry plans and budgets are supposed to reflect the overall government strategy. Our interviewees noted that creating the three-year fiscal plan is how longer-term strategy is trans-lated into shorter-term ministry actions. The requirement of think-ing about medium-term budgeting causes the ministries to also think about their programs in the medium term.

In Korea, strategy and the budget are intertwined through a single ministry, the Ministry of Strategy and Finance. The ministry creates both the five-year national strategy and the five-year budget plan. The process for these plans includes a series of sectorial workshops in late winter and early spring, attended by officials from line ministries and people from the private sector. Once the process for the medium term

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is completed, the ministry issues guidelines for the annual budget to the ministries, providing a top-down allocation and then working with the line ministries interactively on their detailed budgets.

Case-Study Conclusions

The case studies show a range of realized options in the design of institutions and processes for the development and implementation of socioeconomic strategy. They suggest that socioeconomic strategy development and implementation will benefit from the following:

1. engagement of the head of government2. the creation of a strategy unit linked to the PMO3. establishing at least parts of new institutions and processes in

legislation or government decisions to start to create demand and a culture of strategy

4. enhancement of line ministry strategy units5. connections between the new strategy unit linked to the PMO

and analysis and inputs from outside the government6. the development of a term strategy tied to newly elected govern-

ments7. longer-range strategy development and the ability to continu-

ously take a strategic perspective toward socioeconomic chal-lenges

8. coordination through committees of DGs, led by the PMO DG9. the use of formal analytic tools and research in the development

of strategies10. the publication of strategy documents and supporting materials11. strong links between strategy formulation and budget formula-

tion.

These are general insights, and they leave open the issue of how they can be applied to Israel. We do that by considering the discussion of this chapter; the discussion of the current situation regarding Israeli strategy development, as detailed in Chapter Three; and the findings

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on gaps, discussed in the next chapter. The result is found in Chapter Six, which presents our detailed institutional design that we propose for Israel.

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CHAPTER FIVE

Perceived Gaps in Israel

We now consider the gaps in Israel that hamper the governmentโ€™s abil-ity to take a strategic perspective and develop strategic responses to socioeconomic challenges. We do so by drawing on the set of expert interviews conducted by the staff of Shaldor Strategy Consulting, as described in Chapter Three. The gaps identified by these experts include issues related to strategy development, the ability to take a stra-tegic perspective, development of policies and programs based on strat-egy, and implementation issues. The expert identification of these gaps is not determinative of what Israel should do. However, it serves as a valuable input to our recommendations, which appear in Chapter Six.

Our interviewees identified seven perceived gaps:

1. lack of involvement by the political leadership2. a reactive posture and lack of government-initiated strategic

approaches to policy challenges3. lack of interministerial coordination in policymaking4. low levels of engagement with stakeholders and the public5. inadequate use of research and information6. difficulties transitioning strategy to policies and their imple-

mentation7. inadequate measurement and evaluation.

The interviews and our discussions with government officials also revealed unease as to whether the government had a common vision and goals. This and the other gaps may be found to some extent in

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68 Developing Long-Term Socioeconomic Strategy in Israel

other countries. We now discuss these gaps in more detail, providing statements from our interviewees regarding their views of the gaps.

Gap 1. Lack of Involvement by the Political Leadership

There is widespread recognition that, ultimately, strategy must come from the engagement of political leaders. However, the government infrastructure for infusing a strategic perspective into the decisionmak-ing processes of the political leadership needs strengthening. It lacks formal routines for discussing socioeconomic strategy. Strategy discus-sions by the government lack contextual foundation, which could be provided by a staff body preparing for these discussions. There is also a lack of a common understanding of which strategic issues call for the cabinetโ€™s deliberation and approval. The experts we interviewed noted the following:

The big decisions .  .  . require an elected government. [Making those decisions] is the role of government [the PM and the cabinet].

Almost every problem comes to the PMโ€”strikes, the disabled, and the rest. All eyes are on him.

Today, the government secretariat is in charge of government and ministerial committee meetings, but [its] role in preparation of meetings is limited to โ€œnote-takingโ€ at an administrative level, and [it does] not take a role in the discussion of content.

Most of the cabinet meetings are [conducted] without complete information. Could there really be government discussions with-out alternatives? What debate is there?

For these reasons, many of the major government decisions are based on partial information and do not stem from in-depth prepara-tion, analysis, and rationales rooted in objective facts. The gap in this area is especially critical because it is clear from both Israeli experience (as in the Schmid report and the Trajtenberg Committee) and inter-

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national experience (as discussed in Chapter Four) that considerable support and attention by the political leadership are required for the success of strategic policy measures.

Gap 2. Reactive Posture and Lack of Government-Initiated Strategic Approaches to Policy Challenges

There is insufficient ability or attention to taking a strategic perspective to help inform government policymaking regarding socioeconomic challenges. At present, the government largely reacts rather than initi-ates. The experts we interviewed noted the following:

The government is not good at long-term planning, from which one could derive what it wants to do.

I see the Budget Division as a partner in stopping the burst of populist proposals from ministries, but it is important to under-stand that [it] entered the vacuum of the lack of government planning.

Strategy institutions should help organizations shift from being reactive into taking initiative. In Israel, the government and the authorities often engage in putting out fires; we should have at least some part of the activity pre-initiated.

A result is that policymaking is defined by urgent and critical issues that require an immediate response. There is little preparation regarding socioeconomic challenges for which better or more-coherent policies could have been developed had there been more foresight, anticipation, and strategic analysis. The public, as well, does not have a clear idea of the direction of government policy.

Thus, for instance, the social and economic issues that surfaced during the surge of social unrest in the summer of 2011 were unan-ticipated, and the response was developed after the fact when a degree of forethought could have led to policies mitigating the causes of the unrest in advance. The resulting ad hoc commission is recognized as

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70 Developing Long-Term Socioeconomic Strategy in Israel

having created a useful response, but its short timeline prevented it from conducting a thorough analysis. It also had no way of ensuring that its recommendations would be implemented.

Foreseeing social unrest is admittedly difficult, and the best fore-sight system might have failed to anticipate the events of the summer of 2011. However, demographic change is both slow-moving and clearly observable; the aging of the Israeli population is clear. Yet, the existing system has developed no adequate strategic response. This could lead to a future crisis due to the aging of the population. The experts we inter-viewed noted the following about this and other issues:

The problem of the aging population affects the areas of health, social security, productivity, and more. There is currently no sys-tematic treatment of the issue.

In most countries, there is cooperation between industry, gov-ernment, and educational institutions to address the future labor market needs. Israel has not even thought of that.

There is no basic government view on policy regarding metropoli-tan areas in Israel, and it is necessary to set such a view.

Gap 3. Lack of Interministerial Coordination in Policymaking

Because there is a lack of strategic perspective and little routine coordi-nation and guidance by the PM and the government, the links between the activities of various government ministries are tenuous. Intermin-isterial mechanisms for coordinating policymaking do not function well. This leads to duplication and even contradictions in policies and programs. This is the case in both overarching socioeconomic policy and policy for specific issues. In addition, our interviewees argued that the government has particular difficulty in coordinating policy regard-ing special populations, such as ultraorthodox Jews, Arabs, and citizens of Ethiopian origin. The experts we interviewed noted the following:

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Israel has no capability to synthesize [policy initiatives] except in the Ministry of Finance, where [it] only [stops] things and [does not] really synthesize. [It believes] that, when [it stops] spending, [it is] โ€œsaving the country.โ€

The PMO has no one [who] directs policy in ministries, asks questions of policy, and challenges them to see the whole forest rather than the trees.

The NEC wrote a nice document on the employment of the ultra-orthodox but did not coordinate with the director general of the Ministry of Industry, Trade, and Labor.1 After a government decision, the document landed on his desk, waiting for some-thing to happen. A ministry that feels like a contractor probably will not act.

There are lots of programs on Ethiopians, and it is unclear who decides what is done from a comprehensive view.

One of the key failings is that, when policy issues span ministerial portfolios, there is no clear system for planning and implementation, so activities are carried out largely by ad hoc mechanisms. In some cases, such as handling issues related to children and youth at risk, such ad hoc mechanisms have led to successful outcomes. In that case, the functioning of staff or headquarters ministries, and specifically the PMO and the MOF, in routing responsibilities and guiding intermin-isterial coordination, was vital for the success of strategic policy mea-sures. However, more often, lack of coordination impairs the chances of successful outcomes.

1 Since the 2013 election, this ministry has been known as the Ministry of Economy and Trade.

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Gap 4. Low Levels of Engagement with Stakeholders and the Public

In recent years, there has been some improvement in the participation of stakeholders outside the government, such as industrial associations and trade unions. An expert we interviewed noted the following:

In recent years, working with the government [has been] more cooperative. The level of involvement varies from project to proj-ect but is good in general.

However, there are still wide gaps in institutionalizing the partici-pation of the public at large, extragovernmental entities, and even local government in policymaking processes in general, not just in taking a strategic perspective toward socioeconomic issues. The experts we interviewed noted the following:

The business sectorโ€™s share is based too much on personal rela-tionships. For example, for the ports reform, the private sector established a steering committee and only later through personal connections was it integrated with the Ministry of Finance.2

There are no negotiations with local authorities. Discussions are only about balancing the budget, and the rest of the [responsibil-ity] is placed on the [local authorities]. The ability of local govern-ment to complement the central government and to be an impor-tant agent is not leveraged.

At present, a culture of public participation and transparency in policymaking, let alone strategic assessment or the development of strategies, is underdeveloped. There are also no formal platforms or mechanisms in place for allowing effective public participation in these areas. The 2011 Trajtenberg Committee provided the first prominent and only significant example of public participation, via the Internet, in policymaking in Israel, at least as of the time of our research.

2 The port reform was a structural reform that was aimed at increasing the efficiency of seaports in Israel.

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Gap 5. Inadequate Use of Research and Information

Government ministries lack research and analysis capabilities relevant to applying a strategic perspective and to medium- and long-term policy issues. Research-oriented bodies within the governmentโ€”in particular, the Economics and Research Department in the MOF and the NECโ€”are poorly linked to governmental decisionmaking pro-cesses. This is also true for extragovernmental research bodies, such as the Research Division of the Bank of Israel, think tanks, and academia. The flow of information that is not research-based is also insufficient. Thus, the absence of an information-sharing culture and institution-alized mechanisms for sharing data from the ground (such as from local authorities and businesses) precludes many important inputs that could inform the governmentโ€™s perspective toward socioeconomic chal-lenges. The experts we interviewed noted the following:

There are no policy units within ministries not controlled by law-yers and economists that know how to discuss [policy] effective-ness from a multidisciplinary perspective.

The Bank of Israel is the only serious research body. There are not enough quality Israeli think tanks with diverse views, as in the United States, to be a source of significant research-backed policy proposals.

Of the 20 DGs I encountered, only a few opened meetings with discussing the factual data that [would] inform the decision.

Managers [in the government] must understand what decision-supporting research is. Managers of today are not familiar with such research.

Even when there are available research and knowledge sources, there is a gap in the ability and interest of managers and policymakers to use such information for decision support. In addition, knowledge management in the government is lacking, and there is no body or unit in place that is in charge of ensuring the accessibility and sharing of

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government knowledge and information. The experts we interviewed noted the following:

There [are] a lot of data in the ministries, but [those ministries] do not talk to each other.

Use of data by the government isnโ€™t consistent or systematic. It is unclear where to turn if you want to know something.

There is no organized information sharing with parties out-side the bank, sometimes not even sufficient sharing within the research division.

Gap 6. Difficulties Transitioning Strategy to Policies and Their Implementation

In recent years, a considerable number of policy programs have been developed, but implementation has faltered in many. An example includes the plans for strengthening the socioeconomic outcomes in the Galilee and the Negev, known as the geographic periphery of Israel. The experts we interviewed noted the following:

In recent years, we built nine programs to promote the periphery, and none of them really [was] applied because [none dealt] with critical issues that would allow the implementation.

The policymakers identified correctly that they should address the Haredim [ultraorthodox Jews] and Arabs. There is a plan but no implementation.

Reasons cited include the loose connection of programs to the budgeting processes, the lack of formal mechanisms for solving con-flicts in the transition to implementation, and difficulties in establish-ing and managing ongoing interministerial cooperation for the imple-

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mentation of policy programs. The experts we interviewed noted the following:

There is no organized process in the State of Israel for resolv-ing disagreements and promoting decisions [across ministries] regarding implementation.

Gap 7. Inadequate Measurement and Evaluation

Most of the governmentโ€™s discussions revolve around budgets. Until recently, there had been only limited efforts to measure the actual effectiveness of any given policy.3 Even when indicators are defined for assessing policies and programs, the ministries lack the capabilities for follow-up, assessment, and enhancement of these policies and pro-grams. The experts we interviewed noted the following:

The discourse in Israel is biased towards the government budget and not towards the results, i.e., the discourse is on efficiency and not effectiveness.

For example, in education, you must understand and know how to set the balance between [defining] pedagogical goals and measuring the result. It is impossible to talk only efficiency (โ€œon time, on budgetโ€) for everything. There is a need for talk about effectiveness.

There shouldnโ€™t be a project without outcome measures and pro-cess indicators. We should not give [such a project] a budget.

This results in part from the absence of a formally structured process for managing progress toward the achievement of policies and programs; such a process would include such elements as defin-ing policy goals, measuring progress, and analyzing discrepancies. It also results from the absence of an institutionalized process of policy

3 The recent introduction of annual performance plans and follow-up to those plans by the Policy Planning Department within the PMO are a notable effort to redress this gap.

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76 Developing Long-Term Socioeconomic Strategy in Israel

assessment throughout the course of the policyโ€™s life cycleโ€”from for-mulation, through the pilot, to the complete implementation and beyond. Among other examples, our interviewees mentioned plans in the employment arena, which, they felt, underwent various extensions and revisions without the benefits of rational evaluation and methodi-cal lesson-learning. The experts we interviewed noted the following:

The ministry welcomed the Mafteach plan and established eight employment centers for [ultraorthodox]. After a period, [it] decided to establish ten additional centers without a previous project evaluation and without learning from experience.

The ministry designed an excellent tool to subsidize hiring of new workers in industry, but no one checked why the tool isnโ€™t effec-tive for minority populations, and no one tried to improve its accessibility [for minorities] in order to allow its application.

Conclusion

The analysis of Israelโ€™s gaps suggests that, as discussed in Chapter Three, Israel has many of the elements it needs to take a strategic perspective toward socioeconomic issues, to develop policies and programs based on such a perspective, and to manage their implementation. However, institutions and processes to bind these elements together have been missing.

These challenges are not unique to Israel. As noted in the interna-tional case studies, such issues as political leadership, interministerial coordination, and measurement and evaluation remain challenges for many countries.

In the next chapter, we bring together the different streams of our studyโ€”the current situation in Israel, international case studies, and gaps in strategic approaches to policy development in Israelโ€”to rec-ommend to the Israel government how it can better incorporate a stra-tegic perspective in dealing with socioeconomic issues. We make these recommendations in the separate domains of institutions, processes,

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information, outputs, and the reinforcement of demand within the government for incorporating a strategic perspective in policymaking.

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79

CHAPTER SIX

Recommendations for Anticipating and Responding to Socioeconomic Challenges

Background and Objectives

In this chapter, we present recommendations for institutions and pro-cesses to support the use of a strategic perspective in approaching socio-economic challenges in Israel and to develop and implement specific strategies.1 The recommendations were formulated in light of the then-current situation in Israel, as described in Chapter Three; international experience regarding institutions and processes for socioeconomic strategy, as described in Chapter Four; and the gaps identified by our expert interviewees, as detailed in Chapter Five.

The institutions and processes described in this chapter constitute one potential formulation. When useful, we describe possible alterna-tives as well. Discussing alternatives is especially important because we do not have full information regarding the entire spectrum of variables that may affect future institutional composition and processes and, specifically, the considerations and preferences that will guide policy-makers in the establishment and underpinning of such institutions and processes. We note that the case studies in Chapter Four demonstrate that evolution in light of experience is common.

1 A version of these findings was presented to the government strategy task force in May 2012. That, in turn, formed the basis of a formal proposal presented by the task force to the cabinet and approved as a government decision in October 2012. This government decision began to be implemented before the election of 2013 and has largely been realized in bodies and processes that have since been formally put in place.

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80 Developing Long-Term Socioeconomic Strategy in Israel

We composed the recommendations in light of the following objectives:

โ€ข Establish a process that enhances the stateโ€™s ability to take a strate-gic perspective toward long-term socioeconomic issuesโ€”15 years and perhaps beyondโ€”while also informing programs for specific governments within their scheduled terms in office.

โ€ข Enable the government to take a strategic perspective toward diverse policy issues, including systemic issues; issues that con-cern several ministries; issues that require a longer-term perspec-tive under conditions of deep uncertainty; issues that require ongoing implementation and updating; and issues that call for a multidisciplinary approach.

โ€ข Promote production of quality outputs based on professional and systematic work to provide the basis for transcending short-term constraints. Such quality standards would find expression in an ability to perform a solid and comprehensive diagnosis, formulate a clear and comprehensive guiding policy, and present a coherent set of operational courses of action.

Guidelines

The proposed institutions and processes are based on guidelines derived from the stated objectives, international experience, and the situation in Israel:

โ€ข The adoption of a strategic perspective toward socioeconomic challenges, the formulation of socioeconomic strategies, and the management of policies that result from them should be carried out as an integral activity of the cabinetโ€”the elected political leadersโ€”led by the PM.

โ€ข Existing units should be enhanced and, where they do not exist, established within the government to provide research, analysis, evaluation, and management support for strategy and policy pro-cesses, including maintaining institutional memory and long-

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Anticipating and Responding to Socioeconomic Challenges 81

term consistency; supporting coordination across ministries and other government units; and facilitating the creation of an unbro-ken continuum from policy formulation to its implementation. These units should be assisted on a regular basis by inputs from external stakeholders and experts.

โ€ข Action plans for the government term, upon its inauguration and during its term in office, should constitute an important link between government programs and the process of taking a strate-gic perspective toward socioeconomic challenges.

โ€ข The strategic analysis and long-term planning capabilities of indi-vidual ministries, as well as their inclusion in strategy formulation and management processes, should be enhanced.

โ€ข Governmental budgeting and planning processes should be inte-grated in and guided by the strategic process.

โ€ข Incentives should be designed for ministers, ministries, and civil servants to participate in and support the effort to take a stra-tegic perspective and its integration into government policy and actions.

Recommendations in Detail

We derived the nine recommendations from our understanding of the current situation in Israel (Chapter Three), from the findings of our international case studies (Chapter Four), and from the expert views on the strategy and implementation gaps in Israel (Chapter Five). Tables  6.1 through 6.7 show how our recommendations respond to conclusions from the international case studies and the gaps. Each table features one gap, lists relevant case-study conclusions in the left column, and lists recommendations presented in this chapter in the right column.

For example, establishment of the political-level forum fills the gap of involvement by the political leadership and responds to the inter-national case-study conclusions of a need for engagement of the head of government, the development of a term strategy, and improved coordi-nation by the PMO. As another example, the creation of a council of

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82 Developing Long-Term Socioeconomic Strategy in Israel

external stakeholders fills the gap of public participation in processes and responds to the international case-study conclusions regarding the need for external engagement by the strategy unit and continuous use of a strategic perspective in scanning socioeconomic issues. As can be seen in Tables 6.1 through 6.7, our recommendations respond to every case-study conclusion and fill every perceived gap.

We now proceed to discuss the recommendations in more detail. It is important to note that these recommendations are offered in the full expectation that their actual implementation will be shaped in a manner that will also take into account political leadersโ€™ views on how they might best achieve their intended purpose. Thus the form of the recommendations may differ from what actually may be put in place by the government of Israel. What we offer is a starting point, not a final form.

Recommendation Summary

1. Form a political-level strategy forum led by the PM to serve as the focal point for the adoption of a strategic perspective, decisionmaking regarding strategy development, and oversight of the management of the strategic process.

2. Form a professional-level socioeconomic strategy forum linked to the PM to serve as the focal point for coordinated thinking and management of a new socioeconomic strategic agenda at the top civil servant level.

3. Form a socioeconomic strategy staff unit, as part of the NEC, to be the focal point of support for engaging socioeconomic challenges with a strategic per-spective, strategic early warning, development of strategic alternatives, and strategy education for the civil service and to provide professional support for the professional-level forum in government agenda formulation and manage-ment processes.

4. Create a new socioeconomic strategic agenda to be defined and promoted by the government for its term in office.

5. Create a mechanism, within the PMO, for managing plans for socioeconomic programs selected in the governmentโ€™s agenda.

6. Establish a DDG forum; strengthen ministry strategy, policy, and planning units; and develop ministry capabilities for taking a strategic perspective and translating strategies into policies, programs, and plans and implementing them.

7. Establish a council of external stakeholders and experts to link the public to strategy processes.

8. Use research, monitoring, and evaluation to assess the work of the new insti-tutions and processes and the policies and programs that result from them.

9. Create formal and informal incentives for taking a strategic perspective, par-ticipating in the new institutions and processes, and using their outputs.

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Table 6.1Case-Study Conclusions and Recommendations for Gap 1, Lack of Involvement by the Political Leadership

Conclusion Recommendation

Engagement of the head of government Form a political-level strategy forum.

Ensure involvement of strategy institutions in relevant discussions.

Hold dedicated events organized by the strategy staff unit.

Have the head of the NEC brief the PM on strategic processes regularly.

Creation of a strategy unit linked to the PMO

Form a socioeconomic strategy staff unit.

Hold dedicated events organized by the strategy staff unit.

Legal requirements and culture of strategy

Require the publication of the socioeconomic strategic agenda and its presentation to the Knesset.

Require an annual report on the socioeconomic strategic agenda.

Hold dedicated events organized by the strategy staff unit.

Development of a term strategy Engage the political-level strategy forum in the creation of a socioeconomic strategy agenda and associated output.

Continuous use of a strategic perspective in scanning socioeconomic issues and development of longer-range strategies, strategic alternatives, and strategic early warning

Hold dedicated events organized by the strategy staff unit.

Have the head of the NEC brief the PM on strategic processes regularly.

Improved coordination by the PMO Form a political-level strategy forum.

Publication of strategy documents and supporting materials

Require the publication of the term strategy and its presentation to the Knesset.

Links between strategic perspectives, the outputs of strategy, and the budget

Form a professional-level socioeconomic strategy forum.

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Recommendation 1. Form a Political-Level Strategy Forum

The PM, along with a ministry committee headed by him or her, should be the focal point for strategy development and the manage-ment of the strategic process within the government, bringing its main outputs and decisions for approval to the entire cabinet. In particular, the ministry committee would focus on social and economic problems that demand longer-term, coordinated policy responses and guide and approve the socioeconomic agenda (described below) prior to its sub-mission for approval by the government. The composition of the minis-try committee should be determined according to the PMโ€™s preferences in the context of the specific political situation. We recommend limit-ing the size of the ministry committee to six ministers, to include at least the ministers of finance and economy, the latter of whose purview includes labor and research and development. Other ministers, as well

Table 6.2Case-Study Conclusions and Recommendations for Gap 2, Reactive Posture and Lack of Government-Initiated Strategic Approaches to Policy Challenges

Conclusion Recommendation

Creation of a strategy unit linked to the PMO

Form a socioeconomic strategy staff unit.

Legal requirements and culture of strategy

Provide incentives for civil servants seconded to the strategy staff unit.

Ground the strategy staff unit and its operations in government decision or law.

Development of a term strategy Form a professional-level socioeconomic strategy forum.

Form a socioeconomic strategy staff unit.

Create a socioeconomic strategic agenda and associated outputs.

Continuous use of a strategic perspective in scanning socioeconomic issues and development of longer-range strategies, strategic alternatives, and strategic early warning

Form a professional-level socioeconomic strategy forum.

Form a socioeconomic strategy staff unit.

Establish a DDG forum and strengthen ministry strategy units.

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as the governor of the Bank of Israel, should be invited to take part in the deliberations according to the subject, as needed, and subject to the need for central bank independence. The institutionalization of the ministry committeeโ€™s operation, along with the formalization of the submission of its outputs and decisions for approval by the entire cabi-net, would address the international case-study finding on the need for engagement of the head of government and the gap identified regard-ing the involvement of the political leadership.

The ministry committee could be formal or informalโ€”for exam-ple, as an informal โ€œkitchen cabinetโ€ for socioeconomic strategy, in similar fashion to that in the political-defense arena in Israel. The main advantage to establishing it informally is that, under the current politi-

Table 6.3Case-Study Conclusions and Recommendations for Gap 3, Lack of Interministerial Coordination in Policymaking

Conclusion Recommendation

Creation of a strategy unit linked to the PMO

Form a socioeconomic strategy staff unit.

Enhancement of line ministry strategy units

Establish a DDG forum and strengthen ministry strategy units.

Development of a term strategy Form a socioeconomic strategy staff unit.

Create a socioeconomic strategic agenda and associated outputs.

Improved coordination by the PMO Form a political-level strategy forum.

Form a professional-level socioeconomic strategy forum.

Form a socioeconomic strategy staff unit.

Create a system in the PMO for managing plans stemming from the socioeconomic strategic agenda.

Implement PMO Policy Planning Department ministry assessments.

Links between strategic perspectives, the outputs of strategy, and the budget

Form a professional-level socioeconomic strategy forum.

Form a socioeconomic strategy staff unit.

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86 Developing Long-Term Socioeconomic Strategy in Israel

cal system, doing so is almost the only way to ensure a small and effec-tive forum. The main disadvantage is that the lack of a formal, offi-cial, and permanent entity within the political system could make the strategic process especially fragile and vulnerable to fluctuations in the political leadershipโ€™s attention level. In any case, keeping the forum compact and effective and submitting its outputs for approval by the entire cabinet are critical.2

2 We recommend the creation of this new forum, rather than vesting these powers in the existing socioeconomic cabinet. That group is to continue with its current role according to the preferences of each government in which it serves.

Table 6.4Case-Study Conclusions and Recommendations for Gap 4, Low Levels of Engagement with Stakeholders and the Public

Conclusion Recommendation

Creation of a strategy unit linked to the PMO

Form a socioeconomic strategy staff unit.

Analysis and inputs from outside the government with connections to the strategy unit

Create a strategy staff unit.

Create a council of external stakeholders or technology-enhanced methods for eliciting opinions and participation.

Create a broad and informal network of external partners.

Provide ongoing media coverage of strategy institutions and processes.

Development of a term strategy Form a socioeconomic strategy staff unit.

Establish a council of external stakeholders or technology-enhanced methods for eliciting opinions and participation.

Continuous use of a strategic perspective in scanning socioeconomic issues and development of longer-range strategies, strategic alternatives, and strategic early warning

Form a socioeconomic strategy staff unit.

Establish a council of external stakeholders or technology-enhanced methods for eliciting opinions and participation.

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Recommendation 2. Form a Professional-Level Socioeconomic Strategy Forum

A permanent forum comprising senior public servants should be estab-lished with members to include the PMO DG, the head of the NEC, the head of the Budget Department, and the MOF DG. The forum would meet regularly and invite other participants to its discussions, such as the deputy governor of the Bank of Israel, as needed.

The strategy staff unit would coordinate the professional-level forumโ€™s work. The professional-level forum would ensure that issues are prepared appropriately for the political-level forum and monitor

Table 6.5Case-Study Conclusions and Recommendations for Gap 5, Inadequate Use of Research and Information

Conclusion Recommendation

Creation of a strategy unit linked to the PMO

Form a socioeconomic strategy staff unit.

Development of a term strategy Form a socioeconomic strategy staff unit.

Create a socioeconomic strategic agenda and associated outputs.

Continuous use of a strategic perspective in scanning socioeconomic issues and development of longer-range strategies, strategic alternatives, and strategic early warning

Form a socioeconomic strategy staff unit.

Formal analytic tools and research Create a socioeconomic strategy staff unit.

Elicit expert input to the council of external stakeholders.

Draw on output from the Bank of Israelโ€™s research department.

Draw on output from Central Bureau of Statistics.

Implement external assessment teams.

Strengthen the strategy staff unitโ€™s broad and informal network of external partners.

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88 Developing Long-Term Socioeconomic Strategy in Israel

the strategy staff unitโ€™s operation, including its analytic support for adopting a strategic perspective toward socioeconomic issues, strat-egy development, and approval and monitoring of the socioeconomic agenda program. The professional-level forum would also lead the inte-gration of strategic perspectives with intraterm processes, including the launching and continued tracking of strategic programs and the iden-tification of and adherence to strategic priorities and strategic programs within the stateโ€™s budget.

Besides reporting to the political-level forum, the professional-level forum would also present its outputs regularly to the currently operat-ing ministry DG forum, as well as the ministry DDGs of planning (see recommendation 6). One risk in establishing such a professional-level forum is that it could become a pro forma organization that accom-plishes little, with substance discussed and decisions made more infor-

Table 6.6Case-Study Conclusions and Recommendations for Gap 6, Difficulties Transitioning Strategy to Policies and Their Implementation

Conclusion Recommendation

Creation of a strategy unit linked to the PMO

Form a socioeconomic strategy staff unit.

Enhancement of line ministry strategy units

Establish a DDG forum and strengthen ministry strategy units.

Development of a term strategy Form a socioeconomic strategy staff unit.

Create a socioeconomic strategic agenda and associated outputs.

Improved coordination by the PMO Form a professional-level socioeconomic strategy forum.

Create a system in the PMO for managing plans stemming from the socioeconomic strategic agenda.

Implement PMO Policy Planning Department ministry assessments.

Links between strategic perspectives, the outputs of strategy, and the budget

Form a professional-level socioeconomic strategy forum.

Form a socioeconomic strategy staff unit.

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mally, outside of formal meetings. Potential ways to guard against this are to keep it small and to have specific required tasks or deliverables, but, if the participants do not perceive its usefulness, these likely would not forestall its decline. As we note in the discussion of recommenda-tion 9, incentives will be important.

Recommendation 3. Form a Socioeconomic Strategy Staff Unit

A strategy staff unit, reporting to the head of the NEC, should be established in addition to the existing team within the council that supports the chairpersonโ€™s work in his or her capacity as the economic adviser to the PM. The unit head would be appointed by the head of the NEC, in consultation with the PMO DG, with the Civil Service Commission ensuring that only suitable candidates with high levels

Table 6.7Case-Study Conclusions and Recommendations for Gap 7, Inadequate Measurement and Evaluation

Conclusion Recommendation

Creation of a strategy unit linked to the PMO

Form a socioeconomic strategy staff unit.

Development of a term strategy Form a socioeconomic strategy staff unit.

Create a socioeconomic strategic agenda and associated outputs.

Create a system in the PMO for managing plans stemming from the socioeconomic strategic agenda.

Create external assessment teams.

Continuous use of a strategic perspective in scanning socioeconomic issues and development of longer-range strategies, strategic alternatives, and strategic early warning

Form a socioeconomic strategy staff unit.

Draw on output from the Bank of Israelโ€™s research department.

Draw on output from Central Bureau of Statistics.

Publication of strategy documents and supporting materials

Publish the strategy staff unit annual report.

Publish the monitored progress of socioeconomic goal attainment.

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of education and relevant professional experience would be allowed to apply for the position.3 The unitโ€™s staff would include employees from diverse disciplines, not limited to various fields of social sciences, busi-ness management, strategy, and public policy but even including the sciences and humanities to broaden thinking, as well as specific policy areas (such as education and social work). Some team members should be employees loaned from the MOF and other ministries for a period of about two years, although both shorter and longer appointments could be considered. Others should come temporarily from outside the government and civil service. For those on loan from ministries, the Civil Service Commission should take steps for making service in the strategy staff unit a catalyst for rapid career promotion in the civil service.

The strategy unit would lead a professional staff effort to adopt a strategic perspective toward socioeconomic issues, support the for-mulation of a socioeconomic strategy based on a long-term perspec-tive, and bring that strategy to bear on the performance of the elected government. To this end, the unit would be charged with performing ongoing analysis and monitoring of the society and economy of Israel from a multidisciplinary and long-term perspective. The unit would then release an annual report with its findings.

As a new government takes office, the strategy unit would have additional duties, reflecting the cross-country findings about the fragil-ity of long-term socioeconomic strategy and the effectiveness of design-ing programsโ€”derived from a strategy or strategic perspectiveโ€”that a government can implement during its term. Specifically, the team would be charged with preparing a set of potential areas for strategic focus for each new government and strategic alternatives for those areas

3 With this recommendation we seek to reconcile two desirable qualities that will always be in tension. Our case study assessment suggests the importance of having a strategy unit be in close contact with the policy leadership to maintain relevance. This would argue that the head of the strategy unit be jointly appointed by the head of the NEC and the PMO DG. On the other hand, relevance also requires such a unit to possess a degree of independence from complete control by that same leadership. No simple mechanism will permanently resolve this tension. In each administration, a modus vivendi will need to be forged. But on balance, we consider it important for the head of the NEC to have principal authority in determining the unitโ€™s senior leadership.

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that the government subsequently identifies as requiring action. This combination of potential areas for strategic focus and strategic alterna-tives in the selected areas would serve as a menu from which specific governments, aided by the professional-level forum, would select spe-cific policy directions and programs for promotion according to their own priorities. The ongoing analysis and monitoring would also help the unit develop strategic early warning. Given its central role in strat-egy development, the unit should eventually develop efforts and meth-ods to help infuse strategic thinking throughout the government.

Specifically, unit activities can include the following:

โ€ข providing support for the professional-level forum, such as formu-lating drafts for strategy products as a basis of the forumโ€™s activity

โ€ข coordinating the content for the formulation of the socioeco-nomic agenda (see recommendation 4), based on the work of the deputy director-general forum (see recommendation 5) and the unitโ€™s own preliminary research and analysis, as well as proposals and products submitted by government ministries, the Bank of Israel, and external research organizations and other stakeholders

โ€ข reviewing for newly elected political leadership the socioeconomic situation and suggesting guidelines for governmental priorities that would feature in the governmentโ€™s statement of basic prin-ciples

โ€ข proposing a series of strategic alternatives, to be selected as part of the governmentโ€™s agenda, based mainly on the set of potential areas for strategic focus prepared in advance

โ€ข commissioning external research and consulting services, making use of a sufficient and appropriate budget allocation for this pur-pose. Such services would be used for facilitating the formulation of strategies and plans and the evaluation of existing strategies and plans. Commissioned external research could also include long-term contracts with Israeli or foreign research institutes for ongo-ing analytic relationships and in-depth studies of selected issues.

โ€ข maintaining ongoing professional contact with the ministry strat-egy units (see recommendation 6) to receive information regard-ing the current strategic situation in the individual ministriesโ€™

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areas of responsibility, to collaborate in the preparation of cross-ministry strategic plans, and to orient the ministries toward gov-ernmental objectives

โ€ข possibly coordinating the operations of a council of external stake-holders and experts (see recommendation 7).

In some cases, policymakers may determine that an ad hoc com-mittee external to the government could be a valuable way to approach a socioeconomic problem. In preceding chapters, we noted the uses, value, and problems with such committees. Were such a committee to be established, the strategy staff unit could also serve as its analytical component or manage its links to the political leadership and policy processes.

A major risk to creating a strategy unit is that it could become a bureaucracy that stagnates over time, protecting its own institutional interests and becoming irrelevant to policymakers. Having it answer-able to the head of the NEC and the PMO DG and having it staffed by people who are temporary and loaned from other ministries or from outside the civil service mitigate this risk. A minor risk is that people loaned from ministries might act in the interests of their ministries, rather than those of the strategy unit or the PMO.

Recommendation 4. Create a Socioeconomic Strategic Agenda

Within four months of its establishment, and as quickly as possible after taking office, the government should approve and publicize a socioeconomic strategic agenda document for its term. This agenda document should draw from the strategic perspective that the deputy director-general forum (see recommendation 6) and the strategy unit have developed in their work and include an analysis of the socioeco-nomic situation and its long-term implications; a definition of the gov-ernmentโ€™s socioeconomic goals for its term in office, including quan-tifiable targets, and how these goals help solve long-term problems; detailed plans for specific socioeconomic programs to be promoted by the government, with those programs pertaining to policy challenges that involve more than one ministry (see recommendation  5); and socioeconomic focus areas for the operation of government ministries

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during the governmentโ€™s term. The institutionalization of the agenda, supported by the deputy director-general forum, the strategy unit, and the professional-level forum, would be the key response to the cur-rent gaps identified as a reactive posture, lack of a strategic perspective in government, and the transition to policy implementation, among others.

A strategic plan guidance document should be attached to the agenda document, detailing the goals and main points of each plan for the socioeconomic programs. Depending on the currently avail-able level of planning, the document should set goals for the plan and elaborate on the administrative and budgetary framework required for its implementation.

In addition, the agenda document should lead to the creation of implementation guidelines, designed to translate the socioeconomic goals articulated in the governmentโ€™s agenda into individual ministry activities for the term. The paper would include the main objectives, issues that need to be addressed, and budgetary sources, if possible, for each of the broad goals.

One risk of creating such an agenda is that, if ministries do not adequately accept it, the agenda may create resistance. It could also fail to account for the realities of implementation, saddling the government with unrealistic goals and programs. As a result, its creation will need considerable care.

Recommendation 5. Create a Mechanism for Managing the Plans for the Socioeconomic Programs

As noted in our discussion of recommendation 4, the agenda would contain specific programs, program plans, and strategic and implemen-tation guidance documents about the programs. The plans as defined in the agenda and the strategic and implementation guidance documents would become government action plans in the socioeconomic arena, derived directly from the governmentโ€™s socioeconomic goals and rated at the top of the governmentโ€™s priorities. These programs should involve the activities of multiple ministries, but, in isolated cases, they could focus on a subject that is the realm of a single government ministry.

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The professional-level socioeconomic strategy forum, utilizing staff units, would be responsible for preparing the legal, budgetary, and administrative infrastructure for the implementation of the plans. When deemed necessary, an expanded and detailed planning process for the plans would be carried out by a governmental or public com-mittee in collaboration with the relevant ministries and representatives from the PMO, the Budget Department, and the NEC.

The plans in the socioeconomic strategic agenda should be man-aged, according to the professional-level socioeconomic strategy forumโ€™s decision, by PMO or MOF department heads or by a program leader recruited from outside the PMO and MOF, with the rank of DDG of the PMO. PMO staff departments would assist in the operation of the plans in managerial, professional, and methodological terms. In par-ticular, the Policy Planning Department would assist individual plan directors in their relationships with the ministry planning units and the public. This mechanism for the management of the socioeconomic programs at the PMO and MOF and the support of both the profes-sional and DDG forums (see recommendation 6) would be the key response to the identified gaps regarding the lack of interministerial coordination and the transition to policy implementation. As with the agenda itself, failure to engage ministries appropriately could lead this mechanism to function poorly in the achievement of the governmentโ€™s goals.

Recommendation 6. Establish a Deputy Director-General Forum and Strengthen Ministry Strategy, Policy, and Planning Units

A forum of ministry DDGs in charge of strategy should be established for interministerial coordination of strategic analysis and the adoption of a strategic perspective in ministry policymaking, providing mutual professional inputs, and communicating government priorities to min-istry units. The forum would be coordinated jointly by the strategy staff unit of the PMO (professional coordination and guidance) and the PMOโ€™s Policy Planning Department (methodological guidance).

An effort to build strategy capabilities in government ministries should be initiated. In government ministries in which such units do not exist currently, a strategy unit should be established and could be

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separate from, connected with, or part of the current planning and budgeting function (in most cases, both functions are the responsibil-ity of a DDG of planning or economics).

The core tasks of the ministry strategy units should include the following:

โ€ข maintaining an up-to-date strategic perspective on the ministryโ€™s scope of operations, based on research and analysis of key indica-tors

โ€ข leading the staff work to support the formulation of the ministryโ€™s strategic goals and the formulation and management of the min-istry term plan. The ministry plan will feed the existing annual work plans.

โ€ข guiding the planning work carried out by ministry departments in light of the strategic goals of the ministry and the government as a whole

โ€ข participating in the ministry planning work teams, especially during the policy formulation phase

โ€ข promoting a focus on outputs, results, and the use of assessment tools regarding the degree of compatibility between ministry activities and the strategic goals

โ€ข providing ministry input to the PMOโ€™s strategy staff unit as part of government agenda formulation.

Recommendation 7. Establish a Council of External Stakeholders and Experts

We recommend the establishment of a broad council of stakeholders, to include representatives of employers and employees, experts from research institutions and academia, and the third sector, nonprofit organizations. Council members would meet regularly and raise sub-jects that are not derived from short-term or medium-term issues for consideration by the professional-level forum and by the strategy staff unit. In addition, members would give their opinions on topics and programs presented to the council. The council should invite exter-nal experts on a regular basis to give evidence or present research on important issues.

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Council membership should derive from two categories: those appointed by virtue of their position (such as representatives of the His-tadrut labor federation or the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humani-ties) and those appointed by the government. Members appointed by the government should be appointed by the PM for the duration of the governmentโ€™s term, whereas others should be appointed by their parent institutions. There should be a formal mechanism for electing a council chairperson who is not a civil servant.

Alternatives for the Councilโ€™s Professional Team

There are two options regarding the professional team to coordinate the councilโ€™s operation. The first is an external professional team. In this configuration, it would be much easier for stakeholders in the council to raise important issues that are politically unpopular, and the council would be less susceptible to government influence. The council would be able to publish its own reports, to which the government would be obliged to respond but would not necessarily be obliged to adopt. This alternative clearly demands considerable resources, and it remains uncertain whether the government or stakeholders would be willing to finance its operation.

The second alternative is for the PMOโ€™s strategy unit to func-tion as the councilโ€™s professional coordinating staff. This would make it easier for the council to be more involved in and exposed to the gov-ernmentโ€™s ongoing activity and probably also to have a much greater effect on the policy areas handled by the strategy unit. In this case, appropriate mechanisms should be put in place so that the strategy unit would be required to perform analyses and formulate policies on subjects that the council identifies as important. The main concern with this arrangement is that the council would be under the strong influence of the government and the strategy unit and have less ability to serve as an independent voice.

An Alternative to a Council

Instead of or in addition to establishing a council of external stakehold-ers, it is possible to establish a permanent forum of experts, headed by policy-oriented academics and supported by an independent profes-

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sional team. This forum would publish current reports on topics of its own choosing, to which the government would be obliged to respond.

Moving Beyond Councils to Involve the Public

Israelis are among the most active Internet users in the world. As the government becomes more comfortable engaging with the public, it should consider adding the use of Internet-based communications and consultation platforms to its stakeholder-engagement practices. These can serve as valuable additional methods of consulting the public and stakeholders and building public awareness of initiatives. Most impor-tant, such methods of eliciting public voice and participation could build legitimacy and support for strategic initiatives, essential elements for sustaining such initiatives over the long term.

There is already some precedent. In recent years, some senior elected officials have used social media to communicate messages to the public. They have attracted followers to their messages, numerous responses, and media attention. Such practices could be extended to include formal elicitation of opinions and to foster discussion. One caution is that, in engaging in conversations through social media, there is a risk of including malicious participants who want to harm the process. Moderated sessions could mitigate this, although at a cost and at a risk to credibility if the public perceives the moderator as bar-ring unpopular opinions.

Some national and local Israeli agencies have used a web-based consultation platform to manage conversations among and elicit feed-back from large groups. Such methods could be used directly by the strategy staff unit, by the political-level or professional-level forum, or by the stakeholder council.

Data mining could also be used to gauge public opinions and gain input into longer-term problems and solutions. For example, con-ducting content analyses of Twitter messages (tweets) originating in Israel, or of Israeli blog content, including comments, could provide greater insight into public views.

Finally, another way to understand public views would be to create an Israeli version of the American Life Panel (ALP) (RAND

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Corporation, 2010).4 ALP has more than 5,000 individuals who have agreed to participate in occasional online surveys ranging from just a few questions to many questions. The panel represents a broad cross-section of the American public. In addition, participants stay with ALP over time, meaning that their opinions can be tracked longitudinally. Topics have included financial decisionmaking, the effect of political events on self-reported well-being, inflation expectations, joint retire-ment decisions, health decisionmaking, U.S. Social Security knowl-edge and expectations, and measurement of health utilityโ€”all issues germane to the formation of socioeconomic strategy. The Israeli gov-ernment could use an Israeli Life Panel to not only learn public opin-ions about its ongoing efforts but also elicit public feedback regarding proposed initiatives.

Recommendation 8. Use Monitoring, Evaluation, and Research

Monitoring, evaluation, and research supporting a strategic perspec-tive and the processes of creating and implementing strategy should be carried out on several different levels, corresponding with the different layers of the process:

โ€ข As part of the effort, not limited to a specific government term, to apply a strategic perspective to socioeconomic issues, especially those with long-term implications, the strategy unit should moni-tor long-term indicators that the unit identifies as central to Isra-elโ€™s long-term goals, assisted by Bank of Israel and the Central Bureau of Statistics. The unit should report on these indicators as part of an annual report.

โ€ข Monitoring the broad objectives and goals defined as part of the socioeconomic strategic agenda should be carried out and publi-cized by the Bank of Israel. As noted in Chapter Three, the bank has the capability and has done similar tasks in the past. How-ever, further work will be needed to determine whether this task can be carried out within existing resources and other constraints.

4 Information may also be found at RAND Corporation, undated.

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โ€ข Monitoring and control over the attainment of individual goals of the plans developed within the program areas of the socio-economic strategic agenda should be carried out within the pro-cess for managing plans at the PMO, and progress should be reported in a dedicated section of the annual government plan-ning document. In some cases, an external research team should be appointed (usually jointly with the Bank of Israel) to follow up on the planโ€™s outcomes.

โ€ข The Policy Planning Department should lead a project similar to New Zealandโ€™s Performance Improvement Framework (State Ser-vices Commission, 2015), to include an external assessment of the degree of assimilation of the governmentโ€™s strategic goals in the current operation of each government ministry examined.

โ€ข The strategy staff unit, utilizing its research budget, should manage the monitoring of the effectiveness of the governmentโ€™s plans in attaining the governmentโ€™s overall strategic goals. It can then use the results to update the actual plans, as well as to reorient its stra-tegic perspective on socioeconomic issues, carry out strategic early warning, and identify strategic alternatives for emerging issues. Some of the work should be carried out by external assessment teams working under contract, to include academics, scholars from research institutes, the Bank of Israel, and the government.

Recommendation 9. Create Incentives for Maintaining and Strengthening Strategic Institutions and Processes

Both the international and the Israeli experiences suggest that institu-tions and processes involved in strategy are vulnerable to changing cir-cumstances and especially to political changes. Such institutions and processes may be marginalized or even canceled in favor of other gov-ernmental processes whose products are perceived as more tangible in the short term. The challenge in Israelโ€™s case is even greater because well-established institutions often perceive new institutions and pro-cesses as disruptive or threatening.

With this in view, incentives should be created in the form of formal arrangements that would secure and fortify these institutions and processes. Such measures could include creating strategy units

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within ministries that can then engage with the PMO strategy unit, holding regular meetings of a ministry DDG forum, or providing incentives or faster promotions to government staff who agree to be seconded to the PMO strategy unit. In addition, informal steps could be taken to strengthen the new system. The following are some of the additional mechanisms whose adoption we recommend for this purpose.

โ€ข formal arrangements โ€“ Ground the establishment of the strategy staff unit and its roles, budget, and annual reporting duties in a government decision (a formal agreement by the cabinet) and in legislation. Grounding the unitโ€™s operation in law can be done within the legal framework for the NEC.

โ€“ In legislation, require the government to publish the socio-economic strategic agenda document and to present it to the Knesset. Such legislation would, in addition, specify the gov-ernmentโ€™s duty to report annually on the progress in agenda implementation and integration in the stateโ€™s budget and in the governmentโ€™s actions.

โ€ข informal steps โ€“ Provide ongoing media exposure of the strategic institutions and processes in order to ensure that their existence and activi-ties are regularly brought to public attention.

โ€“ Build a broad and informal network of external partners, including stakeholders and academic experts, in the work car-ried out by the strategy unit.

โ€“ Because the ability to influence governmental policymaking entails considerable involvement in the budgeting process, it is of paramount importance to ensure the participation of mem-bers of the professional-level forum in budget discussions with the PMO DG, where coordination between the strategic pro-cess and the budgeting process can be achieved.

โ€“ Maintaining the level of interest of the political leadership, as well as of the PMO DG and the head of the Budget Depart-ment, in the strategic institutions and processes is vital for the

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success of such institutions and processes but will also depend on whether such institutions and processes are perceived to be useful. Accordingly, leaders of the different strategy institutions will want to maintain involvement in relevant policy and pro-cess discussions, even preceding the establishment of the newly elected government, and make sure their contributions are high quality and timely. The strategy staff unit could organize dedi-cated events that would integrate the various institutions and key policymakers into its work on developing strategic perspec-tives and other strategy unit responsibilities. Concurrently, the head of the NEC, in his or her capacity as economic adviser to the PM, should communicate the strategic perspectives of the strategy unit to the PM on a regular basis.

Conclusions: Applying the Strategic Perspective

The nine recommendations described above constitute a first step toward strengthening socioeconomic strategy in Israel. One of the main lessons of the international case studies is that institutions and processes change and adapt as governments and external conditions change. To get the most out of them, and guide their development in a positive way, Israeli policymakers would benefit from applying the same strategic perspective to these new institutions and processes as they would to socioeconomic issues. In other words, they should observe their operations, orient themselves toward how well the insti-tutions and processes are working, decide on necessary reforms to the institutions and processes, and then act to achieve those reforms, and then again observe the results.

Just as effective development of socioeconomic strategy needs the attention of the head of government, the protection and development of these institutions and processes will need the attention of people who are close to the head of government. Establishing the institutions and processes, even if they are not exactly right, is the most impor-tant step. Given the adaptability that Israel has shown in the past, it is highly likely that these institutions and processes can evolve to contrib-

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ute a highly valued strategic perspective to each governmentโ€™s approach to Israelโ€™s socioeconomic challenges.

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ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช

ื‘ื ืง ื™ืฉืจืืœ (2008), โ€ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ื™ื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื, ืžืกโ€˜ 120โ€œ, ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2008 ื‘ืจื•ื™ื“ื, ื™ืขืงื‘ (2003), โ€ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื”ื“ืžื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืขืœ ื”ื”ื•ืฆืื” ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืืจื•ืšโ€œ, ืžื—ืœืงืช

ื”ืžื—ืงืจ, ื‘ื ืง ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืžืืžืจื™ื ืœื“ื™ื•ืŸ 2003.04,.ื‘ืจื•ื“ืกืงื™ ื’โ€˜ื ื™, ืฉื™ืจืœื™ ืจื–ื ื™ืฆืงื™, ื“ื ื™ืืœื” ืกื™ื˜ืจื•ืŸ (2011), ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื”

ื‘ื–ืงื ื™ื: ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ, ืขื•ืžืก ื•ืชื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืœืกื™ื•ืข ื•ืœืชืžื™ื›ื”. ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื: ืžืื™ื™ืจืก ื•ื”ื’โ€˜ื•ื™ื ื˜, ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืงื“ื™ื™ืœ.

ื—ื‘ื™ื‘, ื’โ€˜ืง .(2012) ื›ื ืก ื™ื ื”ืžืœื— ื”-12: ื”ื™ืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืœืงืจืืช ื”ื–ื“ืงื ื•ืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื”. ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2011, ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื: ื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ืœื—ืงืจ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช.

ื“ื•โ€œื— ื”ื•ืขื“ื” ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™-ื›ืœื›ืœื™, โ€ืœืงืจืืช ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื” ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ืฆื•ื“ืงืช http://hidavrut.gov.il/sites/default/files/%20 :2012 ื™ื•ืชืจโ€œ, ื”ื•ืจื“ ื‘-15 ื‘ืžืื™

%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%99.pdfื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืœื›ืœื›ืœื”, ืžืฉืจื“ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”, โ€ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ โ€“ ื›ืœืœื™ื

http:// :2013 ืคื™ืกืงืืœื™ื™ื, ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืชืงืฆื•ื‘ ื•ื—ื•ืง ื”ื”ืกื“ืจื™ืโ€œ, ืžืจืฅ 2009. ื”ื•ืจื“ ื‘-7 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจwww.pmo.gov.il/BranchesAndUnits/eco/Documents/finaldoc.pdf

ื”ืžืฉืจื“ ืœืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื•ืชื™ืงื™ื (ืœืœื ืชืืจื™ืš). โ€ืชืžื•ื ืช ืžืฆื‘ ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช, ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื™ืช ื•ืจื’ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ 65 ื•ืžืขืœื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื›ืคื™ ืฉืขื•ืœื” ืžืกืงืจ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช, ื”ื–ื™ืงื ื” ื•ื”ืคืจื™ืฉื”

ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื•ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ (SHARE) - ืžืžืฆืื™ื ื ื‘ื—ืจื™ืโ€œ. http://vatikim.gov.il/data/Documents/SHARE%202011.pdf (ืžืกืžืš ื”ื•ืจื“ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 2013)

ื”ืžื•ืกื“ ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืœืื•ืžื™(2011) โ€ืžื•ื“ืœ ืœื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื•ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื”ืœืื•ืžื™โ€œ, 18 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™. ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื: ืžื•ืกื“ ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืœืื•ืžื™.

ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ, ื ื•ืขื” (2007), โ€ื”ืื ื”ื”ื–ื“ืงื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ืœืื‘ื˜ืœื”?โ€œ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื: ืงืจืŸ ืงื•ืจืช ืžื™ืœืงืŸ.

ืœื•ื™ืŸ ื—ื’ื™, โ€ื”ืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ื—ืจื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ: ื”ืขืฆืžื” ืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื‘ืชืขืกื•ืงื”โ€œ, ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื: ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืœื›ืœื›ืœื”, ืžืฉืจื“ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”, 2009.

ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื”, ื”ืžืกื—ืจ ื•ื”ืชืขืกื•ืงื”, โ€ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืœื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืชืขืกื•ืงื” โ€“ ื“ื•โ€œื— ืกื•ืคื™โ€œ, ื”ื•ืจื“ ื‘-7 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2013:

http://www.bankisrael.gov.il/deptdata/papers/paper19h.pdfืžืฉืจื“ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”, ื”ืื’ืฃ ืœืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช (2010). โ€ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื”ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืžืฉืœืชื™,โ€œ ื’ืจืกื” 4.1

http://www.pmo.gov.il/IsraelGov/YearPlans/Documents/2010/guide1.pdf)

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102 ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืกื•ืฆื™ื•-ืืงื•ื ื•ืžื™ืช ืืจื•ื›ืช ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ

ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืฉืคื™ืชื•ื— ื›ืคื™ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘ ืžืฆื“ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”, ื›ืš ื’ื ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ืื•ืชื ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ืœื‘ื ืœืชืฉื•ืžืช ื™ื–ื“ืงืงื• ืคื™ืชื•ื—ื ื•ื”ืžืฉืš ื•ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื™ื—ื•ืœื• ืžื›ืŸ ืœืื—ืจ ืื ื’ื ื•ื”ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื, ื”ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ืงืžืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”. ืœืจืืฉ ื”ื”ืกืชื’ืœื•ืช ื‘ื›ื•ืฉืจ ื‘ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืฆืขื“ ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื, ื‘ื”ื ื•ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืื•ืชื ื›ื™ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืžืื•ื“ ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื‘ืขื‘ืจ, ื”ืคื’ื™ื ื” ืฉื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขืจืš ืจื‘ืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืฉื™ืชืจืžื• ื›ืœื™ื ืœื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืคืชื— ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ืœืืชื’ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืชื ืงื•ื˜ ื•ืžืžืฉืœื” ืžืžืฉืœื” ืฉื›ืœ ืœื’ื™ืฉื”

ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ.

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ื—ื™ื–ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืืชื’ืจื™ื ืกื•ืฆื™ื•-ืืงื•ื ื•ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขืžื. 101

ืชืฉื•ืžื•ืช ืžื”ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ืงื•ื‘ืขื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื” ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ื•ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืœื›ืœื›ืœื”, ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ืฉืจืืฉ ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ, ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื”. ืขืœ ืกื“ื™ืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืจื”โ€œืž ืืช ื™ื™ื“ืข ืœืจื”โ€œืž, ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื›ื™ื•ืขืฅ ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ื•

ื”ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื”.

ืžืกืงื ื•ืช: ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ื”ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช

ืชืฉืข ื”ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ื”ืžืชื•ืืจื•ืช ืœืขื™ืœ ื”ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืฆืขื“ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ื”ืœืงื—ื™ื ืื—ื“ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื•ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืฉื”ืคืงื ื• ืžื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ืžืงืจื™ ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ืžืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื•ื ื›ื™ ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื•ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืžืฉืชื ื™ื ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื. ื‘ืชื ืื™ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื•ื—ืœื™ื ืžืชื—ืœืคื•ืช ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ื›ืืฉืจ ื•ืžืกืชื’ืœื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื™ืง ืžื”ื ืืช ื”ืžืจื‘ ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื ื—ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช, ืื ื• ืžืžืœื™ืฆื™ื ืœืงื•ื‘ืขื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื”ื—ื™ืœ ื›ืœืคื™ ืื•ืชื ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื•ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืœืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื—ืก ื”ืจืฆื•ื™ื” ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ื”ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืืช ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ื›ืœื›ืœื”. ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ืฉื™ืฆืคื• ื‘ืชืคืงื•ื“ื ื•ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื•ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื, ื™ื‘ื“ืงื• ืืช ื˜ื™ื‘ ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื, ื™ื—ืœื™ื˜ื• ืขืœ ืจืคื•ืจืžื•ืช ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื ื“ืจืฉ ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื™ืคืขืœื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืฉื ืืช ื”ืจืคื•ืจืžื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•

โ€“ ื•ื—ื•ื–ืจ ื—ืœื™ืœื”.

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100 ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืกื•ืฆื™ื•-ืืงื•ื ื•ืžื™ืช ืืจื•ื›ืช ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ

ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื ืงื•ื˜ ืืžืฆืขื™ื ืœื ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ื™ื ืœื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”. ืœื”ืœืŸ ื›ืžื” ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืืฉืจ ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ืขืœ ื”ื˜ืžืขืชื ืœืžื˜ืจื” ื–ื•.

ื”ืกื“ืจื™ื ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ื™ืโ€ข ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ื• โ€“ ื•ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื•, ืœืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืงืžื” ืขื™ื’ื•ืŸ

ื•ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื“ื™ื•ื•ื— ื”ืฉื ืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ืช ืžืžืฉืœื” (ื”ืกื›ืžื” ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ืœืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืขื™ื’ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ื—ืงื™ืงื”. ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”) ืžืœื™ืืช ื‘ื—ืงื™ืงื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชื‘ืฆืข ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช

ืœื›ืœื›ืœื”.ื”ืื’โ€˜ื ื“ื” โ€“ ืžืกืžืš ืืช ืœืคืจืกื ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืืช ืœื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื™ืฉ ื‘ื—ืงื™ืงื”,

ื–ื• ืžืขื™ืŸ ื‘ื—ืงื™ืงื” ื”ื›ื ืกืช. ืœืคื ื™ ื•ืœื”ื ื™ื—ื• ื•ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ ืขืœ ืฉื ืชื™ ืœื“ื™ื•ื•ื— ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืืช ื’ื ืœืคืจื˜ ื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ื•ื‘ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ื” ื”ืื’โ€˜ื ื“ื” ื‘ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ื”ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ืžืฆื‘

ื•ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”.ืฆืขื“ื™ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ื™ืโ€ข

ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” โ€“ ื•ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื•ื˜ืคืช ืชืงืฉื•ืจืชื™ืช ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ื•ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื ืงื™ื•ืžื ืขืœ ืฉืžื™ื“ืข ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ื›ื“ื™ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื™

ืžื•ื‘ื ืœื™ื“ื™ืขืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืกื“ื™ืจ.ื”ืงืžืช ืจืฉืช ืจื—ื‘ื” ื•ืœื ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ โ€“

ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ืžืชื—ื•ื ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ื”, ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื”.

ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ืช ื›ืจื•ื›ื” โ€“ ื‘ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ื ื™ื›ืจืช ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืชืงืฆื•ื‘, ื ื•ื“ืขืช ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืขืœื™ื•ื ื” ืœื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ื”ืคื•ืจื•ื ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื›ืœืœ ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ืืช ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ืขื ืžื ื›โ€œืœ ืžืฉืจื“ ืจื”โ€œืž, ืฉื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืชื ื”ื›ื ืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืชื™ืื•ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ื ื™ืชืŸ

ื”ืชืงืฆื™ื‘.ื’ื โ€“ ื›ืžื• ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช, ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ืžืฆื“ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืจืžืช ืขืœ ืฉืžื™ืจื”

ืœืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ื™ื ืื’ืฃ ื•ืจืืฉ ืจื”โ€œืž ืžืฉืจื“ ืžื ื›โ€œืœ ืžืฆื“ ื•ืœืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื™ื ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืœื”ืฆืœื—ืชื ืฉืœ ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื•ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืืœื”, ืืš ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื’ื ื‘ืฉืืœื” ืื ืื•ืชื ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื•ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื™ื™ืชืคืกื• ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืฉืจืืฉื™ ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ื›ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื. ื•ื”ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ืจืžืช ืขืœ ื™ืฉืžืจื• ื—ื“ืฉื”, ื ื‘ื—ืจืช ืžืžืฉืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงืžืชื” ืœืคื ื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื™ื, ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”. ื‘ืื™ื›ื•ืช ืชื•ืฆืจื™ื ื”ืžืชืื™ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ื•ื™ืงืคื™ื“ื• ืœืฉืœื‘ ืœื” ืฉื™ืกื™ื™ืขื• ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืœืืจื’ืŸ ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื”

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ื—ื™ื–ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืืชื’ืจื™ื ืกื•ืฆื™ื•-ืืงื•ื ื•ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขืžื. 99

ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื โ€ข ื™ืขื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืžื•ืฉ ืขืœ ื•ื”ื‘ืงืจื” ื”ืžืขืงื‘ ืืช ืœื‘ืฆืข ื™ืฉ ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ ื”ื™ื•ื ืกื“ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืฉื™ืคื•ืชื—ื• ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื•ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ ืจื”โ€œืž ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื“ื•ื•ื— ืขืœ ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ื™ ืฉืœ ืกืคืจ ืชื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ ื”ืฉื ืชื™. ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื, ื™ืฉ ืœืžื ื•ืช ืฆื•ื•ืช ืžื—ืงืจ ืœืงื™ื™ื ืžืขืงื‘ ืื—ืจ ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ (ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืขื ื‘ื ืง ื™ืฉืจืืœ) ื›ื“ื™

ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช.ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ โ€ข ืœโ€˜ืžืกื’ืจืช ื“ื•ืžื” ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื•ื—ื‘ืจื” ืœืžืžืฉืœ ื”ืื’ืฃ ืขืœ

,(State Services Commission, 2015) ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ืโ€˜ ืฉืœ ื ื™ื• ื–ื™ืœื ื“ื”ื™ืขื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื˜ืžืขื” ืœืžื™ื“ืช ื‘ืืฉืจ ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืฉื™ื›ืœื•ืœ ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื˜ืคืช ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืžืฉืจื“ื™

ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืฉื ื‘ื“ืง.ืืช โ€ข ื™ื ื”ืœ ืฉืœื•, ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืœืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื”, ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฆื•ื•ืช

ื‘ืžื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืžื™ื“ืช ืื—ืจ ื”ืžืขืงื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”. ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ืขื“ื™ื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœื”ื™ืขื–ืจ ื‘ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื“ื›ืŸ ืืช ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ื•ืืฃ ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืืช ื”ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื•ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช ืื–ื”ืจื” ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ ื”ืคืขืœืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช, ื—ืœื•ืคื•ืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช. ื™ืฉ ืœื‘ืฆืข ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืื ืฉื™ ื•ื™ื›ืœืœื• ื‘ื—ื•ื–ื”, ืฉื™ื•ืขืกืงื• ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืฆื•ื•ืชื™ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช

ืืงื“ืžื™ื”, ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืžืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืžื—ืงืจ, ื‘ื ืง ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”.

ื”ืžืœืฆื” 9. ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืชืžืจื™ืฆื™ื ืœื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืฉื•ื˜ืฃ ื•ื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ืฉืœ ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื•ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื™ืืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื›ื™ ืขื•ืœื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช, ื‘ืจืžื” ื•ื”ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ืŸ ืžื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช, ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื‘ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื”ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื”ืฆื“ื” ืœื”ื™ื“ื—ืง ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืฉื›ืืœื” ื•ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื. ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืชื•ืฆืจื™ื”ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ื™ื ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื›ืœื™ืœ ืœื”ืชื‘ื˜ืœ ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉืœ ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ืืชื’ืจ ื”ืงืฆืจ. ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืžื•ื—ืฉื™ื™ื ื™ื™ืชืคืกื• ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื•ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ื ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช

ื•ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืื• ืื™ื•ื.ื”ืกื“ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืžืชื›ื•ื ืช ืชืžืจื™ืฆื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื™ืฉ ื–ื”, ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื‘ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ื™ื, ืืฉืจ ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื• ื•ื™ื—ื–ืงื• ืืช ืื•ืชื ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื•ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืืžืฆืขื™ื ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”; ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ื™ ืœืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืงืžื” ืœืžื ื•ืช ื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ืืœื” ืืœื” ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืชืงืฉืจ ืขื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ืจื”โ€œืž ื•ืœืงื™ื™ื ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืกื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคื•ืจื•ื ืกืžื ื›โ€œืœื™ื ืื• ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ืชืžืจื™ืฆื™ื ืื• ื”ืืฆืช ืงื™ื“ื•ื ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื–ืžื ื™ ืœื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ืจื”โ€œืž.

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98 ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืกื•ืฆื™ื•-ืืงื•ื ื•ืžื™ืช ืืจื•ื›ืช ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ

ืืช ืœื”ืงื™ื ื”ื™ื ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืขืžื“ื•ืช ืืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื•ืกืคืช ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ALP) (RAND,) ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืœืคืื ืœ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื”ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื” 2010). ื‘ืคืื ืœ ื–ื” ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืขืœ 5,000 ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืฉื”ืกื›ื™ืžื• ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ืžื“ื™ ืคืขื ื‘ืกืงืจื™ื ืžืงื•ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ืžืกืคืจ ืžืฉืชื ื” ืฉืœ ืฉืืœื•ืช. ื”ืคืื ืœ ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ื—ืชืš ื ืืžืŸ ื•ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื”. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืชื ื‘-ALP ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจ ื“ืขื•ืชื™ื”ื ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืฉื ืกืงืจื• ื‘ืคื•ืจื•ื ื–ื” ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ื•ืช, ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœ ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ื” ื”ืื™ืฉื™ืช (ื‘ื“ื™ื•ื•ื— ืขืฆืžื™), ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ื”ืื™ื ืคืœืฆื™ื”, ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช ืขืœ ืคืจื™ืฉื”, ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช, ื”ื™ื›ืจื•ืช ืขื ื•ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ืžื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ืืจื”โ€œื‘, ืžื“ื™ื“ืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช; ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ื ืืœื” ื›ืœ ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช. ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ โ€™ืคืื ืœ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœโ€˜ ืœื ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ืขืžื“ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื” ื”ืฉื•ื˜ืคืช, ืืœื ื’ื ื›ื“ื™

ืœืงื‘ืœ ืžืŸ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืžืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื™ื•ื–ืžื•ืช ืžืชื•ื›ื ื ื•ืช.4

ื”ืžืœืฆื” 8. ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื‘ืงืจื”, ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื•ืžื—ืงืจืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ื‘ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืฉื™ืชืžื›ื• ื•ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื‘ืงืจื”, ืœื‘ืฆืข ื™ืฉ ื•ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืœื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื•ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ืฉืœ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืจืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื‘ื”ืชืื

ืœืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš:

ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช โ€ข ืœืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืœื™ื™ืฉื ื”ืžืืžืฅ ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช (ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ืืœื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ืŸ ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืืจื•ืš) ืื™ื ื• ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช ืœื›ื”ื•ื ืชื” ืฉืœ ืžืžืฉืœื” ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ืช ื•ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื–ื• ืขืœ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืœื ื”ืœ ืžืขืงื‘ ืื—ืจ ืื™ื ื“ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืฉื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” โ€“ ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื‘ื ืง ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื”ืœืฉื›ื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ืช ืœืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื” โ€“ ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืจื ื›ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืขื“ื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื™ ื”ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืขืœ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœื“ื•ื•ื— ืขืœ ื”ืื™ื ื“ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื

ื”ืœืœื• ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืฉืœ ื“ื•ื— ืฉื ืชื™.ื•ื”ืžื˜ืจื•ืช โ€ข ื”ื™ืขื“ื™ื ืื—ืจ ื”ืžืขืงื‘ ืืช ืœื ื”ืœ ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ื”ื•ื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื ืง

ื•ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ื‘ืื’โ€˜ื ื“ื” ืฉื ื›ืœืœื• ื”ืจื—ื‘ื™ื ื•ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืœืคืจืกื•ืžื. ื›ืคื™ ืฉืฆื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืคืจืง 3, ืœื‘ื ืง ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืžืชืื™ืžื•ืช ื•ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืฆืข ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ืขื‘ืจ. ืขื ื–ืืช, ืชื™ื“ืจืฉ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ื›ื“ื™ ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืœื”ืชื‘ืฆืข ืชื•ื›ืœ ื–ื• ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืื ืœืงื‘ื•ืข

ื•ืื™ืœื•ืฆื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื.

ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืžื™ื“ืข ื’ื ื“ืจืš RAND Corporation, ืœืœื ืชืืจื™ืš.. 4

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ื—ื™ื–ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืืชื’ืจื™ื ืกื•ืฆื™ื•-ืืงื•ื ื•ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขืžื. 97

ื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ื”ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืจืฉืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืคืขื™ืœื™ื ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜. ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืชืชืจื’ืœ ืœื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงืฉืจ ืขื ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ืฉืœ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ืช ืคืœื˜ืคื•ืจืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงืžื” ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืขืœื™ื” ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ืœืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื•ื”ืชื™ื™ืขืฆื•ืช ื›ืื—ืช ืžื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ. ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืืœื” ื™ื”ื•ื• ืชื•ืกืคืช ื™ืงืจืช ืขืจืš ืœื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืžื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ืžื‘ืขืœื™ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืœื™ื•ื–ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”. ื•ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื›ืœ, ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื•ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื“ืขืชื• ืืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ืข ืœืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื›ืืœื” ืœื—ื–ืง ืืช ื”ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื–ืžื•ืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ื•ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ื”ืŸ, ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื•

ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืขืœื™ื•ื ื” ืœืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื–ืžื•ืช ื›ืืœื” ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ.ื›ื‘ืจ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืชืงื“ื™ื. ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ื ืขื–ืจื• ื›ืžื” ื ื‘ื—ืจื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืœืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ. ืžืกืจื™ื ืœื”ืคื™ืฅ ื›ื“ื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื‘ื›ื™ืจื™ื ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืขืงื‘ื• ืจื‘ื™ื ืชื•ืžื›ื™ื ื•ืžืฉื›ื• ืจื‘ื” ืชืงืฉื•ืจืชื™ืช ืœื‘ ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืืœื” ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืืช ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ. ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื• ื•ืืฃ ื”ื•ื“ืขื•ืชื™ื”ื ืื—ืจ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™. ื”ืฉื™ื— ื•ื˜ื™ืคื•ื— ื“ืขืช ื—ื•ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ ืื™ืกื•ืฃ ื•ืœืืคืฉืจ ื›ืืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกื›ื ื” ื”ื•ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืฉื™ื— ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืกืจื•ื ื•ืช ืื—ื“ ืืช ืœืคืชื•ืจ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืชื”ืœื™ืš. ืœื”ื–ื™ืง ื”ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื–ื“ื•ืŸ ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ื‘ื›ืš ื›ืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื›ื™ ืืฃ ื”ื ื—ื™ื”, ืขื ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื™ื ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ืืฃ ืกื›ื ื” ืœืžื”ื™ืžื ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืจื•ื, ืื ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื™ืกื‘ื•ืจ ื›ื™ ื”ืžื ื—ื” ื—ื•ืกื

ื“ืขื•ืช ืœื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช.ื’ื•ืคื™ื ืืจืฆื™ื™ื ื•ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ืขื–ืจื• ื‘ืคืœื˜ืคื•ืจืžืช ื”ืชื™ื™ืขืฆื•ืช ืฆื•ื•ืช ืžืฉื•ื‘. ืžื”ืŸ ื•ืœืงื‘ืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืขื ืฉื™ื— ืœื ื”ืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื”, ื”ืคื•ืจื•ื ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ืื• ื”ืคื•ืจื•ื ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ

ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื›ืืœื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ืฉื™ืจ.ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื™ืขื–ืจ ื’ื ื‘โ€˜ื›ืจื™ื™ืช ื ืชื•ื ื™ืโ€˜ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืžื•ื“ ืืช ื“ืขืช ื”ืงื”ืœ ื•ืœื’ื‘ืฉ ื”ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื•ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ. ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช ืœื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืชืฉื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืจ (ืฆื™ื•ืฆื™ื) ืฉืžืงื•ืจืŸ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื• ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืžื‘ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื,

ื›ื•ืœืœ ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช, ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœืกืคืง ืชื•ื‘ื ื” ืžืฉื•ืคืจืช ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืขืžื“ื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ.

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96 ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืกื•ืฆื™ื•-ืืงื•ื ื•ืžื™ืช ืืจื•ื›ืช ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ

ื—ืœื•ืคื•ืช ืœืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื. ื‘ืฉืชื™ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™, ืฆื•ื•ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืืช ืœืชืื ื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ืฆื•ื•ืช ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™. ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื›ื–ื”, ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื•ืขืฆื” ืงืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ื•ืื™ืœื• ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื‘ื›ืœืœื•ืชื” ืชื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืขื“ืช ืคื—ื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืคืขืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”. ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ืชื•ื›ืœ ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ืœื ื›ื™ ืื ืขืœื™ื”ื, ืœื”ื’ื™ื‘ ืชื—ื•ื™ื‘ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืืฉืจ ื“ื•ื—ื•ืช ืœืคืจืกื ืœืืžืฅ ืื• ืœื™ื™ืฉื. ืื™ืŸ ืกืคืง ืฉื—ืœื•ืคื” ื–ื• ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื ื™ื›ืจื™ื ื•ืื™ืŸ ื•ื“ืื•ืช

ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืื• ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœืžืžืŸ ืืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื”.ื”ื—ืœื•ืคื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืœื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืขืœ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ืจื”โ€œืž ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ืขืœ ื™ืงืœ ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื”. ืฉืœ ื”ืžืชืื ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ื›ื’ื•ืจื ืœืชืคืงื“ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ื˜ืคืช ืœืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื—ืฉื™ืคืชื” ื•ืืช ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืชื” ืืช ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ื•ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื™ืงื ื” ืœื” ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืžื˜ืคืœืช ื‘ื”ื. ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื›ื–ื”, ื™ืฉ ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื•ืœืžื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืœื ืกื— ื ื™ืชื•ื—ื™ื ืœื‘ืฆืข ืœืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืืช ืœื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืฉื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ืชื’ื“ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื ื›ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื. ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ื‘ื”ืกื“ืจ ืžืขื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ืชื”ื™ื” ื ืชื•ื ื” ืœื”ืฉืคืขื” ื—ื–ืงื” ืžืฆื“ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื”

ืœืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื•ืชื•ืงื ื” ืœื” ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืคื—ื•ืชื” ืœืชืคืงื“ ื›ืงื•ืœ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืชืœื•ื™.

ื—ืœื•ืคื” ืœืžื•ืขืฆื”ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื• ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื”ืงืžืช ืžื•ืขืฆื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืงื™ื ืคื•ืจื•ื ื–ื” ืคื•ืจื•ื ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช; ืžืชื—ื•ื ืืงื“ืžื™ื” ืื ืฉื™ ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื, ืฉืœ ืงื‘ื•ืข ื™ื™ืขื–ืจ ื‘ืฆื•ื•ืช ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืชืœื•ื™. ื”ืคื•ืจื•ื ื™ืคืจืกื ื“ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉื•ื˜ืคื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ื

ืฉื™ื‘ื—ืจ ื‘ืขืฆืžื•, ื•ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืชื—ื•ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื’ื™ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืืžื•ืจ ื‘ื”ื.

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ื—ื™ื–ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืืชื’ืจื™ื ืกื•ืฆื™ื•-ืืงื•ื ื•ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขืžื. 95

ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ื›ืœืœื•, ื”ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื•ืช ืœืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืœื™ื‘ื” ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืฉืืจ:

ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ื•ืขื“ื›ื ื™ืช ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื”ื™ืงืฃ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช โ€ข ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืจื“, ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ืžื—ืงืจ ื•ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืฉืœ ืžื“ื“ื™ื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื

ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื™ื โ€ข ื”ื™ืขื“ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ืกื•ื— ืœืชืžื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ื•ื‘ืœืช ื›ื”ื•ื ืช ืœืžืฉืš ื”ืžืฉืจื“ื™ืช ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื•ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื•ื‘ื ื™ืกื•ื— ื”ืžืฉืจื“ ืฉืœ ืœืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืชืฉื•ืžื” ืชื”ื•ื•ื” ื”ืžืฉืจื“ื™ืช ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”.

ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืฉื ืชื™ื•ืช ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช.ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ืช ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืชื›ื ื•ื ื™ืช ื”ืžื‘ื•ืฆืขืช ื‘ืื’ืคื™ ื”ืžืฉืจื“ ืœืื•ืจ ื”ื™ืขื“ื™ื โ€ข

ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืจื“ ื•ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื‘ื›ืœืœื•ืชื”ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื‘ืฆื•ื•ืชื™ ื”ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื™ื, ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืชโ€ข ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข โ€ข ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื‘ื›ืœื™ ื•ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื‘ืชืคื•ืงื•ืช, ืžื™ืงื•ื“ ืฉืœ ืงื™ื“ื•ื

ืœืžื™ื“ืช ื”ื”ืชืืžื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืจื“ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืขื“ื™ื• ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื™ืื‘ืžืฉืจื“ โ€ข ืœืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืœื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื”ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ื’ืฉื™ื ื•ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ

ืจื”โ€œืž, ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื— ืฉืœ ืื’โ€˜ื ื“ื” ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ืช.

ื”ืžืœืฆื” 7. ื”ืงืžืช ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืžื‘ืขืœื™ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ืื ืฆื™ื’ื™ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื‘ืขืœื™ ืฉืœ ืจื—ื‘ื” ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื”ืงืžืช ืขืœ ืžืžืœื™ืฆื™ื ืื ื• ืžืขืกื™ืงื™ื ื•ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื, ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ืžืžื›ื•ื ื™ ืžื—ืงืจ ื•ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืืงื“ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ืฆื™ื’ื™ ืขืžื•ืชื•ืช ื•ื™ื“ื•ื ื• ืกื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื™ืงื™ื™ืžื• ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™. ืžื”ืžื’ื–ืจ ื•ืžืœื›โ€œืจื™ื ืื• ื”ืงืฆืจ ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืฉืจืœื‘ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื ื’ื–ืจื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื•ืฆื•ื•ืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืœื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ื”ืคื•ืจื•ื ืœื‘ ืœืชืฉื•ืžืช ืฉื™ื•ื‘ืื• ื”ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™, ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื”. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื™ืขื‘ื™ืจื• ืืช ื—ื•ื•ืช ื“ืขืชื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื•ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ื•ืฆื’ื• ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื”. ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ืœื”ื–ืžื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ืงื‘ื•ืข

ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืฉื™ื™ืชื ื• ืขื“ื•ืช ืื• ื™ืฆื™ื’ื• ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื.ืฉื”ืชืžื ื• ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืช: ืฉืชื™ ืคื™ ืขืœ ืชื™ืงื‘ืข ื‘ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ื” ืื• ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ืช ื ืฆื™ื’ื™ ืœืžืฉืœ (ื›ืžื• ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื”ื ืžืชื•ืงืฃ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืœืžื“ืขื™ื) ื•ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื™ืชืžื ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”. ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื˜ืขื ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื™ืชืžื ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืจื”โ€œืž ืœืžืฉืš ืชืงื•ืคืช ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”, ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืชืงื™ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืฉืœื”ื. ื”ืžื•ืฆื ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื™ื“ื™ ืขืœ ืฉื”ืื—ืจื™ื ื™ืชืžื ื• ื‘ืขื•ื“

ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ ืœื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ื™ื•โ€œืจ ืœืžื•ืขืฆื”, ืืฉืจ ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืžื“ื™ื ื”.

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94 ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืกื•ืฆื™ื•-ืืงื•ื ื•ืžื™ืช ืืจื•ื›ืช ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ

ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ื™ื›ืœืœื• ื‘ืื’โ€˜ื ื“ื” ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื™ื•ืคืงื“ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืžืฉืจื“ ืจื”โ€œืž ืื• ืจืืฉื™ ืื’ืคื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ ืื• ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืจืืฉ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืฉื™ื’ื•ื™ืก ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื’ื•ืคื™ื ืืœื”, ื•ื–ืืช ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื”ื—ืœื˜ืช ื”ืคื•ืจื•ื ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ืœื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช. ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ืฉืžื ื”ืœ ืชื›ื ื™ืช ื™ืžื•ื ื” ื‘ื“ืจื’ ืกืžื ื›โ€œืœ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ื ื™ื”ื•ืœื™, ืกื™ื•ืข ื™ื’ื™ืฉื• ืจื”โ€œืž ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืžื˜ื” ืื’ืคื™ ืจื”โ€œืž. ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ื•ื—ื‘ืจื” ืœืžืžืฉืœ ื”ืื’ืฃ ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช. ื‘ื”ืคืขืœืช ืœืกื™ื™ืข ื›ื“ื™ ื•ืžืชื•ื“ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื™ืกื™ื™ืข ืœืžื ื”ืœื™ ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืงืฉืจื™ื”ื ืขื ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ืขื ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ. ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื–ื” ืœื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ืจื”โ€œืž ื•ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ, ื•ื”ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื”ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืคื•ืจื•ื ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ืœื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื•ื”ืŸ ืฉืœ ืคื•ืจื•ื ื”ืกืžื ื›โ€œืœื™ื (ืจืื• ื”ืžืœืฆื” 6), ื™ื”ื™ื• ื”ืžืขื ื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืœืคืขืจื™ื ืฉื–ื•ื”ื• ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ืชื™ืื•ื ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืžืฉืจื“ื™ ื•ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื ืฉืœ ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžืฆื“ ื ืื•ืชื” ื”ืชื’ื™ื™ืกื•ืช ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ื›ืืŸ ื’ื ืขืฆืžื”, ืœืื’โ€˜ื ื“ื” ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช. ืœืžื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื—ืชื™ืจื” ื–ื” ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื‘ืชืคืงื•ื“ ืœืคื’ื•ืข ืœื’ืจื•ื ืขืœื•ืœื” ื”ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื

ื™ืขื“ื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”.

ื”ืžืœืฆื” 6. ื”ืงืžืช ืคื•ืจื•ื ืกืžื ื›โ€œืœื™ื ื•ื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื•ืช ืœืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื”, ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ

ื‘ื™ืŸ- ืชื™ืื•ื ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื ืกืžื ื›โ€œืœื™ ืฉืœ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ ืคื•ืจื•ื ืœื”ืงื™ื ื™ืฉ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื•ืื™ืžื•ืฅ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ืฉืœ ืžืฉืจื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื•ืช ื•ืชื•ื‘ื ื•ืช ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื—ืœืคืช ื”ืžืฉืจื“ื™ืช, ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ื”ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื ื•ืชืงืฉื•ืจ ืกื“ืจ ื”ืขื“ื™ืคื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื•ืช. (ืชื™ืื•ื ืจื”โ€œืž ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ืœืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื™ื•ืคืงื“ ื”ืคื•ืจื•ื ืชื™ืื•ื ื•ื”ื ื—ื™ื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™) ื•ื”ืื’ืฃ ืœืžืžืฉืœ ื•ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ืจื”โ€œืž (ื”ื ื—ื™ื•ืช

ืžืชื•ื“ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช).ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”. ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ื™ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืžื”ืœืš ืœื™ื–ื•ื ื™ืฉ ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ื ื›ืจื’ืข ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉื›ืืœื”, ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ืœื”ืงื™ื ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื”ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืžืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื™ืช ื‘ื ืคืจื“ ืื• ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืขื, ื™ื—ื“ ืฉืชืคืขืœ ืœืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื”, ืกืžื ื›โ€œืœ ื‘ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื”ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉืชื™ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื (ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื•ื”ืชืงืฆื•ื‘

ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืื• ื›ืœื›ืœื”).

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ื—ื™ื–ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืืชื’ืจื™ื ืกื•ืฆื™ื•-ืืงื•ื ื•ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขืžื. 93

ืชื›ื ื™ืช ืœื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ื ื—ื™ื•ืช ืžืกืžืš ื”ืื’โ€˜ื ื“ื” ืžืกืžืš ืืœ ืœืฆืจืฃ ื™ืฉ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ื•ืœืคืจื˜ ื‘ื” ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื•ื™ืขื“ื™ื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืชื›ื ื™ืช ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ื›ืœื›ืœื”. ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืจืžื•ืช ื”ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ืžื™ื ื•ืช ื›ืจื’ืข, ืขืœ ื”ืžืกืžืš ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ื™ืขื“ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื•ืœืคืจื˜ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืžื ื”ืœืชื™ืช ื•ื”ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืชื™ื“ืจืฉ

ืœื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื”.ืœื™ื™ืฉื•ื, ื”ื ื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืœื ื™ืกื•ื—ืŸ ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืืžื•ืจ ื”ืื’โ€˜ื ื“ื” ืžืกืžืš ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืฉืœ ื”ืื’โ€˜ื ื“ื” ื”ื›ืœื•ืœื™ื ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ื”ื™ืขื“ื™ื ืืช ืฉืชื›ืœื™ืชืŸ ืœืชืจื’ื ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืœืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื•ืช ืคืจื˜ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืฆืขื• ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื›ื”ื•ื ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”. ืขืœ ื”ืžืกืžืš ืœื›ืœื•ืœ ื™ืขื“ื™ื ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื, ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื”ืŸ ื•ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ื™ื™ื,

ื‘ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืืคืฉืจ, ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื™ืขื“ื™ื ื”ืจื—ื‘ื™ื.ืžืœืื” ืื™-ืงื‘ืœื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื›ืจื•ืš ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ืช ืื’โ€˜ื ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืœื ืฉื›ื–ื” ืžืกืžืš ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช. ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืขืœื•ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื, ื™ื“ื™ ืขืœ ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืฉื‘ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ื”ื™ืขื“ื™ื, ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ืขืžื™ืก ืขืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื™ืขื“ื™ื ื•ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื—ืกืจื™ ื”ื™ืชื›ื ื•ืช. ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš, ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ืžืกืžืš

ื™ืฆืจื™ืš ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘ ืงืคื“ื ื™ืช.

ื”ืžืœืฆื” 5. ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ืœื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืœืžื”ืœื›ื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ืืชื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืžืขืจื›ื™ ืชื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืชื›ื™ืœ ื”ืื’โ€˜ื ื“ื” ,4 ื‘ื”ืžืœืฆื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืฆื•ื™ืŸ ื›ืคื™ ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช. ืื•ืชืŸ ืœื™ื™ืฉื•ื ื”ื ื—ื™ื•ืช ืขื ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ื•ืืฃ ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื ืฉื™ื•ื’ื“ืจื• ื‘ืื’โ€˜ื ื“ื” ื•ืžืกืžื›ื™ ื”ื”ื ื—ื™ื•ืช ืœื™ื™ืฉื•ื ืื•ืชืŸ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื™ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื”; ื”ื ื™ื™ื’ื–ืจื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ืฉื™ืจ ืžื”ื™ืขื“ื™ื ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ื™ื•ืฆื‘ื• ื‘ืจืืฉ ืกื“ืจ ื”ืขื“ื™ืคื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”. ืื•ืชืŸ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืืžื•ืจื•ืช ืœื›ืœื•ืœ ืชืฉื•ืžื•ืช ืžืฆื“ ืžืกืคืจ ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื• ืœืชื—ื•ื ื”ื ืชื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื™ืชืžืงื“ื• ืฉื”ืŸ ืืคืฉืจ ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื, ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืืš

ื”ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ ืฉืœ ืžืฉืจื“ ื–ื” ืื• ืื—ืจ.ืฉื™ื™ืขื–ืจ ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช, ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืœื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ื”ืคื•ืจื•ื ื‘ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื˜ื”, ื™ื™ืฉื ื‘ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื›ื ืช ื”ืชืฉืชื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช, ื”ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ื™ืช ื•ื”ืžื ื”ืœืชื™ืช ืœื™ื™ืฉื•ื ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช. ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืฆื•ืจืš, ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืชื‘ืฆืข ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช, ืื• ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ืช ื•ืขื“ื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื•ืžืคื•ืจื˜ ืžื•ืจื—ื‘ ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืื’ืฃ ืจื”โ€œืž, ืžืžืฉืจื“ ื ืฆื™ื’ื™ื ื•ืขื ื”ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื ืขื ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ

ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ื™ื ื•ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืœื›ืœื›ืœื”.

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92 ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืกื•ืฆื™ื•-ืืงื•ื ื•ืžื™ืช ืืจื•ื›ืช ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ

ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื, ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืงื•ื‘ืขื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ื›ื™ ื•ืขื“ื” ืื“-ื”ื•ืง ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื‘ืขื™ื” ืขื ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืœื’ืฉืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ื ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ืช ื—ื•ืฅ ืฉืœ ื•ื”ื—ืกืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืขืจืš ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื, ืืช ืฆื™ื™ื ื• ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื ื‘ืคืจืงื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช. ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ ื–ื”. ืื ืชื•ืงื ื•ืขื“ื” ืฉื›ื–ืืช, ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืฉืžืฉ ืื• ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืžืฆืื™ื ื•ื”ืฆื’ืช ืื ืœื™ื–ื” ื‘ื™ืฆืขื• ืขืœ ืฉืื—ืจืื™ ื›ื’ื•ืจื ื’ื

ืœื ื”ืœ ืืช ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ื•ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช.ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื‘ื”ืงืžืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื”ื•ื ืฉืื•ืชื” ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืขืœื•ืœื” ืขืœ ื‘ื”ื’ื ื” ืชืขืกื•ืง ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืฉื™ืชืงืฉื— ื‘ื™ื•ืจื•ืงืจื˜ื™ ืœืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช. ืœืงื•ื‘ืขื™ ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ื•ืชื”ืคื•ืš ืฉืœื” ื”ืžื•ืกื“ื™ื™ื ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ื”ื›ืคืคืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœืจืืฉ ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืœื›ืœื›ืœื” ื•ืœืžื ื›โ€œืœ ืžืฉืจื“ ืจื”โ€œืž, ื•ืื™ื•ืฉื” ื‘ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ื”ืกื“ืจ ื”ืฉืืœื” ื–ืžื ื™ ืžืžืฉืจื“ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืื• ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœืกื™ื™ืข ื‘ืฆืžืฆื•ื ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”. ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืื ื›ื™ ืฉื•ืœื™ ื”ื•ื, ื›ื™ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ื•ืขื‘ืจื• ื‘ื”ืฉืืœื” ืžืžืฉืจื“ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื™ืคืขืœื• ืœืคื™ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื”ื ื•ืœื ืœืคื™ ืืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืื• ืฉืœ ืžืฉืจื“ ืจื”โ€œืž.

ื”ืžืœืฆื” 4. ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืื’โ€˜ื ื“ื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ื›ืœื›ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืกืชื” ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืืคืฉืจ ื›ื›ืœ ื•ืžื”ืจ ืžื”ืงืžืชื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืืจื‘ืขื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ืื’โ€˜ื ื“ื” ื•ืœืคืจืกื ืœืืฉืจ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืขืœ ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ื”, ืขืœ ืชืชื‘ืกืก ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ื”ืื’โ€˜ื ื“ื” ื”ืงื“ื ืฆื™ื”. ืœืžื”ืœืš ื•ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ืฉืคื•ืจื•ื ื”ืกืžื ื›โ€œืœื™ื (ืจืื• ื”ืžืœืฆื” 6) ื•ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื”ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื•ื™ื›ืœื•ืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื, ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื’ื™ื‘ืฉื• ืœืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ื”ื™ืขื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ื”ืืจื•ืš; ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ื•ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืชื™ื• ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื™ืขื“ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื•ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื›ืžื•ืชื™ื™ื ื™ืขื“ื™ื ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”, ืฉืœ ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื” ืœืžืฉืš ืืœื” ืœืกื™ื™ืข ื‘ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื•ื—; ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืคื•ืจื˜ื•ืช ืœื™ื™ืฉื•ื ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืชืงื“ื, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืœืืชื’ืจื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ืจื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžืฉืจื“ ืื—ื“ (ืจืื• ื”ืžืœืฆื” ื‘ื”ื ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื™ืชืžืงื“ื• ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืฉืžืฉืจื“ื™ ื•ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื—ื‘ืจื” ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื•ื›ืœ ;(5ื”ืกืžื ื›โ€œืœื™ื, ืคื•ืจื•ื ื‘ืชืžื™ื›ืช ื”ืื’โ€˜ื ื“ื”, ืžื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”. ื›ื”ื•ื ืช ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืขื ื” ื™ื”ื™ื• ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื”, ืœื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ื•ื”ืคื•ืจื•ื ืœืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืœืคืขืจื™ื ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื›ืจื’ืข ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื’ื“ืจื•, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ, ื›ืขืžื“ื” ืชื’ื•ื‘ืชื™ืช,

ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ื‘ืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื™ื™ืฉื•ื ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช.

Page 153: Developing Long-Term Socioeconomic Strategy in Israel...iv Developing Long-Term Socioeconomic Strategy in Israel progressed, we determined that the true value of such an institutional

ื—ื™ื–ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืืชื’ืจื™ื ืกื•ืฆื™ื•-ืืงื•ื ื•ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขืžื. 91

ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื›ืœื•ืœ:

ื˜ื™ื•ื˜ื•ืช โ€ข ื‘ื ื™ืกื•ื— ืœืžืฉืœ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื”, ืœื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ื‘ืคื•ืจื•ื ืชืžื™ื›ื” ืœืชื•ืฆืจื™ื ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื™ื, ืฉื™ื”ื•ื• ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืจื•ื.

ืื’โ€˜ื ื“ื” โ€ข ืฉืœ ืœื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ื ื“ืจืฉื™ื ื•ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื•ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ืชื™ืื•ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ื‘ืกื™ืก ืขืœ (4 ื”ืžืœืฆื” (ืจืื• ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื•ืชื•ืฆืจื™ ื•ื”ืžื—ืงืจื™ื (5 ื”ืžืœืฆื” (ืจืื• ื”ืกืžื ื›โ€œืœื™ื ืคื•ืจื•ื ืฉืœ ืขืœ ืฉื™ื•ื’ืฉื• ื•ืชื•ืฆืจื™ื ื”ืฆืขื•ืช ื’ื ื›ืžื• ืขืฆืžื”, ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืงื“ื™ืžื™ื ืžืฉืจื“ื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”, ื‘ื ืง ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื’ื•ืคื™ ืžื—ืงืจ ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ืขืœื™ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื“ื™

ืื—ืจื™ื.ืžืฆื‘ โ€ข ื”ืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฆื’ืช ื—ื“ืฉื”, ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืœืื—ืจ

ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื•ื”ืฆืขื” ืœืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžื ื—ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”, ืœืฉื ืกื™ื•ืข ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ื“ื’ืฉื™ื ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”.

ื“ื’ืฉื™ื โ€ข ืžืกืคืจ ื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ืœืฉื ืœืžืžืฉืœื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ื—ืœื•ืคื•ืช ื”ืฆื’ืช ืžืงื“ื™ื ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืขืœ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื•ื™ืชื‘ืกืกื• ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ืช ืœืื’โ€˜ื ื“ื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื™ื

ืฉืœ ื”ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ื™ื ืœืžื™ืงื•ื“ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™.ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื โ€ข ื”ืงืฆืืช ืชื•ืš ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื, ื™ื™ืขื•ืฅ ื•ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื‘ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ

ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ืžืกืคืงื™ื ื•ื”ื•ืœืžื™ื ืœืžื˜ืจื” ื–ื•. ืื•ืชื ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืฉืžืฉ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื•ืœื”ืขืจื›ื” ื•ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืœืกื™ื•ืข ื•ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช. ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื›ืœื•ืœ ื’ื ื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉื•ื˜ืฃ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืœืงื‘ืœ ื›ื“ื™ ื–ืจื™ื ืื• ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ืžื—ืงืจ ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืขื

ืื ืœื™ื˜ื™ ื•ืžื—ืงืจื™ ืขื•ืžืง ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื ื‘ื—ืจื™ื.ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ืงืฉืจ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ืฉื•ื˜ืฃ ืขื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืœืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื”ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื•ืช โ€ข

ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ ืœืžืฆื‘ ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืžื™ื“ืข ืงื‘ืœืช ืœืฉื ื”ืžืœืฆื” 6) (ืจืื• ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืžืฉืจื“, ื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื‘ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืชื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื•ืช ื•ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืชื™ืื•ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ

ื™ืขื“ื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”.ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ืœืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื•ืชื™ืื•ื ืขื ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ โ€ข

ื‘ืขืœื™ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื (ืจืื• ื”ืžืœืฆื” 7).

Page 154: Developing Long-Term Socioeconomic Strategy in Israel...iv Developing Long-Term Socioeconomic Strategy in Israel progressed, we determined that the true value of such an institutional

90 ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืกื•ืฆื™ื•-ืืงื•ื ื•ืžื™ืช ืืจื•ื›ืช ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ

ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™. ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ื•ืฉืืœื• ืžืžืฉืจื“ื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืขืœ ื ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืœื ืงื•ื˜ ืืžืฆืขื™ื ืฉื™ื”ืคื›ื• ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื”

ืœื ืงื•ื“ืช ื–ื™ื ื•ืง ืœืงื™ื“ื•ื ืžื”ื™ืจ ื‘ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™.3 ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืชื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืžืืžืฅ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื ืงื™ื˜ืช ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ื›ืœืคื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช, ืชืชืžื•ืš ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืขืœ ืฉืชืชื‘ืกืก ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืœืื•ืชื” ื‘ื”ืชืื ื”ื ื‘ื—ืจืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ ื‘ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื•ืชืกื™ื™ืข ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืืจื•ื›ืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื”. ืœืฉื ื›ืš ืชื•ืคืงื“ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืขืœ ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื•ืžืขืงื‘ ืฉื•ื˜ืฃ ืื—ืจ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื˜ื•ื•ื—. ื•ืืจื•ื›ืช ืจื‘-ืชื—ื•ืžื™ืช ืžืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื”

ืชืคืจืกื ื“ื•ื— ืžืžืฆืื™ื ืฉื ืชื™.ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืขืœ ื™ื•ื˜ืœื• ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ื”, ื—ื“ืฉื” ืžืžืฉืœื” ืฉืœ ื›ื ื™ืกืชื” ื‘ืขืช ืœืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช, ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืžืžืฆืื™ื ืžื”ืกืงื™ืจื” ื”ื‘ื™ื โ€œืœ ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืขืžื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืืจื•ื›ืช ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื‘ืคื ื™ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื•ืžื™ื“ืช ืžืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืื• ืžืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” (ื›ื ื’ื–ืจืช ืชื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื”. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืœืžืžืฉ ืชื•ื›ืœ ื ืชื•ื ื” ืžืžืฉืœื” ืืฉืจ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช) ืœืžื™ืงื•ื“ ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ื™ื ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืกื“ืจื” ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื•ื˜ืœ ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™, ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ ืœื›ืœ ืžืžืฉืœื” ื—ื“ืฉื”, ื•ื—ืœื•ืคื•ืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืฉื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืชื—ืœื™ื˜ ืฉื”ื ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืคืขื•ืœื”. ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ื™ื ืœืžื™ืงื•ื“ ืชืคืจื™ื˜, ื›ืžืขื™ืŸ ื™ืฉืžืฉ ื ื‘ื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ื•ื—ืœื•ืคื•ืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ ืฉืžืžื ื• ืชื•ื›ืœ ืžืžืฉืœื” ื ืชื•ื ื”, ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ืคื•ืจื•ื ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ืœื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื”, ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืชื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื ืฉื™ืงื•ื“ืžื• ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืกื“ืจ ื”ืขื“ื™ืคื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื” ืžืžืฉืœื”. ืžื”ืœื›ื™ ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื•ื”ื‘ืงืจื” ื”ืฉื•ื˜ืคื™ื ื™ืกื™ื™ืขื• ืืฃ ื”ื ืœื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื” ื‘ื”ื™ื ืชืŸ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช. ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช ื”ืชืจืื” ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืฉื™ืกื™ื™ืขื• ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืœืคืชื— ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืขืœ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื”, ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื—

ืœื”ื ื—ืœืช ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ืœื›ืœ ื—ืœืงื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”.

ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืฉื›ื–ื” ืคื•ืจื•ื ื”ืงื™ื™ื. ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ืœืงื‘ื™ื ื˜ ืืœื” ืกืžื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืืฆื™ืœ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื—ื“ืฉ ืคื•ืจื•ื ืœื”ืงื™ื ืžืžืœื™ืฆื™ื ืื ื• 3ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™, ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื”ืขื“ืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืžืžืฉืœื” ืฉืื•ืชื• ืคื•ืจื•ื ื™ืฉืจืช.

ื‘ื”ืžืœืฆื” ื–ื• ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื ื• ืœืขื ื•ืช ืขืœ 2 ืชื›ืœื™ื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืฆืคื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ ืžืกื•ื™ื. ืžื ื™ืชื•ื— ืžืงืจื™ ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ืขื•ืœื” ื›ื™ ื™ืฉื ื” ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืงืจื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืœื“ืจื’ ื ื™ื”ื•ืœื™ ื‘ื›ื™ืจ ืฉืขื•ืกืง ื‘ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืฉื•ื˜ืฃ ื•ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืœืฉื ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ืจืœื‘ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช. ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื›ืš, ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ืฉืžื™ื ื•ื™ ืจโ€˜ ื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื™ื™ืขืฉื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืจโ€˜ ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืœื›ืœื›ืœื” ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืขื ืžื ื›โ€œืœ ืžืฉืจื“ ืจื”โ€œืž. ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™, ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ืจืœื‘ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืกืชื›ืœื•ืช ืจื—ื‘ื” ื•ืืจื•ื›ืช ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื“ื•ืจืฉื•ืช ื’ื ืฉื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืชืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืžื™ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืชื— ื‘ื™ืŸ 2 ืชื›ืœื™ื•ืช ืืœื• ืืช ืฉื™ืคืชื•ืจ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ื™ืจ. ื“ืจื’ ื ื™ื”ื•ืœื™ ืื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ืžื”ืฉืคืขื” ื ืคืจื“ื•ืช ื•ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ืงื“ื ืฆื™ื”, ื™ืฉ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืช ืฉื™ื•ื•ื™ ื”ืžืฉืงืœ ื”ืžืชืื™ื. ืืš ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™, ืื ื• ืžืžืœื™ืฆื™ื ื›ื™ ืจโ€˜ ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืœื›ืœื›ืœื”

ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืกืžื›ื•ืช ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ื‘ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื›ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื”.

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ื—ื™ื–ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืืชื’ืจื™ื ืกื•ืฆื™ื•-ืืงื•ื ื•ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขืžื. 89

ื”ืžืœืฆื” 3. ื”ืงืžืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืชืœื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ืจืืฉ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืชื•ืžืš ื”ืงื™ื™ื, ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ืžืœื‘ื“ ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื›ื™ื•ืขืฅ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืœืจื”"ืž, ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืงื™ื ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืฉืชื“ื•ื•ื— ืœื•. ืจืืฉ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื™ืชืžื ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืœื›ืœื›ืœื”, ื‘ื”ืชื™ื™ืขืฆื•ืช ืขื ืžื ื›"ืœ ืžืฉืจื“ ืจื”"ืž ื•ืื™ืœื• ื ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืชื‘ื˜ื™ื— ื›ื™ ืจืง ืžื•ืขืžื“ื™ื ืขืœ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ื•ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืžืชืื™ืžื” ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ืขื ื ืื•ืชื™ื ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“. ืกื’ืœ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื™ื›ืœื•ืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืžืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื, ืœืื• ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืžืžื“ืขื™ ืื ืฉื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ืืœื ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช, ื•ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืขืกืงื™ื, ืžื™ื ื”ืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”, ืžื“ืขื™ื ื•ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืจื•ื— (ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื”) ื•ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืžืชื—ื•ืžื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื (ื›ืžื• ืœืžืฉืœ ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื•ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืกื•ืฆื™ืืœื™ืช). ื—ืœืง ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืื—ืจื™ื, ื•ืžืžืฉืจื“ื™ื ื”ืื•ืฆืจ ืžืžืฉืจื“ ื–ืžื ื™ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื™ื•ืฉืืœื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœืชืงื•ืคืช ืฉืœ ื›ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื, ืื ื›ื™ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉืงื•ืœ ื’ื ืžื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื ืื• ืืจื•ื›ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื•ืžื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ื™ื ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื’ื•ืคื™ื ื–ืžื ื™ื™ื ื›ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืœืชืคืงื“ ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืื—ืจื™ื

ื˜ื‘ืœื” 6.7 ืžืกืงื ื•ืช ืžืžืงืจื™ ื”ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื•ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืคืขืจ 7, ืจืžื” ืœื ืžืกืคืงืช ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื“ื” ื•ื”ืขืจื›ื”

ื”ืžืœืฆื”ืžืกืงื ื”

ื”ืงืžืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืฉืชืงื•ืฉืจ ืขื ืžืฉืจื“ ืจื”โ€œืž

ื”ืงืžืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช

ื”ืงืžืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืชื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืœืงื“ื ืฆื™ื”

ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืื’โ€˜ื ื“ื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ื›ืœื›ืœื”, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืชืคื•ืงื•ืช ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช

ื”ืงืžืชื” ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ืจื”โ€œืž ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืœื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขื• ืžืกื“ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ ื—ื‘ืจื”

ื•ื›ืœื›ืœื”

ื”ืงืžืช ืฆื•ื•ืชื™ ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื

ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืžืชืžืฉืš ื‘ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ื‘ืขืช ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช ื•ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ

ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช, ื—ืœื•ืคื•ืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ื•ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืื–ื”ืจื” ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืืจื•ืš

ื”ืงืžืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช

ื”ืชื‘ืกืกื•ืช ืขืœ ืชืคื•ืงื•ืช ืžื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœ ื‘ื ืง ื™ืฉืจืืœ

ื”ืชื‘ืกืกื•ืช ืขืœ ืชืคื•ืงื•ืช ืžื”ืœืฉื›ื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ืœืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ื”ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื’ืฃ

ืœืžืžืฉืœ ื•ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ืจื”โ€œืž

ืคืจืกื•ื ื”ื“ื•ื— ื”ืฉื ืชื™ ืฉืœ ืงื™ื•ื ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืคืจืกื•ื ืฉืœ ืžืกืžื›ื™ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื•ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ืขื–ืจืฉื™ืื•ืจื’ื ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื”

ืคืจืกื•ื ื”ืžืขืงื‘ ืื—ืจ ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ืžื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ื™ืขื“ื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื›ืœื›ืœื™

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88 ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืกื•ืฆื™ื•-ืืงื•ื ื•ืžื™ืช ืืจื•ื›ืช ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ

ืขืœ ื•ืคื™ืงื•ื— ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ื•ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฆืžื™ื“ื•ืช ืืœื™ื”ืŸ.

ืœื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ื”ืคื•ืจื•ื ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™, ื‘ื“ืจื’ ืœืคื•ืจื•ื ื”ื“ื™ื•ื•ื— ืžืœื‘ื“ ืฉืคื•ืขืœ ื”ืžื ื›โ€œืœื™ื ืคื•ืจื•ื ืœืคื ื™ ืกื“ื™ืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืชืคื•ืงื•ืชื™ื• ืืช ื™ืฆื™ื’ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” .(6 ื”ืžืœืฆื” (ืจืื• ืœืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืกืžื ื›โ€œืœื™ื ืคื•ืจื•ื ืœืคื ื™ ื’ื ื›ืžื• ื›ื™ื•ื, ื›ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื”ืงืžืช ืคื•ืจื•ื ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ืฉื›ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื”ืคื•ืš ื”ืžื”ื•ืชื™ื™ื ื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื“ืœื™ื, ื•ืฉื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื• ืขื™ืŸ ืœืžืจืื™ืช ืฉืคื•ืขืœ ืœืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืฉืœื ืคื•ืจืžืœื™, ืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ืชืงื‘ืœื• ื•ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื™ื™ื“ื•ื ื• ื”ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ื•ืช. ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ืฉืžืจ ืžืคื ื™ ืžืฆื‘ ืฉื›ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืœื”ืงืคื™ื“ ืขืœ ืคื•ืจื•ื ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ืงื˜ืŸ ื•ืœื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืขืœื™ื• ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ืื• ืœื“ืจื•ืฉ ืžืžื ื• ื”ืชื•ืขืœืช ืืช ื™ืคื ื™ืžื• ืœื ื”ืคื•ืจื•ื ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ ืื ื•ืื•ืœื ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื, ืชื•ืฆืจื™ื ืฉื‘ืคื•ืจื•ื, ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืฉืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื›ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืชื ื•ื•ื ื•ืชื•. ื›ืคื™ ืฉืฆื™ื™ื ื•

ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ืžืœืฆื” 9, ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืžืจื™ืฆื™ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘.

ื˜ื‘ืœื” 6.6ืžืกืงื ื•ืช ืžืžืงืจื™ ื”ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื•ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืคืขืจ 6, ืงื•ืฉื™ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื”

ื•ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื”

ื”ืžืœืฆื”ืžืกืงื ื”

ื”ืงืžืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืฉืชืงื•ืฉืจ ืขื ืžืฉืจื“ ืจื”โ€œืž

ื”ืงืžืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช

ื”ืงืžืช ืคื•ืจื•ื ืกืžื ื›โ€œืœื™ื ื•ื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืœืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืœืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ืื”ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื•ืช

ื”ืงืžืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืชื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืœืงื“ื ืฆื™ื”

ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืื’โ€˜ื ื“ื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ื›ืœื›ืœื”, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืชืคื•ืงื•ืช ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช

ื”ืงืžืช ืคื•ืจื•ื ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ืœื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืชื™ืื•ื ืžืฆื“ ืžืฉืจื“ ืจื”โ€œืžื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช

ื”ืงืžืชื” ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ืจื”โ€œืž ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืœื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขื• ืžืกื“ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ ื—ื‘ืจื”

ื•ื›ืœื›ืœื”

ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ื”ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื’ืฃ ืœืžืžืฉืœ ื•ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ืจื”โ€œืž

ืงื™ืฉื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช, ื”ืชืคื•ืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื”ืžื ื•ืกื—ืช ื•ื”ืชืงืฆื™ื‘

ื”ืงืžืช ืคื•ืจื•ื ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ืœื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช

ื”ืงืžืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช

Page 157: Developing Long-Term Socioeconomic Strategy in Israel...iv Developing Long-Term Socioeconomic Strategy in Israel progressed, we determined that the true value of such an institutional

ื—ื™ื–ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืืชื’ืจื™ื ืกื•ืฆื™ื•-ืืงื•ื ื•ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขืžื. 87

ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื• ื“ืจื’ ื ื™ื”ื•ืœื™ ื‘ื›ื™ืจ. ืื™ืŸ ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืฉื™ืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืชื— ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืชืื™ื. ื”ืžืฉืงืœ ืฉื™ื•ื•ื™ ืืช ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื™ืฉ ืงื“ื ืฆื™ื”, ื‘ื›ืœ ื›ืืฉืจ ืืœื• ืชื›ืœื™ื•ืช 2ืืš ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™, ืื ื• ืžืžืœื™ืฆื™ื ื›ื™ ืจโ€˜ ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืœื›ืœื›ืœื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขืœ

ื”ืกืžื›ื•ืช ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ื‘ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื›ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื”. .ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ื”ืคื•ืจื•ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ืชื™ืื•ื ืขืœ ืชื•ืคืงื“ ืœืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื”. ื”ืคื•ืจื•ื ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ื”ื›ื ื” ื ืื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืœื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืคื•ืจื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืจื’ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ื•ื™ืงื™ื™ื ืžืขืงื‘ ืื—ืจ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื”, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืชืžื™ื›ื” ืื ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื”ืื’โ€˜ื ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ื•ื›ืŸ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช, ื•ื‘ืงืจื” ืขืœื™ื”. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื”ืคื•ืจื•ื ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืฉื™ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื›ื”ื•ื ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”, ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฉืงื” ืฉืœ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ื•ืžืขืงื‘ ืฉื•ื˜ืฃ ืื—ืจ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขืŸ ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ืขื“ื™ืคื•ื™ื•ืช

ื˜ื‘ืœื” 6.5ืžืกืงื ื•ืช ืžืžืงืจื™ ื”ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื•ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืคืขืจ 5, ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืœื ืžืกืคื™ืง ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ื•ืžื™ื“ืข

ื”ืžืœืฆื”ืžืกืงื ื”

ื”ืงืžืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืฉืชืงื•ืฉืจ ืขื ืžืฉืจื“ ืจื”โ€œืž

ื”ืงืžืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช

ื”ืงืžืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืชื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืœืงื“ื ืฆื™ื”

ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืื’โ€˜ื ื“ื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ื›ืœื›ืœื”, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืชืคื•ืงื•ืช ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช

ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืžืชืžืฉืš ื‘ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ื‘ืขืช ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช ื•ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ

ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช, ื—ืœื•ืคื•ืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ื•ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืื–ื”ืจื” ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืืจื•ืš

ื”ืงืžืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช

ื”ืงืžืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืชืžื—ืงืจ ื•ื›ืœื™ื ืื ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ื™ื

ืื™ืกื•ืฃ ืชืฉื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉืžืฉื• ืืช ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื

ื”ืชื‘ืกืกื•ืช ืขืœ ืชืคื•ืงื•ืช ืžื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœ ื‘ื ืง ื™ืฉืจืืœ

ื”ืชื‘ืกืกื•ืช ืขืœ ืชืคื•ืงื•ืช ืžื”ืœืฉื›ื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ืœืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื”

ื”ืคืขืœืช ืฆื•ื•ืชื™ ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื

ื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ื”ืจืฉืช ื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ื•ื”ืœื ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืกื™ื™ืขืช ืœื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื”

Page 158: Developing Long-Term Socioeconomic Strategy in Israel...iv Developing Long-Term Socioeconomic Strategy in Israel progressed, we determined that the true value of such an institutional

86 ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืกื•ืฆื™ื•-ืืงื•ื ื•ืžื™ืช ืืจื•ื›ืช ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ

ื”ืžืœืฆื” 2. ื”ืงืžืช ืคื•ืจื•ื ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ืœื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืชื™ืฉ ืœื”ืงื™ื ืคื•ืจื•ื ืงื‘ื•ืข ืฉื™ื›ืœื•ืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ื›ื™ืจื™ื, ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ืžื ื›โ€œืœ ืžืฉืจื“ ืจื”โ€œืž, ืจืืฉ ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืœื›ืœื›ืœื”, ืจืืฉ ืื’ืฃ ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ื™ื ื•ืžื ื›โ€œืœ ืžืฉืจื“ ืœื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื• ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืคื™ ืขืœ ื•ื™ื–ืžื™ืŸ ืกื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื™ืงื™ื™ื ื”ื–ื” ื”ืคื•ืจื•ื ื”ืื•ืฆืจ.

ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื, ื›ืžื• ืœืžืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื ื” ืœื ื’ื™ื“ ื‘ื ืง ื™ืฉืจืืœ.ื‘ื”ืžืœืฆื” ื–ื• ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื ื• ืœืขื ื•ืช ืขืœ 2 ืชื›ืœื™ื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืฆืคื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ ื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ืฉืœ ืœืงืจื‘ื” ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื™ืฉื ื” ื›ื™ ืขื•ืœื” ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ืžืงืจื™ ืžื ื™ืชื•ื— ืžืกื•ื™ื. ืœืฉื ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ืฉื•ื˜ืฃ ื‘ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืฉืขื•ืกืง ื‘ื›ื™ืจ ื ื™ื”ื•ืœื™ ืœื“ืจื’ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ืจืœื‘ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช. ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื›ืš, ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ืฉืžื™ื ื•ื™ ืจโ€˜ ื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื™ื™ืขืฉื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืจโ€˜ ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืœื›ืœื›ืœื” ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืขื ืžื ื›โ€œืœ ืžืฉืจื“ ืจื”โ€œืž. ื“ื•ืจืฉื•ืช ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื•ืืจื•ื›ืช ืจื—ื‘ื” ื•ื”ืกืชื›ืœื•ืช ืจืœื‘ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืฉื ื™, ืžืฆื“ ืžื”ืฉืคืขื” ื•ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื ืคืจื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืžื™ื“ื” ืขืœ ืชืฉืžื•ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื’ื

ื˜ื‘ืœื” 6.4ืžืกืงื ื•ืช ืžืžืงืจื™ ื”ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื•ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืคืขืจ 4, ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืจืžื” ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื‘ืขืœื™ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ

ื•ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ

Recommendationืžืกืงื ื”

ื”ืงืžืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืฉืชืงื•ืฉืจ ืขื ืžืฉืจื“ ืจื”โ€œืž

ื”ืงืžืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช

ืชื•ืฆืจื™ ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื•ืชืฉื•ืžื•ืช ืžื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื—ื•ืฅ ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ื™ื ืขื ืงืฉืจื™ื ืœื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื”

ื”ืงืžืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื”

ื”ืงืžืช ืžื•ืขืฆื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืื• ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื•ืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืœืงื‘ืœืช ื—ื•ื•ืช ื“ืขืช

ื•ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช.

