developing a framework to revolutionise the 4d bim process
TRANSCRIPT
Developing a framework to Revolutionise the
4D BIM process: IPD-Based solution
Faris Elghaish and Sepehr Abrishami
Abstract
Purpose: The integration of Building Information Modelling (BIM) and Integrated Project
Delivery (IPD) is highly recommended for better project delivery. Although there is a
methodology for this integration, however, the BIM requires some improvements to foster the
adoption of IPD. This paper presents an innovative way to support the 4D BIM
automation/optimisation within the IPD approach. Similar to structural, architectural designs
libraries, this research proposes a planning library to enable automating the formulation of
schedule, as well as, embedding the multi-objective optimisation into the 4D BIM.
Design/methodology/approach
The literature review was utilised to highlight the existing improvement of using 4D BIM, as
well as, the multi-objective schedule optimisation. Moreover, using a case study in order to
validate the developed framework and measure its applicability.
Findings
The results show that there is a cost saving of 22.86% due to using the proposed automated
multi-objective optimisation. The case study shows the significance of integrating Activity
Based Costing (ABC) into 4D BIM in order to configure the hierarchy level of overhead
activities with IPD approach, therefore, the most level of contribution in managing the IPD
project was by the trade package level by 33.33% and the minimal contribution was around
8.33% by the project level.
This paper is accepted to be published in Construction Innovation Information, Process,
Management journal. DOI: 10.1108/CI-11-2019-0127
Originality/value
This research presents a new philosophy to develop the 4D BIM model—Planning and
scheduling—A BIM library of the project activities is developed to enable the automation of
the creation of the project schedule with respect to the 3D BIM design sequence. The
optimisation of the project duration is considered to be automated within the creation process
using the proposed genetic algorithm model.
Keywords: Construction planning; 4D BIM; IPD; ABC; BIM-Library.
Introduction
Construction planning and scheduling are one of the main processes of construction
management and it has been developed through the last few decades (Gould and Joyce, 2003).
The construction planning includes defining the project activities, estimation of the resources
and determining the required durations to execute the defined activities, followed by defining
the interrelationships among project tasks (Ritz, 1994). Whilst, the project scheduling process
is to determine the sequence of the defined activities and exactly which resources are needed
to execute each activity by defining the critical/non-critical Paths (Illingworth, 2017). With the
growing of utilising the computer in the computational processes, the construction planning
and scheduling process have been enhanced by reducing the required time, minimising the
errors and better visualisation of presented data such as using Autodesk Microsoft Project
(Baldwin and Bordoli, 2014). Similarly, the Building Information Modelling (BIM) is
revolutionised the entire construction process through the last few years (Abrishami et al.,
2014), the construction planning and scheduling are presented as 4D BIM (Han and Golparvar-
Fard, 2015). However, the BIM has adopted the traditional mechanism of developing the
planning and scheduling models such as inputting the list of activities manually and there is no
a link between the estimating activity duration and the resources in the 3D BIM model.
This paper is accepted to be published in Construction Innovation Information, Process,
Management journal. DOI: 10.1108/CI-11-2019-0127
This research introduces a new philosophy of creating the project schedule within the BIM
process. Due to the complexity of the construction process, this requires thousands number of
activities in order to schedule the project. Therefore, this research proposed to change the path
of articulating the project schedule by emerging attaching the design element and assign the
required activity from the proposed plug-in library inside Navisworks. On the other hand, the
research introduces a new way to create a complementary schedule by integrating the Activity
Based Costing (ABC) method into 4D/5D BIM in order to add the overhead activities into a
4D model. Subsequently, the hierarchy of consuming the project resources have been
categorised by the level of activity inside the core team organisation which begins by the core
team level to the daily task level. Therefore, the visualisation/animation features will be more
efficient and effective as this research includes a model to determine the contribution of each
party or member by the duration of appearing the chosen colour of his level in the animation
video relative to the total duration. Additionally, the framework proposed a library of activities
be embedded into 4D/5D BIM Navisworks platform, this library includes different construction
activities and each activity is loaded by all possible method to perform it under different
circumstance. Therefore, the overall optimisation for the construction schedule will be
attainable due to select the multi-criteria from the proposed browser and the process will be
carried out automatically by using genetic algorithm optimisation method.