ื”ืงืžืช ืจืฉืช ืจื—ื‘ื” ื•ืœื ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื.

ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืชื™ ืฉื•ื˜ืฃ ืœืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื•ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื”.

ื”ืงืžืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืชื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืœืงื“ื ืฆื™ื”

ื”ืงืžืช ืžื•ืขืฆื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืื• ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื•ืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืœืงื‘ืœืช ื—ื•ื•ืช ื“ืขืช

ื•ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช

ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืžืชืžืฉืš ื‘ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ื‘ืขืช ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช ื•ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ

ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช, ื—ืœื•ืคื•ืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ื•ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืื–ื”ืจื” ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืืจื•ืš

ื”ืงืžืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช

ื”ืงืžืช ืžื•ืขืฆื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืื• ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื•ืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืœืงื‘ืœืช ื—ื•ื•ืช ื“ืขืช

ื•ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช

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ื—ื™ื–ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืืชื’ืจื™ื ืกื•ืฆื™ื•-ืืงื•ื ื•ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขืžื. 85

ื›ืžื• ื•ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ืื• ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ื”ืฉืจื™ื ื•ืขื“ืช โ€™ืžื˜ื‘ื—ื•ืŸโ€˜ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ ืœืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช, ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ื–ื™ืจื” ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช-ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื”ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื‘ื”ืงืžืช ืคื•ืจื•ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ ื”ื•ื ืฉื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ื”ืงื™ื™ืžืช, ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื›ืžืขื˜ ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืคื•ืจื•ื ื•ืงื‘ื•ืข ืจืฉืžื™ ืคื•ืจืžืœื™, ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื”ื—ื™ืกืจื•ืŸ ื•ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™. ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ ืœืฉื‘ื™ืจ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช. ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ืžืฆื“ ื”ืœื‘ ืชืฉื•ืžืช ื‘ืจืžืช ืœืชื ื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื•ืคื’ื™ืข ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื”, ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ืคื•ืจื•ื ืงื•ืžืคืงื˜ื™ ื•ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื•ื”ื’ืฉืช ื”ืชืคื•ืงื•ืช ืฉืœื•

ืœืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืžืœื™ืืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืŸ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืช.2

ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืฉื›ื–ื” ืคื•ืจื•ื ื”ืงื™ื™ื. ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ืœืงื‘ื™ื ื˜ ืืœื” ืกืžื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืืฆื™ืœ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื—ื“ืฉ ืคื•ืจื•ื ืœื”ืงื™ื ืžืžืœื™ืฆื™ื ืื ื• 2ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™, ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื”ืขื“ืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืžืžืฉืœื” ืฉืื•ืชื• ืคื•ืจื•ื ื™ืฉืจืช.

ื˜ื‘ืœื” 6.3ืžืกืงื ื•ืช ืžืžืงืจื™ ื”ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื•ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืคืขืจ 3, ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ืชื™ืื•ื ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืžืฉืจื“ื™ ื‘ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช

ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช

ื”ืžืœืฆื”ืžืกืงื ื”

ื”ืงืžืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืฉืชืงื•ืฉืจ ืขื ืžืฉืจื“ ืจื”โ€œืž

ื”ืงืžืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช

ื”ืงืžืช ืคื•ืจื•ื ืกืžื ื›โ€œืœื™ื ื•ื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืœืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืœืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ืื”ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื•ืช

ื”ืงืžืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืชื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืœืงื“ื ืฆื™ื”

ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืื’โ€˜ื ื“ื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ื›ืœื›ืœื”, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืชืคื•ืงื•ืช ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช

ื”ืงืžืช ืคื•ืจื•ื ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืชืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืชื™ืื•ื ืžืฆื“ ืžืฉืจื“ ืจื”โ€œืž

ื”ืงืžืช ืคื•ืจื•ื ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ืœื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช

ื”ืงืžืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช

ื”ืงืžืชื” ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ืจื”โ€œืž ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืœื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขื• ืžืกื“ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ ื—ื‘ืจื”

ื•ื›ืœื›ืœื”

ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ื”ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื’ืฃ ืœืžืžืฉืœ ื•ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ืจื”โ€œืž

ืงื™ืฉื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช, ื”ืชืคื•ืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื”ืžื ื•ืกื—ืช ื•ื”ืชืงืฆื™ื‘

ื”ืงืžืช ืคื•ืจื•ื ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ืœื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช

ื”ืงืžืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช

Page 160: Developing Long-Term Socioeconomic Strategy in Israel...iv Developing Long-Term Socioeconomic Strategy in Israel progressed, we determined that the true value of such an institutional

84 ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืกื•ืฆื™ื•-ืืงื•ื ื•ืžื™ืช ืืจื•ื›ืช ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ

ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืชื•ืืžื•ืช ื•ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื•ืœื”ื ื—ื•ืช ื•ืœืืฉืจ ืืช ืกื“ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื›ืœื›ืœื™ (ื”ืžืชื•ืืจ ืœื”ืœืŸ) ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื’ืฉืชื• ืœืื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”. ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ืฉืจื™ื ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ื”ืžืฆื‘ ืขื ื•ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืจื”โ€œืž ืœื”ืขื“ืคื•ืช ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื”ื™ืงื‘ืข ืฆืจื™ืš ื”ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™. ืื ื• ืžืžืœื™ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ืฉืจื™ื ืœืฉื™ืฉื” ืฉืจื™ื, ื•ืœื›ืœื•ืœ ื‘ื” ื›ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื›ืœ ื”ืคื—ื•ืช ืืช ืฉืจ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ ื•ืฉืจ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื”, ื”ืื—ืจืื™ ื’ื ืขืœ ื ื•ืฉืื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ืžื—ืงืจ ื•ืคื™ืชื•ื—. ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื•ืœื ื•ืฉื, ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื–ืžื™ืŸ ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื•ืืช ื ื’ื™ื“ ื‘ื ืง ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื, ื‘ื›ืคื•ืฃ ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืงื™ื•ื ืขืฆืžืื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื ืง ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™. ื”ืžื™ืกื•ื“ ืฉืœ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ืฉืจื™ื, ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืฉืช ื”ืชืคื•ืงื•ืช ื•ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื•ืขื“ื” ื–ื• ืœืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืžืœื™ืืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื™ื”ื•ื•ื” ืžืขื ื” ืœืžืžืฆื ืžืžืงืจื™ ื”ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•, ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืฆื“ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ืœืคืขืจ ืฉื–ื•ื”ื” ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช.

ื˜ื‘ืœื” 6.2.ืžืกืงื ื•ืช ืžืžืงืจื™ ื”ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื•ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืคืขืจ 2, ืขืžื“ื” ืชื’ื•ื‘ืชื™ืช ื•ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ื’ื™ืฉื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช

ืœืืชื’ืจื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ื–ืžืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”

ื”ืžืœืฆื”ืžืกืงื ื”

ื”ืงืžืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืฉืชืงื•ืฉืจ ืขื ืžืฉืจื“ ืจื”โ€œืž

ื”ืงืžืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช

ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช

ืชืžืจื•ืฅ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืžื•ืฆื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื”.

ืขื™ื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื•ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื” ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ืช ืžืžืฉืœื” ืื• ื‘ื—ื•ืง.

ื”ืงืžืช ืคื•ืจื•ื ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ืœื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืœืงื“ื ืฆื™ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช

ื”ืงืžืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช

ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืื’โ€˜ื ื“ื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ื›ืœื›ืœื”, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืชืคื•ืงื•ืช ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช

ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ืžืชืžืฉืš ืฉืœ ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ื‘ืขืช ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช ื•ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ

ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช, ื—ืœื•ืคื•ืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ื•ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืื–ื”ืจื” ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืืจื•ืš

ื”ืงืžืช ืคื•ืจื•ื ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ืœื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช

ื”ืงืžืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช

ื”ืงืžืช ืคื•ืจื•ื ืกืžื ื›โ€œืœื™ื ื•ื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืœืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื”ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื•ืช

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ื—ื™ื–ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืืชื’ืจื™ื ืกื•ืฆื™ื•-ืืงื•ื ื•ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขืžื. 83

ื”ืžืœืฆื” 1. ื”ืงืžืช ืคื•ืจื•ื ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืชืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืœื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ืžื•ืงื“ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืชื• ื”ืฉืจื™ื ื•ื•ืขื“ืช ืจื”โ€œืž ื”ืชืคื•ืงื•ืช ื”ื‘ืืช ืชื•ืš ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”, ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื•ืœื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื‘ืขื•ืช ืžืžื ื• ืœืื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”. ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“, ืขืœ ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืชืžืงื“ ื”ืฉืจื™ื ื•ืขื“ืช

ื˜ื‘ืœื” 6.1ืžืกืงื ื•ืช ืžืžืงืจื™ ื”ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื•ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืคืขืจ 1, ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืฆื“ ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช

ื”ืžืœืฆื”ืžืกืงื ื”

ื”ืงืžืช ืคื•ืจื•ื ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืชืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืฆื“ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”

ื‘ื˜ื—ืช ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื™ื

ืงื™ื•ื ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืฉื™ืื•ืจื’ื ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื”

ืชื“ืจื•ืš ืกื“ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ืจื”โ€œืž ืขืœ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืœื›ืœื›ืœื”

ื”ืงืžืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืฉืชืงื•ืฉืจ ืขื ืžืฉืจื“ ืจื”โ€œืž

ื”ืงืžืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช

ืงื™ื•ื ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืฉื™ืื•ืจื’ื ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื”

ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช

ื”ื ื”ื’ืช ื—ื•ื‘ืช ืคืจืกื•ื ืฉืœ ืกื“ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืฆื’ืชื• ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื›ื ืกืช.

ื”ื ื”ื’ืช ื—ื•ื‘ืช ื ื™ืกื•ื— ื“ื•ื— ืฉื ืชื™ ืขืœ ืกื“ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื.

ืงื™ื•ื ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืฉื™ืื•ืจื’ื ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื”

ืœืขืจื‘ ืืช ืคื•ืจื•ื ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืœืงื“ื ืฆื™ื”ื”ืื’โ€˜ื ื“ื” ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช-ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื•ืชื•ืฆืจื™ื ื ืœื•ื•ื™ื

ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ืžืชืžืฉืš ืฉืœ ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ื‘ืขืช ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช ื•ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ

ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช, ื—ืœื•ืคื•ืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ื•ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืื–ื”ืจื” ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืืจื•ืš

ืงื™ื•ื ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืฉื™ืื•ืจื’ื ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื”

ืชื“ืจื•ืš ืกื“ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ืจื”โ€œืž ืขืœ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืœื›ืœื›ืœื”

ื”ืงืžืช ืคื•ืจื•ื ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืชืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืชื™ืื•ื ืžืฆื“ ืžืฉืจื“ ืจื”โ€œืž

ื”ื ื”ื’ืช ื—ื•ื‘ืช ืคืจืกื•ื ืฉืœ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืœืงื“ื ืฆื™ื” ืคืจืกื•ื ืฉืœ ืžืกืžื›ื™ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื•ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ืขื–ืจื•ื”ืฆื’ืชื” ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื›ื ืกืช

ืงื™ืฉื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช, ื”ืชืคื•ืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื”ืžื ื•ืกื—ืช ื•ื”ืชืงืฆื™ื‘

ื”ืงืžืช ืคื•ืจื•ื ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ืœื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช

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82 ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืกื•ืฆื™ื•-ืืงื•ื ื•ืžื™ืช ืืจื•ื›ืช ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ

ื ื™ื’ืฉ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืœื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืžืคื•ืจื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช. ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ืื ื• ืžื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ืืœื” ืžืชื•ืš ืžื•ื›ื ื•ืช ืžืœืื” ืœื›ืš ืฉื™ื™ืฉื•ืžืŸ ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื™ืขื•ืฆื‘ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื’ื ืืช ืขืžื“ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืžื™ื˜ื‘ื™ ืœืžื™ืžื•ืฉ ืžื˜ืจืชืŸ ื”ืžื™ื•ืขื“ืช. ืœื›ืŸ ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื•ืกื— ื”ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ืฉื™ื™ื•ืฉื ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืื ื• ืžืฆื™ืขื™ื ืจืง ื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื•ืฆื ื•ืœื

ืืช ื”ืžืชื›ื•ื ืช ื”ืกื•ืคื™ืช.

ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื”ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช

ื”ืงืžืช ืงื‘ื™ื ื˜ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ื•ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”, ืฉื™ืชืคืงื“ ื›ืžื•ืงื“ ืœื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ . 1ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช, ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ื•ืคื™ืงื•ื— ืขืœ ื”ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš

ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™. ื”ืงืžืช ืคื•ืจื•ื ืœื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื‘ื“ืจื’ ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™, ื”ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ืืฉืจ . 2

ื™ื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ื›ื™ืจื™ื; ืคื•ืจื•ื ื–ื” ื™ืฉืžืฉ ืžื•ืงื“ ืœืชื™ืื•ื ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื•ื”ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืื’โ€˜ื ื“ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช, ื‘ืจืžืช ื‘ื›ื™ืจื™ ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™.

ื”ืงืžืช ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืœื›ืœื›ืœื”; ืฆื•ื•ืช ื–ื” ื™ืชืคืงื“ . 3ื›ืžื•ืงื“ ื”ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืืชื’ืจื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ืžืชื•ืš ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช, ืžืขืจื›ืช

ื”ืชืจืื” ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช, ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืฉืœ ื—ืœื•ืคื•ืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื›ืฉืจื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ืœืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืžืชืŸ ืชืžื™ื›ื” ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ืช ืœืคื•ืจื•ื ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ืœื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ

ืื’โ€˜ื ื“ื” ื•ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”.ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืฉืœ ืื’โ€˜ื ื“ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช, ืฉืชื•ื’ื“ืจ ื•ืชืงื•ื“ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื”.. 4 ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืžืฉืจื“ ืจื”โ€œืž, ืœื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืœืžื”ืœื›ื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ืฉื ื›ืœืœื• ื‘ืื’โ€˜ื ื“ื” . 5

ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”. ื”ืงืžืช ืคื•ืจื•ื ืกืžื ื›โ€œืœื™ื; ื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืœืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื”, ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”; ื•ืคื™ืชื•ื— . 6

ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ืชืจื’ื•ื ืฉืœ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ืœืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื ืฉืœ ืืœื”.

ื”ืงืžื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืžื‘ืขืœื™ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ . 7ื”ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื™ื.

ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ, ื‘ืงืจื” ื•ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื•ื”ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื•ืฉืœ . 8ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ื’ื•ื‘ืฉื• ื‘ืขื–ืจืชื.

ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืชืžืจื™ืฆื™ื ืจืฉืžื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ืœืชื™ ืจืฉืžื™ื™ื ืœื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช, ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื‘ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช . 9ื•ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื•ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืžืขืฉื™ ื‘ืชืคื•ืงื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื.

Page 163: Developing Long-Term Socioeconomic Strategy in Israel...iv Developing Long-Term Socioeconomic Strategy in Israel progressed, we determined that the true value of such an institutional

ื—ื™ื–ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืืชื’ืจื™ื ืกื•ืฆื™ื•-ืืงื•ื ื•ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขืžื. 81

ื•ื‘ืžื”ืœืš โ€ข ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืงืžืช ืขื ืฉื™ื’ื•ื‘ืฉื• ืœืงื“ื ืฆื™ื”, ืคืขื•ืœื” ืชื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ื•ื•ืช ื’ื•ืจื ืžืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ืœืืชื’ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™

ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื.ื™ืฉ ืœื—ื–ืง ืืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ืืจื•ืš ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ ืฉืœ โ€ข

ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื”ื›ืœืœืชื ื’ื ื›ืžื• ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื”ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื ื•ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื”ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ.

ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš โ€ข ื”ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืชืงืฆื•ื‘ ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ืืช ืœืฉืœื‘ ื™ืฉ ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™

ื™ืฉ ืœืชื›ื ืŸ ืชืžืจื™ืฆื™ื ืœืฉืจื™ื, ืœืžืฉืจื“ื™ื ื•ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื™ืชื’ืžืœ โ€ข ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ ื•ื™ืชืžื•ืš ื‘ืžืืžืฅ ืœื™ื™ืฉื

ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ื•ืœืฉืœื‘ื” ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”.

ืคื™ืจื•ื˜ ื”ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช

ื‘ืกื™ืก ืขืœ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ (ืคืจืง 3), ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ืœืžืฆื‘ ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืืœื™ื” ืฉื”ื’ืขื ื• ืžื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ื”ืžืžืฆืื™ื ืžืžืงืจื™ ื”ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ืฉืœื ื• ืžื”ืขื•ืœื (ืคืจืง 4) ื•ืžื“ืขื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืคืขืจื™ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื•ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ (ืคืจืง 5), ื’ื™ื‘ืฉื ื• ืชืฉืข ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช. ื˜ื‘ืœืื•ืช 6.1 ืขื“ 6.7 ืžืฆื™ื’ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื•ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืŸ ื ื’ื–ืจื•ืช ืžืžืกืงื ื•ืช ืžืงืจื™ ื”ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ื•ืžื”ืคืขืจื™ื. ื›ืœ ื˜ื‘ืœื” ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกืช ืœืคืขืจ ืื—ื“, ืžืคืจื˜ืช ืืช ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืžืกืงื ื•ืช ื”ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžืžืงืจื™ ื”ื‘ื•ื—ืŸ ื‘ืขืžื•ื“ื” ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ ื•ืžื•ื ื” ืืช

ื”ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ืคืจืง ื–ื” ื‘ืขืžื•ื“ื” ืžืฉืžืืœ. ืฉืœ ืœืคืขืจ ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืจืžื” ืคื•ืจื•ื ื”ืงืžืช ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื“ืจื’ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ื•ื ื•ืชื ืช ืžืขื ื” ืœืžืกืงื ื•ืช ืฉื”ืคืงื ื• ืžืžืงืจื™ ื”ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”, ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืœืžืฉืš ื›ื”ื•ื ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืฉืจื“ ืจื”โ€œืž ื‘ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืชื™ืื•ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื. ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื ื•ืกืคืช: ื”ืงืžืช ืžื•ืขืฆื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœืคืขืจ ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื•ื ื•ืชื ืช ืžืขื ื” ืœืžืกืงื ื•ืช ืฉื”ืคืงื ื• ืžืžืงืจื™ ื”ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ื‘ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืจืฆื•ืฃ ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื•ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื”, ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื‘ื˜ื‘ืœืื•ืช ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ื›ืคื™ ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช. ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ื‘ืขืช 6.1 โ€“ 6.7, ื”ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ืื—ืช ื•ืื—ืช ืžื”ืžืกืงื ื•ืช ืฉื”ืกืงื ื•

ืžืžืงืจื™ ื”ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื•ืœื›ืœ ืคืขืจ ืฉื–ื•ื”ื”.

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80 ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืกื•ืฆื™ื•-ืืงื•ื ื•ืžื™ืช ืืจื•ื›ืช ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ

ื—ื™ื‘ืจื ื• ืืช ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืชื™ื ื• ืœืื•ืจ ื”ื™ืขื“ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื:

ืœื ืงื•ื˜ โ€ข ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื” ืืช ืœืฉืคืจ ื›ื“ื™ ื‘ื• ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ื›ืœืคื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืฉื™ื’ื‘ืฉื• ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื’ื ื™ืขืฉื™ืจ ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ื•ืืฉืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ), ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉื ื™ื 15)

ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื›ื”ื•ื ื” ื”ืžืฉื•ืขืจืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ.ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช โ€ข ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืœื ืงื•ื˜ ืœืžืžืฉืœื” ืฉื™ืืคืฉืจื• ืชื ืื™ื ื™ืฆื™ืจืช

ื›ืœืคื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืžืขืจื›ืชื™ื•ืช; ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื; ืžืกืคืจ ืฉืœ ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื”ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช; ื—ื•ืกืจ ืฉืœ ื‘ืชื ืื™ื ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืืจื•ื›ืช ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ื•ืขื“ื›ื•ืŸ ืžืชืžืฉื›ื™ื; ื•ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื ืงื™ื˜ืช ื’ื™ืฉื” ืจื‘-ืชื—ื•ืžื™ืช.

ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ืช โ€ข ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขืœ ืฉื™ืชื‘ืกืกื• ืื™ื›ื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืชืคื•ืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชืŸ ืงื™ื“ื•ื ื•ืฉื™ื˜ืชื™ืช ื•ื™ื™ืฆืจื• ื‘ืกื™ืก ืฉื™ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืื™ืœื•ืฆื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ ื˜ื•ื•ื—. ืชืงื ื™ ืื™ื›ื•ืช ืฉื›ืืœื” ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื‘ื•ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื‘ืฆืข ืื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืžื•ืฆืง ื•ืžืงื™ืฃ, ืœื ืกื— ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืžื ื—ื” ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ื•ืžืงื™ืคื” ื•ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืกื“ืจื” ืงื•ื”ืจื ื˜ื™ืช

ืฉืœ ื ืชื™ื‘ื™ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืื•ืคืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื.

ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžื ื—ื™ื

ื”ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื•ื”ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืฉืื ื• ืžืฆื™ืขื™ื ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ื ืขืœ ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžื ื—ื™ื ืฉื ื’ื–ืจื• ืžื”ื™ืขื“ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืฆื”ืจื™ื, ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ื•ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ:

ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ โ€ข ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ืืชื’ืจื™ื ื›ืœืคื™ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืื™ืžื•ืฅ ืฉืœ ื•ื”ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื›ืœื›ืœื™, ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืžื”ื โ€“ ื›ืœ ืืœื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชื‘ืฆืข ื›ื—ืœืง ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืคืจื“ ืžืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืžืœื™ืืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” (ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื•, ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื

ื”ื ื‘ื—ืจื™ื), ื‘ื”ื•ื‘ืœืช ืจื”โ€œืž.ื™ืฉ ืœื—ื–ืง ืืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืื—ืจืื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืžื—ืงืจื™ื, ื ื™ืชื•ื— โ€ข

ื•ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช. ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื•ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ืงืจื” ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื ืชื•ื ื™ื, ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื•ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื›ืืœื”, ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืงื™ืžืŸ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”. ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืืœื” ื ื“ืจืฉื™ื ืœื›ืœื•ืœ ื’ื ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื™ื“ืข ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ืžื•ืกื“ื™ืช, ื•ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืชื™ืื•ื ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื˜ื•ื•ื—; ืืจื•ื›ืช ื”ืกืชื›ืœื•ืช ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืžืฉืœื‘ ืžืชื•ืืžื™ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื•ืงื™ื“ื•ื ืื—ืจื•ืช; ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืขื“ ืœื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื”. ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืืœื” ื™ืกืชื™ื™ืขื• ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ืงื‘ื•ืข ื‘ืชื•ืฆืจื™

ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ืชืฉื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ืขืœื™ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ.

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ืคืจืง 6.

ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœืฆืคื•ืช ืžืจืืฉ ื•ืœื’ื‘ืฉ ืžืขื ื” ื›ืœืคื™ ืืชื’ืจื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื

ืจืงืข ื•ื™ืขื“ื™ื

ืœืชืžื•ืš ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœื• ื•ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืœืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื—ืก ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ืžืฆื™ื’ื™ื ืื ื• ื–ื” ื‘ืคืจืง ื‘ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ืฉืœ ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ืœืืชื’ืจื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืœืกื™ื™ืข ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื•ื‘ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ืฉืœ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช. ื”ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ื ื•ืกื—ื• ืœืื•ืจ ื”ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืฉืจืจ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ, ื›ืžืชื•ืืจ ื‘ืคืจืง 3; ืœืื•ืจ ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื•ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืœื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื, ื›ืžืชื•ืืจ ื‘ืคืจืง 4; ื•ืœืื•ืจ ื”ืคืขืจื™ื ืฉื–ื•ื”ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ืฉืจืื™ื™ื ื•,

ื›ืžืคื•ืจื˜ ื‘ืคืจืง 1.5 ืžื”ื ื•ืกื—ืื•ืช ืื—ืช ื”ื ื–ื” ื‘ืคืจืง ื”ืžืชื•ืืจื™ื ื•ื”ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื™ื•ืช. ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืชื•ืขืœืช, ืื ื• ืžืชืืจื™ื ื’ื ื—ืœื•ืคื•ืช ืืคืฉืจื™ื•ืช. ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื—ืœื•ืคื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื ื• ืžื™ื“ืข ืžืœื ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืงืฉืช ื”ืžื•ืกื“ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื”ื”ืจื›ื‘ ืขืœ ื‘ืขืชื™ื“ ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ื”ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืฉืชื ื™ื ืงื•ื‘ืขื™ ืืช ืฉื™ื ื—ื• ื•ื”ื”ืขื“ืคื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžื” ืœื“ืขืช ืงืฉื” ื•ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืงืžื” ื•ื‘ื”ื“ื’ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื•ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืฉื›ืืœื”. ืจืื•ื™ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ืžืงืจื™ ื”ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื”ืžืชื•ืืจื™ื ื‘ืคืจืง 4 ืžื“ื’ื™ืžื™ื ื›ื™ ืชื•ืคืขืช ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืœืื•ืจ

ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืชื•ืคืขื” ืฉื›ื™ื—ื”.

ื’ืจืกื” ืื—ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืฆืื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื”ื•ื ื—ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื›ื•ื— ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื” ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื‘ืžืื™ 2012. ื’ืจืกื” ื–ื•, ื‘ืชื•ืจื”, 1ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ ืžืžืฉืœื” ื›ื”ื—ืœื˜ืช ืื•ืฉืจื” ื•ืืฉืจ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืžืœื™ืืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฆื™ื’ ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืฉื›ื•ื— ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ืช ืœื”ืฆืขื” ื‘ืกื™ืก ืฉื™ืžืฉื” ื’ื•ืคื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืคื•ืขืœ ืืœ ื•ื™ืฆื ืฉื ืช 2013 ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ืขื•ื“ ื”ื—ืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ื—ืœื˜ืช ืฉืœ ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื” .2012

ื•ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืืฉืจ ื›ื™ื ื•ื ื ื”ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ ื”ื•ืกื“ืจ ืžืื–.

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ืคืขืจื™ื ืฉื–ื•ื”ื• ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ 77

ืืช ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ืคืจืงื™ื ื›ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืฉืœื‘ื™ื ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื‘ื ื‘ืคืจืง ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœื ื• โ€“ ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืžืงืจื™ ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื‘ื™ื โ€œืœ ื•ืคืขืจื™ื ื‘ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืžืžืฉืœืช ืœื”ืžืœื™ืฅ ื›ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ โ€“ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช. ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืœืฉืœื‘ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืื ื• ืžืฆื™ื’ื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ื ืคืจื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช, ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื, ืžื™ื“ืข, ืชืคื•ืงื•ืช ื•ื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ ื‘ืžืžืฉืœื” ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช

ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช.

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76 ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืกื•ืฆื™ื•-ืืงื•ื ื•ืžื™ืช ืืจื•ื›ืช ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ

ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ื•ื”ืงื™ื โ€™ืžืคืชื—โ€˜ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืืช ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื” ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื”ืžืฉืจื“ ืœื”ืงื™ื ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ [ื”ื•ื] ืžืกื•ื™ื, ื–ืžืŸ ืคืจืง ืœืื—ืจ [ืœื—ืจื“ื™ื]. ืชืขืกื•ืงื” ืขืฉืจื” ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืœืœื ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืฉืœ ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื ื‘ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื•ื‘ืœื™

ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ.

ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืขืกืงื” ืœืกื‘ืกื•ื“ ืžืขื•ืœื” ื›ืœื™ ืชื›ื ืŸ ื”ืžืฉืจื“ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืื™ื ื• ื”ื–ื” ื”ื›ืœื™ ืžื“ื•ืข ื‘ื“ืง ืœื ืื™ืฉ ืืš ื‘ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื”, ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ื™ื ื•ืื™ืฉ ืœื ื ื™ืกื” ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ื”ื ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช [ืฉืœ ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ื™ื]

ืืœื™ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืืช ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื•.

ืกื™ื›ื•ื

ืžื ื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืคืขืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขื•ืœื” ื›ื™, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ืคืจืง 3, ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช ืžืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช, ืœืคืชื— ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ืชื‘ืกืกื• ืขืœ ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืฉื›ื–ืืช ื•ืœื ื”ืœ ืืช ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื. ื•ืื•ืœื ื”ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื•ื”ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืื’ื“ ื™ื—ื“ ืืช

ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื—ืกืจื™ื.ื”ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื‘ืžืงืจื™ ืฉืฆื•ื™ืŸ ื›ืคื™ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืื™ื ื ืืœื” ืืชื’ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ- ืชื™ืื•ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช, ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช, ื‘ืจืžื” ืฉื‘ื“ืงื ื•

ืžืฉืจื“ื™ ื•ืžื“ื™ื“ื” ื•ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื”ื™ื• ื•ื ื•ืชืจื• ืืชื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช.

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ืคืขืจ 7. ืจืžื” ืœื ืžืกืคืงืช ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื“ื” ื•ื”ืขืจื›ื”

ืจื•ื‘ ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืกื‘ื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ื™ื. ืขื“ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”, ื ืขืฉื” ืจืง ืžืืžืฅ ื’ื ื ืชื•ื ื”. ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ื”ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืžื™ื“ืช ืืช ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ืžื•ืขื˜ ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ื•ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช, ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืขืจื›ืช ืื™ื ื“ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื ืžื’ื“ื™ืจื™ื ื›ืืฉืจ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืžืขืงื‘, ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื•ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืื•ืชื ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช

ื•ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช. ื”ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ืฉืจืื™ื™ื ื• ืฆื™ื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื:

ื‘ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช, ื•ืœื ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื‘ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ืœื”ืชืžืงื“ ื ื•ื˜ื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืฉื™ื— ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื”ืฉื™ื— ื”ื•ื ืขืœ ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื•ืœื ืขืœ ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช.

ืคื“ื’ื•ื’ื™ื™ื ื™ืขื“ื™ื [ื”ื’ื“ืจืช] ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืื–ืŸ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉ ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื“ื™ื“ืช ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช. ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืจืง ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช (โ€™ื‘ื–ืžืŸ

ื•ืœืœื ื—ืจื™ื’ื” ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ื™ืชโ€˜). ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื’ื ืขืœ ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช.

ื•ืื™ื ื“ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื“ืช ืœืœื ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ืฉื•ื ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื™ื. ืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืชืช ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ [ืœืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ืฉื›ื–ื”].

ืœื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืžื•ื‘ื ื” ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืžื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ื‘ื—ืœืงื•, ื ื•ื‘ืข, ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ืœืงืจืืช ืžื™ืžื•ืฉ ืฉืœ ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช; ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉื›ื–ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื›ืœื•ืœ ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ื™ืขื“ื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช, ืžื“ื™ื“ืช ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื•ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืœืื•ืจืš ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืขืจื›ืช ืžืžื•ืกื“ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืžื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ื’ื ื ื•ื‘ืข ื”ื•ื ืกืชื™ืจื•ืช. ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”, ืžืฉืœื‘ื™ ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื—, ื“ืจืš ื”ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ื•ื›ืœื” ื‘ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ื•ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื•. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ, ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจื• ื”ืžืจื•ืื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืชืขืกื•ืงื” ืืฉืจ ืœื“ืขืชื, ืขื‘ืจื• ื”ืจื—ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœืœื ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ืช ื•ื”ืคืงืช

ืœืงื—ื™ื ืฉื™ื˜ืชื™ืช. ื”ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ืฉืจืื™ื™ื ื• ืฆื™ื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื:

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74 ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืกื•ืฆื™ื•-ืืงื•ื ื•ืžื™ืช ืืจื•ื›ืช ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ

ื•ืื™ืŸ ืืฃ ื’ื•ืฃ ืื• ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื”ืžื•ืคืงื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ืช ื”ื ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ื™ื“ืข ื•ืžื™ื“ืข ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”.ื”ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ืฉืจืื™ื™ื ื• ืฆื™ื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื:

ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื ื”ืœืœื•] [ื”ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉืคืข ื™ืฉ ื–ื” ืขื ื–ื”.

ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื‘ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืื™ื ื• ืขืงื‘ื™ ื•ืื™ื ื• ืฉื™ื˜ืชื™. ืœื ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืœืืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืคื ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ืžืฉื”ื•.

ืื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืžื™ื“ืข ืžืื•ืจื’ืŸ ืขื ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืฉืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื‘ื ืง, ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืขื ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ.

ืคืขืจ 6. ืงื•ืฉื™ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื•ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื”

ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืคื•ืชื— ืžืกืคืจ ื ื™ื›ืจ ืฉืœ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช, ื•ืื•ืœื ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžืŸ ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื”ืŸ ื ืชืงืœ ื‘ืงืฉื™ื™ื. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ื–ื•ืง

ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื•ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ื’ืœื™ืœ ื•ื‘ื ื’ื‘, ืฉื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืœืื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ืคืจื™ืคืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ.ื”ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ืฉืจืื™ื™ื ื• ืฆื™ื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื:

ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื’ื™ื‘ืฉื ื• ืชืฉืข ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืœืงื™ื“ื•ื ื”ืคืจื™ืคืจื™ื” ื•ืืฃ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืŸ ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ื™ื•ืฉืžื” ืžืฉื•ื [ืฉืืฃ ืื—ืช ืœื] ื˜ื™ืคืœื” ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช

ืฉื”ื™ื• ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืืคืฉืจ ืืช ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื”.

ื•ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื. ื”ื—ืจื“ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืœื˜ืคืœ ื™ืฉ ื›ื™ ื ื›ื•ื ื” ื–ื™ื”ื• ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืงื•ื‘ืขื™ ืœื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื™ืฉื•ื.

ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื–ื›ืจื• ื›ืœืœื• ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืจื•ืคืฃ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ืœืฉืœื‘ื™ ื‘ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช ืœืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ื™ื ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ื”ืชืงืฆื•ื‘, ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ื•ื”ืงืฉื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ื™ื ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืชื™ืื•ื ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืžืฉืจื“ื™ ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ืฉืœ

ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช. ื”ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ืฉืจืื™ื™ื ื• ืฆื™ื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื:

ื•ืœืงื™ื“ื•ื ืžื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช ืœืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืžืื•ืจื’ืŸ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉื•ื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ืื™ืŸ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช [ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื•ืช] ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื™ื™ืฉื•ื.

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ืคืขืจื™ื ืฉื–ื•ื”ื• ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ 73

ืคืขืจ 5. ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืœื ืžืกืคื™ืง ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ื•ืžื™ื“ืข

ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื—ืกืจื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืžื—ืงืจ ื•ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืœื™ื™ืฉื•ื ืฉืœ ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ ื•ื”ืืจื•ืš. ืื’ืฃ ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช โ€“ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืžื—ืงืจื™ืช ืื•ืจื™ื™ื ื˜ืฆื™ื” ื‘ืขืœื™ ืœื’ื•ืคื™ื ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื•ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ (ื˜ืจื ืžื™ื–ื•ื’ื• ื‘ืชื•ืš ืื’ืฃ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื™) ื•ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืœื›ืœื›ืœื” โ€“ ื™ืฉ ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื—ืœืฉ ืขื ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืžืžืฉืœื”. ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื’ื ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื’ื•ืคื™ ืžื—ืงืจ ื—ื•ืฅ-ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ืœืžืฉืœ ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœ ื‘ื ืง ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืฆื•ื•ืชื™ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ืขื•ืœื ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ื”. ื’ื ื–ืจื™ืžืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ืžื—ืงืจ ืื™ื ื” ืžืกืคืงืช. ื•ื›ืš, ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืžื™ื“ืข ื•ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ื ืžืžื•ืกื“ื™ื ืœืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืžื”ืฉื˜ื— (ืœืžืฉืœ, ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืžืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื•ืขืกืงื™ื) ืžืกื›ืœ ืชืฉื•ืžื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืขืฉื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช

ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช. ื”ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ืฉืจืื™ื™ื ื• ืฆื™ื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื:

ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื‘ืฉืœื™ื˜ืช ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช] [ืฉืœ ื‘ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืœื“ื•ืŸ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืฉื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื•ื›ืœื›ืœื ื™ื ื“ื™ืŸ

ืžืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืจื‘-ืชื—ื•ืžื™ืช.

ื‘ื ืง ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื•ื ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืžื—ืงืจื™ ื”ืจืฆื™ื ื™ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“. ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ืชื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช), ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ (ื›ืคื™ ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ื“ืขื•ืช ื•ื‘ืขืœื™ ืื™ื›ื•ืชื™ื™ื ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืฆืขื•ืช ืžืงื•ืจ ืœืฉืžืฉ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืื™ื ื ื”ื ืœื›ืŸ

ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื—ืงืจ.

ืžื‘ื™ืŸ 20 ื”ืžื ื›โ€œืœื™ื ืฉืคื’ืฉืชื™, ืจืง ืกืคื•ืจื™ื ืคืชื—ื• ื›ืœ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ืชื™ื™ื ืฉ[ื™ื•ื›ืœื•] ืœืฉืจืช ืืช ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื”.

ื‘ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ืชื•ืžืš ืžื—ืงืจ ืžื”ื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื [ื‘ืžืžืฉืœื”] ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช. ื”ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื ืื™ื ื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉื›ื–ื”.

ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืคืขืจ ื™ืฉ ื™ื“ืข, ื•ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื‘ื ืžืฆื ื™ืฉ ื›ืืฉืจ ืืคื™ืœื• ื•ื‘ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ื•ืงื•ื‘ืขื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ืขื–ืจ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืžื™ื“ืข ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ืกืก ืืช ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืฉื”ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื“ืข ื‘ืžืžืฉืœื” ืœื•ืงื” ื‘ื—ืกืจ

Page 171: Developing Long-Term Socioeconomic Strategy in Israel...iv Developing Long-Term Socioeconomic Strategy in Israel progressed, we determined that the true value of such an institutional

72 ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืกื•ืฆื™ื•-ืืงื•ื ื•ืžื™ืช ืืจื•ื›ืช ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ

ืคืขืจ 4. ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืจืžื” ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื‘ืขืœื™ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ

ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื—ืœ ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ืžืกื•ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืฅ ื”ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื.\ืื—ื“ ื•ืื™ื’ื•ื“ื™ ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื ื™ื ืื™ื’ื•ื“ื™ ืœืžืฉืœ ื›ืžื• ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ื™ื,

ืฉืจืื™ื™ื ื• ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื:

ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ [ื”ืชืืคื™ื™ื ื”] ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืขื ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ืคืขื•ืœื”. ืจืžืช ื”ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ืœืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ืืš ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™ ื”ื™ื

ื˜ื•ื‘ื”..

ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ืกื•ื“ ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืคืขืจื™ื ื™ืฉ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืืช, ืขื ื‘ื›ืœืœื•ืชื•, ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืคื™ื ื—ื•ืฅ-ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ื™ื ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉืœ ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื ืงื™ื˜ืช ืจืง ื•ืœื ื‘ื›ืœืœื•ืชื, ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ื›ืœืคื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื›ืœื›ืœื™. ื”ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ืฉืจืื™ื™ื ื• ืฆื™ื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื

ื”ื‘ืื™ื:ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื. ืงืฉืจื™ื ืขืœ ืžื•ื’ื–ืžืช ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ื”ืขืกืงื™ ื”ืžื’ื–ืจ ืฉืœ ื—ืœืงื• ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืœืงืจืืช ื”ืจืคื•ืจืžื” ื‘ื ืžืœื™ื ื”ืงื™ื ื”ืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ื™ื’ื•ื™ ื•ืจืง ื‘ืฉืœื‘ื™ื

ืžืื•ื—ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืงืฉืจื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื, ืื•ืชื” ื•ืขื“ื” ืฉื•ืœื‘ื” ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ.2ืœื ืžืชืงื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ ืขื ื”ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช. ื”ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื ืกื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื ืจืง ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืฉืืœื” ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœืื–ืŸ ืืช ื”ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ื•ืฉืืจ [ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช] ืžื•ืขื‘ืจืช ืืœ [ื”ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช]. ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ืฆื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœืชืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช

ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ืืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ื›ืกื•ื›ื ื™ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื.

ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช, ื‘ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ื•ืฉืงื™ืคื•ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื›ืจื’ืข, ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืื• ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื›ืš โ€“ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืขื•ื“ ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ื™ื ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ื ืื• ืคืœื˜ืคื•ืจืžื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื‘ื—ืกืจ. ืœื•ืงื™ื ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ื”ื ืœืžื•ืขื“ ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืืœื”. ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื”ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ืช ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืืช ื‘-2011 ื˜ืจื›ื˜ื ื‘ืจื’ ื•ืขื“ืช ืกื™ืคืงื” ืฉืœื ื•, ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” (ื•ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื”) ืฉืœ ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ื‘ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช

ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ โ€“ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜.

.l.ื”ืจืคื•ืจืžื” ื‘ื ืžืœื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืจืคื•ืจืžื” ืžื‘ื ื™ืช ืฉืชื›ืœื™ืชื” ืœื™ื™ืขืœ ืืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื ืžืœื™ ื”ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ 2

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ืคืขืจื™ื ืฉื–ื•ื”ื• ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ 71

ื”ืื•ืฆืจ, ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ืœืžืขื˜ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช] [ื™ื•ื–ืžื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ืฉ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ [ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ืžื’ื‘ืฉื™ื. ื‘ืืžืช [ื•ืœื] ื“ื‘ืจื™ื [ืขื•ืฆืจื™ื] ืจืง [ืฉืฉื] ืกื‘ื•ืจื™ื] ืฉื›ืืฉืจ [ืขื•ืฆืจื™ื] ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ื™ืช [ื–ื”] โ€™ืžืฆื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”โ€˜.

ืžืขื•ืจืจ ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื, ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช [ืฉ]ืžื›ื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืื—ื“ ืืฃ ืื™ืŸ ืจื”โ€œืž ืœืžืฉืจื“ ืฉืืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ื“ื•ืจืฉ ืžื”ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื™ืขืจ ื›ื•ืœื• ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืขืฆื™ื

ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื.

ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืชืขืกื•ืงื” ืขืœ ื™ืคื” ืžืกืžืš ื ื™ืกื—ื” ืœื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื”ื—ืจื“ื™ื ืืš ืœื ืชื™ืืžื” ืื•ืชื• ืขื ืžื ื›โ€œืœ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื”, ื”ืžืกื—ืจ ื•ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”. ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื—ืœื˜ืช ืžืžืฉืœื”, ื”ืžืกืžืš ื ื—ืช ืขืœ ืฉื•ืœื—ื ื• ื•ื—ื™ื›ื” ืฉืžืฉื”ื• ื™ืงืจื”. ืžืฉืจื“ ืฉืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื•ื ืงื‘ืœืŸ ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ, ืงืจื•ื‘

ืœื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉืœื ื™ืคืขืœ..1

ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžื” ืžื—ืœื™ื˜ ืžื™ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื•ืœื ืœืืชื™ื•ืคื™ื ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืคืข ื™ืฉ ื‘ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื›ื•ืœืœืช..

ืื—ื“ ื”ื›ืฉืœื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื™ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ืฆื•ืช ืžืฉืจื“ื™ ืžืžืฉืœื”, ืื™ืŸ ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ืœืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื•ื™ื™ืฉื•ื, ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ืฆืขื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื›ืžื• ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื, ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืื“-ื”ื•ืง. ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ื ื•ืขืจ ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ, ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ื ืื“-ื”ื•ืง ืฉื›ืืœื” ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืœืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช. ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื›ืžื• ื–ื”, ืชืคืงื•ื“ื ืฉืœ ืฆื•ื•ืชื™ ื”ืžื˜ื” ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ืฉืœ ืžืฉืจื“ ืจื”โ€œืž ื•ืฉืœ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ ื‘ื—ืœื•ืงืช ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ืช ื”ืชื™ืื•ื ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ-

ืžืฉืจื“ื™ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขืœ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžื›ืจืขืช ืœื”ืฆืœื—ืช ืืžืฆืขื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช. ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ื”ืคื•ื’ืข ืชื™ืื•ื ื‘ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ืœื”ื™ืชืงืœ ืฉื›ื™ื— ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื•ืื•ืœื

ืœื”ืฆืœื—ื”.

ืžืื– ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื ืช 2013, ืžืฉืจื“ ื–ื” ื™ื“ื•ืข ื‘ืฉื โ€ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื•ื”ืžืกื—ืจโ€œ.. 1

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70 ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืกื•ืฆื™ื•-ืืงื•ื ื•ืžื™ืช ืืจื•ื›ืช ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ

ืื›ืŸ ืงืฉื” ืœื—ื–ื•ืช ืžืจืืฉ ืื™-ืฉืงื˜ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืžืขืจื›ืช ื—ื™ื–ื•ื™ ืžืฉื•ื‘ื—ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื›ืฉืœ ื‘ื—ื™ื–ื•ื™ ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ ืงื™ืฅ 2011. ื•ืื•ืœื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื“ืžื•ื’ืจืคื™ื™ื ื”ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจ ืื™ื˜ื™ ืฉื ืงืœ ืœื—ื–ื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ื•ื ื•ืฉื ื›ืžื• ื”ื–ื“ืงื ื•ืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืจื•ืจ. ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช, ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืœืคืชื— ืฉื•ื ืžืขื ื” ื”ื–ื“ืงื ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืœ ืขืชื™ื“ื™ ืœืžืฉื‘ืจ ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืขืœื•ืœ ืฉื›ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ืœื. ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™

ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื”.ื”ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ืฉืจืื™ื™ื ื• ืฆื™ื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื:

ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื”ื–ื“ืงื ื•ืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ืžืฉืคื™ืขื” ืขืœ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ื›ืžื• ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช, ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืœืื•ืžื™, ืคืจื•ื“ื•ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื•ืขื•ื“. ืื™ืŸ ื›ื™ื•ื ืฉื•ื ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืฉื™ื˜ืชื™ ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื” ื–ื•.

ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื”, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืžืชืงื™ื™ื ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช, ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ืฉื•ืง ืฉืœ ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืฆืจื›ื™ื ืขื ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ื‘ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื•ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช

ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”. ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื›ื–ื”.

ืœืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ืช ืขืžื“ื” ื›ื™ื•ื ืื™ืŸ ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื ื—ื•ืฅ ืžืื•ื“ ืœื’ื‘ืฉ ืขืžื“ื” ืฉื›ื–ืืช.

ืคืขืจ 3. ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ืชื™ืื•ื ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืžืฉืจื“ื™ ื‘ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช

ืชื™ืื•ื ืžืื•ื“ ืžืขื˜ ื•ื™ืฉ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืฉืœื ืžืื—ืจ ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ื•ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”, ืจื”โ€œืž ืžืฆื“ ื•ื”ื ื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉื’ืจืชื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื™ื ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืจื•ืคืคื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืžืฉืจื“ื™ ืžื˜ืขื ืœืชื™ืื•ื ื‘ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืื™ื ื ืžืชืคืงื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื˜ื‘. ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื” ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื›ืคื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ืŸ ืงื•ืจื” ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ื•ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช. ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืœืกืชื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช. ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจืžืช ื•ื”ืŸ ื”ื›ื•ืœืœืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื”ืžืจื•ืื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื˜ืขื ื• ื›ื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืžืชืงืฉื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืชื™ืื•ืžื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื’ืขื™ื ืœืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ืœืžืฉืœ ื—ืจื“ื™ื, ืขืจื‘ื™ื ื•ืื–ืจื—ื™ื

ืžืžื•ืฆื ืืชื™ื•ืคื™. ื”ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ืฉืจืื™ื™ื ื• ืฆื™ื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื:

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ืคืขืจื™ื ืฉื–ื•ื”ื• ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ 69

ืคืขืจ 2. ืขืžื“ื” ืชื’ื•ื‘ืชื™ืช ื•ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ื’ื™ืฉื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ืœืืชื’ืจื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ื–ืžืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”

ืื™ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืื• ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘ ืžืกืคืงืช ืœื ืงื™ื˜ืช ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœืžืžืฉืœื” ื‘ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืืชื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื›ืœื›ืœื™. ื›ื™ื•ื, ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืขื•ืกืงืช ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื•ืื™ื ื” ืžืจื‘ื” ืœื™ื–ื•ื. ื”ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื

ืฉืจืื™ื™ื ื• ืฆื™ื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื:

ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืื™ื ื” ืžืฆื˜ื™ื™ื ืช ื‘ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ืืจื•ืš, ืืฉืจ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืกื™ืง ืžืžื ื• ืžื” ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช.

ืื ื™ ืจื•ืื” ื‘ืื’ืฃ ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉื•ืชืฃ ืœืขืฆื™ืจืช ืฉื˜ืฃ ื”ื”ืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืžืžืฉืจื“ื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”, ืืš ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ [ื”ืื’ืฃ] ืžื™ืœื ืืช

ื”ื•ื•ืืงื•ื ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืžืžืฉืœืชื™.

ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื’ื™ืฉื” ืชื’ื•ื‘ืชื™ืช ื‘โ€˜ื›ื™ื‘ื•ื™ ืœืขืกื•ืง ืžืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื™ื•ื–ืžืช. ืœื’ื™ืฉื”

ืฉืจื™ืคื•ืชโ€˜; ืฆืจื™ืš ืฉืœืคื—ื•ืช ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื™ื”ื™ื” ื™ื–ื•ื ื•ืžืชื•ื›ื ืŸ.

ื”ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื“ื™, ืžืขื ื” ื”ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช, ื“ื—ื•ืคื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืžื›ืš, ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืžื’ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืืช ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช. ืื™ืŸ ื›ืžืขื˜ ื”ื›ื ื” ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืืชื’ืจื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื, ืืฉืจ ื‘ื”ื™ื ืชืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ืงื“ื™ืžื”, ื—ื™ื–ื•ื™ ื•ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™, ื”ื™ื” ื’ื ืขืžื. ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ื›ื“ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงื•ื”ืจื ื˜ื™ื™ื ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืœืคืชื— ืืคืฉืจ

ืœืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืžื•ืฉื’ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ืช.ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืคื ื™ ืืœ ืฉืฆืคื• ื•ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื•ื›ืš, ื‘ื’ืœ ื”ืžื—ืื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ืงื™ืฅ 2011 ื ืคืœื• ืขืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื›ืจืขื ื‘ื™ื•ื ื‘ื”ื™ืจ, ื•ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืคื•ืชื—ื” ืœืื—ืจ ืžืขืฉื”, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืฉืœ ืจืื™ื™ืช ื”ื ื•ืœื“ ื”ื™ื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœื ืกื— ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ืžืชื ื• ืžืจืืฉ ืืช ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืื”. ื™ืฉ ื’ื™ื‘ืฉื” ืื›ืŸ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืฉื”ื•ืงืžื” ืื“-ื”ื•ืง ืฉื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ื‘ื›ืš ื›ืœืœื™ืช ื”ื›ืจื” ืžืขื ื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™, ื•ืื•ืœื ืฆื™ืจ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืงืฆืจ ืžื ืข ืžืžื ื” ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื™ืกื•ื“ื™. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืœื

ื”ื™ื” ืœื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืฉื•ื ืืžืฆืขื™ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ื›ื™ ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืชื™ื” ื™ื™ื•ืฉืžื•.

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68 ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืกื•ืฆื™ื•-ืืงื•ื ื•ืžื™ืช ืืจื•ื›ืช ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ

ืคืขืจ 1. ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืฆื“ ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช

ืœื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื“ื‘ืจ, ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ืกื•ืคื• ื‘ื›ืš ืจื—ื‘ื” ื”ื›ืจื” ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื”ืชืฉืชื™ืช ืืช ืœื—ื–ืง ื™ืฉ ื•ืื•ืœื ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช. ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ืช ืœื”ื ื—ืœืช ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื” ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช. ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื ืžืฆื ืฉื’ืจื•ืช ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ื•ืช ืœื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืœื ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืžืžืฉืœื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช. ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื ื” ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืœืกืคืง. ืขืฉื•ื™ ื”ื™ื” ื”ื›ื ื” ืฉืฆื•ื•ืช ืžื”ืกื•ื’ ืงื•ื ื˜ืงืกื˜ื•ืืœื™ื™ื ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืฆื“ื™ืงื•ืช ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ื‘ืžืžืฉืœื”.

ื”ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ืฉืจืื™ื™ื ื• ืฆื™ื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื:

ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช [ืงื‘ืœืช ื ื‘ื—ืจืช. ืžืžืฉืœื” ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช . . . ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•] ื–ื” ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” [ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”].

ื›ืœ ื”ืฉืืจ. ื•ื›ืœ ื ื›ื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ืชื•ืช, โ€“ ืจื”โ€œืž ืืœ ืžื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืขื™ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืžืขื˜ ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืžื•ืคื ื•ืช ืืœื™ื•.

ื•ืขื“ืช ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืขืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืขืœ ืžื•ืคืงื“ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื•ืช ื›ื™ื•ื, ืœโ€˜ืจื™ืฉื•ื ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื”ื›ื ืช [ืฉืœื”] ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื•ืื•ืœื ื”ืฉืจื™ื ืขืœ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืžืžืœืืช ืœื ื•[ื”ื™ื] ื”ืžื ื”ืœืชื™ืช ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ืขืจื•ืชโ€˜

ืชื•ื›ืŸ.

ืจื•ื‘ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” [ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช] ืœืœื ืžื™ื“ืข ืžืœื. ื”ืื ื‘ืืžืช ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืžืฉืœื” ืœืœื ื—ืœื•ืคื•ืช? ืขืœ ืžื” ื™ืฉ ืœื“ื•ืŸ?

ืžืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืืœื”, ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉืžืงื•ืจืช ื•ื”ืฆื“ืงื•ืช ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ื•ืช, ื‘ื”ื›ื ื•ืช ื ื˜ื•ืขื•ืช ืื™ื ืŸ ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ื—ืœืงื™ ืžื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืŸ ืฉื‘ืจื•ืจ ืžืฉื•ื ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ ื–ื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืคืขืจ ื‘ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช. ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืžืŸ ื•ื”ืŸ ื˜ืจื›ื˜ื ื‘ืจื’) ื•ืขื“ืช ื•ื‘ื“ื•ื— ืฉืžื™ื“ ื‘ื“ื•ื— (ื›ืžืคื•ืจื˜ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืžืฆืขื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืืช ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ื›ื“ื™ ื›ื™ ,(4 ื‘ืคืจืง (ืฉื ื“ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ื“ืจื•ืฉื” ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื•ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘ ืžืฆื“ ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช.

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ืคืจืง 5.

ืคืขืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ

ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื” ืคื•ื’ืขื™ื ืืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืคืขืจื™ื ืืช ื ื‘ื—ืŸ ื›ืขืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืœื ืงื•ื˜ ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ื•ืœืคืชื— ืžืขื ื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ ืœื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช. ืื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ืกื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ืจืื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืขื ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ืฉืงื™ื™ืžื” ื—ื‘ืจืช ืฉืœื“ื•ืจ ื™ื™ืขื•ืฅ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™, ื›ืžืคื•ืจื˜ ื‘ืคืจืง 3. ื”ืคืขืจื™ื ืฉื–ื™ื”ื• ืื•ืชื ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื’ืขื•ืช ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื”, ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื ืงื•ื˜ ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช, ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืฉืœ ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ื™ื“ื™ ืขืœ ืฉื ืงื‘ืขื” ื›ืคื™ ื”ืœืœื•, ื”ืคืขืจื™ื ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ื‘ื™ื™ืฉื•ื. ื•ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื, ืื™ื ื” ืงื•ื‘ืขืช ืžื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช. ื•ืื•ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ื”

ืชืฉื•ืžื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•, ื”ืžืคื•ืจื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืคืจืง 6.ื”ืžืจื•ืื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื”ืฆื‘ื™ืขื• ืขืœ ืฉื‘ืขื” ืคืขืจื™ื:

ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืฆื“ ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช. 1ืขืžื“ื” ืชื’ื•ื‘ืชื™ืช ื•ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ื’ื™ืฉื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ืœืืชื’ืจื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ื–ืžืช . 2

ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ืชื™ืื•ื ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืžืฉืจื“ื™ ื‘ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช. 3ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื. 4ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืœื ืžืกืคื™ืง ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ื•ืžื™ื“ืข. 5ืงื•ืฉื™ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื•ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื”. 6ืจืžื” ืœื ืžืกืคืงืช ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื“ื” ื•ื”ืขืจื›ื”.. 7

ื”ืจืื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืงื™ื™ืžื ื• ืขื ืคืงื™ื“ื™ ืžืžืฉืœ ื—ืฉืคื• ื’ื ื—ื•ืกืจ ื•ื“ืื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื. ื•ื™ืขื“ื™ื ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืœืžืžืฉืœื” ื™ืฉ ืื›ืŸ ืื ื‘ืฉืืœื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืคืขืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ ื–ื” (ื•ืื—ืจื™ื) ื’ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช. ื ื“ื•ืŸ ื›ืขืช ื‘ืคืขืจื™ื ืืœื” ื‘ื™ืชืจ ืคื™ืจื•ื˜, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืืžื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืจื•ืื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข

ืœืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืคืขืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื•.

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ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืกื•ืฆื™ื•ืืงื•ื ื•ืžื™ืช 65

ื•ื”ืžืžืฆืื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืคืขืจื™ื, ื”ื ื“ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืคืจืง ื”ื‘ื. ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืœืจืฉื•ืช ืœืžืžืฉ ืžืฆื™ืขื™ื ืฉืื ื• ื”ืžืคื•ืจื˜ ื”ืžื•ืกื“ื™ ื”ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžืฆื™ื’ ,6 ื‘ืคืจืง ื”ืงื•ืจื

ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ.