The literature review has been used in order to highlight the gap by exploring all existing
research to support the 4D/5D automation, as well as the extant research to integrate 4D/5D in
order to generate an integrated budget. Fan et al. (2015) have developed a model to exploit
BIM to generate an integrated budget, however the researcher proposed an improvement to
their research by developing another model which allow linking between BIM element and the
cost directly with overriding the schedule in this stage and then link the BIM element with its
cost to the schedule (Fan et al., 2015). Therefore, this research adopts this issue and introduced
This paper is accepted to be published in Construction Innovation Information, Process,
Management journal. DOI: 10.1108/CI-11-2019-0127
a method to manage it. Moreover, Montaser and Moselhi (2015) developed a model to correlate
between the BIM 3D design elements and the activity start/end dates in order to track the
project, however, this model relies on multi-platforms as it requires to link the Microsoft
Project by Revit in order to carry out the proposed task. Nevertheless, the proposed framework
in this research will support the dynamic/single source of data by performing all tasks using
Navisworks by programming all tasks via Navisworks Application Programming Interface
(API), coded by C#.NET.
Regarding the multi-objective scheduling optimisation, Elbeltagi et al. (2016) proposed a
model to optimise the schedule based on multi-criteria such as time, cost, resources, and cash
flow. The method was particle swarm optimisation in order to reach the optimal schedule.
However, the proposed model depends on collecting data manually in order to enable
accomplishing the optimisation model, additionally, since activities are linked manually in the
developed model, therefore the real-life application for a complex project will not be
applicable, particularly for construction projects.
As aforementioned, the proposed framework in this research will consider all factors to
automate planning/scheduling process towards implementing and exploiting 4D BIM
capabilities. The proposed model has an innovative way to exploit 4D BIM features such as
animation and simulation feature in the proposed model has been linked with the overhead
activities which generate overhead costs. Since BIM supports the automation in design by
offering structural, architectural, mechanical, etc. libraries, subsequently, this research
introduce a planning/scheduling library for the first time in 4D BIM optimisation.
Theoretical background
4D BIM
This paper is accepted to be published in Construction Innovation Information, Process,
Management journal. DOI: 10.1108/CI-11-2019-0127
The origin of 4D BIM process back to 1980s, when Bechtel and Hitachi Ltd have collaborated
to generate a 4D visual model (Rischmoller and Alarcón, 2002), however, the core of 4D
techniques have been developed by Fischer and associates from Stanford University in order
to create a visual planning and scheduling (Dawood and Mallasi, 2006). Currently, the 4D BIM
model is able to integrate several models with the project schedule with enabling loading multi
resources as well as creating smart logical relationships between the project activities (Gledson
and Greenwood, 2016). The main function of 4D BIM is to link the 3D BIM model by the
project schedule (Gledson and Greenwood, 2016), this function includes several features such
as visualisation of model spaces and time of performing the design elements (Büchmann-
Slorup and Andersson, 2010, Heesom and Mahdjoubi, 2004, Liston et al., 2003); considering
the constructability methods of performing each activity (Koo and Fischer, 2000), supporting
the communication between all stakeholders which minimise the errors (Dawood, 2010).
4D BIM is characterised by (1) The visualisation attributes that can help the non-specialized
employer to integrate and involve in the construction process within different stages (Heesom
and Mahdjoubi, 2004). Moreover, the decision making needs visualisation to clarify the
information which needs to build an effective argument to get an optimum decision (Dawood,
2010), (2) efficient Communication by building an information channel, which facilitates to
integrate and combine all project stakeholders in the dynamic panel (Hartmann et al., 2008).