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64 ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืกื•ืฆื™ื•-ืืงื•ื ื•ืžื™ืช ืืจื•ื›ืช ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ

ืžืงืจื™ ื”ืžื‘ื—ืŸ โ€“ ืžืกืงื ื•ืช

ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืžื™ืžื•ืฉ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ืžืœืžื“ื™ื ื”ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ืžืงืจื™ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื ื™ืชืŸ ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช. ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื•ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ื•ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืžื›ืš ื›ื™ ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืฉืœ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื•ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื™ื™ืฉื ืื•ืชื” ื™ืคื™ืงื•

ืชื•ืขืœืช ืžื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื:

ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืฆื“ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”. 1ื”ืงืžืช ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืฉืชืงื•ืฉืจ ืขื ืžืฉืจื“ ืจื”โ€œืž. 2ืื• . 3 ื‘ื—ืงื™ืงื” ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื•ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืœืคื—ื•ืช) (ื—ืœืงื™ ืขื™ื’ื•ืŸ

ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืžืžืฉืœื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ ืœืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื•ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฆืจื™ื›ืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื”

ื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืœืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื. 4ื•ืชืฉื•ืžื•ืช . 5 ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืœืชื•ืฆืจื™ ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ืฉืœ ืงื™ืฉื•ืจ

ืžื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื—ื•ืฅ ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ื™ืืฉืœ . 6 ื”ืงื“ื ืฆื™ื” ืชืงื•ืคืช ืขื ืฉืชืงื•ืฉืจ ืœืžืžืฉืœื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ

ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืชืคื™ืชื•ื— ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ืืจื•ืš ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื•ื˜ืฃ ืืชื’ืจื™ื . 7

ื‘ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื‘ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืชืžื ื›โ€œืœ . 8 ื‘ื”ื•ื‘ืœืช ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื, ืžื ื›โ€œืœื™ ืฉืœ ื•ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืชื™ืื•ื

ืžืฉืจื“ ืจื”โ€œืžืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื›ืœื™ ืื ืœื™ื–ื” ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ื™ื ื•ืžื—ืงืจ ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืฉืœ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช. 9

ืคืจืกื•ื ืฉืœ ืžืกืžื›ื™ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื•ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ืขื–ืจ. 10ืงื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ื“ื•ืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืฉืœ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื›ื ืช ื”ืชืงืฆื™ื‘... 11

ื›ืœ ืืœื” ื”ืŸ ืชื•ื‘ื ื•ืช ื›ืœืœื™ื•ืช, ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ื ื•ืชื ื•ืช ืžืขื ื” ืขืœ ื”ืฉืืœื” ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื™ื™ืฉืžืŸ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืื ื• ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืœื ื•ืฉื ื–ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื›ืœื•ืœ ื‘ืคืจืง ื–ื”;

ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ (ื”ืžืคื•ืจื˜ ื‘ืคืจืง 3);

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ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืกื•ืฆื™ื•ืืงื•ื ื•ืžื™ืช 63

ื”ื™ื ืฉืืฃ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™, ื”ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื›ื•ืฉืจ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื ืฉื™ืื•ืชื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” .โ€˜2040ืคื•ืขืœืช ืชื—ืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืœื™, ืคืจืกืžื” ื“ื•ื—ื•ืช ื ื•ืฉืื™ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื“ื•ื— ืฉืขืกืง ื‘ืืžืฆืขื™ื ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ืจื’ื•ืœืฆื™ื” ืœื”ืงืœืช ื•ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืœืงื™ื“ื•ื ื”ืžืฉืจื“ ื’ื ื ืฉื™ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช, ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ืžืœื‘ื“ ื”ืขืกืงื™ืช. ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืืช ืœืฉืคืจ ืœืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื•ื›ืกืคื™ื ืžืคืจืกื ืžืกื’ืจื•ืช ืคื™ืกืงืœื™ื•ืช ื—ืžืฉ-ืฉื ืชื™ื•ืช (โ€™ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืœื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืคื™ืกืงืœื™โ€˜) ื•ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื—ืžืฉ-ืฉื ืชื™ื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ืฉื ืชื™ ื•ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื ืชื™ืช. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื” ืžืคื™ืง ื”ืงื‘ื™ื ื˜ ืžืกืžืš ืžืชื•ืงืฃ ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ื ื• ืฉื ืชื™ ื”ื—ืฆื™ ื”ืžืกืžืš ื›ื™ ืืฃ ืฉื ืชื™. ื—ืฆื™ ื•ืชืงืฆื•ื‘ ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืง, ืื—ื“ ื”ืžืจื•ืื™ื™ื ื™ื ืกื™ืคืจ ืœื ื• ื›ื™ ื–ื”ื• ื”ืžืกืžืš ื”ืžืงื‘ืœ ืืช ืชืฉื•ืžืช ื”ืœื‘

ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.

ืงืฉืจื™ื ืœืชืงืฆื™ื‘ื‘ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื“ืงื ื• ื›ืžืงืจื” ืžื‘ื—ืŸ, ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืจืื™ื™ื ื• ื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉื• ื›ื™ ืขื ื”ื“ื•ืง ืงื™ืฉื•ืจ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื™ืฉ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื”, ืฉืœ ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืœื™ื™ืฉื•ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ื”ืกื›ืžื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™, ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืชืงืฆื™ื‘. ื”ืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ื‘ื“ื ืžืจืง ื”ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืคื™ืกืงืœื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืžืกื’ืจื•ืช ื”ื•ืœื ื“

ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืคื•ืจื˜ื•ืช ื•ื”ืŸ ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืคื™ืกืงืœื™ื™ื ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœืื•ืชืŸ ื”ืฆืขื•ืช.ืืžื•ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช, ื‘ืงื•ืœื•ืžื‘ื™ื” ืœืฉืงืฃ ืืช ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื”ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”. ื”ืžืจื•ืื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืฆื™ื™ื ื• ื›ื™ ืœืชืจื’ื ื ื”ื•ื’ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืœืช-ืฉื ืชื™ืช ื”ืคื™ืกืงืœื™ืช ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื ื™ืกื•ื— ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืืจื•ื›ืช ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืœืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืงืฆืจ. ื”ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืชืงืฆื•ื‘ ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœืžืฉืจื“ื™ื ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ื’ื ืœืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื

ืžื”ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™.ื‘ืงื•ืจื™ืื”, ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื•ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ืฉืœื•ื‘ื™ื ื–ื” ื‘ื–ื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ืื•ืชื• ืžืฉืจื“, ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื•ื”ืื•ืฆืจ. ื”ืžืฉืจื“ ืžื’ื‘ืฉ ื”ืŸ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื—ืžืฉ-ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื—ืžืฉ-ืฉื ืชื™ืช. ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื•ื”ืŸ ืฉื ืชื™ืช ืกื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ืกื“ื ืื•ืช ืกืงื˜ื•ืจื™ืืœื™ื•ืช ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืงื™ืฅ ื•ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืื‘ื™ื‘, ื‘ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื”ืฉืœืžืช ืขื ื”ืคืจื˜ื™. ืžื”ืžื’ื–ืจ ื•ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ืžื”ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื ืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื, ืžืคืจืกื ื”ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื ื—ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื›ื ืช ื”ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ื”ืฉื ืชื™ ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืชื•ืš ื”ืงืฆืื” ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืžืœืžืขืœื”-ืœืžื˜ื” ื•ืœืื—ืจื™ื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”

ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืขืœ ืคืจื˜ื™ ื”ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ืขื ื›ืœ ืžืฉืจื“ ืื—ืจืื™ ื‘ื ืคืจื“.

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62 ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืกื•ืฆื™ื•-ืืงื•ื ื•ืžื™ืช ืืจื•ื›ืช ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ

ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื, ืœืฆื“ ืžืกืžืš ืขื•ืงื‘ ื”ืžืคืจื˜ ื”ืกื›ืžื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืฉื’ื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืคืœื’ื•ืช.

ื‘ืคื™ื ืœื ื“, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืฆื•ื™ืŸ ืœืขื™ืœ, ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืžื ืกื—ืช ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ืช ื•ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืœื™ื™ืฉื•ื ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ืช. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื™ื ืžืคื™ืงื” ืคืขื ืื—ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืชืงื•ืคืช ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื“ื•ื— ืชื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืขืฉืจ ืขื“ ืขืฉืจื™ื ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช, ืื ื›ื™ ืœื ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื”. ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”, ืฉื›ื”ื•ื ืชื” ื”ื—ืœื” ื‘-2011, ืžื™ื ืชื” ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื” ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืฉืจื™ื ื•ื”ื˜ื™ืœื” ืขืœื™ื” ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ื“ื•ื— ืชื—ื–ื™ืช ืฉื™ื•ื ื— ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืคืจืœืžื ื˜ ื‘-2013. ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื—ื™ื–ื•ื™ ื”ื•ืฉืง ืจืฉืžื™ืช ื‘-20 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2012 ื•ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ืฉื ืงื‘ืขื” ืœื• ื”ื™ื ื“ื™ื•ื•ื— ืขืœ ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื‘ืช ืงื™ื™ืžื” ื“ื•ื—ื•ืช .(2011c, 2012 ืคื™ื ืœื ื“, ืฉืœ ืจื”โ€œืž (ืžืฉืจื“ ื‘ืคื™ื ืœื ื“ ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื•ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืืงืœื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ ื”ืืจื•ืš ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืขืกืงื• ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื ืชื—ื–ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืจื”โ€œืž (ืžืฉืจื“ ื“ืžื•ื’ืจืคื™ื™ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ,(2009 ืคื™ื ืœื ื“, ืฉืœ ืจื”โ€œืž (ืžืฉืจื“

ืคื™ื ืœื ื“,2004) ื•ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืื–ื•ืจื™ (2001).ื”ืืจื•ืš. ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืžืกืžื›ื™ ืคืจืกืžื• ื”ื ืฉื™ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ื‘ืงื•ืจื™ืื”, ื”ืคื™ืงื” ืจื•ื”, ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืชื—ืช ืฉื›ื™ื”ื ื” ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืœืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื ืฉื™ืื•ืชื™ืช ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืงื•ืจื™ืื” ืฉืœ ืฉืื™ืคืชื” ื•ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื”; ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืงื•ืจื™ืื”: ืฉืœ โ€™ืขืชื™ื“ื” ื”ื“ื•ื— ืืช ืœืงืจืืช ื‘-2008, ืคื•ืจืกื ื–ื” ื“ื•ื— ืขื“ 2030โ€˜. ืžืชืงื“ืžืช ืœืžืขืฆืžื” ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืกื•ืฃ ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืจื•ื”. ืžื”ืจืื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืขื•ืœื” ื›ื™ ื”ืฉืคืขืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื•ื— ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ืœื›ืš, ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืžื•ืขื˜ื”. ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืงื•ื ืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื ืฉื™ืื•ืชื™ืช ืœืขืชื™ื“ื ื•ืช ื•ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืชื—ืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืœื™ ื”ืคื™ืงื” ืืช ื”ื“ื•ื— โ€™ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืœืขืชื™ื“,

ืื™ื•ืจ 4.2ืคืจืกื•ืžื™ื ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื™ื

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Page 181: Developing Long-Term Socioeconomic Strategy in Israel...iv Developing Long-Term Socioeconomic Strategy in Israel progressed, we determined that the true value of such an institutional

ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืกื•ืฆื™ื•ืืงื•ื ื•ืžื™ืช 61

ื’ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ื“ืงื ื• ื›ืžืงืจื™ ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื ื”ื•ื’ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื (ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ืขืฆื™ื ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ื•ืช. ื•ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืžืืงืจื•- ื‘ืžื•ื“ืœ ื ืขื–ืจื” ื”ื ืฉื™ื) ืœืฉื›ืช ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืคื•ืขืœืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื™ื™ืขื•ืฅ .(Mankiw, 2006) ืืงื•ื ื•ืžื˜ืจื™ ืฉื ื•ื”ืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื‘ืจื” ืคืจื˜ื™ืช ืœื™ื™ืขื•ืฅ ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ืœืขืชื™ื“ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืžืจื›ื– ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ืœืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืจื“ ื‘ืกื™ื ื’ืคื•ืจ, ืžื•ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช, ืœื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื•ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ื•ืžืงื“ืžื™ื ืžืคืชื—ื™ื ืžื“ื•ืจื’, ืกื™ื‘ืชื™ ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื, ืžืฉื•ืœืฉ ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื, ื’ืœื’ืœ ,Cynefin

ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ื•โ€˜ื—ื™ื–ื•ื™ ืœืื—ื•ืจโ€˜.

ื™ื™ืฉื•ื’ (ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืืœ) ื•ืชืคื•ืงื•ืชื‘ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื“ืงื ื• ื›ืžืงืจื™ ืžื‘ื—ืŸ, ื ืชืงืœื ื• ื‘ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ืช ื•ื‘ืœืชื™ ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ืช ื›ืื—ืช ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื. ื›ืคื™ ืฉืฆื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ ืขืœ ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืœืขื™ืœ, ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืงื•ืจื™ืื” ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืฉืœ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ื•ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช. ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืžืจื•ืื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืงื•ืจื™ืื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ืžื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•, ื ืฆื™ื’ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืกื“ ืฉื›ื–ื” ืžืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืจืžื•ืช ืขื ืขืœื™ื™ืชื• ื”ื ืฉื™ื. ืœืžืฉืจื“ ื•ืขื“ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื ืžื”ื“ืจื’ื™ื ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื‘ื›ืชื‘ ื•ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืขื“ื•ืช ืœื”ื–ืžื™ืŸ ื ื•ื”ื’ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืกื™ื ื’ืคื•ืจ ื‘ื“ื ืžืจืง ืื“-ื”ื•ืง ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ืฉืœื”, ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื‘ืขืช ืืคื™ืœื• ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื. ืžืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ื”ืชื™ื™ืขืฆื” ืกื™ื ื’ืคื•ืจ ืขื ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช. ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉื›ื–ืืช ืžืฆื“ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ

ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื•ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืกื™ื™ืข.ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ื™ื ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืžืกืžื›ื™ ืฉืœ ื‘ืคืจืกื•ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื•ืช ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ื›ื›ืœื™ ืœื’ื™ื•ืก ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ืœืชื™ืื•ื ืคื ื™ื ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ ื•ืœืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ืชืขื“ื•ืฃ (ืื™ื•ืจ 4.2). ื‘ืงื•ืœื•ืžื‘ื™ื” ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช, ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืžื ืกื—ืช ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ืœืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ื. ืื—ื“ ื•ื›ืœ ืชืœืช-ืฉื ืชื™ืช ืคื™ืกืงืœื™ืช ื•ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ืžื›ื™ืŸ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืœืœื• ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืชืœืช-ืฉื ืชื™ืช. ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืฉื ื” ืžื“ื™ ืžื›ื™ืŸ ืžื”ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื ืžืคื™ืง ืžื”ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื ืื—ื“ ื›ืœ ื”ืชืงืฆื™ื‘. ืคืจืกื•ื ืขื ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืžืชืคืจืกืžื•ืช

ืžื“ื™ ืฉื ื” ื’ื ื“ื•ื— ืขืœ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”.ื•ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช. ืชืคื•ืงื•ืช ืžืชืคืจืกืžื•ืช ื‘ื“ื ืžืจืง ื“ื•ื—ื•ืช ื’ื ืœืคืจืกื ื ื”ื•ื’ ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ื“ื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ ืืช ืžืคืจืกืžื•ืช ืื“-ื”ื•ืง ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื. ื™ื“ื™ ืขืœ ืฉื”ื•ื’ืฉื• ื”ื ื™ื™ืจื•ืช ืืช ื’ื ื›ืžื• ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื, ืžืคืจืกืžืช ืืช ื“ื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื” ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื” ื•ืื™ืœื• ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ืช, ื’ื ื”ื™ื ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช โ€™ื”ื—ื›ืžื™ืโ€˜ ื•ื‘ืชืžื™ื›ืช ืื•ืชื” ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืจืชืช ืืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช, ืžืคืจืกืžืช ื“ื•ื— ืฉื ืชื™; ื”ืžืฉืจื“ ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื•ืคื ื™ื ืžืคืจืกื ื“ื•ื— ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื”. ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืขืฆืžื” ืžืคืจืกืžืช ืืช ื”ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืคื™ืกืงืœื™ืช

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60 ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืกื•ืฆื™ื•-ืืงื•ื ื•ืžื™ืช ืืจื•ื›ืช ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ

ื›ืœื™ื ื•ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ืื ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ืื‘ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื ืขื–ืจืช ืจืง ืœื ืืฉืจ ืœืžืžืฉืœื” ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื”ื™ื ื“ื ืžืจืง ืžืžืฉืœืช ื•ืžืฉืชืžืฉืช ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืจืื•ื™ื™ื ืื ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ื“ื•ื—ื•ืช ืžื™ื™ืฆืจืช ืืฃ ืืœื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื, ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชืŸ ืืช ืฆื™ื™ื ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ื™ื. ืคื ื™ื ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ื™ื ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืขืฆืžืื™ืช (ืื ื›ื™ ื‘ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”) ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื•ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ืื“-ื”ื•ืง. ื”ืžืฉืจื“ ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื•ืคื ื™ื ืžืคืจืกื ื“ื•ื— ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื“ื•-ืฉื ืชื™ ื‘ืžื•ืขื“ ื›ื™ ืขื•ืœื” ืฉืงื™ื™ืžื ื• ืžื”ืจืื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช. ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื“ื•ื—ื•ืช ืœืคืจืกื•ื ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ืื™ื›ื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื ืขืœ ืฉื ื™ ื”ื“ื•ื—ื•ืช ื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืœืชืฉื•ืžื•ืช

ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช.ืฉืœ ื”ืŸ ื‘ืื™ืจื•ื— ื•ืคื ื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื” ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ืžืฉืจื“ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื“ืœื” ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ื•ื”ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืžื—ืงืจ, ืžืขื™ื“ื” ืขืœ ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ื’ื“ืœ ื•ื”ื•ืœืš ืฉืžืฉืจื“ ื›ื ื™ืกืชื” ืžืื– ื‘ื“ื ืžืจืง ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ืžืžืœื ื–ื” ืงื ื™ื™ื ื™ ืžื•ื“ืœ ืžืืจื— ื”ืžืฉืจื“ ื‘-2011. ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืฉืœ ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ื” ื”ืคื•ืขืœืช ื”ื“ื ื™ืชโ€˜ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช โ€™ื”ืžื—ืœืงื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื ื•ื”ืœ ื”ื—ื•ืงโ€˜ โ€™ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืžื•ื“ืœ ืชืืจื™ืš). ืœืœื ื“ื ืžืจืง, ืฉืœ ื•ืคื ื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื” ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ (ื”ืžืฉืจื“ ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืœ ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ืœืžื™ืงืจื•-ืกื™ืžื•ืœืฆื™ื” ื”ื›ื•ืœืœืช ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืžืงื™ืคื™ื ืขืœ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื“ื ืžืจืง. ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืžืฉ ืœืกื™ืžื•ืœืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื”ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ืœืžืฉืœ ืžื™ืกื•ื™, ืคื ืกื™ื•ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื•ืช, ื“ื™ื•ืจ ืžืกื•ื‘ืกื“, ื”ื˜ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืžืขื•ื ื•ืช ื™ื•ื (ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ ืฉืœ ื“ื ืžืจืง, 2003; ื”ืžืฉืจื“ ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื•ืคื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ื ืžืจืง, 2000). ื›ืœื™ ืžื™ื“ื•ืœ ืคื ื™ื ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื•ื ืžืืงืจื•- ืœืžื™ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉืคื•ืชื— ,(ADAM) ื”ืžืฆืจืคื™ ื”ื“ื ื™ ื”ืฉื ืชื™ ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื•ืžื ื•ื”ืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ Statistics Denmark. ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœื™ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื’ื ื›ื™ ืื ื•ืคื ื™ื, ื›ืœื›ืœื” ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื•ื”ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื ื–ื”

ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื ืขื–ืจื•ืช ื‘ื• (Statistics Denmark, ืœืœื ืชืืจื™ืš).

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ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืกื•ืฆื™ื•ืืงื•ื ื•ืžื™ืช 59

ืืช ืฉืชื ื—ื” ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืœืชื™ืื•ื ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ืžื›ื•ื ื ืช ืคื™ื ืœื ื“ ืžื ืกื—ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืœืขื™ืœ, ืฆื•ื™ืŸ ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื›ืคื™ ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื”. ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืฉื ื›ื ืกื” ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื”. ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ื•ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ืช ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช. ืขื“ื™ืคื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื”ื’ื“ื™ืจื” ื‘-2011 ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื, ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ืžื’ื“ื™ืจื” ืืช ื”ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืžืชืื, ืืช ื”ืขื“ื™ืคื•ืช ืœื™ื™ืฉื•ื ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื”ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื. ื”ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื ื•ืืช ื”ืื—ืจืื™ื ื”ืฉืจื™ื ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ืฉืœ โ€™ืฆืžืฆื•ื ื”ืขื•ื ื™, ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื”ื“ืจื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืชโ€˜, ื”ืžืฉืจื“ ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืžื•ื ื” ืœืฉืžืฉ ื›ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืžืชืื ื•ืื™ืœื• ื”ืฉืจ ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื• ื”ืื—ืจืื™ื. ื›ืฉืจื™ื ื”ื•ื’ื“ืจื• ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื•ืฉืจ ืžืฉืจื“ ืขื“ื™ืคื•ืช ืœืžื™ืžื•ืฉ ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ื˜ืœื” ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ืื ืฉื™ ืจืฉืช ื”ื•ืงืžื” ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื ื•ืกืคื™ื. ืฉืจื™ื ืขืœ ื’ื ื–ืืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ื”ืจืฉืช ื•ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช; ื—ื‘ืจื” ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ืžืฉืจื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืข ื”ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ื›ืœืœื” ืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ืžืžืฉืจื“ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื•ืืฃ ื ืฆื™ื’ื™ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ (ืžืฉืจื“ ืจื”โ€œืž ืฉืœ ืคื™ื ืœื ื“,

.(2011aืกื™ื ื’ืคื•ืจ ื”ื™ื ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืœืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ื›ื™ืจื™ื ื•ืœื ืจืง ืžืฉืจื“ ืจื”โ€œืž ืื• ื”ืฉืจื™ื, ืžืงื“ืžื™ื ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ื™ืฉื•ื. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืงื‘ื™ื ื˜, ื”ืžื’ื“ื™ืจ ื™ืขื“ื™ื ื ื™ืฆื‘ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช, ืœืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื‘ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื โ€“ ื”ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื, ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ืงื•ื‘ืขืช ,(COPS) ื”ืงื‘ื•ืขื™ื ื”ืกืžื ื›โ€œืœื™ื ื•ืขื“ืช ื–ื” ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™. ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงื‘ื™ื ื˜ ื›ืžืขื™ืŸ ื•ืžืชืคืงื“ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืืช ืžืชืื ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืจืืฉ ื‘ืฉื ื”. ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžืกืคืจ ืžืงื™ื™ื ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ืกืžื ื›โ€œืœื™ื ื•ืื™ืœื• ื”ืžืจื›ื– ืœืขืชื™ื“ื ื•ืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ืžืžืœื ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืขืฆื‘ื™ื ื›ืฆื•ืžืช ื•ืžืชืคืงื“ ื”ืœืœื• ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ืขื•ื“ ื”ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืชื™ืื•ื ืืœื” ืžืชื•ืš ืื—ืจืช ืชื™ืื•ื ื•ืขื“ืช ื›ืœ (ืื• ื”ืกืžื ื›โ€œืœื™ื ื•ืขื“ืช ื™ื•โ€œืจ ืžืจื›ื–ื™. ื”ืคื•ืขืœื•ืช) ื”ื•ื ืฉืžื›ืจื™ื– ืขืœ ืคืชื™ื—ืช ื›ืœ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”. ืื ื™ืฉ ืกื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” (ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”) ืœื”ืงื™ื ื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ืืจื•ืš, ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืœื‘ ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื” ืœื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ื ื“ืจืฉื™ื ืชืช-ื•ืขื“ื” ืฉืชืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื•ื˜ืฃ, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ืกืžื ื›โ€œืœื™ื ื™ื—ื–ืจื• ืœืชืคืงื“

ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื”ื.ื ืชื•ืŸ ืœืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ ื”ืชื™ืื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ืื—ืจ, ืžื•ื“ืœ ืžืฆื™ืขื” ื–ื™ืœื ื“ ื ื™ื• ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ื‘ืจืžืช ืงื‘ืข ื”ืกื“ืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžืชื‘ืฆืข ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืฉื”ื•ื ื•ื”ืžื ื›โ€œืœ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื’ื–ืจื™ื ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื•ืคืงื“ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ืœื ื•ืฉื ื”ืžื ื›โ€œืœื™ื ืคื•ืจื•ื ื‘ืจืืฉ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ื‘ืžืฉืจื“, ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื‘ื›ื™ืจ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™. ื‘ืคื•ืจื•ื ื–ื” ืžื›ื”ื ื™ื ืžืกืคืจ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืงื‘ื•ืขื™ื ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื–ืžื™ืŸ ืžื“ื™ ืคืขื ืžื ื›โ€œืœ ื–ื” ืื• ืื—ืจ ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืฆื•ืจืš. ืœืฆื“ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืคื•ืจื•ื ืคื•ืขืœืช ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ืกืžื ื›โ€œืœื™ื. ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ืœืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืจื•ื ื–ื” ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืžื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืชืžืงื“ืช ื”ืžืฉืจื“, ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ืœืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื”

ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืขื“ ืฉืฉ ืฉื ื™ื.

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58 ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืกื•ืฆื™ื•-ืืงื•ื ื•ืžื™ืช ืืจื•ื›ืช ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ

ืœืขืชื™ื, ื”ืžื•ืกื“ ื”ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืืจื•ื›ืช ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืื™ื ื• ืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ ืคื•ืจืžืœื™. ื–ื”ื• ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืžื•ืขืฆื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื•ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืœื ื“. ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื”, ืฉื”ื•ืงืžื” ื‘-1950 ื•ื›ื•ืœืœืช ื ืฆื™ื’ื™ ืžืขืกื™ืงื™ื ื•ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื, ืื ืฉื™ ืืงื“ืžื™ื” ื•ื ืฆื™ื’ื™ ืœืฉื›ืช ื”ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ื•ื”ื‘ื ืง ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™, ืžืžื•ืžื ืช ืžื”ื™ื˜ืœื™ ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืขืœ ืขืกืงื™ื. ืœืžื•ืขืฆื” ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื•ืช ืžืฉืœื”, ื”ื›ื•ืœืœืช 120 ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื. ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื•ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื, ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ืžืคื™ืงื” ื“ื•ื—ื•ืช ืžื™ื™ืขืฆื™ื ืขืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื–ื• ื‘ื“ืจืš ื‘ื™ื•ื–ืžืชื”. ื•ืืฃ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืคืจืœืžื ื˜, ืœื‘ืงืฉืช ื•ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื“ื•ื— ืชืคื™ืง ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื‘ืกื™ื ื’ืคื•ืจ. ื”ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืžืžืฉ ื—ืœื•ืคื™ืช, ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืงื™ืจ; ืžืงื™ืจ ื’ื™ื‘ื•ื™ ื™ืงื‘ืœื• ื‘ื• ื”ื›ืœื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืขืฆื•ืช ืœื“ืขืชื” ืื ืžื™ื•ื–ืžืชื” ืžื™ื™ืขืฅ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ื“ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืœื ืžื•ื–ืžื ื™ื ืžื”ืกื•ื’ ื”ื–ื” ืขื•ืžื“ ืขืœ 17 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžื›ืœืœ ื“ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื”. ืืฃ ื›ื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืื™ื ื” ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ืช ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื”, ื”ื™ื ื ื“ืจืฉืช ืœื”ื’ื™ื‘ ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ื‘ืชื•ืš ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื. ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ื‘ื•ื—ืจืช ืฉืœื Social and Eco-) ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ื ื“ืจืฉืช ืœืคืจื˜ ืืช ืกื™ื‘ื•ืชื™ื”

nomic Council of the Netherlands, ืœืœื ืชืืจื™ืš, 2010).

ืชื™ืื•ืื‘ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื“ืงื ื• ื›ืžืงืจื™ ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื’ื•ืคื™ื ืœืชื™ืื•ื ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืžืฉืจื“ื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื•ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ืงื‘ื•ืขื•ืช) ืงื‘ื™ื ื˜ ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ (ื‘ืžืชื›ื•ื ืช ืฉืจื™ื ื‘ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื”ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื•ืœื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ืœื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื›ืืžืฆืขื™ ื‘ื›ื™ืจื™ื, ื•ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ืฉืœ ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช. ื ืชืงืœื ื• ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชื™ืื•ื ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ ืฉืœ ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืคื—ื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืฆืื ื• ืืš ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชื™ืื•ื ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ ืฉืœ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืืจื•ืš. ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืคืงื“ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืชื™ืื•ื ื•ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื— ืขืœ ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ื”ืŸ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื•ื›ื•ืœืœื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉื” ืขื“ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืื ืฉื™ื, ื”ื ืคื’ืฉื™ื ืœืจื•ื‘ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืกื“ื™ืจ. ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ื•ืช, ื™ืฉ

ื’ื ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืœื ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ื•ืช ืœืชื™ืื•ื.ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืฉืจื“ ืจื”โ€œืž ืื• ืฉืจ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ ื”ื ืฉืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื™ืื•ื. ืžื•ืคืงื“ ื”ืืจื•ืš ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื‘ื“ื ืžืจืง, ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื•ืขื“ืช ืชื™ืื•ื ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ืจื”โ€œืž, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืชื™ืื•ื ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื”ื•ื ื•ืขื“ื” ืœืฆื“ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ. ืฉืจ ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื”, ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ืงื‘ื™ื ื˜ ื•ืขื“ืช ื‘ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืขื™ื ื”ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื™ื ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื›ื ื” ื•ืขื“ืช ืคื•ืขืœืช ื–ื• ืจืืฉ ืœื›ืš, ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืจื”โ€œืž. ืžืฉืจื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืข ื”ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ื’ื ื›ืžื• ื‘ื•ื•ืขื“ื”, ืฉืœ ื•ื”ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืชืขื“ื•ืฃ ื•ืขื“ืช ื‘ืจืืฉ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืงื•ืœื•ืžื‘ื™ื” ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”

ื”ืžื—ื•ื–.

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ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืกื•ืฆื™ื•ืืงื•ื ื•ืžื™ืช 57

ื”ื”ื’ื ื”, ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืชืจื—ื™ืฉื™ืโ€˜ ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื›โ€˜ืขื ืฃ ื“ืจื›ื• ืืช ื”ื—ืœ ื”ืžืฉืจื“ ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉืžื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ืฉืขื‘ืจื”. ื‘-1993, ืื™ืฉืจื” ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืืช ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืชืจื—ื™ืฉื™ื ื›ื›ืœื™ ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ืฉืœ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื•ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืืจื•ืš ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘-1995, ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจ ื”ืขื ืฃ ืœืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืชืจื—ื™ืฉื™ื ืœืžืฉืจื“ ืจื”โ€œืž ื•ื”ืคืš ืœืžืฉืจื“ ืœืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืชืจื—ื™ืฉื™ื. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ, ื”ื•ื˜ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉืจื“ ืœืงื“ื ืืช ื”ืงืžืชื ืฉืœ ืฆื•ื•ืชื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื™ื ื•ืœืชืื ืืช ื ื™ืกื•ื— ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ืœืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืœืžืฉืจื“ ืฉื•ื ื” ื”ืžืฉืจื“ ืฉืœ ืฉืžื• ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”. ื—ืœืงื™

ื‘ืฉื ืช 2003, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉื ืœืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื˜ืœื• ืขืœ ื’ื•ืฃ ื–ื”.ืขื ื”ืžืฉืš ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืชืจื—ื™ืฉื™ื ื‘ืกื™ื ื’ืคื•ืจ, ื”ื‘ื™ื ื• ื”ืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ื“ืจื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื›ื™ ืžื’ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื•ืฅ ืขืœ ืžืชื‘ืกืกื™ื ืชืจื—ื™ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ืงื™ืžื” ื‘-2004 ืฆืคื•ื™ื™ื. ื‘ืœืชื™ ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืฉืœ ืœื”ืขืจื›ื” ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื›ืœื™ื ืœื”ื ื”ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื•ืช ืœืชื™ืื•ื ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ืืช ื”ืžืฉืจื“ ืœโ€˜ื”ืขืจื›ืช ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื•ืกืจื™ืงืช ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ืช โ€™ื›ืœืœ-ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ืช ืžืกื’ืจืช ื•ื’ื™ื‘ืฉื” ืคื™ืชื—ื” ื•ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืื•ืคืงโ€˜ ืืช ื‘-2009 ืกื™ื ื’ืคื•ืจ ื”ืงื™ืžื” ื”ืœืœื•, ื”ืžืืžืฆื™ื ื™ืกื•ื“ ืขืœ ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ืโ€˜. ืœื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืžืงื“ื ื˜ื•ื•ื—, ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช ืชื—ื–ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื’ื‘ืฉ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืชโ€˜ ืœืขืชื™ื“ื ื•ืช โ€™ื”ืžืจื›ื– ืฉืœ ื›ืœื™ื ื•ืงื™ื“ื•ื ื•ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื—ืœืงื™ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ืืžื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช, ืœืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืœืžืฉืจื“ ืฉื™ื™ืš ื”ืžืจื›ื– ื›ื™ ืืฃ ื•ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช. ืœืชืคืงื“ ื›ืฆื•ื•ืช ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืฉืื™ื ื• ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืžื‘ื ื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืจื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืžืชื•ืงืฃ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื–ืืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืจื โ€™ื ืกื‘ืœ ืื ื’ื ืœื ืื”ื•ื‘โ€˜. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2009 ื”ื•ืงืžื” ื‘ืกื™ื ื’ืคื•ืจ ื”ืฉืจื™ื ืกื’ื ื™ ื‘ื” ืฉื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืขื“ื” ืขื ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืชโ€˜, ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื ื•ืช โ€™ืจืฉืช ื’ื

ืžื›ืœ ื”ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื ื•ื‘ืจืืฉื” ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™. ื•ืขื“ื” ื–ื• ื”ื•ืจื—ื‘ื” ืžื“ื™ืจืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื›ื™ืจื™ื ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ื’ื ื›ื•ืœืœืช ื”ื™ื ื•ื›ืขืช ื‘-2011 ืกื˜ื˜ื•ื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื. ื ืฆื™ื’ื™ ื”ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื ื”ืชืžื ื• ืœโ€˜ืงืฆื™ื ื™ ืขืชื™ื“ื ื•ืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืชโ€˜ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืžืงื™ื™ืžืช ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื”ื. ืขืชื™ื“ื ื•ืช ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ืงื™ืžื• ื•ื—ืœืงื ืกื“ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื, ืชื•ืš ื”ืžืจื›ื– ืœืขืชื™ื“ื ื•ืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ืงื•ื‘ืข ืืช ืคืขื ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื™ื; ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืœืชืฉื•ืžื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื. ืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ืžื˜ื” ืžื›ืœ ืžืฉืจื“ ืžืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื’ื•ืคื™ื ืฉื‘ืขื” ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืจื”โ€œืž, ืœืžืฉืจื“ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืกื“ื™ืจื•ืช. ืคื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ื ืืฃ ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื ื•ืชโ€˜ โ€™ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืœืžืฉืœ ื›ืžื• ื—ื™ื–ื•ื™, ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ืงื™ืžื• ืื—ืจื™ื ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ื™ื ื”ืžืกื—ืจ ื•ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื”, ื”ื—ื•ืงืจืช ืžื’ืžื•ืช ื•ืืช ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืจื“

.(Lee, 2011)

Page 186: Developing Long-Term Socioeconomic Strategy in Israel...iv Developing Long-Term Socioeconomic Strategy in Israel progressed, we determined that the true value of such an institutional

56 ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืกื•ืฆื™ื•-ืืงื•ื ื•ืžื™ืช ืืจื•ื›ืช ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ

ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืืจื•ืšื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื, ื ื“ื™ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืžืกืžื›ื™ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืจื—ื‘ืช ื‘ืกื™ืก (ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื’ื“ืจื•ืช ื•ืžื ื•ืกื—ื•ืช ื”ื™ื˜ื‘) ื”ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืœืคืจืงื™ ื–ืžืŸ ืืจื•ื›ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืืš ื™ืฉ ืžืกืคืจ ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช. ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื, ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ืฉื›ืืœื” ืžื•ืคืงื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”, ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืขื ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืื• ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื, ืœืฆื“ ืžื•ืกื“ื™ื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืžื‘ื™ืื™ื ืื ื• ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”. ื™ื“ื™ ืขืœ ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื•ืœื ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื•ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื. ืžืœื‘ื“ ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื— ืฉืœ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ืจืฉืžื™ื•ืช, ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืชืžืงื“ื™ื ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืืจื•ืš ื‘ื•ื—ื ื™ื ืœืขืชื™ื ื—ืœื•ืคื•ืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ืื• ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืื–ื”ืจื” ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช, ื•ืœืขืชื™ื ืืฃ ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ืžืฉืื‘ ืœื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช

ื”ืขื•ืกืงื•ืช ื‘ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื”.ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ืื• ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ืขื•ืงื‘ื™ื ื ืฉื™ืื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื™ื ืžื™ื ื• ื‘ืงื•ืจื™ืื”, ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืฉืงื•ืœ ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ื•ื”ื˜ื™ืœื• ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื 60 ืขื“ 30 ื‘ื ื•ืช ื ืฉื™ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื•ืช ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ืืจื•ืš. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืจื•ื” ืžื•-ื”ื™ื™ืื•ืŸ (2003-2008) ื”ืงื™ื ืืช ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ื”ื ืฉื™ืื•ืชื™ืช ืœืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืจืฉื•, ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืœื™ ืžื™ื•ื ื’-ื‘ืืง (2008-2013) ื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื ืฉื™ืื•ืชื™ืช ืœืขืชื™ื“ื ื•ืช ื•ื—ื–ื•ืŸ. ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื, ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™. ืžื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื ืœืงื—ื• ื”ืขื–ืจ ื•ืฆื•ื•ืชื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืืช ืฉืžื™ื ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ื”ื ืฉื™ืื•ืชื™ืช ืœืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื ื—ืœืงื• ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืžืฉื ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืคื™ ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืชืžื—ื•ืช; ื”ื ื ืคื’ืฉื• ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืช-ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ื•ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื• ืœืจืืฉ ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื”. ืจืืฉ ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื”, ื‘ืชื•ืจื•, ืคืขืœ ืขื ื—ื‘ืจื™ ืกื’ืœ ื‘ื›ื™ืจื™ื (ืคืงื™ื“ื™ ืžืžืฉืœ) ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ื•ืข

ืืช ื”ื”ื™ืชื›ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื”.ื”ืืจื•ืš ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ื‘ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื•ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ืกื™ื ื’ืคื•ืจ ื”ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื”ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื’ื ื•ื›ืš ืžืชืคืชื—ื™ื, ื–ื” ืžืกื•ื’ ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืžื“ื’ื™ืžื™ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื. ื‘ืžืจื›ื–ื ืฉืœ ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืืœื” ื ื™ืฆื‘ ื”ืžืฉืจื“ ืœืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช, ื—ืœื•ืคื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ืœ ื–ื” ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืืžืฅ ืœืขื™ืœ. ืฆื•ื™ืŸ ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื›ืคื™ ื•ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืชืจื—ื™ืฉื™ื, ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœืคืชื— ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ืช ืœื˜ื•ื•ื—

ื”ืืจื•ืš.3

ื”ืกืขื™ืฃ ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ื ื’ืคื•ืจ ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ื”ืื’ืฃ ืœืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืกื™ื ื’ืคื•ืจ, 2011.. 3

Page 187: Developing Long-Term Socioeconomic Strategy in Israel...iv Developing Long-Term Socioeconomic Strategy in Israel progressed, we determined that the true value of such an institutional

ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืกื•ืฆื™ื•ืืงื•ื ื•ืžื™ืช 55

ื™ื•ืขืฅ ืžืžื ื” ื”ืžืœื›ื” ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช, ืœืื—ืจ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื”ื”ืกื›ื ื ื™ืกื•ื— ืœืฉื›ืช ืžื›ื™ื ื” ื•ืžืชืŸ, ื”ืžืฉื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืคืœื’ื•ืช. ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ ืขื ื•ืœืชืช ืœืฉืืช ื”ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชื—ื–ื™ืช ืœืžืžืฉืœื”) ื”ืžื™ื™ืขืฅ ืขืฆืžืื™ (ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ื”ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื” ื”ืžื•ืฆืขืช ื‘ื›ืœืœื•ืชื” ื•ืฉืœ ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ื”ื•ืฆืื” ื”ืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื” ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ืขืœ ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืืœื” ื•ืชื—ื–ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจื‘-ืฉื ืชื™ืช, ื•ืžืชืŸ, ื”ืžืฉื ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื‘ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืžืชืŸ. ื”ืžืฉื ืœืคื™ืฆื•ืฅ ื’ื•ืจืžื•ืช ืืฃ ื•ืœืคืขืžื™ื

ืžืชืคืจืกืžืช ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื”.ื•ืœืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— โ€™ืžืชื’ืœื’ืœื•ืชโ€˜ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื’ื ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ื™ืฉ ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืื™ื ื” ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื” ืฉืœ ืžืžืฉืœื” ื ื‘ื—ืจืช. ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื, ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ืžืกืžืš ื”ื™ื ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื ื™ื ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ ื•ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ืขืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช, ื‘ืงื•ืœื•ืžื‘ื™ื” ืžืฆืื ื• ื–ื” ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ. ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืœื™ ืขื ืžืกื’ืจืช ืœืฆื“ ืฉื ื™ื ืœืขืฉืจ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืœื ืกื— ื ื”ื•ื’ ืœืขื™ืœ) ืฉืฆื•ื™ืŸ (ื›ืคื™ ืฉืฉื ื™ืขื“ื™ื ื”ืฉืืจ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืœืœื•, ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืขืฉืจ ืชืœืช-ืฉื ืชื™ืช. ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ืคื™ืกืงืœื™ืช ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืฉื ืช 2006, ืฉืœ ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืจื—ื‘ื™ื. ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ืœ ืœืžื—ื•ื– ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช ืงื•ืœื•ืžื‘ื™ื” ืืช ืœื”ืคื•ืš ื”ื‘ื: ื”ื™ืขื“ ืืช ื”ื›ื™ืœื” ืžื•ื›ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื ื™ืขื“ื™ื ื›ืœืœื• ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืžื“ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื‘ืฉืช. ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื”ืื•ืจื™ื™ื ื™ ืชื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืกืคืจ ื‘ืชื™ ืžืกื™ื™ืžื™ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื, ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืื•ืจื™ื™ื ื•ืช ืกืคืจื™ืช, ื‘ื™ืช ื•ื”ืฉืœืžืช ื”ืชืžื—ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื•ืช, ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื‘ืงื•ืœื’โ€˜ื™ื ื•ืชืืจื™ื ืืงื“ืžื™ื™ื

(ืžื—ื•ื– ืงื•ืœื•ืžื‘ื™ื” ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช, 2006).ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ืคื™ืกืงืœื™ื•ืช ืžืกื’ืจื•ืช ืžืกืคืจ ื ื™ืกื—ื• ื‘ื“ื ืžืจืง ืฉื›ื™ื”ื ื• ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ ื”ืžื›ืกื•ืช ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ืขื“ ืขืฉื•ืจ, ืžื‘ืœื™ ืฉื—ืœื” ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ืžืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื—ืœืง ืชืžื™ื›ื” ืœื’ื™ื•ืก ืืžืฆืขื™ื ื›ืœืœ ื–ื” ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื–ืืช. ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช (ืื ื›ื™ ืœื ื‘ื›ื•ืœื) ื’ื ื‘ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื•ืช. ื›ืžื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื”ืžืกื’ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ื”ื•ื ื” ืชืงื•ืคืช ืคื ื™ ืขืœ ื”ืžืชืคืจืกื•ืช ืฉืคื•ืจืกืžื” (2020) ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ืคื™ืกืงืœื™ืช ืžืกื’ืจืช ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื. ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื‘-2011 (ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ ืฉืœ ื“ื ืžืจืง, 2011a) ื”ื•ื—ืœืคื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 2012 ื‘ื’ืจืกื” ื—ื“ืฉื” (ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ ืฉืœ ื“ื ืžืจืง 2012a), ืฉื ื•ืกื—ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืžืฉืœื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืฉื ื›ื ืกื” ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ื” ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2011. ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ืืœื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืคื•ืจื˜ื™ื ืœืžื“ื™ ื•ืœื”ื›ื™ืœ ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ื™ื™ื. ื”ืžืกืžืš ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ, ืฉืคื•ืจืกื ื“ื ืžืจืง ื›ืœื›ืœืช ืฉืœ ื”ืืชื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื”: โ€™ื“ื ืžืจืง ืงืจื•ื™ ,2012 ื‘ืžืื™ ื‘-8 Danmark i arbejde :Udfordringer for Dansk รธko-) 2020 ื‘ืฉื ืชื‘ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื›ื•ืœืœ ืœื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื™ืขื“ื™ื ื”ืฉืืจ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื›ื™ืœ, ื”ื•ื .(nomi mod 2020ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”, ื™ืขื“ื™ื ืœืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื”ืคื•ื ื™ื ืœื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”, ื™ืขื“ื™ ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื‘ืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ ื•ื™ืขื“ื™ื ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืžืฉืจื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช (ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ ืฉืœ ื“ื ืžืจืง, .(2012a; Weaver, 2012; Hjortdal and Rehn, 2012; Hjortdal, 2012

Page 188: Developing Long-Term Socioeconomic Strategy in Israel...iv Developing Long-Term Socioeconomic Strategy in Israel progressed, we determined that the true value of such an institutional

54 ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืกื•ืฆื™ื•-ืืงื•ื ื•ืžื™ืช ืืจื•ื›ืช ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ

ืื™ืฉื•ืฉ ืžืžืงืจื™ ืžื‘ื—ืŸ: ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื•ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื

ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืœืงื“ื ืฆื™ื”ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ืฉื‘ื“ืงื ื• ื›ืžืงืจื™ ืžื‘ื—ืŸ, ื ื”ื•ื’ ืœืคืชื— ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื”ื—ื–ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื—ื“-ืคืขืžื™ ืฉื ื•ืขื“ ืœื›ืกื•ืช ืืช ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื›ื”ื•ื ื” ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”, ืืฃ ื›ื™ ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืžืฉืš ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืžืชืžืฉืš ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคืช ืœืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื”, ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืขืœ ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ ืœืขื™ืœ ืฉืฆื•ื™ืŸ ื›ืคื™ ืคืขื, ืžื“ื™ ื›ื”ื•ื ื”. ืžื”ืœื›ื™ื ืืœื” ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ื ืขืœ ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื•ืช ืืš ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ

ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื ื•ื”ื’ ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ.ื‘ืคื™ื ืœื ื“, ืžืžืฉืœื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืžื ืกื—ืช ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ืช ืขืœ ืคื™ ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื›ื•ืœืœ ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื”, ืœืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ืืช ื‘ื” ื•ืžืคืจื˜ืช ื”ื—ื•ืงื” ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื (ืžืฉืจื“ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ืขื“ื™ืคื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื•ืช ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื—ืžืฉ ืขื“ ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื•ื ื™. ื”ืกื›ื ื›ืžืขื™ืŸ ืžืชืคืงื“ ื–ื” ืžืกืžืš ืคื™ื ืœื ื“, 1999). ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืžื ืกื—ืช ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ืœืชืงื•ืคืช ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื” ื•ืžื’ื“ื™ืจื” ื‘ื• ืืช ื ื•ืฉืื™ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืื—ืจื™ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืžืกืคืจ ืžืชืคืจืกื ื–ื” ืžืกืžืš ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื”; ื”ืขื“ื™ืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจื”โ€œืž ืžืฉืจื“ ืงืจื•ื™ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” (ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื” ืœืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืฉืœ ืจื”โ€œืž ืžืฉืจื“ ืงืจื•ื™ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื•ืื™ืœื• 2011b ืคื™ื ืœื ื“ ื‘-2011, ืฉืคื•ืจืกืžื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”, ื”ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ืช ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช .(2011a ืคื™ื ืœื ื“ ืžื›ื™ืœื” ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื™ืขื“ื™ื ื•ืžื˜ืจื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ืœืžืฉืœ ื”ืขืœืืช ืจืžืช ื”ืชืขืกื•ืงื” ืœ-72 ,2011b ืคื™ื ืœื ื“ ืฉืœ ืจื”โ€œืž (ืžืฉืจื“ ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืœ-5 ื”ืื‘ื˜ืœื” ื•ืฆืžืฆื•ื ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืขืžโ€˜ 12) ืชื•ืš ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ืจื—ื‘ื™ื ืฉื™ื™ื“ืจืฉื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืŸ, ื•ืืช ืคื™ื ืœื ื“ ืฉืœ ืจื”โ€œืž (ืžืฉืจื“ ื‘ืžื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ืฆืคื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™

2011b, ืขืžโ€˜ 144-142).2 ืฉื›ื–ื” ื”ืกื›ื ื‘ื”ื•ืœื ื“. ื”ืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื” ื”ืกื›ืžื™ ื ื™ืกื•ื— ื”ื™ื ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืžื›ื™ืœ ื“ืจื’ื•ืช ื›ืืœื” ื•ืื—ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคื™ืจื•ื˜, ืžืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืจื—ื‘ื™ื ื•ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื›ืœืœื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ืœืœืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื›ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืžืฉืžืฉืช ื”ื™ื ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื; ืคืขื•ืœื” ืคืจื™ื˜ื™ ื•ืขื“ ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ื”ืกื›ื ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”. ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืืจื‘ืข ื‘ืช ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื” ืœืชืงื•ืคืช ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ื™ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™, ื‘ื“ืžื•ืช ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืจื‘-ืฉื ืชื™ืช ื”ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกืช ืœืžืœื•ื ืžืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืื—ื“ ืœื›ืœ ื ื˜ื• ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”, ืฉืœ ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคืช ืžื’ื–ืจื™ื ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ื™ื™ื: ืžื’ื–ืจ ื”โ€˜ืœื™ื‘ื”โ€˜, ืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื•ืžื’ื“ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ืžืฉืจื“, ืœื›ืœ ืจื‘-ืฉื ืชื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืชื—ื–ื™ื•ืช ื’ื ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ื”ืกื›ื ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”. ื•ืฉื•ืง ื‘ื ืคืจื“ ื”ืžื•ื’ืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื, ืœืชืงืฆื™ื‘ื™ ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ืฆืขื•ืช ืืช ืžื ื—ื•ืช ื•ืืœื”

ืœืื™ืฉื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจืœืžื ื˜.

ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ 61 ืœื—ื•ืงื” ื ืืžืจ โ€ืœืคื ื™ ื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”, ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ืคืจืœืžื ื˜ ื™ื™ืฉืื• ื•ื™ื™ืชื ื• ืขืœ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช 2ื•ืขืœ ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”.โ€œ ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ 62 ื ืืžืจ โ€ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืชื ื™ื— ืืช ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืชื” ืœืœื ื“ื™ื—ื•ื™ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืคืจืœืžื ื˜, ื‘ืžืชื›ื•ื ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื”ืจื”.

ืื•ืชื” ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ื—ืœื” ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžื”ื•ืชื™ ื‘ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”.โ€œ (ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ืคื™ื ืœื ื“, 1999).

Page 189: Developing Long-Term Socioeconomic Strategy in Israel...iv Developing Long-Term Socioeconomic Strategy in Israel progressed, we determined that the true value of such an institutional

ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืกื•ืฆื™ื•ืืงื•ื ื•ืžื™ืช 53

ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœืžื—ืฆื” ืขืฆืžืื™ื™ื ืื• ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืžื•ื“ืœ ื‘ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืืจื•ื›ืช ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื‘ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืžืžืœื›ืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืงื•ืจื™ืื”, ืฉืžืชื•ื›ื, ื”ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื”ื 27 ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืœื›ืœื›ืœื”, ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืจื•ื— ื•ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”, ื”ื›ืคื•ืคื” ืœืžืฉืจื“ ืจื”โ€œืž. ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืžืฉื•ื™ืš ืœืžืฉืจื“ ืื—ืจ. ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ื•ืœืœ, 60 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžื”ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืžื’ื™ืข ืžื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื•ืืช ื™ืชืจ 40

ื”ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ืžื’ื™ื™ืกื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืžื•ื–ืžื ื™ื.ืžืชื•ื›ื, ื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ืฉืœ ืงื•ืจื™ืื” (KDI) ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืขื•ืจื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืืจื•ื›ืช ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื‘ืงื•ืจื™ืื”. ื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ, ืฉื”ื•ืงื ื‘-1971, ืžื—ื–ื™ืง ื›ื™ื•ื ื‘ืกื’ืœ ืฉืœ ื›-300 ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื, ื›ื•ืœืœ 50 ื‘ืขืœื™ ืชื•ืืจ ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ. ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ, ื”ื—ืœ ื‘-2004 ื ื˜ืœ ื”ืžืฉืจื“ ืœืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื•ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ืืช ืจืกืŸ ื”ื”ื•ื‘ืœื” ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื• ืžืžืฉืœ ื•ืคืงื™ื“ื™ ืžืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ื›-60 โ€™ื—ื–ื•ืŸ 2030โ€˜. ื”ืงืจื•ื™ ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืืจื•ืš ืžืกืžืš ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื”ื›ื ืชื• ื•-KDI ืคื™ืชื— ืืช ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื‘ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ืจืืฉื™ ื”ืคืจืงื™ื

ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื™ื ืฉืคื•ืชื—ื• ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ืœืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื•ืชืงืฆื™ื‘.ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช. ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื’ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืžืœื›ืชื™ื™ื ืžื—ืงืจ ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื ืฉื™ืื™ ื”ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช, ื”ืžืชืžื ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื ืฉื™ื ืงื•ืจื™ืื” ื‘ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื ืืžื ื™ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ืชืœื•ื™ื”, ืžืจื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ืžื™ื™ืขืฆื•ืช. ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ืืฃ ื”ื ื‘ื•ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื™ืขืฆื•ืช ืœื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืžืžืฉืœื”. ื‘ืขืช ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืฉืœ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื, ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืคื™ืกืงืœื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืฉ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืฉื”ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช, ืคื™ืกืงืœื™ ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ KDI-ื”ืฉืจ ืœืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื•ื›ืกืคื™ื ืžืงื™ื™ื ืกืžื™ื ืจื™ื ืกืงื˜ื•ืจื™ืืœื™ื™ื ื•ืžืกืชื™ื™ืข ื‘ืœื ื™ื”ื•ืœื. ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืžืžืœื›ืชื™ื™ื ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื’ื ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื”ืžืจื•ืื™ื™ื ื™ื, ืื—ื“ ืคื™ ืขืœ ืžืขืœื”โ€˜. ื›ืœืคื™ โ€™ืžืœืžื˜ื” ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืฉืจื“ ืžื›ืœ ืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช, ืฉืœ ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ื”ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื™ื. ื”ืžืžืœื›ืชื™ื™ื ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื’ื ื•ื›ืš ืขืžื“ื”, ื ื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ื ื—ื•ืงืจ ืžื˜ืขื ื”ืžื•ืกื“ ื™ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืจื’ื™ ื”ืคืงื™ื“ื•ืช ืขื ืขืœื™ื™ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืจืžืช ื”ืžื ื”ืœ ืœืจืžืช ืžื ื›โ€œืœ ื”ืžืฉืจื“ ื•ืœืื—ืจื™ื” ืœืจืžืช ืกื’ืŸ ื”ืฉืจ

ื•ื”ืœืื”.

Page 190: Developing Long-Term Socioeconomic Strategy in Israel...iv Developing Long-Term Socioeconomic Strategy in Israel progressed, we determined that the true value of such an institutional

52 ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืกื•ืฆื™ื•-ืืงื•ื ื•ืžื™ืช ืืจื•ื›ืช ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ

ื‘ืขืœื™ ืฉืœ ืจื—ื‘ ื—ืชืš ืœืฉื•ืจื•ืชื™ื” ืœื”ื–ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืขื“ 2005. ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 2003 ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื, ืฉืœ ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ืขื ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืชืฉืขื” ื”ื•ืจื›ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ, ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจืืฉ ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื”), ื‘ืจืืฉ ืžื”ื (ืื—ื“ ืืงื“ืžื™ื” ืื ืฉื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื›ื•ืœืœ ืจืคื•ืื™ ืื™ื’ื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื ื”ืœ ,OECD-ื‘ ืžื ื”ืœ ืกื’ืŸ ืžืžืœื›ืชื™, ื‘ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื”

ื•ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืื ืฉื™ ืขืกืงื™ื.ื‘ืงื•ืจื™ืื” ื’ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืจื—ื‘ ื‘ืกื™ืก ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ื•ื‘ืกื™ื ื’ืคื•ืจ. ื‘ืงื•ืจื™ืื” ืคื•ืขืœื•ืช ืžืกืคืจ ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ื•ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ื ืฉื™ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ืœืžืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื, 27 ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื”ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื›ื•ืฉืจ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื ืฉื™ืื•ืชื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื•ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื•ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืขืกืงื™ื ื ืฆื™ื’ื™ ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจื™ื, ื‘ื›ื™ืจื™ื, ืขืกืงื™ื ืื ืฉื™ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ืœืžื—ืฆื” ืขืฆืžืื™ื™ื ืžื—ืงืจ ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ โ€“ ืžืžืœื›ืชื™ื™ื ืžื—ืงืจ ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื•ืจืืฉื™ ืœืžืฉื‘ืจ ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ืกื™ื ื’ืคื•ืจ, ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”. ืœืžืฉืจื“ื™ ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช ืœืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ื•ืขื“ื” 2009 ื‘ืžืื™ ืจื”โ€œืž ื›ื™ื ืก ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™, ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ ื•ื‘ื” 25 ื—ื‘ืจื™ื, ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ืฉืจ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ ื•ื‘ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ืืจื‘ืขื” ืฉืจื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื, ืžืžืœื ืžืงื•ื ืฉืจ, ืฉื ื™ ืฉืจื™ื ื‘ื›ื™ืจื™ื, ื ืฆื™ื’ื™ ืขืกืงื™ื ื•ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื•ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ Singaporean Economic) ืœืขืกืงื™ื ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ืกื™ื ื’ืคื•ืจ

.(Strategies Committee, 2010ืฉืœ ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืจืง ืœื ืžืกื™ื™ืขื•ืช ืœืžื—ืฆื” ืขืฆืžืื™ื•ืช ืื• ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช; ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ืŸ ืžืกืคืงื•ืช ืืช ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ื™ ื”ืื ืœื™ื˜ื™ ืœืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ื•ืœื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืืจื•ื›ืช ื˜ื•ื•ื—. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช

ื‘ื“ื ืžืจืง ื•ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืžื—ืงืจ ืžืžืœื›ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืงื•ืจื™ืื”.ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจื™ื ืืจื‘ืขื” ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ืžืชื ื”ืœืช ื”ื“ื ื™ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ืžืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื—ื‘ืจื™ื 22 ื•ื›ื•ืœืœืช โ€™ื”ื—ื›ืžื™ืโ€˜ ื‘ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ืœื›ืœื›ืœื” ืžื“ื™ ืžืคื™ืงื” ื‘-1962, ืฉื”ื•ืงืžื” ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื”, ื”ื“ื ื™ืช. ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืืช ื”ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื•ืช ืคื™ืกืงืœื™ื•ืช ืชื—ื–ื™ื•ืช ื’ื ื›ืžื• ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื“ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉื ื™ ืฉื ื” 35 ื”ืžื•ื ื” ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื•ืช ืคื•ืขืœืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ืœืฆื“ ื•ื”ืืจื•ืš. ื”ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ ื”ืงืฆืจ, ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ื ืื•ื˜ื•ื ื•ืžื™ื”. ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ืœโ€˜ื—ื›ืžื™ืโ€˜ ื›ืœื›ืœื ื™ื. ื›-25 ืžืชื•ื›ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื, ืžืคื™ืงื” ืžื›ืŸ ื•ืœืื—ืจ ื“ื•ื— ื‘ื›ืœ ื‘ื”ื ืฉืชืขืกื•ืง ื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืืช ื”ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ืืœื” ื•ืžืขื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื“ื•ื— ื“ื ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื—ื‘ืจื™ ืฉืืจ ื”ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื•ืช; ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ื“ื•ื— ืืช ื•ื”ืชื—ื–ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื”ื“ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืขืจื•ืชื™ื”ื. ืืช

ืฉืžื ืกื—ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื”ืŸ ืื—ืช ื”ืชืฉื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™.

Page 191: Developing Long-Term Socioeconomic Strategy in Israel...iv Developing Long-Term Socioeconomic Strategy in Israel progressed, we determined that the true value of such an institutional

ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืกื•ืฆื™ื•ืืงื•ื ื•ืžื™ืช 51

ืื—ืจื™ื, ื›ืžื• ืœืžืฉืœ โ€™ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื ื•ืชโ€˜ ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืžืกื—ืจ ื•ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื”, ื”ื—ื•ืงืจืช .(Lee, 2011) ืžื’ืžื•ืช ื•ืืช ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช

ื‘ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื“ืงื ื• ื›ืžืงืจื™ ืžื‘ื—ืŸ, ืžืฉืจื“ื™ ืžืžืฉืœื” ื ื“ืจืฉื™ื ืœื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช, ืœื›ืœ ื”ืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืขืœื™ื”ื ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื”ื ื™ืฉ ืื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืฆืžื, ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืืช ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืœืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืœืื•. ื‘ืงื•ืœื•ืžื‘ื™ื” ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช, ื›ืœ ืžืฉืจื“ ื•ื›ืœ ื’ื•ืฃ ืžืžืœื›ืชื™ ื ื“ืจืฉ ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืžื“ื™ ืฉื ื” ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืชืœืช-ืฉื ืชื™ืช. ื‘ืงื•ืจื™ืื”, ืคื•ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืžืฉืจื“ ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื—ื•ืžืฉ ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื• ื’ื ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื ืชื™ืช; ื”ื›ื ืช ืฉืชื™ ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ืฆืขืช ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืขื ื”ืžืฉืจื“ ืœืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื—ืžืฉ- ืขื“ ืชืœืช- ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืžื›ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืžืฉืจื“ื™ ื–ื™ืœื ื“, ื‘ื ื™ื• ื•ื›ืกืคื™ื. ื›ื•ื•ื ื”โ€˜. ื›โ€˜ื”ืฆื”ืจื•ืช ื•ื™ื“ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉื ื” ืžื“ื™ ืžืชืขื“ื›ื ื•ืช ืืœื” ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื ืชื™ื•ืช; 1993 ืžืฉื ืช ื‘ืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื ื—ื•ืง ืคื™ ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช (Pub. L. No. 103-62), ื ื“ืจืฉ ื›ืœ ืžืฉืจื“ ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื—ื•ืžืฉ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช.

ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื—ื•ืฅ ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ื™ืืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ ืื• ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ื—ืœื•ืคื•ืช ื˜ื•ื•ื—, ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืชืจืื” ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื™ื ืžืชื‘ืฆืข ืœืขืชื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืืš ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื (ืฉื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ ื—ื•ืฅ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืคืงื“ ื”ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืงื™ื™ื ืงืฉืจื™ื ื”ื“ื•ืงื™ื ืขื ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”). ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ืื“-ื”ื•ืง, ื•ืขื“ื•ืช

ืงื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื•ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ืžื—ืงืจ ื‘ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืžืžืฉืœืชื™.ื ืจืื” ื›ื™ ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืฆื•ื•ืชื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื ื•ื—ื•ืช ืœื ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ืžื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช, ืืฉืจ ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ื‘ืืฉืจ ื”ืŸ ื™ืฆื˜ืจื›ื• ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื”ืŸ; ื•ืื•ืœื ืœืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื›ืืœื” ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืคื—ื•ืชื” ืขืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืงืฆืจ ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™. ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžืชื•ืืžื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืžืžืฉืœื” ื›ืคื•ืคื™ื ืื•ืชื ื”ืžืื™ื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ืฆื•ื•ืชื™ื ืื• ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืขื ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืจื”โ€œืž, ืžืฉืจื“ ืžืชื•ืš ืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ืœืžืฉืœ ื›ืžื• ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช, ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืขืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื˜ืคืช ืืš ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืคื—ื•ืชื” ืขืœ ืืฉืจ ืืš ื”ืŸ, ื‘ืืฉืจ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ื›ืœ ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช

ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช ืื™ื ื” ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ืช ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขืžืŸ.ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื”ื“ื ื™ืช ืฉืคืขืœื” ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 2005 ื•-2006 ื”ื™ื ืื—ืช ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืœื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืื“-ื”ื•ืง ืฉื˜ื™ืคืœื” ื‘ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช. ื‘ื•ื•ืขื“ื”, ืฉื‘ืจืืฉื” ื™ืฉื‘ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”, ื›ื™ื”ื ื• ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืฉืจื™ื, ืื ืฉื™ ืืงื“ืžื™ื”, ืจืืฉ ื ืฆื™ื’ื™ื ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื, ืื™ื’ื•ื“ื™ ื”ืชืื—ื“ื•ืช ืจืืฉ ื‘ื“ื ืžืจืง, ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื ื™ื ืื™ื’ื•ื“ ื”ื‘ื ืง ืฉืœ ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ื”ื ื’ื™ื“ ืื—ืจื•ืช, ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื•ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืขืกืงื™ื•ืช ืžืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ื“ื ื™ืช, ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” (ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื™ื ืขืกืงื™ื ื•ืื ืฉื™ ื“ื ืžืจืง ืฉืœ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืœืœื ืชืืจื™ืš). ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื”ืคื•ื›ื”, ื’ื ื”ื™ื ืžื“ื ืžืจืง ื”ื™ื ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ื” ืฉืคืขืœื”

Page 192: Developing Long-Term Socioeconomic Strategy in Israel...iv Developing Long-Term Socioeconomic Strategy in Israel progressed, we determined that the true value of such an institutional

50 ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืกื•ืฆื™ื•-ืืงื•ื ื•ืžื™ืช ืืจื•ื›ืช ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ

ื ื•ื”ื’ ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื•ื ื”ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืกื›ืžื™ื ืžืคืœื’ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื™ื•ื–ืžื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช. ื‘ื“ื ืžืจืง ื›ื™ื”ื ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ ื”ื™ื ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช, ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ื–ืžื” ืœื”ื ื”ื™ื’ ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ืช ืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืžืคืœื’ื•ืช ื’ื ืื ื›ื™ ืœืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื”, ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื” ืžืฆื“ ืจืง ืœื ืœื”ืกื›ืžื” ื ื“ืจืฉืช ืื—ืจื•ืช. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืžืคืœื’ื•ืช ื—ื•ืชืžื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืกื›ืžื™ื ืฉื›ืืœื”, ื”ืŸ ื ื•ื”ื’ื•ืช ืœื›ื‘ื“ื ื’ื ืื ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื ื•ืคืœืช ื•ืžืคืœื’ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”.

ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื”ื”ื›ืจื” ืฆืžื— ื‘ืกื™ื ื’ืคื•ืจ ืœืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื—ืก ื”ื ื•ื”ื’ ื‘ืฉื ื•ืชื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉื ื•ื›ื— ื’ื•ื“ืœื” ื”ื–ืขื™ืจ, ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ืžืฉืื‘ื™ ื˜ื‘ืข ืœืืคืฉืจ ื›ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื•ืืจื•ื›ืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืชื™ื“ืจืฉ ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื•ืคื’ื™ืขื•ื™ื•ืช Singaporean Public Service Division,) ืœืฉืจื•ื“ ื”ื–ืขื™ืจื” ืœืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉืชืคืงื™ื“ื ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืžืงื™ืžื” ืกื™ื ื’ืคื•ืจ ืžืžืฉืœืช ืœืขื™ืœ, ืฉืฆื•ื™ืŸ ื›ืคื™ .(2011ื™ืชืจ ื‘ื”. ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืืช ื•ืœื”ืคื™ืฅ ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืืช ืœืœืžื“ ืจืืฉ ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื”ื“ื•ืงื”. ื‘ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ื”ื‘ื›ื™ืจื” ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื›ืŸ, ืขืœ ื‘ืจืืฉ ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ืกื™ื ื’ืคื•ืจ, ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื‘ื›ื™ืจ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™, ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืช โ€™ืจืฉืช ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื ื•ืช ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืชโ€˜, ืขื ื•ืขื“ื” ืฉื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื” ืกื’ื ื™ ื”ืฉืจื™ื ืžื›ืœ ื”ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื (ืคื™ืจื•ื˜ ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš). ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื›ืš, ื›ืืฉืจ ืกื™ื ื’ืคื•ืจ ื”ืงื™ืžื” ืืช โ€™ื”ืžืจื›ื– ืœืขืชื™ื“ื ื•ืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืชโ€˜ , ืžื•ืกื“ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื”ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” (ืชื™ืื•ืจ ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš),

ื”ื™ื ืžื™ื ืชื” ืืช ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ืœืฉื‘ืช ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื”ืžื™ื™ืขืฆืช.

ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”ื”ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืžืฉืจื“ื™ ืืช ืžืขืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืžืจื•ื•ื— ื”ืฉืืจืช ื’ื ื”ืฉืืจ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื™ื. ื”ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ ื‘ื”ืฉืœืžืช ืชืžืจื•ืŸ ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืžืกื™ื™ืขืช ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ื— ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ืคืขื™ืœื” ื”ืคื—ื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ื›ื™ ืขื•ืœื” ืฉืœื ื• ืžื”ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืœื ื•. ื ืืžืจ ื›ืš ื•ืื™ืฉื™ืช, ืขื ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ื–ืžื•ืช ื•ื‘ืงื•ืจื™ืื”, ื‘ื“ื ืžืจืง ื‘ื›ืœ ื›ืžืขื˜ ื”ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื•ืช. ืœืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื™ืฉ ื–ืืช, ื•ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืคื•ืขืœื•ืช ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื›ืžืงืจื™ ืฉื‘ื“ืงื ื• ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ืื• ืื—ืจ, ืืš ื ืคื•ืฅ ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฆื‘ ืฉื‘ื• ื™ืฉ ืœืžืฉืจื“ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื”

ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ื™ืช.ืกื™ื ื’ืคื•ืจ ื”ื™ื ืื—ืช ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ื”ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืœืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉื‘ืžืฉืจื“ื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืฉืœื” ืคื•ืขืœื•ืช ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ื•ืช ืœืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื”. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2009 ื”ื•ืงืžื” ื‘ืกื™ื ื’ืคื•ืจ โ€™ืจืฉืช ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื ื•ืช ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืชโ€˜, ืขื ื•ืขื“ื” ืฉื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื” ืกื’ื ื™ ื”ืฉืจื™ื ืžื›ืœ ื”ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™. ื•ืขื“ื” ื–ื• ื”ื•ืจื—ื‘ื” ื‘-2011 ื•ื›ืขืช ื”ื™ื ื›ื•ืœืœืช ื•ื‘ืจืืฉื” ืจืืฉ ื”ืชืžื ื• ื”ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื ื ืฆื™ื’ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช. ืกื˜ื˜ื•ื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืžื”ื ื”ืœื•ืช ื‘ื›ื™ืจื™ื ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ื’ื ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื”ื. ืขืชื™ื“ื ื•ืช ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ืงื™ืžื• ื•ื—ืœืงื ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืชโ€˜ ืขืชื™ื“ื ื•ืช ืœโ€˜ืงืฆื™ื ื™ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืžืฉืจื“ ืจื”โ€œืž, ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื—ื™ื–ื•ื™ ืคื•ืขืœื•ืช ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ืขื” ื’ื•ืคื™ื ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ื™ื

Page 193: Developing Long-Term Socioeconomic Strategy in Israel...iv Developing Long-Term Socioeconomic Strategy in Israel progressed, we determined that the true value of such an institutional

ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืกื•ืฆื™ื•ืืงื•ื ื•ืžื™ืช 49

ื•ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืชื™ ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ืœืื•ืคืŸ ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช ืงื•ืœื•ืžื‘ื™ื” ืฉืงื™ื™ืžื ื• ืžื”ืจืื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช. ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืœื˜ืคื— ื›ื“ื™ ื™ื—ื“ ื—ื‘ืจื• ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื•ืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื’ื•ื‘ืฉื” ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื• ืฉื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืฉืจืืฉ ืขื•ืœื” ื”ื“ื•ืง ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื•ืคื™ืงื•ื— ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืฉื”ื•ืงื™ืจ ืื“ื ื”ื™ื” ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืืจื•ื›ืช ื•ืžืขืฉื™ ืื—ืจ ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื”. ื•ืื•ืœื ื”ืชื ื”ืœื•ืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ืžื’ื•ื‘ื” ื’ื ื‘ื—ื•ืง ืฉืงื™ืคื•ืช ื•ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ื™ืช (2000), ื”ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืืช ืงื™ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื›ื•ืœืœืช, ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ื‘ืขืœ ืžืกื’ืจืช ืคื™ืกืงืœื™ืช ืชืœืช-ืฉื ืชื™ืช, ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื ืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ื“ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืืœื”. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืฉื›ืจื ืฉืœ ืกื’ื ื™ ืฉืจื™ื (ืฉื”ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื‘ื›ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืฉืจื“) ื”ื™ืขื“ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ืžื•ืฉ ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื”ื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืฉื‘ื” ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืชืœื•ื™

(British Columbia Public Service, ืœืœื ืชืืจื™ืš).ืžื’ื‘ืฉื•ืช ืฉืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ื“ื ืžืจืง ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช, ืงื•ืœื•ืžื‘ื™ื” ืœืขื•ืžืช ื‘ื“ื ืžืจืง ื”ื—ื•ืง. ืžืชื•ืงืฃ ื•ืœื ืžืจืฆื•ื ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ืคื™ืกืงืœื™ื•ืช ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื•ื—, ืืจื•ื›ืช ืœื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืจืื•ื™ื™ื ืžื•ืกื“ื™ื™ื ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื ื™ ื™ืฉ ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื ืžืืคื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื”ืื—ืจ, ืœื”ืขืชื™ืงื• ืื—ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืขืœ ืฉื™ืงืฉื” ืžืืคื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืื—ื“ ืœื”ืžืฉื›ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช. ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช, ื™ืฉ ื‘ื“ื ืžืจืง ื“ื’ืฉ ื—ื–ืง ืขืœ ื”ืกื›ืžื” ื›ืœืœื™ืช. ืืฃ ืฉื”ืžื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขืžื•ืงื•ืช, ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื”ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื โ€“ ืžืžืคืœื’ื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ืขื“ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ื•ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ืช โ€“ ื—ื•ืชืจื™ื ืœืงื•ื ืฆื ื–ื•ืก. ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื” ื ื•ื˜ื” ืœืžืชืŸ ื“ืขื•ืช ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื”ืžืฉื›ื™ื•ืช.

ืื™ื•ืจ 4.1ืžื—ื•ืœืœื™ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ ืœื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื‘ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช

RAND RR275-4.1

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48 ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืกื•ืฆื™ื•-ืืงื•ื ื•ืžื™ืช ืืจื•ื›ืช ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ

ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ ื•ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœื™ื•ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ ืœื ืงื™ื˜ืช ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ื‘ืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ื”ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœื™ื• ื”ืŸ ืื›ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื” ืžื•ื›ืจืช ื”ื™ื˜ื‘. ื‘ืขื™ื” ื–ื• ื›ื™ื›ื‘ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื•ืœื˜ ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื“ื•ื—ื•ืช ืœืžื™ื ื”ืœ ื”ื ื‘ื—ืจืช ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืžื˜ืขื ืฉืคื•ืจืกืžื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”, ื”ืขืช ืžืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื™ื UK House of Commons Public) ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ื”ื ื‘ื—ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ืžืฆืื” ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” .(Administration Select Committee, 2010, 2012ื›ื™ ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ ืœื ื™ืชื•ื— ื•ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืœืชืžื•ืš ื™ืฉ ื‘ื›ืš. . . ื•ืžืจืฅ ื–ืžืŸ โ€ื™ืฉืงื™ืขื• ืฉื”ืฉืจื™ื ื”ื™ื ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืžืชืื™ืžื”โ€œ ืกืžื›ื•ืช ืœื”ื ืฉืชื™ื ืชืŸ ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ื™ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช UK House of Commons Public Administration Select Com-)mittee, 2010, ืขืžโ€˜ 3). ื‘ืจืื™ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืชื‘ ืฉื”ืชืงื‘ืœื• ืžืื—ื“ ื”ืžืจื•ืื™ื™ื ื™ื ื ืืžืจ ื”ื ื”ืœื•ืช ืžืฆื“ ื’ื ืื ื›ื™ ื”ืฉืจื™ื, ืžืฆื“ ืจืง ืœื ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื›ื™ ื•ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ื›ืœืœื•ืชื•, ื•ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžื•ืกื“ื™ ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื’ื™ื•ืก, ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื ื•ื’ืžื•ืœ ืขืœ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช (Scopes, 2010). ืื—ื“ ื”ืฆืขื“ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื•ืจืง ืืš ืฉืชืชืžืงื“ ืจื‘ืขื•ื ื™ืช ืงื‘ื™ื ื˜ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ื”ื ื”ืžืœื™ืฆื” UK House of Commons Public Adminis-) ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื•ื—

tration Select Committee, 2012, ืขืžโ€˜ 34).ืชืจืฉื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืžืฆืขื™ื ืืช ืœื™ื™ืฆื’ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืื—ื“ ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ืžืงื“ืงื•ื“ื™ื• ืื—ื“ ืฉื›ืœ ืžืฉื•ืœืฉ, ืžืจืื™ื ืื ื• .(4.1 (ืื™ื•ืจ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžืฆื™ื’ื™ื ืื ื• ื”ืžืฉื•ืœืฉ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืœืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื”. ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืžื”ืืžืฆืขื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ืชืจืฉืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืžืจืื™ื•ืช ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœื ื• ืžืžืงืจื™ ื”ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืžื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช

ืฉื‘ื“ืงื ื•, ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœืฉื ื™ ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื”ืžื“ืจื‘ื ื™ื ื”ื—ื–ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ.ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืฆื“ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžืฆื“ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืœื›ืœื•ืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืจืืฉ ืื• ื”ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืจืง ืœื ื›ื•ืœืœื•ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื•ืช ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”. ื•ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื ืžื•ืกื“ื™ื™ื ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ื ื’ื ืืœื ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื”, ืžืกืžื›ื™ ืฉืœ ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ื— ืฉืœ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช, ื›ืžื• ืœืžืฉืœ ืชืฉืœื•ื ืฉืœ ืชืžืจื™ืฆื™ื ืื• ื’ืžื•ืœ ืขืœ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื. ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืจื—ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ื˜ื•ื•ื—. ืืจื•ื›ืช ืœื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจืš ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืžืฆื“ ื”ื›ืจื”

ื’ื•ืจื ืžื“ืจื‘ืŸ ืžื”ื•ืชื™ ืื• ืชื•ืฆืื” ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ืžื•ืฆืœื—.

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ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืกื•ืฆื™ื•ืืงื•ื ื•ืžื™ืช 47

ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ืกื’ืŸ ืจื”โ€œืž ื•ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื” ื‘ื›ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืจื“. ื”ื™ื ื ืขื–ืจืช ื‘ื•ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกื’ื ื™ ืฉืจื™ื, ืฉืžืขืžื“ื ืฉื•ื•ื” ืขืจืš ืœื–ื” ืฉืœ ืžื ื›โ€œืœื™ ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ.

ื•ืžืงืจื™ ื‘ืชืขื“ื•ืฃ, ื›ืจื•ืš ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื•ื‘ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ื—ืœืง ืฉืœ ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืžืชื‘ืฆืข ืื›ืŸ ืฉื‘ื”ื ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื›ื™ ืžืœืžื“ื™ื ืฉื‘ื“ืงื ื• ื”ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ืžืืฆื™ืœ ืื™ื ื• ื•ื’ื ืœื”ืืฆื™ืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืื™ื ื• ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืจืืฉ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื”, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช. ื‘ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืื ื”ื–ืืช ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืืช ื‘ืงื•ืœื•ืžื‘ื™ื” ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช, ืžืฉืจื“ ืจื”โ€œืž ืžื™ื™ืฆืจ ืžืกืžืš ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืœืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ื ื•ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ื‘ืจืืฉ ื•ืขื“ืช ืงื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ื” ืฉื‘ืขื” ืฉืจื™ ืงื‘ื™ื ื˜ ื•ืฉื ื™ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ืคืจืœืžื ื˜. ื‘ื“ื ืžืจืง, ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื”ืฆื‘ื™ืขื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ ื™ื“ื™ ืขืœ ืฉื’ื•ื‘ืฉื• ืฉื”ื™ื•ื–ืžื•ืช ืœื›ืš ื›ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืจืืฉ ืžืฆื“ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ืขืœ ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื”ื“ื ื™ืช ืจื—ื‘ืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก (ืฉืคืขืœื” ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 2005 ื•-2006), ืฉื•ืœื‘ื• ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื ืขื ืคืจืกื•ื ื“ื•ื— ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 2006. ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืžื‘ื—ืŸ, ื›ืžืงืจื™ ืฉื‘ื“ืงื ื• ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืชืจ ื›ืžื• ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื”. ื‘ืจืืฉ ื™ืฉื‘ ืจื”โ€œืž ื•ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื ื›ื‘ื“ ื—ืœืง ืžืžืœื ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืงื•ืจื™ืื” ื’ื ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื•, ื”ื•ื ืžืชืื ืืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื›ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœ, ื‘ืืฉืจ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืงื— ืžืฆื™ืขื” ืงื•ืจื™ืื” ื–ืืช, ืขื ื”ื ืฉื™ื. ืžืฉืจื“ ืฉื ืงืจื ื›ืคื™ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ ื•ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”. ืจืืฉ ืžื—ื–ื™ืง ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื›ื•ื— ืฉืœ ืœื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžืชืคื•ื’ื’ ื›ื•ื—ื• ื›ื™ ืฉืงื™ื™ืžื ื• ืžื”ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ืขื•ืœื” ืฉื ื™ื, ื—ืžืฉ ื‘ืช ืื—ืช ืœื›ื”ื•ื ื” ืœื”ืŸ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื• ื™ื•ืจื“ืช ืขืžื•, ื•ื™ื—ื“ ื”ื›ื”ื•ื ื” ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘

ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื•ื—.ืขื•ื“ ืœืžื“ื ื• ืžืžืงืจื™ ื”ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ืฉืœื ื• ื›ื™ ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ืื ืฉื™ ืกื’ืœ ื”ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ืžืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ืœืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื”ื™ื ืกื™ื ื’ืคื•ืจ ื˜ื›ื ื™ื™ื. ื‘ื›ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ืขื–ืจ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืื• ืœืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืฉื›ื” ื–ื•, ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื•ืช. ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื•ื”ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื”ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ื•ื”ืžืจื›ื– ืœืขืชื™ื“ื ื•ืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ืžืฆื™ืขื™ื ืกื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืงื•ืจืกื™ื ืœืงื“ื ืฉืœื”ื ื”ืžืืžืฅ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืขืชื™ื“) (ืืžื ื•ืช FutureCraft ื”ืงืจื•ื™ื™ื ืœืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืžื‘ื•ื ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ื”ืงื•ืจืกื™ื ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”. ื—ืœืงื™ ื‘ื›ืœ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืœื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื”ื ื—ื™ื” ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขืชื™ื“, ืขืœ ืฉื™ื˜ืชื™ืช ืœื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื›ืœื™ื ืชืจื—ื™ืฉื™ื, ืฉืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื—ื™ื–ื•ื™, ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื•ื”ืฆื’ืช ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ืžื—ืฉืช ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ืœืžืฉืœ ื›ืžื• ืœื—ื™ื–ื•ื™, ื‘ื“ืจืš ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืœื’ื‘ื•ืจ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื•ื›ืŸ ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ื™ื .(Singaporean Public Service Division, 2011) ื•ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช

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46 ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืกื•ืฆื™ื•-ืืงื•ื ื•ืžื™ืช ืืจื•ื›ืช ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ

ืื™ืฉื•ืฉ ืžืžืงืจื™ ืžื‘ื—ืŸ: ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช

ื”ืžื‘ื˜ืื•ืช ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื”ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ืžืงืจื™ ืžืชื•ืš ื ื‘ื™ื ื–ื” ืคืจืง ื‘ืฉืืจื™ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื•ืœื™ื™ืฉื•ื ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ื‘ืืฉืจ ืฉื’ื™ื‘ืฉื ื• ื”ืชื•ื‘ื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ืกืขื™ืคื™ื ื•ืœืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื. ืœืชื•ื›ืŸ ื•ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช.

ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืœืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืชื•ื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื‘ืืช ืœืขื™ืœ ื•ืขืจื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื–ื”ื”.

ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื”ื–ื•ื›ื” ื‘ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘ื• ืฉืœ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ืžืื•ื™ืฉืช ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื•ืช

ืืชื’ืจื™ื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืฉืชืคืงื™ื“ื ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืฆื•ื•ืชื™ื ื™ืฉ ืฉื‘ื“ืงื ื• ืžื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ื—ืœืง ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ืžืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช, ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืžืฉืจื“ ืฉื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืœื ื™ืชื•ื— ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื‘ืคื™ื ืœื ื“, ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”. ืจืืฉ ืจื”โ€œืž ืขื•ืกืงืช ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืขืงื‘ ืื—ืจ ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืœืชืงื•ืคืช ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื” ื•ืืกืคืงืช ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื•ื ื™ืชื•ื—. ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื–ื• ืžืชืคืงื“ืช ื’ื ื›ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช, ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื‘ืขืœืช ื‘ืกื™ืก ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ืคืงื™ื“ื™ ืžืžืฉืœ, ืืฉืจ ื‘ืจืืฉื” ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ืืฉืจ ืžื›ื”ื ืช ืœืื•ืจืš ื›ืœ ืชืงื•ืคืช ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”. ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืžืื™ 2012, ืžื ื” ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœื ื™ืชื•ื— ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืื ืฉื™ ืžืงืฆื•ืข ื•ืฉื ื™ ืขื•ื–ืจื™ื ืžื™ื ื”ืœืชื™ื™ื. ื‘ืกื™ื ื’ืคื•ืจ, ื”ืœืฉื›ื” ืœืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืื’ืฃ ืœืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืขื•ืกืง ืจื”โ€œืž ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื‘ืชื™ืื•ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื, ืชืจื—ื™ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ื•ื‘ื”ืคืฆื” ืœืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื•ืช. ืชื—ื–ื™ื•ืช ืœื ื™ืชื•ื— ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืฆื‘ื™ืจืช

ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2012, ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืœืฉื›ื” ืžื•ื ื” 13 ืื ืฉื™ ืžืงืฆื•ืข ื•ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืกื’ื ื™ ืžื ื”ืœ.ืขื ื–ืืช, ืœื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื“ืงื ื• ื›ืžืงืจื™ ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื™ืฉ ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ืจื”โ€œืž ื’ื•ืฃ ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ื™ ื”ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืื• ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืืจื•ืš. ื‘ื“ื ืžืจืง, ืคื ื™ื ืœืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืฆื•ื•ืช ืจื”โ€œืž ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ืคื•ืขืœ ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ื™, ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืฆื•ื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื’ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ืืš ื”ืื•ืฆืจ ืžืžืฉืจื“ ืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื, ื›ืขืฉืจื” ื”ืžื•ื ื” ืžืกืคืจ ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžืžืฉืจื“ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื. ืฆื•ื•ืช ื–ื” ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืžืขืงื‘ ืื—ืจ ื›ืœ ืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืืš ื ื•ื›ื— ืžืžื“ื™ื• ื”ืžืฆื•ืžืฆืžื™ื, ื”ื•ื ืžืขื•ืจื‘ ืจืง ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื•ืขืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื ืจืื” ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ืืจื•ืš ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื ืขืฉื™ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ ื•ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื•ืคื ื™ื, ืืฃ ื›ื™ ืžืฉืจื“ ืจื”โ€œืž ืžืขื•ืจื‘ ื‘ืžื”ืœื›ื™ื ืืœื” ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”. ื’ื ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ื ืื™ืŸ ืชืงืŸ ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ ืœืฆื•ื•ืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื”, ืฆื•ื•ืชื™ื ื›ืืœื” ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืœืขืชื™ื ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœื ืคื•ืจืžืœื™. ื‘ืงื•ืœื•ืžื‘ื™ื” ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช ืื™ืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ื™ืช ืื• ืžื•ื’ื“ืจืช ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืžืฉืจื“ ืจื”โ€œืž ื•ืื•ืœื ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ, ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉื›ื–ืืช ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื•ืคื•ืขืœืช,

Page 197: Developing Long-Term Socioeconomic Strategy in Israel...iv Developing Long-Term Socioeconomic Strategy in Israel progressed, we determined that the true value of such an institutional

ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืกื•ืฆื™ื•ืืงื•ื ื•ืžื™ืช 45

ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื โ€ข ืœืืชื’ืจื™ื ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืืช ืœืฉืคืจ ื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ืžืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช, ืืช ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืฉืœ ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืื•ืชื ืฉืœ ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื ื•ืืช ืืชื’ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื ืขื ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” (ื›ื•ืœืœ ืจื”โ€œืž ืžืฉืจื“ ืฉืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื• ื”ื’ื‘ืจืช ื™ื“ื™ ืขืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืœื›ืœื›ืœื”) ืœืชืื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืฉืจื“ื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”. ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื ื›โ€œืœื™ื ื•ืกืžื ื›โ€œืœื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืืฃ ื”ืŸ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืœื™ ืขื–ืจ ืจื‘ ืขืจืš ืœืชื™ืื•ื ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืžืฉืจื“ื™

ื•ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื, ื•ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ืœื”ืงื™ืžืŸ.ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช โ€ข ืฉืœ ื•ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืœืืชื’ืจื™ื ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื”

ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขืžื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืคื™ืง ืชื•ืขืœืช ืžืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื›ืœื™ ืื ืœื™ื–ื” ื•ืžื—ืงืจ, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืชื—ื–ื™ื•ืช ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช, ืชื—ื–ื™ื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช, ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืชืจื—ื™ืฉื™ื ื•ืžื—ืงืจื™ื

ืฉืœ ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืจื‘ื•ืช ืœืขืจื‘ ื‘ืขืœื™ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืœื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” โ€ข

ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื ื‘ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ื•ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืœืืชื’ืจื™ื. ืืฃ ื›ื™ ืœื ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืคืจืกื ืืช ื›ืœ ืžืกืžื›ื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช, ืจืื•ื™ ืฉื”ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ืชื”ื™ื” ื›ืœืคื™ ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืคืจืกื•ื ืฉืœ ืžืกืžื›ื™

ืขื–ืจ ืฉื™ื•ื’ืฉื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ืื• ื‘ืขืœื™ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืžืžืฉืœื”.ืœื”ื™ื•ืช โ€ข ืืžื•ืจื” ืœืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืœื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื‘ื™ื™ืฉื•ื. ื™ืกื™ื™ืขื• ืœืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ืงืฉืจื™ื

ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืขืœ ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขืช ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืฉืœ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืœื›ื”ื•ื ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ืขืœ ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ืœืกืคืง ืชืฉื•ืžื•ืช ืœืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื–ื•, ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ืชืฉื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช. ื™ื•ื–ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคื™ืกืงืœื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื’ืข ื‘ื›ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืงื•ื‘ืขื™ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื™ืกื™ื™ืขื• ืฉื›ืืœื” ื”ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืืžืฆืขื™ื ืœื”ืฉื’ืช ืื•ืชืŸ ืžื˜ืจื•ืช. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืžืกื’ืจืช ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ืฉื›ื–ืืช ืžืกื’ืจืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช. ื‘ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืœืชืžื•ืš ืชื•ื›ืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ืชื™ื™ืฆืจ ืžืคืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืคื™ืกืงืœื™ืช ืœืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื”, ื›ืžื• ื’ื ื”ื ื—ื™ื•ืช ืœืžืฉืจื“ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื•ื–ืืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฆื’ืช ืจืžืช ื”ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื”ืฆืคื•ื™ื” ืœืขืžื•ื“

ืœืจืฉื•ืชื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื”.

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44 ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืกื•ืฆื™ื•-ืืงื•ื ื•ืžื™ืช ืืจื•ื›ืช ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ

ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ื”ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื•ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื— ืขืœ ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื•ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ืฉืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ื‘ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื•ืช ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื›ืจื•ื›ื™ื ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืงื‘ืœืช ืœืงืจืืช ื”ืงืจืงืข ืืช ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”, ื‘ื“ืจื’ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ื•ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืงื‘ืœื™ ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื›ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช. ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื•ืช ืฉื›ืืœื”, ื‘ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ื”ืชื™ืื•ื ื•ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื—, ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืœืกืคืง ื”ืชืจืื” ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช ืขืœ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืื• ื”ืฆืœื—ื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช, ืืฉืจ ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื ืชื•ืŸ ืจื•ืื™ื ืืš ืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื

ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœืคืกื•ื— ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ.ืžืžื—ืงืจ ื‘ืชืฉื•ืžื•ืช ื ืขื–ืจ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืจื‘ื™ื, ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืœืขืชื™ื ืฉื’ื•ื‘ืฉื•; ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ืœืคืจืกื ื ื”ื•ื’ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื, ื‘ื›ืœ ื•ื›ืžืขื˜ ื•ื ื™ืชื•ื—, ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžืชืคืจืกืžื™ื ื’ื ืžืกืžื›ื™ ืขื–ืจ, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื ื™ื™ืจื•ืช ืจืงืข ืฉื”ื•ื›ื ื• ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื

ืื• ื‘ืขืœื™ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ.ืžืžืงืจื™ ื”ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ืฉื‘ื“ืงื ื• ื”ืคืงื ื• ืžืกืคืจ ืชื•ื‘ื ื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืชื•ื›ืŸ

ื•ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื:

ืฉืœ โ€ข ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืื—ืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื” ื‘ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ืฉื ื‘ื—ืจื• ื–ื” ืœื ืžื›ื‘ืจ. ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉืœื‘ ื‘ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ืืœื” ื™ืขื“ื™ื ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืฉื’ื”. ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืœื›ื”ื•ื ืชื” ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืงืฉื™ืจืช ื‘ืžืžืฉืœื”, ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ืคื•ืขืœ. ืืœ ืฉื™ื™ืฆืื• ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืืช ืžื’ื“ื™ืœื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืžืžืฉืœื” ืงืฉืจื™ื ืฉื›ืืœื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื“ืจื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื”ืกื›ืžื™ื ืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืœื›ืœืœ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืชื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืžืกืžืš ื”ืคืงืช ื™ื“ื™ ืขืœ ืื• ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืœื˜ื•ื•ื—

ื›ื”ื•ื ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”.ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช โ€ข ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืชืžื™ื“ื™ืช ื ืงื™ื˜ื” ืขืœ ื’ื ืœื”ืงืคื™ื“ ื™ืฉ

ื›ืœืคื™ ืืชื’ืจื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ื•ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืฉืœ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืืจื•ื›ืช ื˜ื•ื•ื—, ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช, ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช ื”ืชืจืื” ื•ืžืขืจื›ืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ื—ืœื•ืคื•ืช ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ืช ื”ืชืžืงื“ื•ืช ืงืฆืจื•ืช. ื‘ื›ื”ื•ื ื•ืช ืžืชืืคื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื–ื ื—ืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืืช ืžื’ื“ื™ืœื” ื ืชื•ื ื” ืžืžืฉืœื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื” ืฉืœ ืื• ื›ื•ืœืœืช ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืืจื•ื›ืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื”ื˜ื•ื•ื—. ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืืฉืจ ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืจื›ื‘ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ื™ื™ื“ืจืฉื•, ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื”ืŸ. ืื•ืชืŸ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืกืคืง ืชืฉื•ืžื•ืช ื™ืงืจื•ืช ืขืจืš ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืœืงืจืืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ืฆืขื“ื™ื ืืช ืฉืชื›ื™ืœ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืœื˜ื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืฉื›ืืœื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ืœืคืชื— ื ื™ืชืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืืจื•ืš ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ื™ืขื“ื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื™ื ื™ืชืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืชื™ื™ืขืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื”

ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืœื™ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื.

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ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืกื•ืฆื™ื•ืืงื•ื ื•ืžื™ืช 43

ืœื ืงื™ื˜ืช โ€ข ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ื™ ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืืช ืœืฉืคืจ ืฆืจื™ืš ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช. ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื” ื›ืจื•ืš, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ, ื‘ื”ืงืžื” ืื• ื‘ืชื’ื‘ื•ืจ ืœืขื•ืกืงื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ื”ื›ืฉืจื” ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื•ืช, ืœืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ืžืกื’ืจืชื• ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืžืฉืจื“ื™ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื‘ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื•ืœืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ืœืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืชืฉื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืื ืฉื™ ืชื•ืจืžื™ื

ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืจื“.ื”ื ืงื™ื˜ื” ืฉืœ ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ื•ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืฉืœ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช โ€ข

ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืืจื•ื›ืช ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื™ืคื™ืงื• ืชื•ืขืœืช ื’ื ืžืขืฆื ื”ืงื™ื•ื ื•ืžื”ืชืคื•ืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืœืžืžืฉืœื”, ื”ื ื”ื ื™ื ืžืžื™ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืฉืœ ืขืฆืžืื•ืช. ื™ืฉ ืœืงืฉืจ ื’ื•ืคื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืฉื›ืืœื” ืœืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื”, ืœืžืฉืœ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื›ื”ื•ื ื” ื‘ืžื•ืขืฆื” ืžื™ื™ืขืฆืช ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช, ืžืงื•ืจ ืœืื™ื•ืฉ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ื”ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ

ืื• ื”ืคืงืช ื“ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ื”ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืชื™ื“ืจืฉ ืœื”ื’ื™ื‘ ืขืœื™ื”ื.

ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื•ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ืื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื“ืงื ื• ื›ืžืงืจื™ ืžื‘ื—ืŸ, ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช ื ื—ืœืงื•ืช ืœืฉื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ื โ€“ ืืœื” ื”ืžื™ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื•ืืœื” ื”ืžื™ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืืจื•ืš. ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื•ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืชื•ืžื›ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืกื•ื’. ืœืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืขืœ ืกื“ื™ืจ, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื• ื—ื“-ืคืขืžื™ ื‘ืกื™ืก ืขืœ ื ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืฉืื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื™ื,

ืคื™ ื”ื ื•ื”ื’.ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื, ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืขื“ ืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ื, ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืœื›ื”ื•ื ืชื” ืฉืœ ืžืžืฉืœื” ื ืชื•ื ื” ื•ื›ื•ืœืœื•ืช ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ืฉืœ ืชืงืฆื•ื‘. ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ืžืžืžืฉืœื” ื™ืขื‘ืจื• ื˜ื‘ืขืŸ ืคื™ ืฉืขืœ ื›ืืœื” ื™ื”ื™ื• ืฉื ื™ื ืžืขืฉืจ ืืจื•ืš ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ืœืžืžืฉืœื”, ืืš ืœืขืชื™ื ื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ืŸ ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ืฉืœ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืงืฆื” ืื• ื”ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™. ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ืจื—ื‘, ื”ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœื›ืœ ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช, ืื• ื‘ืกื™ืก ืฆืจ โ€“ ื”ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ืื—ื“

ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ื›ืžื• ืœืžืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืื ืจื’ื™ื”.ื‘ืชื•ืš ื›ืœืœ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื•ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืงืฆืจ ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ืื• ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืจืืฉ ืื•ืชื• ืฉืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”, ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืžืฉืจื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ืชื™ื™ืขืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื—ืœืงื•, ื›ืจื•ืš, ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืื•ืฆืจ. ืฉืจ ื•ืœืขืชื™ื ืืฃ ื‘ื”ืชื™ื™ืขืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ืขื ืื ืฉื™ื ืื• ื’ื•ืคื™ื ืฉืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืžืžืฉืœื”. ืœืขื•ืžืชืŸ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืืจื•ืš ื›ืžืขื˜ ืชืžื™ื“ ื ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื‘ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืžืžืฉืœื” โ€“ ื‘ืขืœื™ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื›ืžื• ื”ืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ืขืกืงื™, ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ ืื™ื’ื•ื“ื™ื ื•ืจืืฉื™ ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื—ื•ืฅ ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ื™ื ื•ืขืžื•ืชื•ืช; ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืื ืฉื™ ืืงื“ืžื™ื” ืื• ืจืืฉื™ ืฆื•ื•ืชื™ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื”. ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื•ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืืจื•ืš ื›ืื—ื“ ื›ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื™ืขื“ื™ื ื•ืžื˜ืจื•ืช, ื—ืœืงื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืื•ืคื™ ื›ืœืœื™ ื•ื—ืœืงื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืื•ืคื™ ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™. ืขื

ื–ืืช, ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื ืคื•ืฅ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืžืชื•ืš ืืœื” ืฉื‘ื“ืงื ื•.

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42 ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืกื•ืฆื™ื•-ืืงื•ื ื•ืžื™ืช ืืจื•ื›ืช ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ

ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข. ื”ืื˜ื” ื—ืœื” ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”, ืจืืฉ ืฉืœ ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื• ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ื“ืงื ื• ื›ืžืงืจื™ ืžื‘ื—ืŸ, ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืฆื“ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ื™ื ืื—ื“ ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื‘ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืฉื”ืŸ ืœื›ืš ื”ืชื•ืจืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ืžื“ืจื‘ื ื™ื ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ื•ื”ืŸ ื”ื›ื“ืื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื—ื” ื™ืชืงื‘ืœื• ื‘ืžืžืฉืœื”. ืžืงื•ืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื›ื•ืจื— ื‘ื ืงื™ื˜ืช ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ื”ื•ื ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืฉืœ ืžืกืžื›ื™ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืื• ืฆืžื™ื“ื•ืช ืœืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื. ื’ื•ืจื ืžื“ืจื‘ืŸ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื‘ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืจื—ื‘ื” ื”ื›ืจื” ืื• ื›ืœืœื™ืช ื”ืกื›ืžื” ืฉืœ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื ืจืื”, ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื•ื,

ืฉื‘ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช.ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ืฉืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช. ืืคืฉืจ ืฉืชื—ื•ืžื™ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื™ืขื‘ืจื• ืžืžืฉืจื“ ื–ื” ืœืžืฉืจื“ ืื—ืจ, ืืคืฉืจ ืฉื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืžื—ืงืจ ื™ืžื•ื–ื’ื• ืื• ืœืคื™ื›ืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ. ืขื ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืœืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืขืœ ืœื•ืžื“ื•ืช ื•ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ื™ืคื•ืฆืœื•, ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืœืืคืฉืจ ื›ื“ื™ ื”ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช, ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืœื’ืžื™ืฉื•ืช ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ื ืจืื”

ืžื•ืกื“ื™ืช ืฉื›ื–ืืช.ืžืžืงืจื™ ื”ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ืฉื‘ื“ืงื ื• ื”ืคืงื ื• ืžืกืคืจ ืชื•ื‘ื ื•ืช:

ื ืงื™ื˜ื” ืฉืœ ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ื•ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืฉืœ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช โ€ข ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืืจื•ื›ืช ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื™ืคื™ืงื• ืชื•ืขืœืช ืžื”ืงืžืชื” ืื• ืชื’ื‘ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื•ืชืื•ื™ืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืจืืฉ ืฉืœ ืœื‘ื• ื‘ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืฉืชื–ื›ื” ืœืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื•ืช ื—ื–ืงื•ืช. ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื•ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงืžืชื” ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช, ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืืฉืจ ืœื”ืงืฉื•ืช ืขืœ ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื•ืช (ืื ื›ื™ ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืœื ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžื”ืŸ ื›ืœื™ืœ)

ืœื”ืชืขืœื ืžื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™.ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ โ€ข ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืจืืฉ ืฉืœ ื•ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ื—ืงื™ืงื” ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช

ื”ืžื•ืงื™ืจื” ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืืชื’ืจื™ื. ื›ืœืคื™ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ืœื’ื™ืฉื” ืžืชืžืฉืš ืชื™ื™ืฆืจ ื’ื ืืš ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืงืฉื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ื›ื–ื• ื’ื™ืฉื” ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ. ื ื•ื‘ืข ืžื›ืš ืฉื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœืœื•ื•ืช ืืช ืงื™ื•ืžืŸ ืฉืœ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืœืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื”, ืžืชื•ืš ื‘ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช, ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืœื™ื™ืฉื ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ื”ืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื• ืืœื” ืฉืœื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช, ืื•ืชืŸ ืฉืœ ืœืชืคื•ืงื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช

ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื•ื”ืŸ ื•ื“ืื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ืจื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืžืฉืš ืงื™ื•ืžืŸ.

Page 201: Developing Long-Term Socioeconomic Strategy in Israel...iv Developing Long-Term Socioeconomic Strategy in Israel progressed, we determined that the true value of such an institutional

ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืกื•ืฆื™ื•ืืงื•ื ื•ืžื™ืช 41

ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช, ืกืจื™ืงืช ื”ืื•ืคืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืกื™ืžื ื™ ืื–ื”ืจื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื™ื ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื ื•ืชืคืงื•ื“ ื›ืžืฉืื‘ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื”. ื‘ืฉืœ ื›ืš, ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขืœ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื”, ื‘ื”ื›ืจื—, ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืฉืœ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช, ืืฃ ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืกืคืง ืฉื–ื”ื• ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžืฉื™ืžื”. ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืฉืœ ื—ืœื•ืคื•ืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ื•ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ืกื™ืžื ื™ ืื–ื”ืจื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื™ื ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืžืจืืฉ ื•ืœืฆืคื•ืช ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืงืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ืชืจ ืœื”ืกืชื’ืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืœืงื•ื‘ืขื™ ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื’ืžื•ืช ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื•ืฉืœ โ€™ื”ืคืชืขื•ืชโ€˜ ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ื•ืช ื›ืื—ืช. ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืžืฉืื‘ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืกื™ื™ืข ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”.ืขืœ ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืœืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืœืกื™ื™ืข ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ืœืœื• ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื‘ืขื™ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื”: ืœืื—ืจ ื ื™ืกื•ื—ืŸ, ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช ื ืขืฉื•ืช ืคื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืขื“ ืžืื•ื“. ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืงื•ืฉื™ ืœืฉื ื•ืช, ืœื”ื–ื ื™ื— ืื• ืœื–ื ื•ื— ื’ื ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉื ื“ืจืฉ ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ืœื”ื‘ืฉืœืชืŸ, ื•ื’ื ื›ืืœื” ืฉื”ืŸ ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ืžืืžืฅ ืžืชื•ืื, ื•ื–ืืช ืžืฉืชื™ ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืžืžืฉืœื”, ื”ื—ืœืคืช ืœืžืฉืœ ื›ืžื• ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื, ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช. ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื ื™ืกื•ื—ื” ืฉืœ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืืจื•ื›ืช ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื—ื“ืฉื”, ื’ื ืื ืคื™ืชื•ื—ื” ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื ื™ืช, ื–ื”-ืขืชื”. ื”ื•ืฉืœื ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช ื”ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืืจื•ื›ืช ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”, ื›ืžื• ืžืฉื‘ืจ ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ ืื• ืžื—ืื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื•ืืคื™ืœื•

ื–ื ื™ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื”.1 .ื‘ืฉืงื˜ ื ื–ื ื—ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื” ื•ื”ืชื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื›ื™ื—ื•ืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืฆื™ืจืชื” ืžืœืžื“ืช ืžืคื•ืจื˜ื•ืช ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ื•ืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช. ืœื”ืขืจื›ื” ืžื•ืงื“ ืœื”ื•ื•ืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืื™ื ืŸ ืขืœื™ื” ื•ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ืช ื•ื”ื’ื ื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ื•ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืฉื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ื•ื“ืื™ืช ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ื ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช, ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ืฉืžื™ืจื” ื’ื ื›ืžื• ืขืœื™ื”ื, ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืืช ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ื•ื”ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื™ื

ื‘ืžืžืฉืœื”.ืขื•ื“ ืžืฆืื ื• ื›ื™ ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ื™ื ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉื‘ื”ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื, ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช. ืฉืœ ื”ืคื•ืขืœ ืืœ ื•ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืคืš ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”, ืจืืฉ ืžืฆื“ ื™ืฉื™ืจื” ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœืคืจื™ื˜ ื‘ืขื“ื™ืคื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”. ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ื•ืจื’ืฉื”

ื’ื ื”ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืขืœื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืคื’ื™ืขื•ืช, ืืฃ ื›ื™ ื ืชืงืœื ื• ื‘ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืคื•ืจืงื• ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื•ืช ืื• ื’ื•ืคื™ื ืฉืขืกืงื• 1ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืขืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืงืจื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ. ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ื ื‘ื•ืฆืข ืฉื‘ื”ื ืžืงืจื™ื ืœืขื•ืžืช ื‘ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื”, ืœืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœืช ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”, ืฉืคื•ืจืงื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื“ื™ื™ื•ื•ื™ื“ ืงืžืจื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2010, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื•ืงืžื” Institute for Government, 2011; UK Prime Ministerโ€™s Strategy Unit,) 2002-ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื˜ื•ื ื™ ื‘ืœื™ื™ืจ ื‘2010). ื•ืื•ืœื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืžืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื—ื“ืฉื”, ืืœื ื”ื™ื ื ื•ืฆืจื” ืžืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื•ื”ืชืคืชื—ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื” ื ืคื•ืฆื• ืœืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื”, ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืกื’ื™ืจืชื” ืœืื—ืจ .(Truswell & Atkinson, 2011) ืงื™ื•ืžื” ืชืงื•ืคืช ื›ืœ ืœืื•ืจืš ืจืืฉ ื”ืงื™ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืจื”โ€œืž. ืกื’ืŸ ื•ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ืžืฉืจื“ ืจื”โ€œืž, ืœืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืžืฉื•ื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช

.(Institute for Government, 2011; Waugh, 2011) ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ืฉืžื ืชื” ืชืจื™ืกืจ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื

Page 202: Developing Long-Term Socioeconomic Strategy in Israel...iv Developing Long-Term Socioeconomic Strategy in Israel progressed, we determined that the true value of such an institutional

40 ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืกื•ืฆื™ื•-ืืงื•ื ื•ืžื™ืช ืืจื•ื›ืช ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ

ืชื•ื‘ื ื•ืช ืžืžืงืจื™ ื”ืžื‘ื—ืŸื›ืืŸ ืื ื• ืžืชืžืงื“ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช, ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื•ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื. ื”ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ื•ืืฉืจ ืœื” ืžื—ื•ืฆื” ื”ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื•ื”ื’ื•ืคื™ื ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ ื›ืœ ืฉืœ ื•ื”ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื” ืชื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืืจื•ื›ืช ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื•ืžืคืงื—ื™ื ืกื•ื’ื™ื ื•ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ืœื–ื” ื–ื” ื”ื“ื•ืง ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ื•ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื”. ืขืœ ื•ืžื™ื“ืข ื•ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช, ืฉืœ ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ืœื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉืŸ. ื™ืฉ ื‘ื ืžืฆื ืžื™ื“ืข ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ. ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืชื™ืขื•ื“ ื”ืจืฉืžื™, ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจ ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœืกื˜ื•ืช ืžื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื‘ืฉื˜ื—; ื”ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ืื™ื ื ืคื•ืจืžืืœื™ื™ื ื•ืกื“ื•ืจื™ื ื•ื”ื’ืขื” ืœื›ืœืœ ื”ื‘ื ื” ืžืœืื” ืฉืœื”ื ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ืžืฆื™ืืช ื”ืžืจื•ืื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืงื‘ืœ ืžื”ื ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžื“ื•ื™ืงื•ืช. ื ื™ืชืŸ ืžื—ืงืจ ื‘ื›ืœื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืขื™ืชื•ื™, ื›ืžื• ื”ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืชืืจ ื•ืื ืœื™ื–ื” โ€“ ื›ืŸ ืื• ืœื, ืื• ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ืขืฆื•ื™ื•ืช. ื•ืื•ืœื ืงืฉื” ืœืงื‘ืœ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžืช ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ืช ื”ืฉื’ืจื” ืขืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืคื•ืจื˜ ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉืœื ื• ื”ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ืžืงืจื™

ื‘ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืœืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื•ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื”.

ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืชืคื•ืจืžืœื™ื™ื ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื›ืžืงืจื™ ืฉื‘ื“ืงื ื• ืžื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ื™ื, ืœื ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื•ื‘ืื—ืจื•ืช ื—ืงื™ืงืชื™ ื™ืกื•ื“ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื’ื™ื‘ื•ื™ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื‘ืžืชื›ื•ื ืช ืฉืœ โ€™ื”ืกื›ืžื” ืฉื‘ืฉืชื™ืงื”โ€˜. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžื ื•ืช ืžืกืคืจ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืœืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื•ืช, ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืœืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืคื ื™ื ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื‘ืื•ืจื— ืขืฆืžืื™ ืืš ื’ื ืœืฉืชืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืขื ื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื”ืžืกืคืงื™ื ืœืžื—ืฆื” ืขืฆืžืื™ื™ื ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื‘ื•ื–ืจ, ื‘ืื•ืจื— ื•ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื•ื ื™ืชื•ื—ื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื•ื—. ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ืžืฆืื ื• ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืขืฆืžืื™ื™ื ื”ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืืœ ื”ืžืงื•ืฉืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืื• ืœืžื—ืฆื” ืžืžืฉืœ, ืคืงื™ื“ื™ ืฉืœ ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ืช ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื, ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืชืฉื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืœืื’โ€˜ื ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืื• ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ื (ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ื™ื ืื• ื‘ืœืชื™ ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ื™ื) ืฉืœ ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ืช ืœืชืคื•ืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืืœื”. ื’ื ื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืกื•ื’ื™ ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื”, ืขืฆื ืงื™ื•ืžื ืฉืœ ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื›ืืœื” ืขื•ื“ื“ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืžืจืืฉ ื•ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืžื•ืงื“ื ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ื—ืœืงื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”, ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืขืกืงื”, ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื”, ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช

ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืžื™ื“ื™ื•ืช.ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืฉืขื ื™ื™ื ื ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœืžืœื ืื—ืช ืžืืจื‘ืข ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื•ืช (ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ). ื”ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ื•ืช. ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ืืœื” ื”ืŸ ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ืชืคื•ืงื•ืช ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช, ืื ื›ื™ ืœื ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื”ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืฉืœ ื—ืœื•ืคื•ืช

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ืคืจืง 4.

ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื•ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช

ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ืขื ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื• ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื•ืžืคืชื—ื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื•ื—ื ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ื•ืžื™ื™ืฉืžื•ืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืืจื•ื›ืช ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืืœื”, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื™ื•ืขื™ืœ ื”ืŸ ืœืžืžืฉืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืืฃ ืขืœ ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืชื™ื”. ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืื• ืœืืœื” ื•ื”ืŸ ื”ืžื›ื”ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืืคืฉืจ ืฉืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžื”ื”ืฆืœื—ื•ืช ื•ืžื”ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช

ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ื•ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ืฉืœ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช.ื—ื•ืงืจื™ ืจืื ื“ ื‘ื“ืงื• ืœืขื•ืžืง ืžืงืจื™ ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ืฉืœ ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื•ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืงื•ืœื•ืžื‘ื™ื” ื•ืžื—ื•ื– ืกื™ื ื’ืคื•ืจ ืงื•ืจื™ืื”, ื‘ื“ื ืžืจืง, ืฉื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืคื™ื ืœื ื“, ืžืงื ื“ื”, ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื•ืงื“ื™ื ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ืžืงืจื™ ื’ื ื›ืžื• ืฉื‘ืงื ื“ื”, ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ืกืชืžื›ื ื• ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ื•ืืจืฆื•ืช ื–ื™ืœื ื“ ื ื™ื• ื”ื•ืœื ื“, ืื™ืจืœื ื“, ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”, ื—ื‘ืจืช ื™ื“ื™ ืขืœ ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืฉื‘ื•ืฆืขื” ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ืขืœ ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื ืžื—ืงืจื™ื

ืฉืœื“ื•ืจ ืขืœ ืคื™ื ืœื ื“, ืื™ืจืœื ื“ ื•ื ื™ื• ื–ื™ืœื ื“.ื‘ืคืจืง ื–ื” ืื ื• ืžืฆื™ื’ื™ื ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืืช ื”ืชื•ื‘ื ื•ืช ืฉืขืœื• ืžื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ื”ืžืžืฆืื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืžื—ื™ืฉื•ืช ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืžืฆื™ื’ื™ื ืื ื• ืžื›ืŸ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืœื ื•. ื”ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ืžืžืงืจื™ ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื” ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื ืคืขืจื™ื ื ืชืืจ ื”ื‘ื ื‘ืคืจืง ื”ืžื‘ื—ืŸ. ืžืžืงืจื™ ื”ืชื•ื‘ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืฉืœื‘ ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช. ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื•ืœื ื”ืœ ืœื™ื™ืฉื ืœืคืชื—, ื•ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช ืคืจืง 6, ื”ืžื›ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืชื™ื ื• ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื•ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ,

ืžืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ื”ืชื•ื‘ื ื•ืช ืžืคืจืง ื–ื” ืžื”ืžืžืฆืื™ื ื”ืžืชื•ืืจื™ื ื‘ืคืจืง ื”ื‘ื.

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ื”ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ื•ื”ืืชื’ืจื™ื ื”ืกื•ืฆื™ื•-ืืงื•ื ื•ืžื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ 37

ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื•ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืœื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื•ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ืฉืœ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ื•ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืžื™ื“ืข ื‘ืื•ืชื ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื•ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื.