This dynamic panel begins to be shaped from the conceptualisation stage by integrating the
owner with the architect to set the project outlines; this process requires information from the
trade contractors and another specialist (Hakkarainen et al., 2009, Hamledari et al., 2017), (3)
collaborative, planning, scheduling, and constructability (Gledson and Greenwood, 2016), (4)
Claims and Dispute Resolution by utilising the clash detection feature in the 4D BIM (Sloot et
al., 2019).
Related research for a 4D/5D automation process
This paper is accepted to be published in Construction Innovation Information, Process,
Management journal. DOI: 10.1108/CI-11-2019-0127
For BIM 4D automation, Montaser and Moselhi (2015) developed a model that allows users
import data from MS project to the developed BIM model using Revit Application
Programming Interface (API), coded by C#.NET. The main feature of this model was its’
ability to correlate between the design elements implementation and the activity start and end
dates. Furthermore, the study designed a project progress control methodology through
process-based colour coding. For instance, the completed activities are highlighted in green,
the ones under construction are highlighted in another colour, etc.. Moreover, the implemented
activities for specific construction operations will be hidden once finished to allow the planner
to easily to follow the project progression (Montaser, 2013).
Furthermore, Omar and Dulaimi (2015) reported that embedding BIM in daily construction
activities will help overcome all persisting problems. Moreover, automatically updating all site
information will enhance the productivities and strengthen the relationship between all
stakeholders, increasing the trust in the site collected data. As such, El-Omari and Moselhi
(2011) asserted that using unsystematic procedures in collecting the site data leads to a huge
loss of information and will reveal unreliable results. Thus, BIM 4D automation will enhance
the quality of the collected data and reduce human interference in the data collection process
(Boton et al., 2015, Hakkarainen et al., 2009).
Lawrence et al. (2014) developed a model to automatically update the cost data according to
any changes in cost parameters such as; quantities change due to any change in design or project
scope. However, (Eastman et al., 2011) argued that there is no comprehensive BIM-based cost
management platform that can perform all the cost-related processes namely; estimation,
budgeting and control. As such, Lee et al. (2014) recommended that BIM cost systems should
participate in decision making rather than generating only Bills of Quantities (BoQ). For
instance, the platform should be able to select among different types of material based on pre-
set criteria (i.e. cost of each type of material). Even though the data collection of construction
This paper is accepted to be published in Construction Innovation Information, Process,
Management journal. DOI: 10.1108/CI-11-2019-0127
progress has been intensively improved through different kinds of technology such as; bar
coding, radio frequency identification, 3D laser scanning, photogrammetry, multimedia, and
pen-based computers (El-Omari and Moselhi, 2011, Kim et al., 2013, Turkan et al., 2013,
Turkan et al., 2012), the collected data remains not ideally exploited in AEC industry.
Consequently, Hamledari et al. (2017) advised that the progress data must be automatically
analysed through advanced information technology. Furthermore, Wang et al. (2016)
developed a model that utilises BIM to create project budgeting curve namely; S curve. This
model generates an optimised cost budget curve based on multi-criteria, making it more reliable
in implementation and giving a realistic indication with respect to cost/schedule cases.
Integrated Project Delivery (IPD and the Importance of an Early Decision Making
Integrated project delivery (IPD) is characterised by the early, collaborative and collective engagement
of key stakeholders through all phases of delivering a project (Ashcraft, 2014, Ahmad et al., 2019). ).
Rowlinson (2017) states that there are some criteria which distinguished using IPD in BIM
projects, these criteria such as multiparty agreement; early involvement of all parties; and
shared risk and reward (Ashcraft, 2012, Ballard et al., 2015). Moreover, Bedrick and Rinella
(2006) assert that BIM has enhanced the efficiency of the construction process by enhancing
the collaboration among a wide range of project participants through different stages whether
design or construction. Therefore, comprehensive decision making must be considered in the
early design stage (Ashcraft, 2008). Subsequently, implementing IPD can optimise the delivery
timeline of construction projects by reducing waste within better planning and shared
risk/rewards (Ahmad et al., 2018, Rowlinson, 2017). Therefore, the optimisation of 4D BIM
can play a vital role in reducing cost and enhancing the entire efficiency for construction
process (Han and Golparvar-Fard, 2015).