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36 ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืกื•ืฆื™ื•-ืืงื•ื ื•ืžื™ืช ืืจื•ื›ืช ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ

ืจื”โ€œืž ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื•ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืชื™ืื•ื ื”ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ, ืื’ืฃ ื”ื—ืœ ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ืคื™ืงื•ื— ืžื‘ืฆืข ื”ืื’ืฃ ืžืžืฉืœื”. ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ืขืœ ืฉื™ื˜ืชื™ ื‘ืคื™ืงื•ื— ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื ืžืฆืื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ืขื“ื™ืคื•ืช ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืžืžื•ืงื“ ืžื•ื‘ื—ืŸ ื”ืชืฉืชื™ืช ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื ื™ื›ืจ ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืจื”โ€œืž. ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื”ืžืฉืจื“ื™ืช, ืœืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ื—ืก ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ืœื‘ืฆืข ื•ืžืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืžื•ืช ื–ืืช ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ื›ืชื‘. ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืžื”ืขืœืืช ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืฉืžืฉื•ืช ื‘ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ื™ืขื“ื™ื. ืžื“ื“ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ื”ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื ื ื“ืจืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืœืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื“ื™ื•ื•ื— ื•ืคื™ืงื•ื— ืขืœ ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžืŸ ืฉืœ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”. ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช, ืžื™ื“ืช ืœื”ืขืจื›ืช ืืžืฆืขื™ื ื‘ื›ืœืœื•ืชื” ื•ืœืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœืžืฉืจื“ื™ื ื—ืกืจื™ื ื”ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืœื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ืชืคื•ืงื•ืช ื•ืชื•ืฆืจื™ื, ืœื›ืŸ ืกืคืง ืื

ื“ื™ ื‘ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืœืขืฆืžื•.ืชืฉืชื™ืช ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื‘ื ืง ื›ื™ ื ืจืื” ื”ืžืจื•ืื™ื™ื ื™ื, ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืคื™ ืขืœ ืชืขืกื•ืงื” ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช, ื‘ื–ื™ืจื” ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื™ืขื“ื™ ืขืœ ืœืคื™ืงื•ื— ื”ืžืกืคื™ืงื•ืช ืชื’ื‘ืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืฉืื ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืื—ืจื™ื. ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ื•ืื™ื ื“ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื›ื•ืœืœืช, ืื• ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื‘ืคื™ืงื•ื— ืœืชืžื•ืš ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื‘ื ืง ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช, ืฉื™ื˜ืชื™ ืื—ืจ ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžืŸ ืฉืœ ืื•ืชืŸ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช. ืœื—ื•ืงืจื™ ื‘ื ืง ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื—ื•ืฆื•ืช ื•ืื•ืœื ื™ืฉ ืœืขืจื•ืš ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืื ืขื•ืžื“ ืœืจืฉื•ืชื ื“ื™ ื–ืžืŸ ืื• ืฉืžื ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฉื›ื–ืืช ืชืืœืฅ ืื•ืชื ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ื‘ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขืŸ ืฉืœ ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื•ืช

ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.

ืกื™ื›ื•ื

ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื•ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช, ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื™ืฉ ื›ื™ ืžืœืžื“ ื–ื” ืคืจืง ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืœืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ืœืืคืฉืจ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื•ืžื™ื“ืข ืžืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืืœื” ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ืจื”โ€œืž ื•ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ, ืืš ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื’ื ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ื™ ืžืžืฉืœื” ืจื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื. ื”ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ืื™ืŸ ื•ืื•ืœื ื”ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ, ื•ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื”ืฉื ืชื™ ื”ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ื”ื›ื ืช ื”ื ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ืงืฉืจื™ ื’ื•ืžืœื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื•ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ืฉืคืขืชื ืžื•ื ืขืช ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืืจื•ื›ืช ื˜ื•ื•ื—, ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ืชืืคืฉืจ ื‘ื”ื™ื ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื ืงื•ื˜ ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ื›ืœืคื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช. ื™ืฉ ื‘ื ืžืฆื ืฉืคืข ืฉืœ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื•ื ื™ืชื•ื—ื™ื ื•ืื•ืœื ืืœื” ืื™ื ื ื–ื•ื›ื™ื ืœืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื ืื•ืช ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื”, ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ. ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื ืชืืจ ื”ื‘ื ื‘ืคืจืง .5 ื‘ืคืจืง ืคื™ืจื•ื˜ ื‘ื™ืชืจ ื ื“ื•ื ื•ืช ืืœื” ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืขื ื”ืืชื’ืจ ืฉืœ ื ืงื™ื˜ืช ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช, ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืฉืœ

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ื”ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ื•ื”ืืชื’ืจื™ื ื”ืกื•ืฆื™ื•-ืืงื•ื ื•ืžื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ 35

ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืžื—ืงืจ ื—ื•ืฅ ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ื•ืช: ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื›ืฆืจื›ืŸ ืžื™ื“ืขื™ืฉ ืžืกืคืจ ืจื‘ ืฉืœ ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืžื™ื“ืข ื•ืžื—ืงืจ ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื, ื”ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ ืืช ื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœ ื‘ื ืง ื™ืฉืจืืœ (ื”ืžืชื•ืืจืช ืœืขื™ืœ), ืฆื•ื•ืชื™ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื•ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืžื—ืงืจ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื (ื›ืžื• ื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืœื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื•ืžืจื›ื– ื˜ืื•ื‘ ืœื—ืงืจ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ), ื•ื›ืŸ ื’ื•ืคื™ื ืืงื“ืžื™ื™ื. ืžืฆื“ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืื™ืŸ ืฉื™ื˜ืชื™ื•ืช ื•ืื™ืŸ ืขืงื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉื”ื™ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœื” ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืœืื™ืกื•ืฃ ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ ื’ื•ืฃ ืงื™ื™ื ืœื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช. ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื™ื“ื™ ืขืœ ืฉื”ื•ื–ืžื ื• ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืžืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื”ืžืชืงื‘ืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื•ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ

ื‘ื›ืœืœื•ืชื” ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื.ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื, ื”ืžืžืฉืง ืขื ื’ื•ืคื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ืฉื™ืชื•ืคื™ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืžื–ื“ืžื ื™ื ื•ื‘ืœืชื™ ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ื™ื. ื•ื›ืš, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื”ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืฉืจื“ื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœ ื‘ื ืง ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื™ื ื• ืžื•ื‘ื ื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื• ื•ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ืงืฉืจื™ื ืœื ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ื™ื. ื’ื ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ืื“-ื”ื•ืง ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื•ืช ืฆื•ืจื›ื•ืช ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืœื ืžื•ืกื“ืจ, ื”ืžื•ืฉืคืข ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื•ืžื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœื‘ ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ืจืืฉ

ื•ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ื”ืืžื•ืจื•ืช.

ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ืงืจื” ื•ื”ืขืจื›ื”ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ ืžื‘ืฆืข ืืช ืขื™ืงืจ ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื”ื‘ืงืจื” ื•ื”ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืžืฆื“ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”. ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื•ืžืกืชื™ื™ืขื™ื ื•ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช, ื”ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืกื’ืจื•ืช ืžืชืžืงื“ื™ื ืืœื” ืฉื“ืจื•ื’ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืฉืžืฉืจื“ื™ ื ืจืื” ื”ืื•ืฆืจ. ืžืฉืจื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืชืคื•ืงื•ืช ื•ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ืขืœ ืœืคืงื— ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ืžื—ืฉื•ื‘, ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™

ื•ื‘ืชื•ืฆืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื.

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34 ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืกื•ืฆื™ื•-ืืงื•ื ื•ืžื™ืช ืืจื•ื›ืช ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ

ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืžื—ืงืจ ืคื ื™ื ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ื™ืื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ืจื”โ€œืž, ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืœื›ืœื›ืœื” ืžืชืคืงื“ืช ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื›ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืžืžื–ื’ ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืžื‘ืฆืขืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื, ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ื•ื ืชื•ื ื™ื. ืžื™ื“ืข ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™, ืžื—ืงืจ ื•ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืœืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื” ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื”ื ื™ืฉ ืืฉืจ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื•ืžื”ืœื›ื™ ื›ืžื• ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช, ื‘ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืœืชืžื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืžืฉืœื” ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืžืคื™ืงื” ื”ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืœืžืฉืœ ืžื—ืงืจ ืขืœ ืชืขืกื•ืงื” ื‘ืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ื—ืจื“ื™ (ืœื•ื™ืŸ, 2009). ืืฃ ื›ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืœื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื‘ืจืืฉ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืชืžื ื• ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ ืžื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉื ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืขืœ ื”ืงืžืชื” ื ืงื‘ืข ื›ื™ ืœืฆื“ ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ืชืคืขืœ ื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ืขื–ืจ ืœืžื—ืงืจ ื•ืื™ืกื•ืฃ ืžื™ื“ืข ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ืกื’ืŸ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื”, ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช

ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช.ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ, ื”ื•ืคืงื“ ืื’ืฃ ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื•ืžื—ืงืจ ืขืœ ืžื—ืงืจ ื•ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื›ืœื›ืœื™, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ื”ืžืืงืจื•-ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื, ืžืชื•ืš ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœืžืงื‘ืœื™ ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืขื ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ื™ื ืœื ืงืฉืจื™ื ืžื ื”ืœ ื”ืื’ืฃ ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช. ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื‘ื ืง ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืขื ื”ืœืฉื›ื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ืœืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื”, ืขื ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืœื›ืœื›ืœื” ื•ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื’ื ืขื ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืืงื“ืžื™ื™ื. ื”ืชืจื•ืžื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื’ืฃ ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืกืงื™ืจื•ืช ืชืงื•ืคืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื”. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืื’ืฃ ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื™ื ื”ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื—ืกื•ืช ืžื ื›โ€œืœ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ. ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช, ืขืœ ืคื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืžืจื•ืื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•, ื›ืจื’ืข ื”ืื’ืฃ ืื™ื ื• ืœืขืชื™ื ื•ืจืง ื”ืื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืงื‘ืœืช ืžืชื”ืœื™ืš ื ืคืจื“ ื‘ืœืชื™ ื—ืœืง ื ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ื ื™ืกื•ื— ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื’ืฃ ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ื™ื. ื™ืฉ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœืื’ืฃ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ, ืžืคืขื™ืœ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ ืืช ืจืฉื•ืช ืžืก ื”ื”ื›ื ืกื”, ื”ืžื•ืคืงื“ืช,

ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ, ืขืœ ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืกื•ื™. 8ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื•ืช ืคื ื™ื ืžื—ืงืจ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืžืคืขื™ืœื™ื ืžืžืฉืœื” ืžืฉืจื“ื™ ืฉืœ ืงื•ืžืฅ ื”ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืคื•ืชื—ื• ืžื—ืงืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืื• ืžื”ื ื‘ื—ืœืง ืžืคื•ืชื—ื•ืช. ืžื—ืงืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื•ืช. ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ื•ืื•ืœื ื—ื•ืฅ-ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ื™ื ืžื—ืงืจ ื’ื•ืคื™ ืขื ื’ื•ืžืœื™ืŸ ืงืฉืจื™ ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืื™ื ื ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืžืจื•ืื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื‘ื™ืขื• ืชืจืขื•ืžืช ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืฉืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ื’ื ื‘ื—ืกืจ ืœื•ืงื” ื‘ื™ื•ืจื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช. ื•ืžืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื—ื‘ืช ืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืœืชืžื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื™ื ื•ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื™ื“ืข ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืœื ืฆืœ ื”ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื

ื‘ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช.

8ื‘ืขืช ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื˜ืจื ื”ื•ืฉืœื ื”ืžื™ื–ื•ื’ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื ื”ืœ ื”ื›ื ืกื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื”ืื’ืฃ ืœืงืฉืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ื•ืื’ืฃ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื•ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืคื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืชื—ืช ืžื ื”ืœ ื™ื—ื™ื“ (ื”ื›ืœื›ืœืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื™). ื”ืฉืืœื” ืื ืฆืขื“ ื–ื” ื™ืฉืคืจ ืืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช

ื”ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืจื“ ื ื•ืชืจื” ืคืชื•ื—ื” ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื.

Page 208: Developing Long-Term Socioeconomic Strategy in Israel...iv Developing Long-Term Socioeconomic Strategy in Israel progressed, we determined that the true value of such an institutional

ื”ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ื•ื”ืืชื’ืจื™ื ื”ืกื•ืฆื™ื•-ืืงื•ื ื•ืžื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ 33

ืขื ื–ืืช, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช, ืฉื”ืฆืœื—ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืฉืœื ื•. ื”ืžืจื•ืื™ื™ื ื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืคื™ ืขืœ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืงื˜ื ื” ืžืงื™ืคื” ืœืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ื‘ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื”ืื™ืฅ ืืช ื”ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ื’ืœื™ืœ ื•ื”ื ื’ื‘, ืฉืœ ืขืžื“ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืืช ืžืฆื™ื’ื™ื ืื ื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจื™ืคืจื™ื” ื›ืื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ืก ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืชื•ื‘ื ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืžืฉื•ื ื”ืœืœื• ืœืงืฉื™ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ื”ืžืจื•ืื™ื™ื ื™ื

ืœืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช.ืœื”ืขืจื›ืช ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืžื“ื•ื— ื”ื™ืชืจ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืขื•ืœื”, ื›ืคื™ ื”ืชืขืกื•ืงื”, ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืชืขืกื•ืงื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ (ื“ื•ื— ืืงืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ), ืœื’ื•ืคื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื—ืœืงื™ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืœื‘ื—ื™ื ืช (ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืชื™ืื•ื ืžื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ืกื‘ืœ ื‘ื• ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืืš ืœื ื•ืฉื ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื ื›ื™ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ .(2010 ื”ืชืขืกื•ืงื”, ื”ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื”ื—ื–ื•ืŸ, ืืช ื”ืœืœื• ื”ื’ื•ืคื™ื ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื•ืœื”ืคื™ืฅ ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ืฉืืคืฉืจื” ื•ื”ื™ืขื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”. ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื›ื•ืœืœืช ื”ื•ื ืื—ืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื ื™ืกื•ื— ืขืœ ืฉื™ื•ืคืงื“ ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ืœื”ืงื™ื ื‘ืฉื ืช 2013 ืฉื”ืชืงื‘ืœื”

ื•ืชื™ืื•ื ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืชืขืกื•ืงื” ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ืช ืžืงื™ืคื”.ืืช ืœืคืชื— ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืฉื‘ื•ืฆืขื• ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืจื•ืื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืœืžืžืฉืœื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคืช ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื™ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ืช ื”ืคืจื™ืคืจื™ื” ืืฃ ืขืœ ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช. ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคื•ืขืœ ืืœ ื•ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืื” ื‘ื ื™ืกื•ื— ืฉื”ื•ืงื ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื–ื” ืžืฉืจื“ ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ื™ ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืื•ืฉืจื• ืžืกืคืจ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื’ื‘ืฉ ื ืชื™ื‘ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™, ืžืงื™ืฃ ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉื”ื•ื–ื›ืจื• ืžื”ืงืฉื™ื™ื ื—ืœืง ื”ืคืจื™ืคืจื™ื”. ื‘ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืœื˜ืคืœ ื›ื“ื™ ื•ืฉื•ื˜ืฃ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื• ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ืคื•ืกืง ื‘ืจืžื•ืช ืชืฉื•ืžืช ื”ืœื‘ ื•ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื”ืขื“ื™ืคื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืฆื“ ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช, ื—ื•ืกืจ ื•ื“ืื•ืช ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ื™ืช, ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืขื“ื™ื ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื

ื•ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ืชื™ืื•ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื•ืคื™ื ื”ืžืžืœื›ืชื™ื™ื.

ื ืชื•ื ื™ื, ืžื™ื“ืข ื•ืžื—ืงืจ ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื˜ืžืขื” ืฉืœ ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ืœื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื

ืคืจืฉื ื•ื™ื•ืช, ื ืชื•ื ื™ื, ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืœืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื’ื™ืฉื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืœืงื•ื‘ืขื™ ื ื™ืชื•ื—ื™ื ื•ืžื™ื“ืข ืžืกื•ื’ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื. ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ ื–ื” ืื ื• ืกื•ืงืจื™ื ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืืช ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืคื ื™ื ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ื™ื ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืื ื• ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืœืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื ื•ืฆืจ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืžืžืฉืœื”.

ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืื ื• ื“ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื•ื”ื‘ืงืจื”.

Page 209: Developing Long-Term Socioeconomic Strategy in Israel...iv Developing Long-Term Socioeconomic Strategy in Israel progressed, we determined that the true value of such an institutional

32 ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืกื•ืฆื™ื•-ืืงื•ื ื•ืžื™ืช ืืจื•ื›ืช ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ

ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืœืชื”ืœื™ืš ื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื—ื“-ืคืขืžื™ ืฉื›ื–ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืื’โ€˜ื ื“ื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืœืฉื ื™ื 2010-2008 (ืžืฉืจื“ ืจื”โ€œืž, 2007). ื ื™ื™ืจ ืขืžื“ื” ื–ื” ื ื•ืกื— ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืœื›ืœื›ืœื” ื‘ืฉื ืช ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœื”. ื”ื•ื ืื•ืฉืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจ ืœืžืขืงื‘ ื•ืœื™ื™ืฉื•ื ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ืช ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืžื ื›โ€œืœ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ ื”ืžืกืžืš ื”ื–ื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขืœืืช ืขืงืจื•ืŸ โ€™ืฆืžืฆื•ื ื”ืขื•ื ื™ ืชื•ืš ืขื™ื“ื•ื“ ื”ืฆืžื™ื—ื”โ€˜ ืขืœ ืกื“ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ืืช ื”ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ืื‘ื˜ืœื”. ื•ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืขื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ื›ืžื•ืชื™ื™ื ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ื™ื ื™ืขื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืืžืฆืขื™ ืฉืœ ืœื ื™ืกื•ื— ื”ืŸ ืืฃ ืชืจืžื• ื–ื” ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืžืฉื ื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ืœืžืฉืœ ื”ืชื ืขืช ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืžืก ื”ื”ื›ื ืกื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืœื™ ื•ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื–ืจื™ื. ืกื“ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื”ื•ื ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช ืœืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืฉ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ืช. ื•ืื•ืœื ื”ืŸ ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืกื“ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื ื•ื”ืŸ ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื• ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ื’ื ืœื”ืฆื™ืฃ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืงืฉื™ื™ื ืฉื‘ืชืจื’ื•ื ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื•ื‘ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืงื•ื ืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ื•ืช ืœืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ื—ืœืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื•ื‘ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ื”ืชื’ืœืขื• ื ื™ื›ืจื™ื ืงืฉื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืœ ื•ื‘ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ื™, ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื™ื•ื ืžืกื“ืจ ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืื’ืฃ ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ื™ื ื•ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืฆื“ ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช. ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ื”ื•ืจื—ื‘ื” ื•ืœื ืขื•ื“ื›ื ื” ืœื ื›ืœืœื™ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื”ืื’โ€˜ื ื“ื” ื•ืœืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช, ืœืชืงื•ื•ืช

ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืจืฉืžื™ ืžืื– ื•ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื.ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืกืชืžื›ื• ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื’ื ืขืœ ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื ืื• ื‘ืœืชื™ ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืœืชื™ืื•ื ื•ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื–ืžื•ืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช. ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืื—ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ืชื™ื‘ื™ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื™ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืœื”ืฆืœื—ื”. ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืžืชื•ืืžืช ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ. ื•ื‘ื ื•ืขืจ ื‘ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ืฆืžื•ื“ ืœืžืขืงื‘ ื•ื–ื›ืชื” ืจื”โ€œืž) (ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ืžื‘ื›ื™ืจื™ ืชืžื™ื›ื” ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœื” ืจืฉืžื™ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจื• ืฉืœื” ื•ื”ืชืคืขื•ืœ ืฉื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืขื“ ืจื”โ€œืž, ืžืฉืจื“ ืžืฆื“ ืœืžืฉืจื“ื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื™ื. ืงื“ืžื• ืœื›ืš ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ื•ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ื›ื ื” (ืžื” (ืฉืžื™ื“, ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ื•ืชื•ื•ื” ืฉื‘ืžืกื’ืจืชื ืฉืžื™ื“โ€˜), โ€™ื“ื•ื— ืฉืžื›ื•ื ื”

.(2006

Page 210: Developing Long-Term Socioeconomic Strategy in Israel...iv Developing Long-Term Socioeconomic Strategy in Israel progressed, we determined that the true value of such an institutional

ื”ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ื•ื”ืืชื’ืจื™ื ื”ืกื•ืฆื™ื•-ืืงื•ื ื•ืžื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ 31

ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืฉื’ืจืชื™ื™ืื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื•ืงืžื• ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื•ืช ืื• ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื•ืช ืœื ื•ืฉื ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™, ื•ืœืคืชื— ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ืžืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ืืชื’ืจื™ื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขืžื. ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื›ื™ื—ื• ืืช ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืชืŸ ื”ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ (ื›ืžืคื•ืจื˜ ืœื”ืœืŸ) ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช (ื›ืžืคื•ืจื˜ ื‘ืคืจืง 4). ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ื›ืืœื” ืžืฉื•ืขื‘ื“ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื•ืช, ื“ืขืช ื—ื•ื•ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืื™ืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ืฉืœ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ื•ืœื™ื™ืฉื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื—ืก

ืœื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช.ืขื ื–ืืช, ื™ืฉ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื’ื ื—ืกืจื•ื ื•ืช. ื•ืขื“ื” ืฉื›ื–ืืช ืืฉืจ ืงืžื” ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœืื™ืจื•ืข, ื”ื™ื ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ื‘ืขืœืช ืื•ืคื™ ืชื’ื•ื‘ืชื™. ื”ื™ื ื‘ื•ื—ื ืช ื‘ืขื™ื” ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืื– ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื‘ื’ื“ืจ ื”ื™ื ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื•ืœื ื”ืชืขื•ืจืจื” ื•ืงืฉืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช ืคืขื•ืœื” ืœืืคืฉืจ ืื•ืœื™, ื™ื›ื•ืœื”, ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ืœื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ืชืกืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืคืฉืจ ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื•ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืจืื™ื™ืช ื”ื ื•ืœื“ ืžืฆื“ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”. ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชืŸ ืฉืœ ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ื›ืืœื” ืื™ื ื” ื ืขืฉื™ืช ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืฉื’ืจืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœ ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช, ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื”ืŸ ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ืชืงืœ ื‘ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื™ื™ืฉื•ื. ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ืฉื’ืจืชื™ ืžืžื•ืกื“ ืœื”ืงืฆืืช ื”ืžืกืงื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ื›ืืœื” ืœื’ื•ืคื™ื ื”ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžืŸ ืžืขืœื” ื—ืฉืฉ ื›ื™ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื›ื™ ืื• ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื, ืžืกืคืจ ืฉืœ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื ืขืœ ื”ืžื›ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืชื™ื•ืช ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื•ืœื ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื™ื–ื›ื• ืœื ืฉื•ื˜ืคื™ื, ื•ื‘ืงืจื” ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื”ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช

ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื”.ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื‘ื•ืœื˜ืช ืžืŸ ื”ืขืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื•ืขื“ื” ืื“-ื”ื•ืง ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื›ืœื›ืœื™, ืฉืงืžื” ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœื’ืœ ื”ืžื—ืื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื‘ืงื™ืฅ 2011. ืœื•ื•ืขื“ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืจืื•ื™ื” ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ื ืžืงื™ืคื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืื—ืช ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื. ืœืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ื•ื‘ื”ืงืฆืื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื•ืช

ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ.

Page 211: Developing Long-Term Socioeconomic Strategy in Israel...iv Developing Long-Term Socioeconomic Strategy in Israel progressed, we determined that the true value of such an institutional

30 ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืกื•ืฆื™ื•-ืืงื•ื ื•ืžื™ืช ืืจื•ื›ืช ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ

ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ืœื”ืคืขืœื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ืœื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ืคืš ื”ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื ื”, ืืš ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืžืงื•ื ืจื‘ ืœืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื ืงื•ื˜ ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช, ืœืชื›ื ืŸ ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืืจื•ืš ื•ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืžื•ื’ื“ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืชืขื“ื•ืฃ ื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืฉืขืœ ืกื“ืจ ื™ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”, ื“ื‘ืจ ืืฉืจ ื‘ืชื•ืจื• ื™ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ื™ืขื“ื™ื

ืืจื•ื›ื™ ื”ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื.

ืงืฉืจื™ ื’ื•ืžืœื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ืœืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืชื›ื ื•ื ื™ื™ืื”ื“ื™ืืœื•ื’ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืชืจ ืžืฉืจื“ื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืื›ืŸ ื”ืฉืชืคืจ ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืคื ื™ื-ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื•ืช, ื•ืื•ืœื ืงืฉืจื™ ื‘ื—ืกืจ. ืœื•ืงื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืชื›ื ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืœืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื•ืžืœื™ื ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช ื‘ื”ืงืžืช ืื•ืชื ื’ื•ืคื™ ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ืžืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื•ื˜ืฃ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืฉืจื“ื™ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืชืงืฆื•ื‘ ื”ืžืžืฉืœืชื™. ื•ืื•ืœื ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช, ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืื™ื ื ืžืชื•ืืžื™ื ื•ืžืชื‘ืฆืขื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื ืคืจื“ (ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ื‘ืฉืœ ืื™ืœื•ืฆื™ ื–ืžืŸ). ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืฉื ื™ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืžืชื ื”ืœื™ื ื‘ื ืคืจื“. ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืื™ื ื• ืžืชื‘ืฆืข ื‘ืชื™ืื•ื ืžืœื ืขื ืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ื ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ื™ื™ื, ื”ื’ืฉืช ื›ืŸ, ืขืœ ื™ืชืจ ืจื‘-ืฉื ืชื™ื•ืช. ื‘ื”ืงืฆืื•ืช ื•ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ืื™ืœื•ืฆื™ ื›ื’ื•ืŸ

ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื•ืช ืื™ื ื” ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืœื ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื›ื ืช ื”ืชืงืฆื™ื‘.ืœืžืขื˜ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื›ื ืช ื”ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ื•ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื”ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื™ื, ืื™ืŸ ื›ืจื’ืข ืืฃ ืฉื’ืจื” ืื• ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ ื•ืžื•ื‘ื ื” ืœื ืงื™ื˜ืช ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ื›ืœืคื™ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช, ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืฉืœ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช, ืชืขื“ื•ืฃ ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืฉืขืœ ืกื“ืจ ื™ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืกืคืง ื•ืื™ื ื• ื”ืฉื ืชื™ ื”ืชืงืฆื•ื‘ ื‘ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ืžืชืžืงื“ ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ื™ื ืื’ืฃ ืœื”ืชืงื‘ืœ. ืœืžืฉืจื“ื™ื ื”ื ื—ื™ื•ืช ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื•ื—. ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ื”ื ื“ื™ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื ืฉืงืœื™ื ื™ืขื“ื™ื ื”ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื•ืช. ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ืœืฉืœื‘ื ืฉื™ื˜ืชื™ืช ื“ืจืš ืื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื•ื—, ืืจื•ื›ื™ ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ืื™ืŸ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ ืœืงื™ืฉื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ื•ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™

ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืขื“ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื’ื“ืจื™ื ื‘ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช.

Page 212: Developing Long-Term Socioeconomic Strategy in Israel...iv Developing Long-Term Socioeconomic Strategy in Israel progressed, we determined that the true value of such an institutional

ื”ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ื•ื”ืืชื’ืจื™ื ื”ืกื•ืฆื™ื•-ืืงื•ื ื•ืžื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ 29

ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืฉื’ืจืชื™ื™ืืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื›ื ืช ื”ืชืงืฆื™ื‘

ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื›ื ืช ื”ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื. ื”ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžืœืžื˜ื” ื™ื“ื™ ืขืœ โ€™ืงืฉื™ื—ื™ืโ€˜ ืคืจื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžืชืžืงื“ ื–ื” ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืžืขืœื”. ื›ืœืคื™ ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ื•ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืงื•ื“ืžื•ืช ื‘ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืขืžื™ื“ื” ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ื™ื, ืื’ืฃ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ ืžืฉืจื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ื”ื‘ื ื•ืช ื•ืžืชืŸ ืžืฉื ื’ื ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ื•ื ื•ืžืชืŸ. ืœืžืฉื ื ืชื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืงืฆืืช ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ืืžื•ืจื•ืช ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื•ืช ืœืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืื—ืจื™ื ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื—ืœื•ืงืช ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื• ืžื˜ื”. ื›ืœืคื™ ืžืœืžืขืœื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ื™ื. ื”ืงืฆืื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ืกื›ื•ื ื›ื•ืœืœ ืœื›ืœ ืžืฉืจื“ ื•ื”ืงืฆืื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช (ืื• ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื™ืฉื ื•ืช) ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืกื“ืจ ื”ืขื“ื™ืคื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื ืงื‘ืข ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื’ืฃ ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ื™ื. ื—ืœืง ื–ื” ื›ื•ืœืœ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืงื™ืฆื•ืฆื™ื ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืžืฉืœืช ื”ื—ืœื™ืคื” ื•ื”ืœืื”, ืžืฉื ืช 2009 ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื. ื”ืชืงืฆื•ื‘ ืฉืœื” ืื—ืช ืœืฉื ืชื™ื™ื. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื”ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ื›ื•ืœืœ ื’ื ื“ื™ื•ื•ื— ืขืœ ื”ืงืฆืื•ืช ื•ืื•ืœื โ€™ืžืขื˜ืคื•ืชโ€˜) ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช (ื”ืงืฆืื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืœืฉืœื•ืฉ ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืคืงื“ ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ื™ื ืื’ืฃ ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื. ืื™ื ื ืืœื” ื‘ื”ืงืฆืื•ืช ื”ืกื›ื•ืžื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ื ืช ื”ืฆืขืช ื”ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ื”ืฉื ืชื™. ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ืฆืข ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืžืฉืœื• ื•ืžืฆื™ืข

ื™ืขื“ื™ื ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ืขื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืชืงืฆื™ื‘.ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืžืฉืงืฃ ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ืœื ื”ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ื–ื”, ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืืฃ ืขืœ ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืฉืœ ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ืœืืชื’ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ืžืฉืจื“ ืจื”โ€œืž ื”ืžืืฉืจ ืืช ื”ืฆืขืช ื”ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื’ืฉืชื” ืœืžืœื™ืืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืื™ื ื• ื‘ื•ื“ืง ื“ืจืš ืฉื’ืจื” ืืช ื”ื™ืขื“ื™ื ื”ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื’ืฃ ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ืกื•ื“ื™; ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืœืขื•ืžืง. ื‘ื”ื ื“ื ื” ืื™ื ื” ื•ื‘ืžื”ืœื›ื, ื”ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”, ื’ื ืžื›ืš, โ€ืœื ืžืชืงื™ื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื ืฉื•ื ื”ืœื™ืš ืžื•ื‘ื ื” (ืœืคื ื™ ืžืขืฉื” โ€” ex ante) ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ืกื“ืจ ื”ืขื“ื™ืคื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”, ืืฉืจ ืžืžื ื• ืืคืฉืจ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื’ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื ื—ื™ื•ืช

ื‘ืจื•ืจื•ืช ืœื”ืงืฆืืช ื”ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ โ€ (ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืœื›ืœื›ืœื”, 2009).

ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื”ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื™ื–ืžื” 2007 ื‘ืฉื ืช ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืคื•ืขืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืœืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืื’ืฃ ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”, ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ื™ ืจื”โ€œืž. ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืฉืจื“ื™ ื”ืฉื ืชื™ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืจ, ื ืžืฉืš ื‘ื ื™ืกื•ื— ืฉืœ ื™ืขื“ื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื•ื™ืขื“ื™ื ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื, ื•ืžืกืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ืงืฆืืช ืชืงืฆื™ื‘. ื•ืœื”ืคื™ืง ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ืœืขื•ืžืช ื”ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืืช ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืžืฉืจื“ ื›ืœ ื ื“ืจืฉ ื”ืฉื ื”, ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืœืงื—ื™ื ืฉื™ื™ื•ืฉืžื• ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืจื“ื™ืช ืœืฉื ื” ื”ื‘ืื”. ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื–ื” ื ื•ืขื“ ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืฉืจื“ื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉื”ื™ืขื“ื™ื ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ื”ืขืจื›ืช ื”ืชืงืฆื™ื‘. ื•ื‘ืกืคืจื™ ื”ืฉื ืชื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืœื™ื“ื™ ื™ื‘ื•ืื• ื”ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš, ื”ืŸ ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ืจื”โ€œืž, ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ื›ื™

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28 ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืกื•ืฆื™ื•-ืืงื•ื ื•ืžื™ืช ืืจื•ื›ืช ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ

ืœืชืžื™ื›ื” ื”ื‘ื ืง ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื›ืขืช ืคื•ืขืœืช ื”ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช, ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื ืง ืœื‘ืฆืข ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืžืžื•ืงื“ื™ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกืคืง ืœืžืงื‘ืœื™ ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืก ืžื—ืงืจื™. ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื–ืืช, ืืช ืœืฉืžืจ ื›ื“ื™ ื”ืžืฉืžืจ ืขืœ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื ื“ืจืฉื™ื ื‘ื›ืœืœื•ืชื• ื•ื”ื‘ื ืง ื”ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื”

ืžืขืžื“ื ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ืชืœื•ื™ ืืœ ืžื•ืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”.

ืื’ืคื™ื ืœืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืคื•ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ื›-15 ืžืฉืจื“ื™ ืžืžืฉืœื”. ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื”ื•ืงืžื• ื‘ื—ืžืฉ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืื’ืฃ ืœืžืžืฉืœ

ื•ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ืจื”โ€œืž. ืœืจื•ื‘, ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืœืžื“ื™.7 ืœืžืฉืจื“. ืžืžืฉืจื“ ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื•ืช ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืชืŸ ืฉืคื•ืชื—ื• ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื›ื›ืœืœ, ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ืขื•ืกืงื•ืช ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืฉืœ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉื ืชื™ื•ืช ืœืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™, ื•ื—ืœืงืŸ ืืฃ ื ื•ื˜ืœื•ืช ื—ืœืง ื‘ื ื™ืกื•ื— ืฉืœ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืžืฉืจื“ื™ืช ืืจื•ื›ืช ื˜ื•ื•ื—. ื‘ื—ืœืง ืžื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื•ืช ื™ืฉ ื’ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืžื—ืงืจื™ื•ืช, ื”ืžืกืคืงื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช; ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ ื‘ื™ื—ืก ื™ื•ืชืจ ืจื—ื‘ื” ื•ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื™ื“ืข ื”ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื ืœืžื ื›โ€œืœื™ ืื™ืŸ ื›ืœืœ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื–ืืช, ืขื ื”ืžืฉืจื“. ืœืชืงืฆื™ื‘ื™ ื‘ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื ื•ืฉืื•ืช ืืฃ ื—ืœืงืŸ

ื‘ืื•ืชืŸ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืขืจื›ืช ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช.

ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื ืœื”ื˜ืžืขื” ืฉืœ ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช

ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื›ื ืช ื”ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ื•ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืฉืจื“ื™, ืฉื ื™ ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืฉื ื™ ื”ื ื‘ืขื‘ืจ, ืฉื’ืจื” ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื•ืฆืขื• ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืžืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ืœืืชื’ืจื™ื ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืฉืœ ืœื’ื™ืฉื” ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืขืžื. ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ื›ื“ื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื•ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื•ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื” ืืฃ ื”ื™ื•ื ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื ืœื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืืจื•ื›ืช ื˜ื•ื•ื—. ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืœื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžื ื•ืช ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ื•ืช ื•ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื•ืช,

ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืžืืžืฆื™ื ืœื ืกื— ืื’โ€˜ื ื“ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืื“-ื”ื•ืง ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”.

ื”ื›ื ืกื•ืช ืžื™ื ื”ืœ ืขื ื”ืชืžื–ื’ ื”ื•ื ืžืื– ืื•ืœื ืœืžื ื›โ€œืœ, ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื›ืคื•ืฃ ื•ืžื—ืงืจ ืœื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ืื’ืฃ ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื‘ืขืช 7ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื•ืขื ื”ืื’ืฃ ืœืงืฉืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ืชื—ืช ืื’ืฃ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื™.

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ื”ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ื•ื”ืืชื’ืจื™ื ื”ืกื•ืฆื™ื•-ืืงื•ื ื•ืžื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ 27

ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื”ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื‘ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื™ื”ื•ืœื™ืช, ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืžื ื›โ€œืœื™ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื, ืœื”ืชืžืงื“ ืœื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืจืคื•ืจืžื” ืื—ืช ืื• ืฉืชื™ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ื‘โ€˜ืžืžืœื›ื•ืชื™ื”ืโ€˜ ื ื™ื›ืจืช ืžืื•ื˜ื•ื ื•ืžื™ื” ื ื”ื ื™ื ื”ืื’ืคื™ื ืฉืจืืฉื™ ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืžื ื›โ€œืœ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ ืžืชืื ืืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืžืฉืจื“ื™ ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืœืžืฉืœ ื›ืžื• ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช, ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืžืชืขื•ืจืจ ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช. ื›ืคื•ืคื™ื ืœืžื ื›โ€œืœ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ ื’ื ื’ื•ืคื™

ืžื˜ื” ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื•ื”ื™ื•ืขืฅ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™.

ื‘ื ืง ื™ืฉืจืืœืืš ืื—ืจื™ื, ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ื‘ื ืงื™ื ื›ืžื• ืคื•ืขืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื”ื‘ื ืง ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ื‘ื ืงื™ื ืžืืฉืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืœื• ื”ืžืขื ื™ืงื™ื ื‘ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื›ืœืคื™ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื›ืžื• ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืขื ื”. ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ืœืชืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื™ื™ืขื•ืฅ ื”ื•ื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื ืง ื ื’ื™ื“ ืฉืœ ืžืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื• ืฉืื—ื“ ื”ื•ื ื”ืœืœื• ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ื ืง ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื‘ืžื—ืœืงืช ืžืกืชื™ื™ืข ื”ื ื’ื™ื“ ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื. ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืœืžืžืฉืœื” ื—ืจื™ื’ ื”ื•ื ื–ื” ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช. ื•ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ื•ืžืฆื™ื’ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืœืขื•ืจืจ ื•ืขืฉื•ื™ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ื”ื‘ื ืงื™ื ืจื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ื‘ื™ื—ืก

ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืขื ื”ื™ืขื“ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืฉืœ ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื”ื‘ื ืง ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™.ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื‘ื‘ื ืง ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืกื™ื™ืขืช ืœื ื’ื™ื“ ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื›ื™ื•ืขืฅ ืœืžืžืฉืœื” ืฉื ื™, ืชื•ืืจ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื›ืœื›ืœื ื™ื ื‘ื” ืฉืžืฉืจืชื™ื ื”ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื”, ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื. ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื‘ืจืžื” ื ื•ืฉืื™ื, ืฉืœ ืจื—ื‘ ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ื•ื ื™ืชื•ื—ื™ื ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืžื‘ืฆืขืช ื”ืžืืงืจื•-ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื•ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•-ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื›ืื—ืช ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ื›ืš ืžืกื“ ืžื—ืงืจื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื›ื•ืœืœ ื ื™ืชื•ื—ื™ื ื–ื” ืžื—ืงืจ ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ืช. ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืขืœื™ื• ืœื‘ืกืก ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื•ืฆืจ, ืžืฉืจื“ ื™ื“ื™ ืขืœ ืฉื ื•ืกื—ื• ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืก

ื”ืชืงืฆื™ื‘.ืžืœื‘ื“ ืคืจืกื•ื ืฉืœ ื“ื•ื—ื•ืช ื•ืžืืžืจื™ ืขืžื“ื”, ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ื”ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ื•ืœื›ื ืกืช ืœืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ืžืกืคืงื™ื ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื•ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ื—ื•ื•ืช ื“ืขืช ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื•ืช. ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื, ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืžืœื•ื•ื” ืืช ืžื—ืงืจื™ื” ื‘ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ืœืืžืฆืขื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช. ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืœืชืžื™ื›ื” ื”ื™ืฉื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื”ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืžืฉืจื“ื™ ืœืคื™ืงื•ื— ืขืœ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืžืก ื”ื”ื›ื ืกื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืœื™ ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืฉื›ืจ ื ืžื•ืš, ืฉื”ื•ืฉืงื” ื‘-2007.

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26 ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืกื•ืฆื™ื•-ืืงื•ื ื•ืžื™ืช ืืจื•ื›ืช ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ

ืœืฆื“ ืžืกืžื›ื™ ื”ืชืงืฆื™ื‘, ืžื ื™ื— ื”ืื’ืฃ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืœืชืงื•ืคืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืืžืฆืขื™ ืฉืœ ืกื“ืจื” ื›ื•ืœืœืช ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื‘ืื”. ื”ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืœื ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ื‘ืขืœื™ ืื•ืคื™ ื›ืœื›ืœื™. ื—ืœืง ืžืื•ืชื ืืžืฆืขื™ื ื™ื•ื‘ืื• ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ

ื“ื‘ืจ ืœืื™ืฉื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื—ื•ืง ื”ื”ืกื“ืจื™ื. 6ืฉืœ ื•ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื— ืขืœ ื•ืžื›ืจืขืช ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืื’ืฃ ืœื• ื™ืฉ ื–ื”, ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื•ืžืชื•ืงืฃ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื—ืœืง ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื•ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”. ืื ืฉื™ ืื’ืฃ ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ื ืœืจื•ื‘ ืื ืฉื™ ืžืงืฆื•ืข ื•ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื™ืฉ ืœื–ืงื•ืฃ ืœื–ื›ื•ืชื ื—ืœืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื”ื”ื™ืฉื’ ื”ืžืืงืจื•-ื–ืืช, ืขื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช. ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืจืคื•ืจืžื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื ื™ื›ืจืช ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืœื”ืคืจื™ืข ื•ื ื•ื˜ื•ืช ืžื•ื’ื–ืžื•ืช ื”ืื’ืฃ ืกืžื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื›ื™ ื”ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ื™ืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”. ืžืžืฉืจื“ื™ ืื—ื“ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžืชื‘ืฆืขืช ื”ื ืคืจื“ืช ื”ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื™ืฉ ื”ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ื›ื™ ื›ื•ื— ื”ืื“ื ื•ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืื’ืฃ, ื‘ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ืื™ื ืกืคื•ืจ ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื˜ืœื•ืช ืขืœื™ื•, ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ื ื“ื™ ืœืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืœื. ืขื•ื“ ื ื˜ืขืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ื“ื’ืฉ ื”ืžื•ืฉื ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ืช ืขืžื™ื“ื” ืงืฆืจืช ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื‘ื”ื ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืคื™ืกืงืœื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื ืข

ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืœืงืฉืช ื”ืžืœืื” ืฉืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช.

ืžื ื›โ€œืœ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืื•ืฆืจืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ืœืง ืืš ื”ืžืฉืจื“ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืœื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืื—ืจืื™ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ ืžืฉืจื“ ืžื ื›โ€œืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื”ื”ื•ืŸ, ืฉื•ืง ืื’ืฃ ืจืืฉ ื”ื›ืœืœื™, ื”ื—ืฉื‘ ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ื™ื, ืื’ืฃ ืจืืฉ ืขื ื–ื• ื•ื—ื™ืกื›ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืžืžื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ืฉื›ืจ. ืžื ื›โ€œืœ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืืชื’ืจ ื ื™ื”ื•ืœื™ ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืกืžื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ืœื–ื• ืฉื•ื•ื” ื“ืจื’ื” ื”ืื’ืคื™ื ืจืืฉื™ ืœื›ืœ ืœื•. ื”ื›ืคื•ืคื™ื ืื’ืคื™ื ืจืืฉื™ ืฉืœ ืœืืœื” ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ืกืžื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืฉื™ืจื” ืžื”ืืฆืœื” ื ื•ื‘ืขืช ื•ืกืžื›ื•ืชื ื”ืžื ื›โ€œืœ ืฉืœ

ืฉืœ ืฉืจ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ.

6 ืจืื• ืื–ื›ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืง ื”ื”ืกื“ืจื™ื ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ โ€™ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืขืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”โ€˜ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืคืจืง ื–ื”.

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ื”ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ื•ื”ืืชื’ืจื™ื ื”ืกื•ืฆื™ื•-ืืงื•ื ื•ืžื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ 25

ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืฉื ืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืฉืจื“ื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”, ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืžืกืžื›ื™ ื”ืขืจื›ื” โ€“ ืฉืื™ื ื ื–ื”ื™ื ืœืชืงืฆื™ื‘. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื”ืื’ืฃ ืžืกื™ื™ืข ื‘ื”ืงืžืช ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืžืช ืฉืœ ืœืงื™ื“ื•ื ื”ื›ืœื™ ื’ื ื”ื•ื ื”ืื’ืฃ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชืŸ. ืืช ื•ืžื ื—ื” ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืžืฉืจื“ื™ ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื‘ืฉื ืžื ื›โ€œืœ ืžืฉืจื“

ืจื”โ€œืž ื•ืืฃ ืžืคืงื— ืขืœ ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”.ืฉื ืชื™ืช ืœืคื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืื’ืฃ ืžืชื›ื ืก ื”ืฉื ืชื™, ื”ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื•ืžืคืจืกื ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื•ืช. ื”ืื’ืฃ ืžืคืจืกื ื’ื ืžื“ืจื™ืš ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ. ืœืื’ืฃ ืกืžื›ื•ืช ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืœืชื™ืื•ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื•ืช. ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื• ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ื, ืืš ืฉืœ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืชื• ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš, ืฉื ืคืจื˜ ื›ืคื™ ืฉืจ. ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ื‘ืกืžื›ื•ืชื• ืื™ืŸ

ื”ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ื ื•ืชืจื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช.

ื”ืื’ืฃ ืœืชื›ื ื•ืŸ, ืชื™ืื•ื ื•ืืจื’ื•ืŸ (ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ื”ืื’ืฃ ืœืชื™ืื•ื, ืžืขืงื‘ ื•ื‘ืงืจื”)ื”ืื’ืฃ ืœืชื›ื ื•ืŸ, ืชื™ืื•ื ื•ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื’ื•ืฃ ืžื˜ื” ื”ืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ืจื”โ€œืž, ื‘ื›ืคื™ืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ืขืœ ื•ื‘ื‘ืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืงื™ื“ื•ื ืขื•ืกืง ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืฉืจื“. ืœืžื ื›โ€œืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ- ืชื™ืื•ื ื•ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืจื”โ€œืž ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื™ื•ื ืกื“ืจ ื‘ืจืืฉ ืฉื ืžืฆืื•ืช ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืจื“ื™. ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืคื•ืชื—ื” ื‘ืื’ืฃ ื–ื” ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžืฉืžืฉืช ืœืžืขืงื‘ ืื—ืจ ืฉืœื‘ื™

ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืžืžืฉืœื”.

ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืื•ืฆืจืื’ืฃ ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ื™ื

ืฉืจ ื‘ืฉื ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ื”ื›ื ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ืคืงื“ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ื•ื ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ื™ื ืื’ืฃ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื–ื”ื• ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืื—ืจืื™ ืœืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืคื™ืกืงืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืœื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืื’ืฃ ื”ืคืš ,1985 ืฉื ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ืจืคื•ืจืžื•ืช ื•ืœืงื™ื“ื•ื ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื•ืœื™ื™ืฉื•ื ืœื ื™ืกื•ื— ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืจืคื•ืจืžื•ืช ืžื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœื›ืœื”. ืฉืจ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ ืžื ื™ื— ืืช ื”ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ืขืœ ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื•ืžืืฆื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื• ืœืจืืฉ ืื’ืฃ ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ื™ื. ืจืืฉ ืื’ืฃ ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืœ ื“ืจื’ื” ื–ื”ื” ืœืžื ื›โ€œืœ ืฉืœ ืžืฉืจื“ ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ ื•ืžืฉืงื™ืคื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ืžื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืœืจืืฉ

ื”ืื’ืฃ ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืฉืœ ืžื ื›โ€œืœ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ.

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24 ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืกื•ืฆื™ื•-ืืงื•ื ื•ืžื™ืช ืืจื•ื›ืช ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ

ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืœื›ืœื›ืœื”ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืœื›ืœื›ืœื” ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ืจื”โ€œืž ื”ื•ืงืžื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 2006 ื•ืžืชืคืงื“ืช ื›ืžื˜ื” ื”ืžืกื™ื™ืข ืœืจื”โ€œืž ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ืช ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื. ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื—ืœื˜ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืฉื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืชื™ื” ืงืžื” ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืœื›ืœื›ืœื”, ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ืช ืฉื™ื˜ืชื™ืช, ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืงื™ื“ื•ื ื”ืฉืืจ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื, ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ืขืœ ืžืชืžื ื” ื”ื•ื ืœืจื”โ€œืž. ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื›ื™ื•ืขืฅ ืžื›ื”ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ืจืืฉ ื˜ื•ื•ื—. ื•ืืจื•ื›ืช ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืคื•ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”. ื‘ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”, ืจืืฉ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืฉืจื“ ืจื”โ€œืž, ื‘ืชื™ืื•ื ืขื ืžื ื›โ€œืœ ืžืฉืจื“ ืจื”โ€œืž. ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืœื›ืœื›ืœื” ืขืžื“ื• ืขื“ ื›ื” ืื ืฉื™ ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื™ื ืžื”ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืืงื“ืžื™. ืขื ื–ืืช, ืœื .Ph.D-ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืœืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืœื›ืœื›ืœื” ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืžื—ืงืจื™ืช ื‘ืจืžืช ื”

ืื• ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื”.5 ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื” ืžืขื•ื’ื ืช ื‘ื—ืงื™ืงื” ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืชืคืงื“ืช ื‘ืื•ืจื— ืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืžืงืฆืช ืžื–ื” ืฉื ืงื‘ืข ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช, ืฉื”ื’ื“ื™ืจื” ืืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื›ื”ื›ื ื” ืฉืœ ื ื™ื™ืจื•ืช ืขืžื“ื” ื•ื—ื•ื•ืช ื“ืขืช ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื•ื”ืฆืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืžืชื™ื ื•ืช ืœื”ื—ืœื˜ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”. ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืœื›ืœื›ืœื” ืคื•ืขืœืช ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืจืžื•ืช. ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื™ื ืžืคืจืกืžืช ื‘ื”ื. ื•ืชื•ืžื›ื™ื ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ื™ื ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืืžืฆืขื™ ืฉืœ ื™ื™ื–ื•ื ื”ืžืงื“ืžื™ื ื ื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืžื“ื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืงื™ื“ื•ื ืจื”โ€œืž ื‘ืฉื ืคื•ืขืœืช ืืฃ ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื‘ื ื™ืกื•ื— ื•ืžืฉืชืชืคืช ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืจื”โ€œืž. ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ืกื“ืจ ื‘ืจืืฉ ื‘ื™ืŸ- ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ื™ื, ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืืžืฆืขื™ ืฉืœ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื” ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ืžืฉืชืชืคืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื•ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื•ืช. ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื•ืช ืžื ื›โ€œืœ ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ื”ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื, ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืจื”โ€œืž ืžืฉืจื“ ืฉืœ ืกืžื›ื•ืชื” ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ื•ืช, ืกืžื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ืืฃ ืขืœ ืœืกื™ื›ื•ื, ืจื”โ€œืž. ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื ื’ื–ืจืช ืžืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืกืžื›ื•ืช ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ืช, ืงืฉืจื™ ืืžื•ืŸ ื”ื“ื•ืงื™ื ืขื ืจื”โ€œืž

ื•ืชื™ืื•ื ืขื ืžื ื›โ€œืœ ืžืฉืจื“ ืจื”โ€œืž.

ื”ืื’ืฃ ืœืžืžืฉืœ ื•ื—ื‘ืจื” (ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ื”ืื’ืฃ ืœืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช)ืจื”โ€œืž, ืžืฉืจื“ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื•ื—ื‘ืจื” ืœืžืžืฉืœ ื”ืื’ืฃ ืคื•ืขืœ ,2006 ื‘ืฉื ืช ื”ื—ืœ ืจื”โ€œืž, ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ืกืžื ื›โ€œืœ ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ื”ื•ืœื• ื”ืื’ืฃ, ืจื”โ€œืž. ืžืฉืจื“ ืœืžื ื›โ€œืœ ื‘ื›ืคื•ืฃ ืคื•ืขืœ ืœื”ื•ื‘ืœืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ื”ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”. ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืื’ืฃ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืœื ื™ืกื•ื— ืฉืœ ืžื“ืจื™ืš ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืฉืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืจื—ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืชื›ืœื™ืชื• ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ืจื”โ€œืž. ื›ื—ืœืง ืžืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื ืชื™, ืžืชืื ื”ืื’ืฃ ืืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื”ื›ื ื” ืฉืœ

ื”ื™ื•โ€œืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืœื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ื™ื” ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืžื ื•ืืœ ื˜ืจื›ื˜ื ื‘ืจื’ ืžืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2009 5

ื”ื—ืœื™ืคื• ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ื™ื•ื’โ€˜ื™ืŸ ืงื ื“ืœ ืžืŸ ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื..

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ื”ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ื•ื”ืืชื’ืจื™ื ื”ืกื•ืฆื™ื•-ืืงื•ื ื•ืžื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ 23

ืžืฉืจื“ ืจื”โ€œืžืžื ื›โ€œืœ ืžืฉืจื“ ืจื”โ€œืž

ืžื ื›โ€œืœ ืžืฉืจื“ ืจื”โ€œืž ื”ื•ื ืฉืœื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ืจื”โ€œืž ื•ืžื•ืคืงื“ ืžื˜ืขืžื• ืขืœ ื”ืชื™ืื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ื•ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืชื‘ืฆืขืช ื‘ืžืžืฉืœื” ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื, ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ื•ืื–ืจื—ื™ื™ื. ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื–ื”, ืื—ืจืื™ ืžื ื›โ€œืœ ืžืฉืจื“ ืจื”โ€œืž ืœื™ื–ื•ื ื•ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื”ื›ืœื•ืœื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ืงื ื” ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื•ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ืจืืฉื”. ืขื ื–ืืช, ืื™ืŸ ืœืžื ื›โ€œืœ ืžืฉืจื“ ืจื”โ€œืž ืกืžื›ื•ืช ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ืช

ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืชืงืฆื™ื‘.ืžื ื›โ€œืœ ืžืฉืจื“ ืจื”โ€œืž ืžืชืžื ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืจื”โ€œืž ื•ืžืงื‘ืœ ืืช ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืžืœื™ืืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”. ืœืฆื“ื• ืคื•ืขืœ ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืขืฆื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ื•ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ืœืžืฉืœ ืจืืฉ ืื’ืฃ ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื•ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ืจื”โ€œืž. ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ื”ื•ืงืžื• ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื•ื”ืื’ืฃ ื•ื—ื‘ืจื” ืœืžืžืฉืœ ื”ืื’ืฃ ืœืžืฉืœ ื›ืžื• ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช, ืžื˜ื” ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืจื”โ€œืž ืœืชื›ื ื•ืŸ, ืชื™ืื•ื ื•ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ืงืจื” (ืจืื• ืœื”ืœืŸ). ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืžืกืคืจ ื’ื•ืคื™ ืžื˜ื” ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื™ื ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื“ื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืœืžื ื›โ€œืœ ืžืฉืจื“ ืจื”โ€œืž, ื›ืžื• ืœืžืฉืœ ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™, ื”ื“ืจื•ื–ื™ ื•ื”ืฆโ€˜ืจืงืกื™. ืžื ื›โ€œืœ ืžืฉืจื“ ืจื”โ€œืž ื’ื ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ื‘ืจืืฉ ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ืื“-ื”ื•ืง ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื’ื ื‘ืจืืฉ ืคื•ืจื•ื ืžื ื›โ€œืœื™ ืžืฉืจื“ื™ ืžืžืฉืœื”, ืฉื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื• ืžื ื›โ€œืœื™ ื›ืœ ืžืฉืจื“ื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”

ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืงื™ื™ื ืคื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืกื“ื™ืจื•ืช.ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืจื”โ€œืž ืžืฉืจื“ ืžื ื›โ€œืœื™ ื ืขื–ืจื• ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ื•ืช, ืกืžื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืขืจื•ืฆื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœืงื™ื“ื•ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”. ืกืžื›ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืžื ื›โ€œืœ ืžืฉืจื“ ืจื”โ€œืž ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ื™ืฉื™ืจ ืฉืœื• ืขื ืจื”โ€œืž ื•ืขืœ ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืจื”โ€œืž, ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืขืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื ื›โ€œืœ ืขืฆืžื• ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืกื“ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืื™ืฉื•ืจืŸ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื’ื•ืจื ื”ื•ื ื”ืžื ื›โ€œืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”). ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืขื (ื‘ืชื™ืื•ื ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืœืื™ืฉื•ืจื•. ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”, ืžืœื™ืืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื ื—ืชืŸ ืœืคื ื™ ืžืžืฉืœื” ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืฉืœื”, ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช ื•ืœืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืœืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ ืœืขื™ื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื ื›โ€œืœ ื•ืขื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ืืช ืื™ืฉื•ืจื• ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื’ืฉืชืŸ ืœืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืจื”โ€œืž ื•ืžืœื™ืืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” . ืขื•ืžืก ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืžื•ื˜ืœ ืขืœ ื›ืชืคื™ ื”ืžื ื›โ€œืœ ื•ื”ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขืžื•ืงื” ืฉืœื• ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื“ื—ื•ืคื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืื•ืคื™ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ืžืงืฉื™ื ืขืœื™ื• ื•ืขืœ ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื›ืคื•ืฃ ืœื• ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืืชื’ืจื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ืžืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช

ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ืงื‘ื•ืข ื•ืฉื™ื˜ืชื™.