Target Value Design (TVD) is recommended as an effective solution for IPD projects (de Melo
et al., 2016, Pishdad-Bozorgi et al., 2013). A successful TVD requires extensive collaboration
This paper is accepted to be published in Construction Innovation Information, Process,
Management journal. DOI: 10.1108/CI-11-2019-0127
among designers, builders, quantity surveyors and trade partners (Alwisy et al., 2018): all these
parties must be at the table and offer continuous feedback to influence the design and achieve
the owner’s goals while complying with the set budget, as argued by Pishdad-Bozorgi et al.
(2013) and Allison et al. (2017). This collaboration is based on multiple interactions and rapid
circles of suggestions, analysis and feedback to allow continuous improvements and to find the
solutions that meet the client’s – or multiple stakeholders’ – definition of value (Alves et al.,
2017, Silveira and Alves, 2018). Therefore, TVD is implemented with the support of lean
management tools to facilitate effective collaboration and make possible these rapid circles of
conceptualisation, analysis and estimation (Meijon Morêda Neto et al., 2019, Alwisy et al.,
2018, Alves et al., 2017, Allison et al., 2017).
Activity Based Costing
Construction projects typically rely on a fragmented structure—of participants. And this
fragmentation leads to an increase in overhead activities, and accordingly overhead costs
(Ashcraft, 2008, Mignone et al., 2016). There are several traditional cost accountant methods:
Resource-based Costing (RBC) that relies on resources’ cost; Volume-based Allocation
(VBA), based on allocating the cost of resources directly to objects, regardless of the cost
structure—direct, indirect, and overhead costs (Holland and Jr, 1999). Cost distortion,
however, occurs in using these traditional methods, due to conflating all indirect costs into one,
which distorts the pricing of the company’s’ products (Miller, 1996). Activity Based Costing
(ABC) is a solution to such distortion, through allocating costs to multi-pools and determining
the overhead activities and the associated costs needed to transform the resources into activities
that can deliver the final product (Kim and Ballard, 2001, Kim et al., 2011).
Related research regarding evolutionary schedule optimisation:
This paper is accepted to be published in Construction Innovation Information, Process,
Management journal. DOI: 10.1108/CI-11-2019-0127
Hegazy (1999) developed a model to reach the optimal schedule path based on resource
levelling and allocation simultaneously by embedding genetic algorithm, however, this method
did not consider the cost factor. Furthermore, Hegazy and Ersahin (2001) have created
spreadsheets to optimise the project schedule based on the resources levelling, cost and time.
Another model has been developed by (Senouci and Eldin, 2004) in order to articulate a model
which consider time cost trade-off in order to minimise the project cost, however, this model
did not consider multi-possible methods to perform the activity. Regarding multi-objective
optimisation by genetic algorithm, Leu and Yang (1999) developed a model which considers
the time–cost trade-off, resource-constrained allocation, and the unlimited resource-levelling
models, however this model was implemented in two stages, and first stage is to reach the
optimal cost regardless of the resource levelling constraints, however the second stages focus
on levelling the resources, this can affect the final results of the model due to the levelling stage
can affect the selected cost and vice versa could happen as well.
Ghoddousi et al. (2013) developed a model which considers multi-objectives, namely, multi-
mode resource-constrained project scheduling problem (MRCPSP), discrete time–cost trade-
off problem (DTCTP) and also resource allocation and resource levelling problem (RLP), even
though, the results of this research presented a high level of multi-objective optimisation,
however it seems not applicable in a complex project which usually includes plenty of activities
with unlimited possible solutions to execute each activity.