Page 219: Developing Long-Term Socioeconomic Strategy in Israel...iv Developing Long-Term Socioeconomic Strategy in Israel progressed, we determined that the true value of such an institutional

22 ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืกื•ืฆื™ื•-ืืงื•ื ื•ืžื™ืช ืืจื•ื›ืช ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ

ืžืœื™ืืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืžืœื™ืืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืคื•ืจื•ื ืฉืœ ื›ืœืœ ื”ืฉืจื™ื, ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” (ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ืžืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื—ื‘ืจื™ โ€ื”ืงื‘ื™ื ื˜โ€œ). ืœื›ื ื•ืชื ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ื•ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื”ืฆืขื•ืช ืขืœ ื•ืœื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืœื“ื•ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ืช ื‘ืกืžื›ื•ืช ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”. ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืฉืงืคื™ื ืจืฉืžื™ื™ื ืžืฉืจื“ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื ืขืœ ืžืกืชืžื›ืช ืืš ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื” ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ืช ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื—ื‘ืจื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”. ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืืชื’ืจื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืื•ืžืฆื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขืžื ื•ื”ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืชื ื™ื ืžืžืžืฉืœื” ืœืžืžืฉืœื”. ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื, ืžืœื™ืืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ื™ื ืœื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืžืชื‘ืฆืขื™ื ื•ืžืชืŸ ื•ื”ืžืฉื ื”ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืฉืจื™ื, ืœื”ืฆื‘ืขื•ืช ืคื•ืจื•ื ืœืžืกื’ืจืช ื–ื•, ื‘ืคื•ืจื•ืžื™ื ืžืฆื•ืžืฆืžื™ื ืื• ื‘ื“ืจื’ื™ื ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืขื ื–ืืช, ืœืขืชื™ื ืžืชืงื™ื™ื ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื•ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื’ื ื‘ืจืžืช ืžืœื™ืืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”, ืœืœื

ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื™ืฉื™ืจื”.

ื”ืงื‘ื™ื ื˜ ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื—ื‘ืจื” ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ืฉืจื™ื ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ื•ื ื”ืจืฉืžื™ ื›ืœื›ืœื™ (ืฉืฉืžื• ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื”ืงื‘ื™ื ื˜ ืžืžืœื™ืืช ื ื’ื–ืจืช ืกืžื›ื•ืชื• ืืฉืจ ืžืžืฉืœื” ืฉืจื™ ืฉืœ ืคื•ืจื•ื ื”ื•ื ื•ื›ืœื›ืœื”) ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื•ืขื•ืกืง ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื‘ืฉื ืคื•ืขืœ ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”. ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื•ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ื‘ื ื™ืกื•ื— ื’ื ื›ืžื• ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ืœืืชื’ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ืื•ืชื ืืชื’ืจื™ื. ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ื”ืžืืฉืจืช ื”ืจืฉืžื™ืช ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ื•ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื”ืงื‘ื™ื ื˜ ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื, ืจืคื•ืจืžื•ืช ืื• ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ืฆื•ื•ืช ื‘ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ื™ื. ืื’ืฃ ื™ื“ื™ ืขืœ ื•ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืœื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืžื•ื‘ืื•ืช ืœืจื•ื‘ ื•ืืœื” ืžื˜ืคืœ ืืœื”, ื”ืงื‘ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ื ื• ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ื™ ื”ื ื•ืงื˜ ื‘ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื ื™ื›ืจื™ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื—ืœื• ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืฉื™ื˜ืชื™. ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืืœื” ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื•ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืงื‘ื™ื ื˜ ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื›ืœื›ืœื™, ืืฉืจ ืฉืจ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ืจืืฉื•.

ืžืื– ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื ืช 2013, ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืงื‘ื™ื ื˜ 13 ืฉืจื™ื.4

ื‘ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช ื—ื‘ืจื™ื 21 ืฉืจื™ื. ื‘ืžืžืฉืœื” ืฉื›ื™ื”ื ื” ืขื“ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื ืช 2013 ื”ื™ื• 31 ื—ื‘ืจื™ื, ืžื”ื 15 ืฉื›ื™ื”ื ื• 4ื‘ืงื‘ื™ื ื˜ ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื›ืœื›ืœื™.

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ื”ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ื•ื”ืืชื’ืจื™ื ื”ืกื•ืฆื™ื•-ืืงื•ื ื•ืžื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ 21

ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืขื‘ืจ ืœื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ืืชื’ืจื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื

ื‘ืฉื ืช 2011 ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื•ืฉืœ ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ืœืืชื’ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ื•ื‘ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืื•ืžืฆื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขืžื. ืื™ื•ืจ 3.1 ืžืจืื” ืืช ืงืฉืจื™ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”. ืžื‘ื ื” ืขื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืžืœื™ืŸ ื•ืžืฉืจื“ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื ืง ื”ืื•ืฆืจ, ืžืฉืจื“ ืจื”โ€œืž, ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื ืœื”ืœืŸ ื”ื ื“ื•ื ื™ื

ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”.3

ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืื•ืชื ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืฉื ื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืœืžื“ื™. ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ื™ืฉ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืœื›ืœื›ืœื”, ื”ืื’ืฃ ืœืžืžืฉืœ ื•ื—ื‘ืจื”; 3ื”ืื’ืฃ ืœืชื™ืื•ื, ืžืขืงื‘ ื•ื‘ืงืจื” (ื›ื™ื•ื ื”ืื’ืฃ, ืœืชื›ื ื•ืŸ, ืชื™ืื•ื ื•ืืจื’ื•ืŸ) ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ืจื”โ€œืž ื•ืื’ืฃ ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื•ืžื—ืงืจ ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ (ืฉืžืื– ื”ืชืžื–ื’ ืขื ืžื™ื ื”ืœ ื”ื›ื ืกื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ืžื—ืงืจ ื•ื”ืื’ืฃ ืœืงืฉืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื), ืืฉืจ ืฆื•ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืžื•ื ื™ื ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืขื“ 12 ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื, ื›ื•ืœืœ

ืขื•ื–ืจื™ ืžื—ืงืจ, ื›ืืฉืจ ืจืžื•ืช ื”ืื™ื•ืฉ ื’ืžื™ืฉื•ืช ืœืžื“ื™ ื•ืžืฉืชื ื•ืช ืœืคืจืงื™ื.

ืื™ื•ืจ 3.1 ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ื•ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช

RAND RR275-3.1

. . . . . .

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20 ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืกื•ืฆื™ื•-ืืงื•ื ื•ืžื™ืช ืืจื•ื›ืช ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ

ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื™ืืœื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื ืœื›ื™ื ื•ืก ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื™ืฉ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืžืžืฉืœืช ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช. ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื•ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ืขื ืื ืฉื™ ืื’ืฃ ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ. ืคืงื™ื“ื™ ื”ืื’ืฃ ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœื›ื ืก ืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ืžื”ื—ืกืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช. ืฉืœ ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืขืžื ื•ืœืชืื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžืžืฉืจื“ื™ื ืžืžืฉ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ืื™ื ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ื”ืื’ืฃ ืคืงื™ื“ื™ ื›ื™ ื”ื ื–ื• ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื•ื›ื™ ื”ื ืžืขื“ื™ืคื™ื ืžืฉืžืขืช ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ื™ืช

ืขืœ ืžื™ืžื•ืฉ ืžืœื ืฉืœ ื™ืขื“ื™ื.ืขื ืจื”โ€œืž. ืžืฉืจื“ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื™ื ื•ืก ืกืžื›ื•ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื”ื“ืจืš ื–ืืช, ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืžื•ืขื“ ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ืฉืœื ื•, ืœื ื ืขืฉื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืฉื™ื˜ืชื™ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื–ื•. ืžื™ื“ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืžืฉืจื“ื™ ื‘ืชื™ืื•ื ืจื”โ€œืž ืฉืœ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืจืืฉ ื›ืืฉืจ ื”-2000, ืฉื ื•ืช ืžืจืืฉื™ืช ื‘ื”ืชืžื“ื” ืžืชืคืชื—ืช ืžืฉืจื“ ืžื ื›โ€œืœ ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ื•ืœืžืขืงื‘ ืœืชื™ืื•ื ื”ืื’ืฃ ืืช ื”ืงื™ื ืฉืจื•ืŸ ืืจื™ืืœ ื‘ื”ืŸ. ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœืจื”โ€œืž ืืฉืจ ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืœืขืกื•ืง ืขืœื™ื• ื•ื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืจื”โ€œืž ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืื•ืœืžืจื˜ ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืงื™ื ื‘ืฉื ืช 2006 ืืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื‘ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืขืกืงื• ืืœื” ื’ื•ืคื™ื ื›ื›ืœืœ, ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช. ืœืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืื’ืฃ ื•ืืช ืœื›ืœื›ืœื” ืฉืœ ืžื”ืœืš ื‘ื™ืฆืขื• ื”ื ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื›ื•ืœืœืช ื‘ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื•ืœืื• ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช

ืชื™ืื•ื ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืžืฉืจื“ื™, ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ืกืžื ื›โ€œืœื™ื.ื“ืจืš ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ืื“-ื”ื•ืง. ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ื›ืืœื” ืงืžื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ืช; ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ืขื ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ื›ื“ื™ ื›ืœืœ

ื‘ืจืืฉืŸ ื“ืžื•ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ื•ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื”ืŸ ื ืฆื™ื’ื™ื ืžื”ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื ื”ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื™ื.ื”ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช, ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืคื•ืจื˜ ืœืชื™ืื•ืจ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืคื•ื ื™ื ืื ื• ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ืœืืชื’ืจื™ื ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ื•ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื‘ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืจืื•ื™ ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืื—ืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช. ืžืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืžื•ื˜ืœ ื–ืืช ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืชืจื™ืกืจ ืขืœ ืขื•ืœื” ืื™ื ื• ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืœืœื•, ื”ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืžื’ื•ื•ื ืช ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืžืชืขื•ืจืจื•ืช ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืื™ื ืกืคื•ืจ ืขื ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขืœื™ื”ื ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืืฉืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืจืฉืžื™ ื”ื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืชื•ื ื” ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ืขื ื›ืžื”

ืžืฉื›ื ื•ืชื™ื”.

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ื”ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ื•ื”ืืชื’ืจื™ื ื”ืกื•ืฆื™ื•-ืืงื•ื ื•ืžื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ 19

ืื“ื™ืจื”, ื”ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื ืœืฉืืจ ื‘ื™ื—ืก ื”ืื•ืฆืจ ืžืฉืจื“ ืฉืœ ืขื•ืฆืžืชื• ืฉื ื™ืช, ื‘ืฉืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื• ืœื”ืงืฆื•ืช ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื•ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื–ื” ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช (ื‘ืŸ ื‘ืกื˜ ื•ื“ื”ืืŸ, 2006). ืžืฆื‘ ื–ื” ื ื•ื‘ืข ืžืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืฉื ืช 1985, ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœืื™ืžื•ืฅ ืืžืฆืขื™ื ื—ื–ืงื™ื ืœืจื™ืกื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ืงืจื” ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ื™ืช. ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืžืื’ืคื™ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ ื—ื–ืงื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ โ€“ ืื’ืฃ ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ื™ื ื•ื”ื—ืฉื‘ ื”ื›ืœืœื™. ืื’ืคื™ื ืืœื” ื”ืคืขื™ืœื• ื‘ืงืจื” ื ื™ื›ืจืช

ืขืœ ื™ืชืจ ื”ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื ื•ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ื™ื ื›ื™ ืœืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ ื™ืฉ ืขืžื“ื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ื›ืœืคื™ ืืชื’ืจื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ื•ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ืื•ืžืฆื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขืžื, ืขืœ ืืฃ ืฉื‘ืื’ืคื™ื ืืœื” ื™ืฉ ืžืขื˜ ืžืื•ื“ ื–ืžืŸ ื•ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”, ืฉืขื“ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืžื™ืจ ื–ื” ืžืฆื‘ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™. ืœื ื™ืชื•ื— ื–ืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉืชื ื” ื–ื” ืžืฆื‘ ื‘ื›ืœื›ืœื”. ื™ื“ืข ืื• ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืื•ื“ ืžืขื˜ ืจื”โ€œืž ื’ื™ืœื” ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื ืฉืœ ืื”ื•ื“ ืื•ืœืžืจื˜ ื•ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื›ืจืืฉื™ ืžืžืฉืœื”, ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืืฃ ืขืœ ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช. ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืจื”โ€œืž ืžืฉืจื“ ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ืืช

ื”ื–ื”, ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ื‘ืื•ื˜ื•ื ื•ืžื™ื” ื ื™ื›ืจืช.ื›ืืฉืจ ืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื”, ืžืžืฉืœืช ืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืžืฉืœืช ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ืœืžืคืœื’ื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื” ื ื™ืชื ืช ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื ื•ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื›ืžื—ื™ืจ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช ืกืžื›ื•ืช ืœืจื”โ€œืž ืฉื‘ื• ืžืฆื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืžื›ืš, ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืœื—ื‘ืจื•ืชืŸ. ืฉืœ ืœืชืžื™ื›ื” ื–ืงื•ืง ืฉืจื”โ€œืž ืื• ืจืขื•ืขื” ื”ืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื” ืื ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ ืœืฉืจ ื‘ื™ื—ืก

ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ืฉื”ืฉืจ ื”ื ื“ื•ืŸ ืžืฉืชื™ื™ืš ืืœื™ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืฉืœืžื•ืช ื”ืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื”.2

ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืชืจื’ื•ืžื™ื ืœืขื‘ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ืงื•ื“ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืกืžืš ื–ื”, ื•ื”ื’ืจืกื” ื”-2 ื•ื”ืกื•ืคื™ืช ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืชืจื’ื•ื ืœืขื‘ืจื™ืช. 2

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18 ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืกื•ืฆื™ื•-ืืงื•ื ื•ืžื™ืช ืืจื•ื›ืช ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ

ื”ืžืืงืจื•- ื‘ืจืžื” ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืจืืฉ ื ื•ืขื“ื• ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื•ืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื•ืœืงื“ื ืืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืœืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื. ื”ืŸ ืœื ื ื•ืขื“ื• ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืœืจืคื•ืจืžื•ืช ื›ื•ื•ื ื• ืœื ื•ืืฃ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื“ื™ื ืžื™ื™ื ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื. ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืืœื” ืคื•ืชื—ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืืช ืฆืžืฆื•ื ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”, ืœืื• ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืžืชื•ืš ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื‘ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื”. ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืืœื” ืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืžืขื•ืžืก ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืžืขื˜ ืžืื•ื“ ื–ืžืŸ ืœื ื™ืชื•ื—

ืฉืœ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ืฉืœ ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช.ื”ื“ื’ืฉ ืขืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืืงืจื•-ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื‘ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื–ืืช, ื’ื™ืฉื” ื–ื• ืœื ืืคืฉืจื” ืœืคืชื— ื›ืœื™ื ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ืœืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืœืชืจื’ื•ื ืฉืœ ืื•ืชืŸ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ. ืžื™ื•ืฉืžื™ื ื•ืืฉืจ ืœื™ื™ืฉืžื ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ื•ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืœื›ืœืœ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืฆื•ืจืš ื™ืฉ ื›ื™ ื’ื•ืจืกืช ื•ืžืชืจื—ื‘ืช ื”ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ื”ืชืคื™ืกื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ืœืืชื’ืจื™ื ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื•ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืžืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช. ืงื•ืฉื™ ื“ื•ืžื” ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื•ื‘ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ืฉืœ ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ืืจื•ื›ืช ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืžืฉื˜ืจ ืฉืœ ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ืขื•ื“ ื™ืฉ ื–ื•, ืžืขื™ืŸ ืœื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื ื™ืฆื ื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืคืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ื™ ืืฃ ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ื™ืช.

ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืงื™ื“ื•ืžื” ื•ื‘ืžื™ืกื•ื“ื” ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ืช.

ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ

ื”ืฆืขื” ื›ืœ ืืฉืจ ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืžืื•ืคื™ื™ื ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ. ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœืจืคื•ืจืžื” ื‘ืืจื”โ€œื‘, ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื™ืฉ ื”ืคืจื“ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืžื‘ืฆืขืช (ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืขืจืš ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื›ื ืกืช), โ€“ (ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืžื—ื•ืงืงืช ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”) โ€“ื”ื‘ืœืžื™ื ื•ื”ืื™ื–ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ื”ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ืœืฉ ื™ื—ืกื™ืช. ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืžื‘ืฆืขืช ื—ื–ืงื” ืœื›ืคื•ืช ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื” ื”ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ื”ืžื—ื•ืงืงืช ืœืจืฉื•ืช ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืขื•ืกืงืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื”ืžื—ื•ืงืงื™ื. ื‘ื™ืช ืขืœ ืฉืœื” ื”ื™ื•ื ืกื“ืจ ืืช ื”ื–ืจื•ืข ืื ืฉื™ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช. ืœื”ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื—ืกืช ื”ืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื”) ื•ืฉืจื™ (ืจื”โ€œืž ืฉื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื‘ื›ื ืกืช, ื”ืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื” ืžืคืœื’ื•ืช ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ืžืงืจื‘ ืœืจื•ื‘ ื ื‘ื—ืจื™ื ื”ืžื‘ืฆืขืช ื›ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืคืจืœืžื ื˜ืจื™ื•ืช, ืœื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื” ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ืžืœืื” ื‘ื”ืฆื‘ืขืช ื”ืจื•ื‘ ื‘ื›ื ืกืช. ืœื›ื ืกืช ื™ืฉ ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืžื”ื•ืชื™ ื‘ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืขืœ ื”ืฉื™ื— ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™, ืืš ืœืกื“ืจ ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ื”ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืœื›ืคื•ืช ื‘ืืคืฉืจื•ืชื” ืื™ืŸ ืœืžืขืฉื”

ื”ื™ื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ื–ืจื•ืข ื”ืžื‘ืฆืขืช.

Page 224: Developing Long-Term Socioeconomic Strategy in Israel...iv Developing Long-Term Socioeconomic Strategy in Israel progressed, we determined that the true value of such an institutional

ื”ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ื•ื”ืืชื’ืจื™ื ื”ืกื•ืฆื™ื•-ืืงื•ื ื•ืžื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ 17

ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืขืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”

ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืฉืžื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืžื“ื™ื ืช ืงืžื” ืžืื– ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช. ืืฃ ื›ื™ ืืœื” ืกื™ื™ืขื• ื‘ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ืช ื”ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื•ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืจื™ ื‘ื˜ื™ื‘ื, ื“ื•ืคืŸ ื™ื•ืฆืื™ ืœื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ืืช ื–ืืช ื ื•ืชืจื• ืืชื’ืจื™ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื ืืฉืจ ื˜ืจื ื‘ืื• ืขืœ ืคืชืจื•ื ื. ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื™ื™ื—ืก ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืœื ื›ื™ ืื ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ (ืฉืื•ืžืฆื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ ืืช ืจืฉืžื™) ืฉืฉืœื˜ื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืœืœืงื—ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืคืงื• ืžื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื”ื—ืžื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืจืืฉื™ืช ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉืžื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืžืื” ืฉืขื‘ืจื”, ืืฉืจ ื”ืกืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ 1985. ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืžืขื‘ืจ ืžืจืžื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ืช ื‘ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื•ืžืขืจืš ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื‘ืขืœ ืื•ืคื™ ืจื™ื›ื•ื–ื™

ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื›ืœื›ืœืช ืฉื•ืง ืฉื”ืฉืชืœื‘ื” ื‘ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช.ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื–ื•, ื”ื•ืฆื™ืื• ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืืœ ื”ืคื•ืขืœ ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื. ืืš ืจื—ื‘ื™ื ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจื˜ื” ื™ื“ื™ ืขืœ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื”ืžื’ื–ืจ ืืช ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืœ ื‘ื™ืงืฉื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื•ืช ื•ื™ื™ื–ื•ื ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืคื™ืกืงืœื™ืช ืžืื•ื–ื ืช, ืฉืชืชืžื•ืš ื‘ืฆืžืฆื•ื ื”ื—ื•ื‘ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™. ืฉื ื™ืช, ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืงื™ื“ืžื• ืจืคื•ืจืžื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืขื•ืœืžื™ื™ื, ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืžืœื™ืŸ ืœืงืฉืจื™ ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืœืžืฉืœ ืจืคื•ืจืžื” ื‘ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ืฉื•ืงื™ ื”ื”ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœื™ื ืฉืฉืœื˜ื• ื‘ื”ื—ื–ืงืช ืžื˜ื‘ืข ื–ืจ; ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื‘ืกื—ืจ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ; ื•ื”ืชืžืงื“ื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ืฆื•ืœ ื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื•

ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืžื”ืคื›ืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช.ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช, ื”ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื•ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ืฉื ืฆื‘ืจื• ื•ื”ืžื•ืกื“ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืชืืคืฉืจื• ื’ื‘ื•ื”, ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ื‘ืื’ืฃ ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ. ืžื”ื™ืจื” (ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื“ื•ืงื”, ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืงืจื” ื›ื•ืœืœื•ืช ืืœื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืงืฆืื•ืช ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืจื—ื‘ื” ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ืกืžื›ื•ืช ื”ื”ืกื“ืจื™ื, ื—ื•ืง ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉืืจ ื•ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืคืจื˜ื” ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”), ืจืืฉ ืžืฆื“ ื•ื’ื™ื‘ื•ื™ ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช

ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื•ืœืคืงื— ืขืœ ืจืคื•ืจืžื•ืช ืชื—ื™ืงืชื™ื•ืช.1ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ื™ืฆื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ ืืชื’ืจื™ื ืงืฉื™ื. ื ืจืื” ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช ืžืขื ื” ืืžื™ืŸ, ื•ื—ืกืจื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ื•ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ืฉืœ ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืฉื™ืืคืฉืจื• ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืืชื’ืจื™ื ืืœื”. ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืคืชื— ื›ืจื’ืข ื‘ืžืžืฉืœื” ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื”ื•ืชื™ ืžื”ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืคื•ืชื—ื• ื‘ืขื‘ืจ;

ื—ื•ืง ื”ื”ืกื“ืจื™ื ืžื•ื’ืฉ ื›ืœ ืฉื ื” ืœืื™ืฉื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื—ื•ืง ื”ืชืงืฆื™ื‘. ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื›ืœื™ ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืืš ืจื‘ ืชื›ืœื™ืชื™ ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ืืช 1ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื•ืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ ื”ื—ืงื™ืงื” ืฉื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืกื‘ื•ืจื” ื›ื™ ื”ื ื ื—ื•ืฆื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ื™ืขื“ื™ื ืฉื ืงื‘ืขื• ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืฉืœื”. ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื›ืœื•ืœ ื’ื ืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืขื‘ืจื• ื‘ื›ื ืกืช, ืื ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืชื—ืœื™ื˜ ืฉื”ื ืคื•ื’ืขื™ื ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื“ื‘ื•ืง

ื‘ื™ืขื“ื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช.

Page 225: Developing Long-Term Socioeconomic Strategy in Israel...iv Developing Long-Term Socioeconomic Strategy in Israel progressed, we determined that the true value of such an institutional

16 ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืกื•ืฆื™ื•-ืืงื•ื ื•ืžื™ืช ืืจื•ื›ืช ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ

ืขืœ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื•ืชืฉื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข, ืฉื•ืืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ ืขืœ ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืื•ืจื™ื™ื ื˜ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ.

ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ื™ื. ื—ืกืจื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื›ืจื•ืš ืžื—ืงืจ ื›ื›ืœื™ ื‘ืจืื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืžืจื•ืื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ื™ืฉืื‘ื• ืžื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื ื”ืื™ืฉื™ ื•ื™ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื ืชื•ืŸ. ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื‘ืจืื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื’ืœื•ืžื” ื”ืชื•ืขืœืช ืืช ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืœ ืขืฉื•ื™ ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช. ื•ืื•ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฆืžืฆื ืืช ื”ืฉืคืขืชื• ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืกืจื•ืŸ ื–ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืื ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื™ื—ืก ื“ื•ืžื•ืช ืœืžืกืงื ื•ืช ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืฉื•ื ื” ืจืงืข ื‘ืขืœื™ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืžืฉืงืคื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื”ืžืกืงื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช

ืฉื‘ื”ื ื ืจืฉืžื” ื”ืกื›ืžื” ืจื—ื‘ื”.ื•ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืžื•ื“ืœ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ืงื•ื“ื, ื‘ืคืจืง ืฉืชื•ืืจ ื›ืคื™ ื”ื•ื, ื”ืฉื ื™ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืืฉืจ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ื‘ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื•ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ืžื“ื’ื™ื ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ ื‘ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช. ื›ืœ ืขืœ ืื•ืชื• ืœื”ื—ื™ืœ Mintzberg) ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื›ื–ื” ืฉืžื•ื“ืœ ื‘ื”ื ื—ื” ื”ื’ืœื•ืžื” ื”ื‘ืขื™ื™ืชื™ื•ืช ืืช ืืช ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ื”ืชื‘ืงืฉื• ืฉื”ืžืจื•ืื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื ืžื›ืš ืฉื”ืžืกืงื ื” ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ .(1994ืžืชื‘ืจืจ ื•ืื•ืœื ื‘ืจื•ืจื”. ืœื ืฉื”ื’ื“ืจืชื• ืœืชืงืŸ ื‘ื™ื—ืก ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ื”ืžืฆื‘ ืืžืฆืขื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื—ื•ืฉื‘ ื”ื™ื—ืก ื›ืืœ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืืœ ื ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืื ื”ื™ื. ืฉืœื ืœืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช, ืื• ื›ืืœ ืžืขืจืš ืžืชื•ืื ืฉืœ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœืืชื’ืจ, ืื–ื™ ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืœื”ืชืงื™ืŸ ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืชื•ืืžื™ื ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืื ืงื•ื‘ืขื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ื“ืจืš ืงื‘ืข ืœืืžืฅ ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืžื‘ื™ืื” ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืืช ืื•ืคื™ ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืืช ื”ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ืจื—ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื‘ื• ื›ืœ ืขืœ ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ื”ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืืช ื’ื ื›ืžื• ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžืช, ื”ื™ื ืื•ืกืฃ ืงื•ื”ืจื ื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืืฉืจ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืชื›ื ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”. ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืื ืงื•ื‘ืขื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ื‘ืจ ื ื•ืงื˜ื™ื ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื”

ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช.ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื ื•ืจืžื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ืขื ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ื ื•ืกืคืช ื“ืจืš ืงื‘ืœืช ื‘ืžื”ืœื›ื™ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืžืคืชื—ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžื” ื”ื‘ื•ื“ืง ื”ืฉื•ื•ืืชื™ ืžื—ืงืจ ื‘ืคืจืง 4. ืขืฉื™ื ื• ืืžื ื ื•ื›ืš ืฉืœื”ืŸ. ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืคื•ืขืœ ื•ืžื” ืคื—ื•ืช ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ืฉื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ื ื“ืจื•ืฉื™ื ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ

ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช.

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ื”ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ื•ื”ืืชื’ืจื™ื ื”ืกื•ืฆื™ื•-ืืงื•ื ื•ืžื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ 15

ืื™ืœื• ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ืช ืžืฆื™ืข?โ€ข ืชืืจ ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืื• ืžืงืจื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืœื ื™ืชื•ื—.โ€ข

ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืงื•ื‘ืข ืฉืœ ืœื™ื›ื•ืœืชื• ื™ืฉื™ืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืืœื” ืฉืืœื•ืช ื ืงื™ื˜ืช ,2 ื‘ืคืจืง ืฉืฆื•ื™ืŸ ื›ืคื™ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช. ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืœื ืงื•ื˜ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืœืกื•ื’ื™ื” ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ื”ืื•ืคืง ืขื‘ืจ ืืœ ืœืฆืคื•ืช ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื›ืจื•ื›ื” ืฉื›ื–ื• ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื ืฆืคื•ืช, ื”ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืืช ืจืง ืœื ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื ื“ื•ื ื” ื•ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช. ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืœืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื—ืก ื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ื˜ืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืืช ื’ื ืืœื ื•ื™ื“ืข ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืกื•ืก ื’ื ื›ืจื•ื›ื” ื›ื–ื• ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืฆื‘ื•ืจ. ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ืŸ ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื‘ื›ืœืœื•ืชื”,

ื˜ื‘ืœื” 3.1ืกืงื™ืจื” ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจืื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ืขืœ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช

ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ

ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸืžื ื›โ€œืœื™ื ื‘ื”ื•ื•ื” ืื•

ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ

ืจืืฉื™ ืžื—ืœืงื•ืช ืื• ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื”ื•ื•ื” ืื•

ืกื”โ€œื›ื‘ื›ื™ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ืืœืฉืขื‘ืจ

6713ืžืฉืจื“ ืจื”โ€œืž

210214ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ

4711ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื

3b418ื’ื•ืคื™ ืžืžืฉืœ ืื—ืจื™ืื

33ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™

ืื™ื’ื•ื“ื™ ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื ื™ื ื•ืื™ื’ื•ื“ื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื

33

44ื”ืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™

15281356ืกื”โ€œื›

ื”ืขืจื”: . ื ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ืžืื•ืจื’ื ื•ืช ื›ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ื™ื (ื›ืžื• ืœืžืฉืœ ื‘ื ืง ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ืœื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”, ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช

ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ื•ืช).

ื‘ ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ืžื›ื”ื ื™ื ื•ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ื‘ื‘ื ืง ื™ืฉืจืืœ.

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14 ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืกื•ืฆื™ื•-ืืงื•ื ื•ืžื™ืช ืืจื•ื›ืช ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ

ื‘ืคืจืง ื–ื” ืื ื• ืžืชืืจื™ื ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืืช ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ืฉื”ื ื™ื‘ื• ื—ืœืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื“ืข. ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ืขื ืจืื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกื“ืจื” ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืฉืœื ื• ืžื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื•ืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื“ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืืช ื‘ื•ื“ืงื™ื ืื ื• ืžื›ืŸ ืœืื—ืจ ื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ื ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืœื›ืœ ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืคื•ืจืžื” ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ืช. ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื‘ื ืื ื• ืžื‘ื™ืื™ื ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืขื•ืžืง ื‘ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช, ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื•ื‘ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ืžืกื™ื™ืขื™ื ืœื ืงื™ื˜ืช ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืืชื’ืจื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืื ื• ืžืกื›ืžื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืงืฆืจ ื‘ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื

ืฉืื ื• ืžืชืืจื™ื.

ืจืื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืขื ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื

ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ 5 ื•ื‘ืคืจืง 3 ื‘ืคืจืง ืžืฆื™ื’ื™ื ืฉืื ื• ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืืœ ื”ื’ืขื ื• ืกื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ืจืื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืขื•ืžืง ืื™ื ื˜ื ืกื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ืฉื‘ื•ืฆืขื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ โ€™ืฉืœื“ื•ืจโ€˜, ืขื ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžืฉืจืชื™ื ื›ืขืช ืื• ืฉื™ืจืชื• ืืช ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ื›ื™ืจื™ื. ืจืื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืœื“ืขืชื• ืืฉืจ ืœืžืžืฉืœื”, ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืžืฉืงื™ืคื™ื ืขื ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื‘-2011 ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ื”ืจืื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื›ืœ ืขืจืš. ื™ืงืจื•ืช ืœืชื•ื‘ื ื•ืช ืžืงื•ืจ ื™ื”ื•ื• ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื•ืงื™ื•ืžื ื”ื•ืชื ื” ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืœื ื ื™ื™ื—ืก ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ืฉื™ืจ ืœืื•ืžืจื™ื”ื. ื˜ื‘ืœื” 3.1

ืžืฆื™ื’ื” ืžื‘ื˜ ื›ื•ืœืœ ืขืœ ื”ืื•ืคื™ ื•ื”ืกื™ืงื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื 56 ืจืื™ื•ื ื•ืช.ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืจืื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื ืฉืืœื• ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื•ืช ื•ื”ืžืจื•ืื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืชื‘ืงืฉื• ืœืกืคืง

ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื‘ื:

ื™ืฉืจืืœ โ€ข ืžืžืฉืœืช ืฉืœ ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืขืœ ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื•ืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืชื™ืš ืžื”ืŸ ื•ืžืขืจื›ืช ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”?

ืชืืจ ืืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ื•ืืช ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ืš ื”ืื™ืฉื™ ื‘ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ืช โ€ข ื•ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช. ืžื™ื”ื ื”ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื™ื™ื ื•ืžื”ื ื”ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื?

ืื—ืจื™ื โ€ข ืžืกื•ื’ื™ื ื•ื‘ืžื™ื“ืข ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื™ืฉื™ื, ื›ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืœืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช?

ืื—ืจื™ื โ€ข ืžืกื•ื’ื™ื ื•ื‘ืžื™ื“ืข ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื™ืฉื™ื, ื›ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืœืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช?

ืžื”ื ื”ืคืขืจื™ื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ื‘ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื•ื‘ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช?โ€ข

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ืคืจืง 3.

ื”ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ื•ื”ืืชื’ืจื™ื ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ

ืฉืœ ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืœืกื™ื™ืข ื”ื™ื” ื”ืื•ืœื˜ื™ืžื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื™ืขื“ื• ื–ื”, ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืชื• ื ื›ืœืœื• ื”ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื ื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื”ืขืจื›ืช ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ, ืชื•ืš ื”ืชืžืงื“ื•ืช ื‘ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื”ืžืกื™ื™ืขื™ื ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื—ื”; ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื•ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื—ื™ื ืฉืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ืžืชื‘ืกืกื•ืช ืขืœื™ื”ื; ื•ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ ื”ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื•ื”ื‘ืงืจื” ืขืœ ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื”. ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื’ื ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ื›ืœืœื ื• ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื, ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ืžืžืžื ื™ ืขื ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ื™ืฉื•ื โ€“ ืชืจื’ื•ื ืฉืœ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืœืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ, ืชื™ืื•ื ื•ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช โ€“ ื•ื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชืคื•ืงื•ืช ืžืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื”.

ืื—ืจื™ื ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื’ื ื›ืžื• ื ื™ืชื•ื—, ื•ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ืžื™ื“ืข ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื, ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช, ืืš ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ืช, ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ืœืชืจื•ื ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื—ืงืจื ื•, ืชืจื•ืžืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™, ืชืจื•ืžืชื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืงื•ื‘ืขื™ ืœืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืืคืฉืจื• ื‘ื›ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ

ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืืชื’ืจื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ืžืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช.ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืœื ืงื•ื˜ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืฆืขื“ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืขืช ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉืฉืœื˜ื” ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื™ื ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช, ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืคื™ืชื—ื” ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืžืฉืœืช ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ืฉื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ื”ืคืขืจื™ื ืืช ื•ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืฉืœื” ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืืช ื™ื™ืฉืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ื›ืคื™ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืžืฆื‘ ืืช ืžืชืืจ ื–ื” ืคืจืง ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืฉืœ ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื ื•, ืชื•ืš ื“ื’ืฉ ืขืœ ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื•ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื. ื‘ื“ืงื ื• ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื–ื”ื•ืช ื’ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื•ืžืžืฆืื™ื ื• ืžื•ื‘ืื™ื ื‘ืคืจืง 4. ืื ื• ื“ื ื™ื ื‘ืคืขืจื™ื ื”ืžืฉื•ืขืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื‘ืคืจืง 5, ืœืื—ืจ ืกืงื™ืจืช ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื. ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืื ื• ืžืฉืœื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืฉื”ืชืงื‘ืœื• ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืืช ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื‘ืžืงืจื™ ื”ืžื‘ื—ืŸ

ื•ืžืฆื™ื’ื™ื ื”ืฆืขืช ืžื‘ื ื” ืžื•ืกื“ื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœ (ืคืจืง 6).

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12 ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืกื•ืฆื™ื•-ืืงื•ื ื•ืžื™ืช ืืจื•ื›ืช ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ

ืฉืœื ื• ืœื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืื—ืช. ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืกื›ืžื” ื™ืฉ ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื, ืืฃ ืขืœ โ€™ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืœืžื•ื ื— ืฉื”ื‘ืื ื• ื•ื‘ืชื™ืื•ืจ ืœืขื™ืœ ื•ื‘ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช. ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ืŸ ื•ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืชโ€˜, ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™, ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžืžืฉื” ื‘ืืฃ ืืžืฆืขื™ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ ืื™ื ื” ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื›ืœืœ ื•ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืœืื•ืžื™-ืคื ื™ืžื™, ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืชืงื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจื”

ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืฆืœื—ืช ืื™ื ื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื›ืœืœ ื•ืขื™ืงืจ.

ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื”ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช

ืœืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืื•ืคื™ ืืช ื‘ื•ื“ืงื™ื ืื ื• ื–ื” ื“ื•ื— ื‘ืฉืืจื™ืช ืขื“ 2011) ื–ื” ืžื—ืงืจื ื• ืฉืœ ืงื™ื•ืžื• ืœืžื•ืขื“ ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช 2012) ื•ืžืคื™ืงื™ื ืœืงื—ื™ื ืžืžืงืจื™ ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื”ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื™ื ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ื•ื”ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ืžืฆื™ื’ื™ื ืื ื• ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืื—ืจื•ืช.

ื‘ื”ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ.ืžื™ื“ืข ื–ื” ืœื•ื•ื” ื‘ืชืฉื•ืžื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืžืฆื“ ืชืื’ื™ื“ ืจืื ื“ ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื, ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื•ื›ืœื™ื ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืฉืžืฉ ื›ื•ื— ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ืคืงื™ื“ื™ ืžืžืฉืœ ื‘ื›ื™ืจื™ื ืฉื™ืขืกืงื• ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืืžืฆืขื™ื ืฉื™ืืคืฉืจื• ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื” ืœื™ื™ืฉื ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ื™ื, ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื›ืœื›ืœื™. ืžื˜ืจืชื ื• ื‘ืžืืžืฆื™ื ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืืœื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœืชืืจ ืืช ื”ื ืชื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ืžืžืฉืœ, ืžืขืจืš ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ื”ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืืช ืœื”ื˜ืžื™ืข ืฉื™ืกื™ื™ืขื• ื”ื˜ืžืขืช ื”ื‘ื›ื™ืจื™ื. ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ืœืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ื•ืขื“ ื ืžื•ืš ื‘ื“ืจื’ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืฉื›ื–ื• ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื” ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืŸ ืฉืœ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืœื‘ื™ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชืŸ ื•ื”ืŸ ืฉืœ ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืืคืฉืจื™ื™ื; ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืขืœ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื ื—ื•ืฆื•ืช โ€“ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืชืื ืืช ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขืŸ ื•ืื™ืœื• ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืŸ; ื•ื”ื‘ืื” ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื ื›ืคื™ ื•ื”ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื, ื”ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื, ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื•ื“ืื•ืช. ื•ื—ื•ืกืจ ืื™ืœื•ืฆื™ื ืฉืœ ื ื“ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืžืกืžืš ื–ื”, ื™ืชืžื›ื• ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื ืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ืœื ืงื•ื˜ ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื”

ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ื•ืœืคืชื— ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช.

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ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื•ื”ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช 11

ืงื• ื”ืคืจื“ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ. ื•ืื•ืœื, ืฉื ื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืื™ื ื ืžื•ื‘ื—ื ื™ื ื›ืคื™ ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื ื“ืžื”. ืื ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื›ืจื•ื›ื” ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืงื•ื”ืจื ื˜ื™ื•ืช, ืื–ื™ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืืœื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืืคืฉืจื™ื•ืช ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœื‘ืฆืขืŸ. ื™ื•ืฆื ืžื›ืš ืฉืชืงืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ืขืœื•ืœื•ืช ืœื ื‘ื•ืข ืžื”ื™ืขื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื”

ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช:

ื›ืœ ืชืงืœื” ื‘ื™ื™ืฉื•ื, ืžืขืฆื ื”ื’ื“ืจืชื”, ื”ื™ื ื’ื ื›ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ืกื•ื— [ืฉืœ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื”]. ืœืคื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืื—ื“ ืฉืฆื“ ื›ืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืจื“ื” ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืื ืฉื”ืฆื“ ื”ืื—ืจ ืคื•ืขืœ, ืื–ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื”ื™ืœืงื— ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ

ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื”. (Mintzberg 1994, ืขืžโ€˜ 25).

ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ืฉืืœื” ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื™ื™ืฉื ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื ืชื•ื ื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืืจื•ืš ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื•ื•ืช ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ืœืžื™ื“ืช ื”ื”ื™ืชื›ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื”.

ืขื•ืœื” ืžื›ืš ืฉื ืงื™ื˜ืช ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ื›ืจื•ื›ื” ื’ื ื‘ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื’ื•ืจืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื’ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ืคืขื•ืœื” ื ืชื™ื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ื•ื‘ืžืขืฉื™ื•ืช ื‘ื”ื™ืชื›ื ื•ืช ืฆื•ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืœืื” ื”ืคืจื“ื” ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืฉืœื ืžืœืžื“ืช ื‘ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืชืจ ืžืขืจื›ื™ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”. ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืฉืœ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื”, ืขืœื™ื”ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืคื•ืขืœืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ืชื•ืขืœืช ืจื‘ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœืฆืžื•ื— ืœื”ื ืžืงืฉืจ ืขื ืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืฉืจื“ื™

ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”.ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช. ื”ืžื•ื ื— ืืช ื‘ื•ื—ื ื™ื ืื ื• ื‘ื”ื’ื“ืจื•ืชื™ื ื• ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื•ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื‘ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื”ืขื•ืกืงืช ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช. ืœืžื•ื ื— ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื™ืฉ ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื–ื”, ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ืœืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื”. ืงื•ื“ืžืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืื•ืžื™, ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื ื— ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื”; ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืงืฉืจ ื”ื’ื•ืจื ื”ื™ื Gray, 2010;) ืœืžืžืฉื• ืœื ืกื•ืช ื™ืฉ ืืฉืจ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืื• ื”ื™ืขื“ื™ื ื”ืžื˜ืจื•ืช, ื”ื™ื Yarger, 2006). ื•ืื•ืœื, ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช, ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื”, ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืืžืฆืขื™ ื”ื ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื–ื”, ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ืœืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช. ืงื•ื“ืžืช ื”ื’ื“ืจืชื”, ืœื”ืฉื’ืช ื”ื™ืขื“ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื’ื“ืจื• ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” (ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœืช ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”, 2004). ืœืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืžืกืžืš ื–ื”, ืื™ืžืฆื ื• ืืช ื”ื”ื’ื“ืจื”

ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ืฉื‘ื” ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื ื•ืขื“ื• ืœืžืžืฉ ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื™ื

Page 231: Developing Long-Term Socioeconomic Strategy in Israel...iv Developing Long-Term Socioeconomic Strategy in Israel progressed, we determined that the true value of such an institutional

10 ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืกื•ืฆื™ื•-ืืงื•ื ื•ืžื™ืช ืืจื•ื›ืช ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ

ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื–ืืช, ืขื .(Mintzberg 1994) ืื ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืžืชื•ืš ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื ื™ื‘ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื•ืช. ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ ื–ื” ืื ื• ืžืชืžืงื“ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืื ื• ืžื’ื“ื™ืจื™ื ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ื ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืœืชื”ืœื™ืš

ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื”.ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืœืื• ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ ื•ื‘ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืชื›ื ื ื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ืื ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืชืฉื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืืœื ืœืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช, ืžืงื•ืจ ืœื ื™ืกื•ื— ืงื•ื ืงืจื˜ื™ื™ื ืฆืขื“ื™ื ื•ืžื’ื‘ืฉื™ื ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื ืงื™ื˜ืช ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช. ืื•ืชื ืžืชื›ื ื ื™ื ื•ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื, ืื•ืœื™ ืืคื™ืœื•

ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื, ืœื ืงื™ื˜ืช ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช.ืืจื”โ€œื‘, ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžื—ืœืงืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื•ืงื ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืขืœื™ื• ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื“ืื–, ื’โ€˜ื•ืจื’โ€˜ ืง. ืžืจืฉืœ ืืจื‘ืข ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื•ืช: โ€ืฉืงื™ืœืช ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช, ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขืจื›ืช ื—ืœื•ืคื™ื•ืช, ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืœื‘ื™ ื•ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื•ืช ืžื’ืžื•ืช ื•ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื•ืช ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ืชืคื™ืกืชื• .(49 ืขืžโ€˜ ,Friedberg 2007-2008) ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชโ€œ ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ืืœ ืœื ืงื“ื™ืžื”, โ€ื™ื‘ื™ื˜ ื”ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ืช ื›ื™ ื‘ื™ืงืฉื” ืืฆโ€˜ืกื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžืชืคืงื“ื™ื ื”ืงืฆื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืœืžื‘ื˜ื ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžื‘ื˜ื• ื™ืจื—ื™ืง ืืš ื”ืจื—ื•ืง, ืืช ืœืจืื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ืจื—ื•ืง ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™; ื”ืงืจื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื•ืžืฆื‘ื™ ื”ืขืฉืŸ ืฆื•ืจืชื ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื”ืชื”ื•ื•ืชื ื•ืœื”ืชื•ื•ืช ืžื” ื™ืฉ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขืžื ืฉื”ื•ืงื ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ื›ื™ ืืฃ ืขืžโ€˜ 14). ,Drezner 2009) โ€œืคื ื™ื”ื ืืช ืœืงื“ื ืื• ื”ื™ื” ืฆื•ื•ืช ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉืžื•, ื›ืœ ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ื ืฉืœ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื ื•ื ื™ืชืŸ

ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ื”ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืคื•ืจืžืœื™.ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ื•ืช, ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžืŸ ื”ื›ืจื•ื›ื” ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืœ ืฆื•ืจืš ื™ื”ื™ื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื, ืžืกืคืจ ื‘ื”ื ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ืืฉืจ ืืœื” ืœืคืจืง ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ืœืชืช-ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช, ืื‘ื ื™ ื“ืจืš, ื™ืขื“ื™ื ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื ื•ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื. ืžื”ืœื›ื™ ื‘ืชืงืฆื•ื‘ ืฆื•ืจืš ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืฉื•ื ื™ื; ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื ืขืœ ืฉื™ื•ื˜ืœื• ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ื›ืš ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™, ืืฃ ื›ื™ ืžื•ื ื— ืื—ืจ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉืžืฉ ื›ืืŸ ื”ื•ื ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช, ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืชืจื’ื•ื ืฉืœ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืœืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ื•ื‘ืขืœืช ืžืงื™ืคื” ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืชื”ื™ื” ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” .(336 ืขืžโ€˜ ,Mintzberg 1994)

ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืืจื•ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ืžืชืจื’ืžืช ืืช ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืœื›ืœืœ ืžื”ืœื›ื™ื ืื•ืคืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื.ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืœื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืžืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ืื™ื ื” ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช, ื‘ื”ื›ืจื—, ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ ืื• ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช, ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœ ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืงื™ืคื•ืช. ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื›ืืœื” ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืฆืจ ื”ืกื•ืคื™, ืืš ื›ืคื™ ืฉืขื•ืœื” ืžืืจื‘ืข ื”ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื’ื“ืจื• ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื—ืœืงืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ืืจื”โ€œื‘, ืื™ืŸ ื”ืŸ ื”ืชื•ืฆืจ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“. ืžื ื’ื“, ื”ื”ื‘ืื” ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืืฃ ื”ื™ื ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช. ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืžืชื•ื•ื”

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ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื•ื”ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช 9

ื”ื˜ืœืช ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืœื” ืขืœ ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืื• ื”ืงืžืช ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืŸ ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืœืฉืœื‘ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืืคืฉืจ ืืฉืจ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™. ื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ืื•ืคื™ ื”ืœื•ืœืืชื™ ืฉืœ ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืืฃ ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืืช

ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื•ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื•ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืขืจื•ืš ื‘ื”ืŸ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื.ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื” ื”ื’ืขื” ืœืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืื—ื“ ื•ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ื—ืœื•ืคื•ืช ืื•ืชืŸ โ€“ ื”ื”ื™ืชื›ื ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ืœืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ืœืกื™ื™ืข ื›ื“ื™ ื•ื—ืกืจื•ื ื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ, ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ ืฉืœ ื•ื”ืชื•ื•ื™ื” โ€“ื”ื ื‘ื—ืจื™ื ืœื‘ืฆืข ืžื” ืฉืœื“ืขืชื ื™ื”ื™ื• ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืžื™ืกื•ื“ ืฉืœ ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ื˜ื•ืžืŸ ื‘ื—ื•ื‘ื• ื’ื ื”ื•ื“ืื” ืžืจื•ืžื–ืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจืš ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืžืฉื•ื ื•ื–ืืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช, ืœื‘ืจื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื’ืข ื‘ื›ืœ ื‘ื’ืžื™ืฉื•ืช ืฉื™ื—ื•ืœื• ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช, ื”ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื™ื ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžืช

ื•ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื”ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ.ื‘ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ โ€™ื”ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืชโ€˜ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืœ ืžื•ื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ืช. ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื•ื“ื™ื•ืŸ, ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืœืคื™ืชื•ื—, ืœื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ื•ืœื™ื™ืฉื•ื ืฉืœ ื•ื”ื˜ืžืขื” ื‘ื”ืคืฆื” ืœืกื™ื™ืข ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช. ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”. ื—ืœืงื™ ื‘ื›ืœ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื ืงื™ื˜ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื ื•ื”ื’ ืฉืœ ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืชื•ืš ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ืขืฆื ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื•ืขื™ืœ, ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืชืคื•ืงื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ื•ืช ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ื™ื ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืคื™ืง ืžื›ืš. ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืืœื” ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืกื™ื™ืข ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ื ืžืชื•ืืžื™ื ื‘ื—ืœืงื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ืืฃ ืื“ื ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื•ืืฃ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืื™ื ื ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื ืงื™ื˜ื” ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ืžืขืช ื”ื›ืœ, ืœื“ืขืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืืฉืจ ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื” ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ื—ืœืงื™ ื‘ื›ืœ

ื–ื•ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชืขืœืžื•ืช ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืชืคืชื—.

ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื”, ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช, ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™, ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช

ืขื“ ื›ื” ื ืžื ืขื ื• ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื•ื ื— ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ ื•ืชื—ืช ื–ืืช ื‘ื—ืจื ื• ืœื”ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื•ื‘ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช. ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืžืœืžื“ ื›ื™ ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ ืงื‘ื•ืข ื–ืžื ื™ื ืœื•ื— ืคื™ ืขืœ ื”ืžืชื‘ืฆืขื™ื ืจืฉืžื™ื™ื ืื ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• โ€“ืžืืคืฉืจ ื•ืื™ื ื• ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ื’ืžื™ืฉ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืื™ื ื• โ€“ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื—ื•ืกืจ ื•ื“ืื•ืช ื•ื”ืคืชืขื•ืช ืชื›ื•ืคื•ืช (ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื›ืงื˜ื ื•ืช), ืžืชืขืœื ืงื•ื”ืจื ื˜ื™ืช ืชืžื•ื ื” ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ื•ืื™ื ื• ื”ืื•ืคืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืžื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืœืคืขืžื™ื

Page 233: Developing Long-Term Socioeconomic Strategy in Israel...iv Developing Long-Term Socioeconomic Strategy in Israel progressed, we determined that the true value of such an institutional

8 ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืกื•ืฆื™ื•-ืืงื•ื ื•ืžื™ืช ืืจื•ื›ืช ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ

ื”ื’ื“ืจืช โ€™ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืชโ€˜ ื•ื”ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ื ื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ โ€™ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื”โ€˜ืื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืื• ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื•ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืคื™ืชื•ื—ื” ืฉืœ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื”. Rumelt (2011) ืžืฉื•ื•ื” ืืช ื”ืžื•ื ื— ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืœื”ืฉืขืจื” ืžื“ืขื™ืช โ€“ ื ื™ื—ื•ืฉ ืžื•ืฉื›ืœ ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ืคืขืœื• ืื• ื™ืชืจื—ืฉื•, ืขืœ ืกืžืš ืชื•ื‘ื ื•ืช ืืš ื’ื ืขืœ ืคื™ ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ืฉืœ ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ื•ื™ื“ืข ืฆื‘ื•ืจ, ื ื™ื—ื•ืฉ ืฉืœืื—ืจ ื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ืงืฉื•ืจื” ื–ื” ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื•ืกืคืช ื“ืจืš ืื•ืชื•. ื•ืœืขื“ืŸ ืœืฉื›ืœืœ ื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื”ืฉืขืจื” ื’โ€˜ื•ืŸ ืงื•ืœื•ื ืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืขืœ ืฉืคื•ืชื— ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืงื‘ืœืช ืฉืœ ืžื•ื“ืœ ,โ€˜OODA ื‘โ€˜ืœื•ืœืืช ื‘ื•ื™ื“ ืžื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ืืจื”โ€œื‘, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืžื“ื•ืข ื˜ื™ื™ืกื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ืžื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœ ื˜ื™ื™ืกื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ืžื” ืื—ืจืช (Boyd, 1996 [2012]). ืจืืฉื™ orient-) ืื•ืจื™ื™ื ื˜ืฆื™ื” ,(observing) ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื™ื OODA ื”ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช

ื”ืžืฉืš ืžื›ืŸ ื•ืœืื—ืจ (acting) ื•ืคืขื•ืœื” (deciding) ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืงื‘ืœืช ,(ingื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ื•ืื•ืจื™ื™ื ื˜ืฆื™ื” ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื•ื”ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช. ืจื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืจื•ืื™ื Anger-) ืžื•ื“ืœ ื‘ืจ ืชื•ืงืฃ ืœืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื OODA ื‘ืœื•ืœืืช

.(man, 2004ืœืฆืคื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื”ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืืช ืจืง ืœื ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ (ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช) ื”ืื•ืคืง ืขื‘ืจ ืืœ ื”ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ื”ื ืฆืคื•ืช, ืืœื ื’ื ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ื”ื˜ืžื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืื• ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื•ื˜ืœ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• (ืื•ืจื™ื™ื ื˜ืฆื™ื”). ืขืœื™ื• ืœื‘ืกืก ืืช ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช

ืฉืœื• ืขืœ ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ื•ื™ื“ืข ืฆื‘ื•ืจ.ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœ ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ืืชื’ืจื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื, ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื” ืื™ืžื•ืฅ ืฉืœ ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืžื‘ื™ืื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื‘ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืจื—ื‘ ื”ื”ืงืฉืจ ื•ืืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ืื•ืคื™ ืืช ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžืช, ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื•ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืื•ืกืฃ ืงื•ื”ืจื ื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืืฉืจ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืชื›ื ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”. ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื•ื”ืื•ืจื™ื™ื ื˜ืฆื™ื” ื”ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื‘ื™ ืืช ืจื‘ื”, ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืชื•ืืžืช, ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช

ื‘ืœื•ืœืืช OODA, ืื• ืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืฉืขืจื”.ื”ืžื•ื ื— ื—ืœื•ืคื•ืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ื™ื›ืœื•ืœ ืืช ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื•ื”ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื—ืœื•ืคื™ื•ืช ื”ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื ื‘ื•ืข ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ื•ืื•ืจื™ื™ื ื˜ืฆื™ื”, ืื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉืขืจื•ืช ื—ืœื•ืคื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ืชื‘ืกืกื• ืขืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื ืฆืคื•ืช ื•ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช ืฉื‘ื•ืฆืขื• ื˜ืจื ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ื”ืฉืขืจื”. ื”ืžื•ื ื— ื”ืชืจืื” ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ื™ื›ืœื•ืœ ืžื’ืžื•ืช ืื• ืืชื’ืจื™ื ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืืจื•ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืืฉืจ ื™ื™ื—ืฉืคื• ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืื•ืจื™ื™ื ื˜ืฆื™ื”. ืœืœื ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืžื•ืงื“ื ืฉื›ื–ื”, ืืคืฉืจ ืฉืื•ืชื ืžื’ืžื•ืช ืื• ืืชื’ืจื™ื ื™ื™ืขืœืžื• ืžืŸ ื”ืขื™ืŸ, ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื™ื’ืจื•ื ืœื›ืš ืฉืœื ืื• ืžืฉื‘ืจื™ื ืœืžื ื•ืข ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื™ืคื•ืชื—ื•

ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื ืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืชื’ืจื™ื.

Page 234: Developing Long-Term Socioeconomic Strategy in Israel...iv Developing Long-Term Socioeconomic Strategy in Israel progressed, we determined that the true value of such an institutional

ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื•ื”ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช 7

ืขืžโ€˜ 2, 5).2 ืื ื• ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ื’ื“ืจื•ืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืจื•ืจื•ืช ืœืžื•ื ื— ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืชื•ืžื›ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ืจื•ืช ื•ืื•ืชืŸ

ื‘ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช.ืื ื• ืžืกืชืžื›ื™ื ืขืœ Gaddis (2009) ื•ืขืœ Rumelt (2011) ื‘ื”ื’ื“ืจืชื ื• โ€ื”ื™ื—ืก ื”ื™ื ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ,Gaddis ืฉืœ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืชื• ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื”. ื”ืžื•ื ื— ืืช ื–ื• ื”ื’ื“ืจืชื• ืืช ื›ืชื‘ ื”ื•ื ื›ื™ ืืฃ ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืชโ€œ. ืœืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืืžืฆืขื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื—ื•ืฉื‘ ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื›ื•ืœืœืช, ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื›ื™ โ€ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื™ื™ืฉื ื–ืืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ื” ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืชโ€œ. ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืœื”ืฉื’ื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื™ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื”, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืฉื•ืืคื™ื ืงื•ื‘ืขื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช, ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืœื”ื™ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืžื˜ืจื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื”, ื•ื™ื•ืฆื ืžื›ืš ืฉื–ื”ื• ื ื•ืฉื ืจืื•ื™

ืœืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื”.ืืฉืจ ืœ-Rumelt, ืœื“ืขืชื• ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืžื›ื™ืœื” ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื:

ืื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืืชื’ืจ, ืคื™ืฉื•ื˜ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื•ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ื™ื (ืขืžโ€˜ 77)โ€ข ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืžื ื—ื” ื”ืงื•ื‘ืขืช ืืช ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื›ืฉื•ืœื™ื โ€ข

ื™ื™ืคืกืœื• ื•ืื™ืœื• ืœื™ื™ืฉื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืกื•ื’ื™ ืื™ืœื• ืžื’ื“ื™ืจื” ื–ื” ื•ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ (ืขืžโ€˜ 77, 84)

ืื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืงื•ื”ืจื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ืžืชื•ืืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ืคื•ืขืœื™ื โ€ข ื™ื—ื“ ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœืžืžืฉ ืืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื ื—ื” (ืขืžโ€˜ 77).

ื”ื’ื“ืจื•ืช ืืœื” ืžื›ื™ืœื•ืช ืืœืžื ื˜ ืžืกื•ื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ืขื“ (โ€™ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืชโ€˜) ื•ืืฃ ืฉื›ืœ ืžืฆื™ื™ื ื•ืช ืืฃ ื”ื”ื’ื“ืจื•ืช ืฉืชื™ ืฉื–ื•ื”ื”. ื”ืืชื’ืจ ืขื ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ื’ื™ืฉื” ืื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืžืชื•ืืžื•ืช ืฉืชื›ืœื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื ืชื•ื ื” ืžืชืืจืช ืืช ื”ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืฉืคื•ืจื˜ื•. Rumelt ืžืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ืžื‘ืœื‘ืœื™ื ืขื ื™ื™ื ื” โ€ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืื•ืœื ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื”, ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื ื”ืžื ื—ื” ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืžืฆื™ื™ื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ืจื•ืช 3.(87 (ืขืžโ€˜ ืขืฉื™ื™ื”โ€œ ืคืขื•ืœื”, ื”ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ ื•ื›ื™ ื›ืœ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื ืชื•ื ื” ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ืช ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืžื•ื‘ื”ืงืช.

ืฉืื ื• ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื•ื ื— ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื•ืื•ืœื ืœโ€˜ืชื›ื ื•ืŸโ€˜ ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืฉืœืขื™ืœ ื”ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ ืœืžืขืฉื” 2

ื•ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื”, ื”ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืืช ืœืžื–ื’ ื ื”ื•ื’ ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื”. ืœืžื™ืœื” ืžื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ ืื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื”ื•ืชื™ืจื ืœืœื ื”ื’ื“ืจื”, ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžื•ืœื™ื“ ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ื‘ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ืคื™ืคื”

ื•ื”ื”ืฉืงื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืœืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื•ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ื–ื” ืขืœ ื–ื”.

ืฉืื ื• ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื•ื ื— ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื•ืื•ืœื ืœโ€˜ืชื›ื ื•ืŸโ€˜ ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืฉืœืขื™ืœ ื”ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ ืœืžืขืฉื” 3

ื•ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื”, ื”ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืืช ืœืžื–ื’ ื ื”ื•ื’ ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื”. ืœืžื™ืœื” ืžื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ ืื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื”ื•ืชื™ืจื ืœืœื ื”ื’ื“ืจื”, ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžื•ืœื™ื“ ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ื‘ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ืคื™ืคื”

ื•ื”ื”ืฉืงื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืœืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื•ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ื–ื” ืขืœ ื–ื”.

Page 235: Developing Long-Term Socioeconomic Strategy in Israel...iv Developing Long-Term Socioeconomic Strategy in Israel progressed, we determined that the true value of such an institutional

6 ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืกื•ืฆื™ื•-ืืงื•ื ื•ืžื™ืช ืืจื•ื›ืช ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ

ืœื ื™ืกื•ื— ืœื”ืชื ื’ื“ ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ืœืคืชื— ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ื‘ืžืžืฉืœื”. ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช, ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ืื ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืžื’ื™ื‘ ื—ื–ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื˜ื‘ื•ืช ืื•

ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืงืฆืจื•ืช ื˜ื•ื•ื—.ื”ื™ื ื›ืืฉืจ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ืžืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืœื”ืชืขืœื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืฉื” ืžื ื’ื“, ืœืื—ืจ ื›ื–ื•, ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื•ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ื•ืช. ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืขืจื›ืช ืžืฉืžืฉืช ืฉืชืขืœื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช, ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื“ืจื‘ืŸ ืืช ืงื•ื‘ืขื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืคืงื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ืฉืืœื”, ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืฉื”ื ืžืฆื™ืขื™ื ืžืฉืชืœื‘ื•ืช ื–ื• ืขื ื–ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืžื‘ื™ื ืœืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื‘ืขื™ื”. ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืชื” ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืœืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืžืืฉืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ืžืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื’ื โ€ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื•ืคืจืกื•ืžื”; ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื‘ื“ืคื•ืกื™ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ืชืื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืžื™ื˜ื‘ื™ ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ

ืฉื™ืืคืฉืจ ื”ืฉื’ื” ืฉืœ ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืชโ€œ (Drezner 2009, ืขืžโ€˜ 14).1

ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช

ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช, ื‘ืคื™ืจืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืกื•ืคื™ ืœืชื•ืฆืจ ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืจื‘ื™ื, ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ื›ืœืœ (ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ืคื•ืขืœ ืืœ ืื•ืชื” ืฉืžื•ืฆื™ืื™ื ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืืช (ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ื•ืžื˜ืจื•ืชื™ื” ืฉืœื•) ื•ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืจืืฉ ื”ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ื•ืื•ืœื, ืžืžืฉืœืชื™). ืžืฉืจื“ ืื• ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืื•ืžื”, ื”ืžื™ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ืžืฆื™ืขื™ื ืื ื• ื–ื” ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ ืœืงื•ื™ื”. โ€™ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื”โ€˜ ืฉืœ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžืฆื™ื’ื™ื ืฉืื ื• ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื™ ืœืžื‘ื ื” ืžืกื“ ืชืฉืžืฉ ืืฉืจ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื”ืžื•ื ื— ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ืืช ื ืฉื›ืœืœ ืžื›ืŸ ืœืื—ืจ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืชโ€˜. โ€™ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืžื•ื ื—

ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช.

ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ื”ืžื•ื ื— โ€™ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื”โ€˜ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœื‘ืœื‘ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก โ€“ ื•ืขื•ื“ ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืขืกืงื™ื, ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ, โ€“ืœืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื ื— ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื”. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื—ื•ืงืจ ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ืฉืœ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” โ€ืฉืืคืชื ื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ืœืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ื”ื•ืฉื•ื•ื” โ€™ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื”โ€˜ ื”ืžื•ื ื— ื›ื™ ื›ืชื‘ ืขืกืงื™ืช ,Rumelt 2011) โ€œืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช, โ€™ื—ื–ื•ืŸโ€˜, ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืื• ื”ืœื•ื’ื™ืงื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืฉื‘ืชื—ืจื•ืช

ืฉืื ื• ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื•ื ื— ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื•ืื•ืœื ืœโ€˜ืชื›ื ื•ืŸโ€˜ ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืฉืœืขื™ืœ ื”ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ ืœืžืขืฉื” 1

ื•ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื”, ื”ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืืช ืœืžื–ื’ ื ื”ื•ื’ ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื”. ืœืžื™ืœื” ืžื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ ืื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื”ื•ืชื™ืจื ืœืœื ื”ื’ื“ืจื”, ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžื•ืœื™ื“ ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ื‘ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ืคื™ืคื”

ื•ื”ื”ืฉืงื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืœืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื•ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ื–ื” ืขืœ ื–ื”.

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ืคืจืง 2.

ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื•ื”ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช

ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืœื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉื” ืœืชืจื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ืื ื• ื–ื” ื‘ืคืจืง .(2011 ืจื”โ€œืž, (ืžืฉืจื“ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืžื“ื™ื ืช ื•ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืžื’ื“ื™ืจื™ื ื•ื“ื ื™ื ื‘ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื”, ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช, ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ ื•ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ื ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืœืคื™ืชื•ื—ื”

ืฉืœ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ.ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืชืคื™ืง ืขืจืš ืžืจื‘ื™ ืื ืชืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ื˜ืžื™ืข ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื ื• ื‘ื›ืš ื›ืœื›ืœื™. ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ืฉืœื” ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ (ื•ืืฃ ื•ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงื•ื”ืจื ื˜ื™ ืื•ืกืฃ ืขืœ ืชืชื‘ืกืก ืืฉืจ ืœืžื•ื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืœื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ื™ืชื•ื›ื ื ื• ืืœื” ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืื•ืชื). ืชืงื“ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช ืžื™ื“ ืขื ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชืŸ, ืœื ืชื— ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืืคืฉืจื™ื•ืช - ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืขืงื™ืคื•ืช ื›ืื—ืช ื•ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืื• ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขืžืŸ. ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื•ื”ื”ื™ืชื›ื ื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื”ืจื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืืช ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ื›ืœื™ ื’ื ื”ื™ื ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืื• ืœื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช. ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ืช ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงื•ื”ืจื ื˜ื™ื™ื, ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื–ื” ืฉืขืœื™ื”ื ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื™ื—ื“ ื•ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ื–ื” ืืช ื–ื”. ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื›ืš ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื”ื™ืชื›ื ื•ืช: ืขืœ ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช

ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืžื›ืฉื•ืœื™ื ื•ืื™ืœื•ืฆื™ื ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ื™ื.ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืœืื• ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืชโ€˜, โ€™ื”ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืžืชืžืงื“ื™ื ืื ื• ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจืช. ืื• ื–ื• ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื—ื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืœืกื™ื™ืข ื›ื“ื™ ื”ืฉืืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื•ืช, ืžืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื”ื•ืขื™ืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขืจื•ืš ืฆื•ืจืš ื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืžื“ืจืš ื–ืืช, ืขื ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”. ื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ืืช ืžืจืืฉ ืœืฆืคื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืื™ื ื• ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ ืฉืืฃ ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช, ื‘ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช โ€™ืฉื‘ื™ืจื•ืชโ€˜: ื”ืŸ ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื”ืžื›ืฉื•ืœื™ื. ื›ืœ ืืช ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™, ื”ื ื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ืคืจืง 4, ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ืœื ื• ืฉืงื•ื‘ืขื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื ืงืœ ืœื–ื ื•ื— ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ืื• ืœื”ืชืขืœื ืžื”ืŸ. ื•ืื›ืŸ, ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื‘ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืืช ื™ืจืื• ืœื ืขืฆืžื• ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ืืฃ ื ื‘ื—ืจื™ื ืฉืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื

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4 ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืกื•ืฆื™ื•-ืืงื•ื ื•ืžื™ืช ืืจื•ื›ืช ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ

ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช ืฉื‘ืงื ื“ื”. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืื ื• ืžื‘ื™ืื™ื ืฉื‘ืขื” ืžืงืจื™ ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ืžืžื•ืงื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช. ื‘ืคืจืง 5 ืื ื• ื“ื ื™ื ื‘ืคืขืจื™ื ืฉื–ื•ื”ื• ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื” ืฉืœ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช.ืžื•ืžืœืฆื™ื ื•ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืœืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ืฆืขื” ืžืฆื™ื’ื™ื ืื ื• 6 ื‘ืคืจืง ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื•ืœื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ื‘ืงืจื” ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช, ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ืžืžืœื™ืฆื™ื ืื ื• ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื”. ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช. ื‘ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืœื”ื’ื‘ืจืช ืชืžืจื™ืฆื™ื ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื•ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืชื‘ืงืฉื™ื, ืื ื• ื“ื ื™ื ื‘ื”ืกื“ืจื™ื ื—ืœื•ืคื™ื™ื ื•ืžืชืืจื™ื ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžื•ืœ

ื—ืกืจื•ื ื•ืช.

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ืžื‘ื•ื 3

ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ โ€ข ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื›ื™ื•ื ื”ืžื™ื•ืฉืžื™ื ื•ื”ื‘ืงืจื” ื”ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช.

ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ืคืขืจื™ื ื‘ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช, ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื, ืžื™ื“ืข, ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื•ื‘ืงืจื” ื”ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื โ€ข ื›ื™ื•ื ื‘ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช.

ื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ืžืงืจื™ ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ืฉืœ ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช.โ€ข ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขื ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช.โ€ข

ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืขื ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื ื•ืœืื•ืจ ืฉืœื ื•, ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ืขื ื”ืžืžืžื ื™ื, ื”ืจื—ื‘ื ื• ืืช ื”ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ื•ื›ืœืœื ื• ื‘ื” ืืช ื”ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื•ืช:

ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช โ€ข ืœื™ื™ืฉื•ื ืคื•ืขืœื•ืช ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ื•ืชื™ืขื•ื“ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ืฉืœื”ืŸ.

ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ื ื—ื™ื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืชืคื•ืงื•ืช ื”ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืœื•ื•ืช ืืช ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ โ€ข ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช.

ื”ื’ืขื ื• ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื”, ื‘ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืœื”ืชืžืงื“ ืืžื•ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ ื›ื™ ืืฃ ืœืžืกืงื ื” ื›ื™ ื”ืขืจืš ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืงืžืช ื•ื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืœื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ืœื™ื™ืฉื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืžืฉืœืช ืฉืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื” ื‘ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื˜ืžื•ืŸ ื ืœื•ื•ื™ื ื•ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ืช. ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื‘ืขืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื•ืœื™ื™ืฉื ืœืคืชื— ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื™ืืคืฉืจื• ืืžืฆืขื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืชืžืงื“ื ื•

ืœื ืงื•ื˜ ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช, ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื›ืœื›ืœื™.ืžืคื•ืจื˜ื•ืช ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ื•ืคื™ืชื—ื ื• ื”ืžืฉื›ื ื• ืฉืœื ื•, ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืžืžืฆืื™ ืœืื•ืจ ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช, ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื, ืžื™ื“ืข ื•ื ืชื•ื ื™ ืขื–ืจ ื•ืชืคื•ืงื•ืช, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช, ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืฉืœ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ืช ืื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื›ืš ื•ื‘ืชืจื’ื•ื ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื” ืชื•ื›ืœ ืฉืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืœืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื”

ืœื™ื™ืฉื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื”.2ืฉืœื ื•. ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืืช ืžืฆื™ื’ื™ื ืื ื• ื”ื‘ืื™ื ื”ืคืจืงื™ื ื‘ื—ืžืฉืช ื‘ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืžืคืชื— ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ ืฉืœ ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืกืงื™ืจื” ืžื‘ื™ืื™ื ืื ื• ,2 ื‘ืคืจืง ื•ื‘ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ. ืคืจืง 3 ืžืชืืจ ืืช ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช. ืœืงื‘ืœืช ื”ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ื•ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช, ื•ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ื‘ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืžืฆื™ื’ 4 ืคืจืง ืžืงืจื™ ืืจื‘ืขื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื•ื–ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื, ืžืŸ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื•ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ืงื•ืœื•ืžื‘ื™ื” ื•ืžื—ื•ื– ืกื™ื ื’ืคื•ืจ ืงื•ืจื™ืื”, ื“ื ืžืจืง, ืœืขื•ืžืง: ื‘ื•ื—ื ื™ื ืฉืื ื• ืžื‘ื—ืŸ

ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ืืœื” ืฉื™ืžืฉื• ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœื”ืฆืขืช ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืฉืื•ืฉืจื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2012. 2

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2 ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืกื•ืฆื™ื•-ืืงื•ื ื•ืžื™ืช ืืจื•ื›ืช ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ

ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืจื‘ื™ื ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ืžืžืฉืœื” ื’ื•ืจื ืžื ื•ืชืง ืฉืื™ื ื• ืคื•ืขืœ ืœืžืขืŸ ื•ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ (ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื›ืœื›ืœื™, 2012).1

ื•ืจืฆื™ืคื” ืฉื™ื˜ืชื™ืช ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืืœื” ืืชื’ืจื™ื ืขื ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื•ื ื™ืกื•ื— ืฉืœ ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช, ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ื ืงื•ื“ืชื™ืช ื•ืงืฆืจืช ื”ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ื ื”ื•ื’ื” ื“ืจืš ืฉื’ืจื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืœืฉื ื›ืš, ื”ืชื‘ืงืฉ ืชืื’ื™ื“ ืจืื ื“ ื‘ืฉื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื‘ื ืง ืขื ื™ื—ื“ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ, ื•ืžืฉืจื“ ืจื”โ€œืž ืžืžืฉืจื“ ืคื ื™ื™ื” ืœืื—ืจ ,2011ื•ืœื™ื™ืฉื ืœื’ื‘ืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืชื•ื›ืœ ืฉื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืชื ื”ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื‘ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืžืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื”ืชื‘ืงืฉื ื•

ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช.ื‘ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื•, ื”ืชื‘ืงืฉ ืชืื’ื™ื“ ืจืื ื“ ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืฉืืœื” ื”ื‘ืื”:

,ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ ื”ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ืืช ืœืฉืคืจ ื ื™ืชืŸ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืืช ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ,ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ื‘ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ืกื“ืจื™ ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืงื‘ืœืช

ื”ืจืื™ื” ืืจื•ื›ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื•ื—?

ื™ื•ื‘ื”ืจ ,ื›ื™ โ€ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ ื›ืœื›ืœื™โ€œ ืžืฉืžืขื• ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืง ืขืœ ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื•ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช ,ืจื•ื—ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืžื”ื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช-ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช

ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™. (ืžืฉืจื“ ืจื”โ€œืž,2011)

ื™ื™ืขื•ืฅ ืฉืœื“ื•ืจ ืืœ ืจืื ื“ ืชืื’ื™ื“ ื—ื‘ืจ ื–ื•, ืœืฉืืœื” ืžืขื ื” ืœื’ื‘ืฉ ื›ื“ื™ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ืฆืข ืืช ื”ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื•ืช:

ืžื™ืคื•ื™ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื•ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ื‘ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ โ€ข ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ.

ืชื™ืื•ืจ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื•ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื ื”ื•ื’ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช.โ€ข

ืืœื” ืžืžืฆืื™ื ืžืชื•ืš ื“ื•ื— ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื›ืœื›ืœื™, ืฉื›ื•ืชืจืชื• ืœืงืจืืช ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื” ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื”ื•ื’ื ืช, ืืฉืจ 1ืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2011. ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื”, ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ื’ื ื‘ืฉื โ€™ื•ืขื“ืช ื˜ืจื›ื˜ื ื‘ืจื’โ€˜, ื”ื•ืงืžื” ื‘-2011 ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื”

ืฉืœ ืงื™ืฅ 2011. .

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ืคืจืง 1.

ื”ืงื“ืžื”

ืžืืžืฆืข ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉืžื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช ื•ืื™ืœืš, ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืคื’ื™ื ื” ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื ืขืžื“ 2010 ืขื“ 1985 ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืชืžโ€œื’ ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™. ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ืžืจืฉื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉื ืจืฉืžื• ื”ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืœ-2.9 ืžืขืœ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื, 4.4 ืขืœ ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข ื‘ืชืžโ€œื’ ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ .OECD-ื” ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื ืจืฉืžื• ื”ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ื•-2.4 ื‘ื›ืœืœื•ืชื• ืœื ืคืฉ ื”ื™ื” ืืฃ ื”ื•ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ืฉืืจ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”-OECD, ื•ื›ืš ื’ื ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื ื•ืžื™ื ืœื™ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ื ื”ืกื—ื•ืจื•ืช. ืž-1990 ื•ืื™ืœืš, ื ืจืฉื ืžื“ื™ ืฉื ื” ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ 10.4 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฆื•ื ื”ื™ื™-ื˜ืง, ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœ-5.3 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ื‘-OECD ื‘ื›ืœืœื•ืชื•. ื•ืœืžืขื˜ ืฉื ื™ ืžืงืจื™ื ื—ืจื™ื’ื™ื, ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ืฉื ืช 2000, ื”ืื™ื ืคืœืฆื™ื” ื”ืฉื ืชื™ืช, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ืžื“ื“ื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžื“ื“ ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื”ืชื•ืฆืจ, ืขืžื“ื” ืขืœ ืจืžื” ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ

ื‘ืฉืืจ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”-OECD (ื”ื‘ื ืง ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™, 2014).ืืชื’ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืขื ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ื ื“ืจืฉืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื–ืืช, ืขื ื™ื—ื“ ื”ืžืืงืจื•-ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช, ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ื—ื–ืงื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื ืืฃ ืขืœ ื•ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื. ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืฆืขื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื—ื•ื•ืช ืžืฆื•ืงื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช, ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ื™ื•ืงืจ ืžื—ื™ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”, ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื“ื™ื•ืจ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ื•ืขืœื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื•ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื. ืฉืœ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœืฉื ื•ืชื™ื” ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ื”ื”ื›ื ืกื” ื‘ืคืขืจื™ ื ืจืฉื ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื”, ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื”ื›ื ืกื•ืช ื‘ืงืฆื” ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชืคืœื’ื•ืช ื”ื”ื›ื ืกื•ืช. ื•ืื•ืœื ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ืžื˜ืจื™ื“ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื™ื ื”ืคืขืจ ื”ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ื’ื“ืœ ื‘ื›ืœื›ืœื”. ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื“ื™ื ืžื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื’ื–ืจื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื•ื‘ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืืœ ื‘ื ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช

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xxi

ืจืืฉื™ ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช

ADAMื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ื“ื ื™ ื”ืฉื ืชื™ ื”ืžืฆืจืคื™ALPAmerican Life Panel

COPSื•ืขื“ืช ื”ืกืžื ื›โ€œืœื™ื ื”ืงื‘ื•ืขื™ืDDGืกื’ืŸ ื”ืžื ื›โ€œืœ

DGืžื ื›โ€œืœGDPืชื•ืฆืจ ืžืงื•ืžื™ ื’ื•ืœืžื™GRIืžื›ื•ืŸ ืžื—ืงืจ ืžืžืฉืœืชื™KDIื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืงื•ืจื™ืื ื™ ืœืคื™ืชื•ื—

MOFืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืื•ืฆืจNECื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืœื›ืœื›ืœื”

OECDื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืœืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื•ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ื›ืœื›ืœื™PMืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”

PMOืžืฉืจื“ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”

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xix

ืชื•ื“ื•ืช

ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ ื™ื™ืขื•ืฅ ื•ืฉืœื“ื•ืจ ืจืื ื“ ืชืื’ื™ื“ ืžื˜ืขื ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ืฆื•ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจื™ ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืขืžื ื• ืฉืฉื•ื—ื—ื• ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœื‘ ืžืงืจื‘ ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื•ืœืจื‘ื™ื ื•ืœืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืฉื ื™ื”ืœื• ื•ืกื™ื ื’ืคื•ืจ ืงื•ืจื™ืื” ื“ืจื•ื ื“ื ืžืจืง, ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช, ืžืงื•ืœื•ืžื‘ื™ื” ืื—ืจื™ื ืขืžื ื• ืชื›ืชื•ื‘ืช ื•ืฉื•ื—ื—ื ื• ืขืžื ื• ืขืœ ืžื”ืœื›ื™ ื”ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืฉืœ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช

ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืžืฉืœื•ืชื™ื”ื.ืขื•ื“ ืื ื• ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืœืงืœื•ื“ ื‘ืจ-ืจื‘ื™ ืžื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืขืœ ืจืื ื“ ืžืชืื’ื™ื“ ืคื–ืืจ ื•ืœืกื˜ืคื ื™ ื”ืจื•ืœื“ ื•ืœืกืงื•ื˜ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื›ืœ ืœืื•ืจืš ืชืจื•ืžืชื• ืขืœ ืชืจื•ืžืชื ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืขืกืง ื‘ืžืงืจื™ ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื. ืฉื ื™ ืžื‘ืงืจื™ื ืื ื•ื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื• ืœื ื• ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืืฉืจ ืฉื™ืคืจื• ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืืช ื ื•ืกื— ื”ื“ื•ื—. ื‘ืชโ€˜ ื‘ืจื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ืœื™ืกื” ื‘ืจื ืจื“ ืžืจืื ื“ ืกื™ื™ืขื• ื‘ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืžืกืžืš ื•ื”ื›ื ืชื• ืœื”ืคืฆื”. ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื“ื•ื— ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื‘ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ืฉื’ื™ืื” ืืฉืจ

ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื ื•ืชืจื” ื‘ื“ื•ื—.

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xviii ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืกื•ืฆื™ื•-ืืงื•ื ื•ืžื™ืช ืืจื•ื›ืช ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ

ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืฉืœ ืื’โ€˜ื ื“ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช, ืฉืชื™ืงื‘ืข ื•ืชืงื•ื“ื . 4ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื”. ื”ืื’โ€˜ื ื“ื” ืชื›ืœื•ืœ ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื™ืขื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ื”ืืจื•ืš; ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ื•ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืชื™ื• ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื“ื ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืฉืœ ืœืžืฉืš ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ื›ืŸ ื˜ื•ื•ื—; ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื‘ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืืœื” ื™ืขื“ื™ื ืฉืœ

ืžืคื•ืจื˜ื•ืช ืœื™ื™ืฉื•ื ืžื”ืœื›ื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ืฉื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืชืงื“ื.ืฉื™ืขืกื•ืง . 5 ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืœื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื”ืคื•ืจื•ื ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื ื•ื”ืœ ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ, ื™ืฆื™ืจืช

ื‘ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉื ื‘ื—ืจื• ื‘ืื’โ€˜ื ื“ื” ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”.

ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช . 6 ื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”; ืžืฉืจื“ื™ ืœืกืžื ื›โ€œืœื™ ืคื•ืจื•ื ื”ืงืžืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”; ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ื™ ื•ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืœืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื”, ืœื ืงื™ื˜ืช ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืชืจื’ื•ื

ืฉืœ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ืœืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื ืฉืœ ืืœื”.ื›ื“ื™ . 7 ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื, ื•ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืžื•ืขืฆื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงืžื”

ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื™ื.ืฉืœ . 8 ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื ืืช ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ื•ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื‘ืงืจื” ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ, ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ

ื”ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื•ื”ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื•ืฉืœ ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ื’ื•ื‘ืฉื• ื‘ืขื–ืจืชื.

ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” . 9 ืœื ืงื™ื˜ืช ืจืฉืžื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ืœืชื™ ืจืฉืžื™ื™ื ืชืžืจื™ืฆื™ื ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื•ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื•ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช,

ืžืขืฉื™ ื‘ืชืคื•ืงื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื.

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xvii ืกื™ื›ื•ื

ื™ืฉ ืœืขืจื‘ ื‘ืขืœื™ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืœื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื•ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” โ€ข ืืชื’ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืฉืœ ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื ื•ื‘ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ืชื“ื™ืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช, ืžืกืžื›ื™ ื›ืœ ืืช ืœืคืจืกื ืฆืจื™ืš ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ืœื ื›ื™ ืืฃ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช.

ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ืœื—ืฉื™ืคื” ืฉืœ ืชื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื.ืงื™ืฉื•ืจ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืœืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ื™ืกื™ื™ืข ื‘ื™ื™ืฉื•ื. ืœื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืืžื•ืจื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช โ€ข

ืœืงื“ื ืฆื™ื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื‘ืขืช ืชืงืฆื•ื‘ ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ืขืœ ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืžืชืŸ ื“ื’ืฉื™ื ื•ืชืฉื•ืžื•ืช ื ื“ืจืฉื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื’ืฃ ื”ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื”, ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช

ื”ืคื™ืกืงืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื–ืžื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช.

ืขืœ ืกืžืš ื”ืžืžืฆืื™ื ืฉืœื ื•, ืื ื• ืžืžืœื™ืฆื™ื ืœืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื”ืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช, ืœื’ื‘ืฉ ืืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื•ืœื‘ืฆืข ืืช ื”ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื›ื“ืœืงืžืŸ, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชื•ื›ืœ ื•ืœื’ื‘ืฉ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ืžืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ืœืืชื’ืจื™ื ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก

ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืืจื•ื›ืช ื˜ื•ื•ื—:

ื”ืงืžืช ืงื‘ื™ื ื˜ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ื•ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”, . 1ืฉื™ืชืคืงื“ ื›ืžื•ืงื“ ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช, ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืงืจื” ืขืœ ื”ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™.

ื”ืงืžืช ืคื•ืจื•ื ืœื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื‘ื“ืจื’ ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™, . 2ื”ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”, ืืฉืจ ื™ื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ื›ื™ืจื™ื; ืคื•ืจื•ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืื’โ€˜ื ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื•ื”ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืœืชื™ืื•ื ืžื•ืงื“ ื™ืฉืžืฉ ื–ื”

ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื‘ืจืžืช ื‘ื›ื™ืจื™ ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™.ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” . 3 ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืœืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื”ืงืžืช

ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืœื›ืœื›ืœื”; ืฆื•ื•ืช ื–ื” ื™ืชืคืงื“ ื›ืžื•ืงื“ ื”ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืืชื’ืจื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ืžืชื•ืš ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช, ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืชืจืื” ื•ื”ื›ืฉืจื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ื—ืœื•ืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช, ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ืœืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืืกืคืงืช ืชืžื™ื›ื” ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ืช ืœืคื•ืจื•ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืื’โ€˜ื ื“ื” ื ื™ืกื•ื— ื›ืžื• ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืœื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื•ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”. ื‘ืžื•ื ื— ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืชืจืื” ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื‘ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ืืฉืจ ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืืจื•ื›ื™ ืœืืชื’ืจื™ื ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื ื• ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช, ืฉื›ื–ื•, ืœื ื™ื–ื•ื”ื• ืื• ืฉื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ืชืชืขืœื ืžื”ื ืœืœื ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื—ืงืจ, ืœืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื”. ื‘ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉื™ืชื‘ืฆืขื• ืื—ืจื•ืช ืกืจื™ืงื” ื•ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื—ืœื•ืคื™ื•ืช ื•ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื ื• ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ื—ืœื•ืคื•ืช ื‘ืžื•ื ื— ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืœื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœื ืงื•ื˜ ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืฉื”ืžืžืฉืœื”

ืฉื–ื•ื”ื•.

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xvi ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืกื•ืฆื™ื•-ืืงื•ื ื•ืžื™ืช ืืจื•ื›ืช ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ

ืœื ืงื™ื˜ืช โ€ข ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ื™ ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืืช ืœืฉืคืจ ืฆืจื™ืš ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช.

ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช โ€ข ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื•ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื ืงื™ื˜ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืืจื•ื›ืช ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื™ืคื™ืงื• ืชื•ืขืœืช ื’ื ืžืขืฆื ื”ืงื™ื•ื ื•ืžื”ืชืคื•ืงื•ืช ืฉืœ

ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืœืžืžืฉืœื”.

ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื•ื”ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื”ืชื‘ืจืจื• ืœื ื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื:

ืฉืœ โ€ข ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืื—ืช ื”ื ื‘ื—ืจืช. ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื” ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื” ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื”

ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉืœื‘ ื‘ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื™ืขื“ื™ื ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืฉื’ื”.1 ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช โ€ข ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืชืžื™ื“ื™ืช ื ืงื™ื˜ื” ืขืœ ื’ื ืœื”ืงืคื™ื“ ื™ืฉ

ื›ืœืคื™ ืืชื’ืจื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ื•ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืฉืœ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืืจื•ื›ืช ื˜ื•ื•ื—, ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช, ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช ื”ืชืจืื” ื•ืžืขืจื›ืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ื—ืœื•ืคื•ืช

ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ืžืชืืคื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ื›ื”ื•ื ื•ืช ืงืฆืจื•ืช.ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื โ€ข ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ืœืืชื’ืจื™ื ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืืช ืœืฉืคืจ ื ื™ืชืŸ

ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช, ืžืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืื•ืชื ืฉืœ ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื ื•ืืช ืืชื’ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื ืขื ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช (ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืจืืฉ ืžืฉืจื“ ืฉืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื• ื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ื™ื“ื™ ืขืœ ื’ื ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืœื›ืœื›ืœื”) ืœืชืื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืฉืจื“ื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”. ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื ื›โ€œืœื™ื ื•ืกืžื ื›โ€œืœื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืืฃ ื”ืŸ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืœื™ ืขื–ืจ ืจื‘ ืขืจืš ืœืชื™ืื•ื ื‘ื™ืŸ-

ืžืฉืจื“ื™ ื•ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื, ื•ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ืœื”ืงื™ืžืŸ.ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืœืืชื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ื•ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืฉืœ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช โ€ข

ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขืžื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื›ืœื™ ืื ืœื™ื–ื” ื•ืžื—ืงืจ, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืชื—ื–ื™ื•ืช ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช, ืชื—ื–ื™ื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช, ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืชืจื—ื™ืฉื™ื ื•ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืžื•ืžื—ื™ ืฉืœ ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ืฉืœ

ืœืžืžืฉืœื”.

ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื–ื” ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื›ืคืจื˜ื™ื. ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืœื ืฉื ื‘ื—ืจืช, ื”ื™ื ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืคืจืœืžื ื˜ืจื™ื•ืช, ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช 1ื”ืคืจืœืžื ื˜ืจื™ ืฉืœ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช, ืืฉืจ ื‘ืชื•ืจื• ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœื”ืกื›ืžื™ื ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ื™ื. ืืœื” ืžืžืœืื™ื ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืžืžืฉืœ

ืคืจืœืžื ื˜ืจื™ ื•ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื•..

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xv ืกื™ื›ื•ื

ืžืžืฆืื™ื

ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื•ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ืช 2011 ื–ื™ื”ื™ื ื• ืฉื‘ืขื” ืคืขืจื™ื:

ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืฆื“ ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืชโ€ข ื‘ื™ื•ื–ืžืช โ€ข ื’ื™ืฉื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ืœืืชื’ืจื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ืขืžื“ื” ืชื’ื•ื‘ืชื™ืช

ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ืชื™ืื•ื ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืžืฉืจื“ื™ ื‘ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืชโ€ข ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืจืžื” ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื‘ืขืœื™ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจโ€ข ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืœื ืžืกืคื™ืง ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ื•ืžื™ื“ืขโ€ข ืงื•ืฉื™ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื•ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื”โ€ข ืžื“ื™ื“ื” ื•ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื‘ืจืžื” ืœื ืžืกืคืงืช ืฉืœ ืฆืขื“ื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช.โ€ข

ื”ืจืื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืงื™ื™ืžื ื• ืขื ืคืงื™ื“ื™ ืžืžืฉืœ ื—ืฉืคื• ื’ื ื—ื•ืกืจ ื•ื“ืื•ืช ื–ื” ืคืขืจ ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื. ื•ื™ืขื“ื™ื ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืœืžืžืฉืœื” ื™ืฉ ืื›ืŸ ืื ื‘ืฉืืœื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช. ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื’ื ื”ืกืชื, ืžืŸ ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื, ืื—ืจื™ื ื•ืคืขืจื™ื ื”ืขื•ืœื ื ื“ืจืฉื• ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืคืขืจื™ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ืžืงืจื™ ื”ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ืฉืœื ื• ืกื™ื™ืขื• ืœื ื• ื‘ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืชื•ื‘ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช, ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื•ืชื›ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื•ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ื•ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืœืกื™ื™ืข

ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช. ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ืชื‘ืจืจื• ืœื ื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื:

ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช โ€ข ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื•ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื ืงื™ื˜ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืืจื•ื›ืช ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื™ืคื™ืงื• ืชื•ืขืœืช ืžื”ืงืžืชื” ืฉืœ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ืชืื•ื™ืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืจืืฉ ืฉืœ ืœื‘ื• ื‘ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืชื–ื›ื” ืืฉืจ

ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื•ืช ื—ื–ืงื•ืช.ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ โ€ข ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืจืืฉ ืฉืœ ื•ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ื—ืงื™ืงื” ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช

ื”ืžื•ืงื™ืจื” ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืืชื’ืจื™ื. ื›ืœืคื™ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ืœื’ื™ืฉื” ืžืชืžืฉืš ืชื™ื™ืฆืจ ื’ื ืืš ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืงืฉื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ื›ื–ื• ื’ื™ืฉื” ืžื™ื™ืฆืจืช ืฉื”ื™ื ืœืชืคื•ืงื•ืช ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ ืœืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœ ืงื™ื•ืžื” ืื›ืŸ, ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ.

ืชืขืžื™ื“ ื‘ืกื›ื ื” ืืช ื”ืžืฉื›ื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœืช.

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xiv ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืกื•ืฆื™ื•-ืืงื•ื ื•ืžื™ืช ืืจื•ื›ืช ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ

ื™ื™ืขื•ืฅ ื•ืฉืœื“ื•ืจ ืจืื ื“ ืชืื’ื™ื“ ื‘ื™ืฆืขื• ื–ื•, ืœืฉืืœื” ืžืขื ื” ืœื’ื‘ืฉ ื›ื“ื™ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ ืืช ื”ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื•ืช:

ืžื™ืคื•ื™ ื”ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื•ื”ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ื‘ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช โ€ข ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ื‘ืขืช ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜, ื‘-2011

ืชื™ืื•ืจ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ืชื•ืžืš ื‘ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื”โ€ข ืฉืœ โ€ข ื‘ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื›ื™ื•ื ื”ืžื™ื•ืฉืžื™ื ื•ื”ื‘ืงืจื” ื”ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื ื™ืชื•ื—

ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืชื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ืคืขืจื™ื ื‘ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช, ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื, ืžื™ื“ืข, ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื•ื‘ืงืจื” ื”ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื โ€ข

ื›ื™ื•ื ื‘ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืชื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ืžืงืจื™ ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื”โ€ข ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขื ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช.โ€ข

ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืžืกื’ืจืช ืœืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœื ื•, ื”ืกืชืžื›ื ื• ืขืœ ืฉืชื™ ื”ื’ื“ืจื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืœื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื”: (1) ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ืžื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืืžืฆืขื™ื ืœืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช, ื”ื›ื•ืœืœืช ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ืืช ื”ืžื’ื“ื™ืจื” ืžื ื—ื” ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืืชื’ืจ, ืฉืœ ืื‘ื—ื•ืŸ (2) ื•ื›ืŸ ืœืืชื’ืจ ื•ืื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืงื•ื”ืจื ื˜ื™ื•ืช. ืฉืชื™ ื”ื”ื’ื“ืจื•ืช ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืงื•ื”ืจื ื˜ื™ื•ืช, ื‘ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœืžืžืฉ ื™ืขื“. ืืš ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ, ื”ื’ืขื ื• ืœืžืกืงื ื” ื’ื ื›ื™ ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ื™ื”ื™ื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืžืžืฉืœื” ื›ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื™ืงื•ื“. ื ืงื™ื˜ืช ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื” ืื™ืžื•ืฅ ืฉืœ ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืžื‘ื™ืื” ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืืช ืื•ืคื™ ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืืช ื”ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืจื—ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื™ื ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžืช, ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื•ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืื•ืกืฃ ืงื•ื”ืจื ื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืืฉืจ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืชื›ื ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื ื™ืชื•ื—, ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ, ื”ืžื’ื•ืœื โ€“ ื•ืื•ืจื™ื™ื ื˜ืฆื™ื” ืชืฆืคื™ืช ืฉืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืื•ืชื• ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”. ื™ื•ื›ืœ โ€“ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืžื›ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ื•ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื‘ืงืจื”, ืœื”ื™ืฉื ื•ืช ืขื ืชืจื’ื•ื ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ืœืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื›ืš ืฉืืคืฉืจ ื™ื”ื™ื”

ืœืฉืœื‘ ืžื™ื“ืข ื—ื“ืฉ ื•ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืื• ืœืฉื›ืœืœ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช.ื”ืžืชื•ืืจื™ื ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœื‘ื™ ืœืฉืฉืช ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืฉืœื ื• ื”ืžืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืก ืขืœ ืขื–ืจ, ื ืชื•ื ื™ ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื, ืœืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช, ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืžืคื•ืจื˜ื•ืช ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ื’ื™ื‘ืฉื ื• ืœืขื™ืœ, ืชืคื•ืงื•ืช ื•ื™ื™ืฉื•ื, ืืฉืจ ื™ืืคืฉืจื• ืœืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืื ืชื”ื™ื” ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ืช ื‘ื›ืš, ื•ืœื’ื‘ืฉ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ืžืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืœืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก

ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืจืฉืžื™ืช ืœืžืขืŸ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ.

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ืชืงืฆื™ืจ ืžื ื”ืœื™ื

ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืคื’ื™ื ื” ื•ืื™ืœืš, ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช ื”ืžืื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืžื•ื ื™ื ืžืฉื ื•ืช ืžืจืฉื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืžืืงืจื•-ื›ืœื›ืœื™. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื”ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื‘ืชืžโ€œื’ ื•ื‘ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื”ื™ืฆื•ื ืฉืœ ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ื”ื™ื™-ื˜ืง ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืŸ ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ื•ื”ืŸ (OECD) ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื•ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ืคืขื•ืœื” ืœืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื‘ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉื ืจืฉืžื” ื”ืื™ื ืคืœืฆื™ื” ืจืžืช ื”ืืžื•ืจื”, ื”ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ืœืžืจื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœืœื•ืชื•. ืœืขื•ืœื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœืจื•ื‘ ื ืžื•ื›ื” ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ื• ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”-OECD ื•ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืžืื–

ืฉื ืช 2000.ืขื ื–ืืช, ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ืช ืขื ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืืชื’ืจื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ื•ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื, ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื”ืžื—ื™ื”, ื‘ื™ื•ืงืจ ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื•ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ืžืžื ื” ื•ืกืคืงื•ืช ืžืฆื“ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื” ืœืžืœื ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื–ื”. ื ื•ื›ื— ื”ืืชื’ืจื™ื ื”ืงื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื ื›ื‘ื“ื™ ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ื”ืฉื›ื™ืœื• ืœื ืœืชื•ืœื“ื•ืชื™ื”, ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ื™ืฆื‘ื• ื•ื”ืžื™ื“ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืฉืงืœ ืœื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ ืžืขื ื” ืฉื’ืจื”, ื“ืจืš ื•ืœื™ื™ืฉื ืœืคืชื— ืœื“ื•ืจื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ

ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืืจื•ื›ืช ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื•ืžืชื•ืืžืช.ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ื›ืืœื” ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืืจื•ื›ื™ ืืชื’ืจื™ื ืขื ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืืžืฆืขื™ื ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืœื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉื™ื˜ืชื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืงื‘ื™ืขืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”. ืœืฉื ื•ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืจืืฉ ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ืœื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื‘ื™ืงืฉื• ื›ืš, ื”ืื•ืฆืจ, ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืื’ืฃ ืœืžืžืฉืœ ื•ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ื‘ื ืง ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืกื™ื•ืข ื‘ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืชื ืชื•ื›ืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืœืฉืงื•ืœ, ืœื’ื‘ืฉ ื•ืœื™ื™ืฉื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื•ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืžื‘ื˜ ืืจื•ืš ื˜ื•ื•ื—. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื”ืชื‘ืงืฉื ื• ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื›ื–ืืช. ืžืกืžืš ื–ื” ืžืฆื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœืฉืืœื” ืœื’ื‘ื™

ื“ืžื•ืชื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืฉื™ืืคืฉืจื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช.

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xii ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืกื•ืฆื™ื•-ืืงื•ื ื•ืžื™ืช ืืจื•ื›ืช ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ

ืžืกืงื ื•ืช ืžืžืงืจื™ ื”ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื•ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืคืขืจ 7, ืจืžื” ืœื ืžืกืคืงืช .6.7 89 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื“ื” ื•ื”ืขืจื›ื”

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ืื™ื•ืจื™ื ื•ื˜ื‘ืœืื•ืช

ืื™ื•ืจื™ื

21 . . . . . . . . ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช .3.1 49 . . . . . . ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื”ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ ืœื ืงื™ื˜ืช ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช .4.1 62 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ืคืจืกื•ืžื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” .4.2

ื˜ื‘ืœืื•ืช

ืกืงื™ืจื” ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจืื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ืขืœ .3.1 15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ

ืžืกืงื ื•ืช ืžืžืงืจื™ ื”ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื•ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืคืขืจ 1. ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช .6.1 83 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ืžืฆื“ ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช.

ืžืกืงื ื•ืช ืžืžืงืจื™ ื”ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื•ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืคืขืจ 2. ืขืžื“ื” ืชื’ื•ื‘ืชื™ืช .6.2 84 . . . . ื•ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ื’ื™ืฉื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ืœืืชื’ืจื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ื–ืžืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”

ืžืกืงื ื•ืช ืžืžืงืจื™ ื”ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื•ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืคืขืจ 3. ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ืชื™ืื•ื .6.3 85 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืžืฉืจื“ื™ ื‘ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช

ืžืกืงื ื•ืช ืžืžืงืจื™ ื”ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื•ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืคืขืจ 4. ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืจืžื” .6.4 86 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื‘ืขืœื™ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ

ืžืกืงื ื•ืช ืžืžืงืจื™ ื”ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื•ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืคืขืจ 5. ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืœื .6.5 87 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ืžืกืคื™ืง ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ื•ืžื™ื“ืข

ืžืกืงื ื•ืช ืžืžืงืจื™ ื”ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื•ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืคืขืจ 6. ืงื•ืฉื™ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช .6.6 88 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื•ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื”

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ix ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื

ืคืจืง 5.

67 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ืคืขืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ68 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ืคืขืจ 1. ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืฆื“ ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช.

ืคืขืจ 2. ืขืžื“ื” ืชื’ื•ื‘ืชื™ืช ื•ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ื’ื™ืฉื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ืœืืชื’ืจื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ื–ืžืช 69 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”70 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ืคืขืจ 3. ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ืชื™ืื•ื ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืžืฉืจื“ื™ ื‘ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช72 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ืคืขืจ 4. ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืจืžื” ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื‘ืขืœื™ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ73 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ืคืขืจ 5. ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืœื ืžืกืคื™ืง ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ื•ืžื™ื“ืข74 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ืคืขืจ 6. ืงื•ืฉื™ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื•ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื”75 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ืคืขืจ 7. ืจืžื” ืœื ืžืกืคืงืช ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื“ื” ื•ื”ืขืจื›ื”.76 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ืกื™ื›ื•ื

ืคืจืง 6.

79 . . . . ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœืฆืคื•ืช ืžืจืืฉ ื•ืœื’ื‘ืฉ ืžืขื ื” ื›ืœืคื™ ืืชื’ืจื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื79 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ืจืงืข ื•ื™ืขื“ื™ื80 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžื ื—ื™ื81 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ืคื™ืจื•ื˜ ื”ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช83 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ื”ืžืœืฆื” 1. ื”ืงืžืช ืคื•ืจื•ื ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช.86 . . . . . ื”ืžืœืฆื” 2. ื”ืงืžืช ืคื•ืจื•ื ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ืœื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช89 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ื”ืžืœืฆื” 3. ื”ืงืžืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช92 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ื”ืžืœืฆื” 4. ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืื’โ€˜ื ื“ื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ื›ืœื›ืœื”93 . . . . ื”ืžืœืฆื” 5. ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ืœื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืœืžื”ืœื›ื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื

ื”ืžืœืฆื” 6. ื”ืงืžืช ืคื•ืจื•ื ืกืžื ื›โ€œืœื™ื ื•ื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื•ืช94 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ืœืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื”, ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ95 . . . . . . . . ื”ืžืœืฆื” 7. ื”ืงืžืช ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืžื‘ืขืœื™ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื98 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ื”ืžืœืฆื” 8. ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื‘ืงืจื”, ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื•ืžื—ืงืจ

ื”ืžืœืฆื” 9. ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืชืžืจื™ืฆื™ื ืœื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืฉื•ื˜ืฃ ื•ื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ืฉืœ ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื•ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื 99 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื™ื101 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ืžืกืงื ื•ืช: ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ื”ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช

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viii ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืกื•ืฆื™ื•-ืืงื•ื ื•ืžื™ืช ืืจื•ื›ืช ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ

23 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ืžืฉืจื“ ืจื”โ€œืž25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ27 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ื‘ื ืง ื™ืฉืจืืœ28 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ืื’ืคื™ื ืœืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”28 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื ืœื”ื˜ืžืขื” ืฉืœ ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช29 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืฉื’ืจืชื™ื™ื31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืฉื’ืจืชื™ื™ื

ื ืชื•ื ื™ื, ืžื™ื“ืข ื•ืžื—ืงืจ ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื˜ืžืขื” ืฉืœ ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ืœื ื•ืฉืื™ื 33 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื.34 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืžื—ืงืจ ืคื ื™ื ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ื™ื35 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืžื—ืงืจ ื—ื•ืฅ ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ื•ืช: ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื›ืฆืจื›ืŸ ืžื™ื“ืข35 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ืงืจื” ื•ื”ืขืจื›ื”36 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ืกื™ื›ื•ื

ืคืจืง 4.

39 . . . . . ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื•ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช40 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ืชื•ื‘ื ื•ืช ืžืžืงืจื™ ื”ืžื‘ื—ืŸ40 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช43 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื•ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื46 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ืื™ืฉื•ืฉ ืžืžืงืจื™ ืžื‘ื—ืŸ: ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช

ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื”ื–ื•ื›ื” ื‘ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘ื• ืฉืœ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ืžืื•ื™ืฉืช46 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื•ืช48 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ ื•ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœื™ื•50 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”51. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื—ื•ืฅ ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ื™ื54 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ืื™ืฉื•ืฉ ืžืžืงืจื™ ืžื‘ื—ืŸ: ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื•ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื54 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืœืงื“ื ืฆื™ื”56 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืืจื•ืš58 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ืชื™ืื•ื.60 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ื›ืœื™ื ื•ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ืื ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื.61 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ื™ื™ืฉื•ื’ (Outreach) ื•ืชืคื•ืงื•ืช.63 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ืงืฉืจื™ื ืœืชืงืฆื™ื‘64 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ืžืงืจื™ ื”ืžื‘ื—ืŸ โ€“ ืžืกืงื ื•ืช

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vii

ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื

iii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ื”ืงื“ืžื”xi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ืื™ื•ืจื™ื ื•ื˜ื‘ืœืื•ืชxiii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ืชืงืฆื™ืจ ืžื ื”ืœื™ืxix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ืชื•ื“ื•ืชxxi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ืจืืฉื™ ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช

ืคืจืง 1.

1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ื”ืงื“ืžื”

ืคืจืง 2.

5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื•ื”ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ื”ืžื•ื ื— โ€™ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื”โ€˜8 . . . . . . . . . . . . ื”ื’ื“ืจืช โ€™ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืชโ€˜ ื•ื”ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ื ื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ โ€™ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื”โ€˜9 . . . . ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื”, ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช, ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™, ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื”ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช

ืคืจืง 3.

13 . . . . ื”ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ื•ื”ืืชื’ืจื™ื ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ืจืื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืขื ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืขืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื™ื21 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืขื‘ืจ ืœื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ืืชื’ืจื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ืžืœื™ืืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ื”ืงื‘ื™ื ื˜ ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื›ืœื›ืœื™

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v ื”ืงื“ืžื”

ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืขื•ืกืงืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื•ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”, ืจืื ื“ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื ื•ื’ืขื•ืช ืœืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื•ื‘ืจื’ื•ืœืฆื™ื” ืขืœื™ื”, ื‘ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื•ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื”, ื•ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื˜ื‘ืข, ื•ืืกื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืืงืœื™ื, ืžื™ื, ื•ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื™ื—ื“. ื’ื ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ื‘ื–ื™ืจื” โ€“ ื›ืœื›ืœื™

ืžื‘ื•ืฆืขื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช, ืงืจื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™.ื”ืชื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื” ื—ืœืง ืžื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜, ื”ืชืฉืชื™ืช ื•ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืจืื ื“, ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ืจื‘ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื•ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืขื•ืกืงืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช, ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื–ื” ืžืฉืคื˜ ืื–ืจื—ื™ ื•ืคืœื™ืœื™, ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™,

ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ื•ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื•ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื•ืžืฉืื‘ื™ ื˜ื‘ืข.ื•ื•. ืกื˜ื™ื‘ืŸ ื”ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜, ืœืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืฉืœื•ื— ื™ืฉ ื–ื” ื“ื•โ€œื— ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ืฉืืœื•ืช ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืจืื ื“ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืžื™ื“ืข .([email protected]) ืคื•ืคืจ ื•ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฆืคื•ืช ื‘ืืชืจ http://www.rand.org/labor.html ืื• ืœืคื ื•ืช ืœืžื ื”ืœ ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”, ืจืื ื“ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืžื™ื“ืข [email protected] ื‘ื›ืชื•ื‘ืช ื”ืชื›ื ื™ืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื•ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฆืคื•ืช ื‘ืืชืจ http://www.rand.org/energy ืื• ืœืคื ื•ืช

[email protected] ืœืžื ื”ืœ ื”ืชื›ื ื™ืช ื‘ื›ืชื•ื‘ืช

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iv ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืกื•ืฆื™ื•-ืืงื•ื ื•ืžื™ืช ืืจื•ื›ืช ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ

ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ืช. ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืœื™ื™ืฉื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืœื™ื™ืฉื ืœืคืชื— ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื™ืืคืฉืจื• ืืžืฆืขื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืชืžืงื“ื ื• ืœืคื™ื›ืš ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื ืงื•ื˜ ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช, ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื›ืœื›ืœื™. ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืืชื’ืจ ื–ื”, ื—ื‘ืจ ืชืื’ื™ื“ ืจืื ื“ ืœื—ื‘ืจืช ืฉืœื“ื•ืจ ื™ื™ืขื•ืฅ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™,

ื—ื‘ืจืช ื™ื™ืขื•ืฅ ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ.ื‘ื“ืงื ื• ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื™ื™ืฉืžืช ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ื›ื™ื•ื, ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื ื•ื”ื’ื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื•ืืŸ ืœืคืชื— ื•ืœื ื”ืœ ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืฉื›ื–ื• ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ืืชื’ืจื™ื”ืŸ ื‘ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ื—ื ื• ืืช ื”ืคืขืจื™ื ื‘ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ืจื’ืข. ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืฆืขื ื•, ื”ืžืœืฆื ื• ืขืœ ืžื‘ื ื” ืžื•ืกื“ื™ ื•ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ืฉื™ืฉืคืจ ืืช ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช; ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืœืžืžืฉืœื” ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืชืจืื” ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช, ื—ืœื•ืคื•ืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื›ืฉืจื” ื•ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ ืžืžืฉืœื”; ื•ื™ืกื™ื™ืข ืœืžืžืฉืœื” ืฉืชืจืฆื” ื‘ื›ืš ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช

ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ืช.ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืืช ืžื™ืžื ื• ื”ืื•ืฆืจ ื•ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืจืืฉ ืžืฉืจื“ ืคืงื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื›ืœืœื•ืชื•, ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืืช ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืืžื•ืจ ื–ื” ื“ื•ื— ื–ื”. ื‘ืžืกืžืš ืื—ืจื™ื ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืœืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื‘ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืžืžืฉืœ ื•ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื•ืื—ืจื™ื ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืคืŸ ื”ื”ืฉื•ื•ืืชื™ ืฉืœ ืžืžืฉืœ ื•ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื”.

ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืจืื ื“ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื”, ื•ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืจืื ื“ ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”, ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื•ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื›ืœื›ืœื™

Labor and) ืžื—ืงืจ ื–ื” ื ืขืจืš ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืจืื ื“ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื”Environ-) ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื•ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”, ืจืื ื“ ื•ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ,(Population

(ment, Energy, and Economic Development Program โ€“ EEEDื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜, ื”ืชืฉืชื™ืช ื•ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืจืื ื“.

ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืจืื ื“ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ืฆื‘ืจื” ืžื•ื ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ื‘ืขืจื™ื›ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืœืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ืœืชืžื™ื›ื” ื•ืื™ื›ื•ืชื™ื™ื ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ืืžืคื™ืจื™ื™ื ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื•ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช, ื‘ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžืชืจื›ื–ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื” ื”ืขื•ืœื. ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื•ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื“ืžื•ื’ืจืคื™ืช, ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื•ื”ื›ืฉืจื” ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ืช, ืฉื•ืงื™ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืจื•ื•ื—ื”, ื”ื’ื™ืจื”, ื‘ื”ื–ื“ืงื ื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื•ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ื•ืช, ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืงื‘ืœืช ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™, ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ื•ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืžื˜ืจื” ืžืชื•ืš ื•ืคืจื™ืฉื”,

ื•ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจื˜ ื•ืขืœ ืจื•ื•ื—ืชื•.

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ื”ืงื“ืžื”

โ€™ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ื™ืโ€˜. ืœืชื•ืืจ ืจืื•ื™ื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืื™ื•ืžื™ ืขื ื•ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื” ืื“ื™ืจื™ื ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื’ืœื™ ืฉืงืœื˜ื” ืฆืขื™ืจื” ื›ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืคื•ืกืงื™ื, ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืคืชื— ื›ืœื›ืœื” ืชื•ืกืกืช, ืคืชื•ื—ื” ื•ืžืชืงื“ืžืช ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช, ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ืžืชืืคื™ื™ื ืช ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืฉืœ ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช. ื—ื•ื–ืงื•ืช ืืœื” ื‘ืื• ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื•ืœื˜ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ, ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืจื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืืœื” ืขืœ ืฉืขืœื• ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ืœื›ืœืช ื”ืฆื™ื’ื” ืฉื‘ื•

ื”ืžืคื•ืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ืช.ืžื”ื•ืชื™ื™ื, ื•ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ืืชื’ืจื™ื ื ื™ืฆื‘ื™ื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืคื ื™ ื•ืื•ืœื ืžื—ืื” ืœื’ืœ ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ื•ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืœืงื•ื‘ืขื™ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ืฉื—ืœืงื ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืคืขืจื™ ืืช ืœืžื ื•ืช ื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ืืœื” ื”ืืชื’ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช. ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ืœื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื—ืœืง ื‘ืฆืžื™ื—ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื•ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ืžืคื™ืจื•ืชื™ื”, ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืงืจ ื”ืžื—ื™ื” ื•ืกืคืงื•ืช ืžืฆื“ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœื™ื›ื•ืœืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ืช ืขืžื ื”ืžืฉืงืœ ื›ื‘ื“ื™ ื”ืงื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื ื”ืืชื’ืจื™ื ื ื•ื›ื— ืืœื”. ืืชื’ืจื™ื ืœืคืชื— ืœื“ื•ืจื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ื”ืฉื›ื™ืœื• ืœื ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืชื™ื”, ืœืื•ืจืš ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื“ืจืš ืฉื’ืจื”, ืžืขื ื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ ืœื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืืจื•ื›ืช

ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื•ืžืชื•ืืžืช.ื‘ื—ืงืจ ื”ืขื•ืกืง ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ ืžื—ืงืจื™ ืžื•ืกื“ ืจืื ื“, ืชืื’ื™ื“ ื”ืชื‘ืงืฉ ื‘-2011 ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช, ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœืฆื•ื•ืช ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ืคืงื™ื“ื™ ืžืžืฉืœ ื‘ื›ื™ืจื™ื, ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืืžืฆืขื™ื ืฉื™ืืคืฉืจื• ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื’ื‘ืฉ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืืจื•ื›ืช ื˜ื•ื•ื—. ืฆื•ื•ืช ื•ืจืืฉ 2010 ื‘ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ ื•ืฉืจ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืจืืฉ ื™ื“ื™ ืขืœ ืžื•ื ื” ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื” ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืœื›ืœื›ืœื” ื•ืžื ื›โ€œืœ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ ื”ืชืžื ื• ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืจืืฉื•. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ, ื”ืชื‘ืงืฉ ืชืื’ื™ื“ ืจืื ื“ ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืื™ื–ื” ืžื‘ื ื” ืžื•ืกื“ื™ ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื–ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืžื™ื˜ื‘ื™, ื ื•ื›ื— ื”ืฆืจื›ื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืชื•ืš ื”ื‘ืื” ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™. ืขื ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ื”ื’ืขื ื• ืœืžืกืงื ื” ื›ื™ ื”ืขืจืš ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ืฉืœ ืžื‘ื ื” ืžื•ืกื“ื™ ื›ื–ื” ื•ื”ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื”ื ืœื•ื•ื™ื, ื™ื”ื™ื” ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื” ืฉืœ ืžืžืฉืœืช