Furthermore, Elbeltagi et al. (2016) developed a model to optimise the schedule based on multi-
criteria, these criteria are the time, cost, resources, and cash flow. The used method was the
particle swarm optimisation in order to determine the optimal path of activities based on several
possible solutions to execute each activity (Elbeltagi et al., 2016). However, the proposed
model relies on collecting data manually in order to enable implementing the optimisation
This paper is accepted to be published in Construction Innovation Information, Process,
Management journal. DOI: 10.1108/CI-11-2019-0127
model, Moreover, because of activities are linked manually in the presented model, the
application for a complex project will not be attainable, especially in AEC industry.
Research gap
There are intensive research has discussed the multi-objective optimisation in construction
planning and scheduling such as Hyari and El-Rayes (2006), Sriprasert and Dawood (2003),
Leu et al. (2001), (Liu and Wang, 2007) and (Anvari et al., 2016), however, all mentioned
attempts were before emerging 4D BIM, therefore, A BIM-based schedule optimisation has
not been explored in mentioned studies. Earlier, Kymmell (2007) used the concept of 4D BIM
as a tool in managing construction projects. The 4D BIM was utilised in other research to
improve the planning and costing processes, particularly, research conducted by (Kim et al.,
2013) to automate the cost control task. Additionally, Boton et al. (2015) explored the
challenges that face the adoption of 4D BIM in the construction industry. Regarding the
optimisation of 4D BIM, research conducted by (Jianping et al., 2011) to build a 4D
construction resource informational model to optimise the project resources. Moreover,
Hakkarainen et al. (2009) proposed the integration of 4D BIM with the Augmented Reality
(AR) technologies for providing mobile users.
Later, Many research has explored the application of 4D BIM within the construction industry
in different construction context (i.e. UK) such as Gledson and Greenwood (2016) conducted
a survey within UK industry firms to measure the applicability of the 4D BIM in the UK and
positive results were obtained regarding the level of awareness and experience. In addition,
The 4D BIM was utilised in other research to improve the planning and costing processes,
particularly, a research conducted by (Kim et al., 2013) to automate the cost control task.
As such, most of the research explored the application of 4D BIM and the improvement of its
features and processes were ignored. Thereby, this research is needed, and it is an attempt to
This paper is accepted to be published in Construction Innovation Information, Process,
Management journal. DOI: 10.1108/CI-11-2019-0127
improve the functionality of 4D BIM process regarding (1) Proposing a new method to create
the list of activities (processes), (2) Proposing an integration way for Genetic algorithm into
BIM platforms using API, (3) articulating a new approach to understand/utilise the output of
4D BIM.
Methodology
Research approach
The objective of the current study is to present a workable solution and explore its practical
validity within a real-life setting. As argued by (Yin, 1981), exploratory case study and
experiment methods are the most applicable methods in accomplishing this type of objective.
To be specific, context is an essential part of case study research, in which too many variables
can affect the outcome and produce inferences about the causes and effects of the
methodologies and procedures under question (Yin, 1981). As a result, assessing the impacts
of this type of workflow in a real-life case would be not only affected by many factors but also
mediated through various procedures: consequently, running a case study and applying
observational techniques were deemed irrelevant.
Experiments are effective in revealing whether the real data support or rebut the
conceptualisations of researchers. According to Zellmer-Bruhn et al. (2016), “experiments
isolate causal variables and enable a strong test of the robustness of theory: they provide
convincing evidence for theories”. The validity of an assumption about causes and effects, in
which a match between data and theory is observed, is demonstrated through experiments
(Shadish et al., 2002, Yin, 1981). The current study has therefore selected the use of an
experiment as the principal method for testing the assumptions about the positive effects of the
proposed cost estimation methodology. Accordingly, this research has been implemented and
designed using a mixed research methods strategy since the literature review (qualitative
approach) is utilised to develop the research hypothesises, subsequently, a framework is
This paper is accepted to be published in Construction Innovation Information, Process,
Management journal. DOI: 10.1108/CI-11-2019-0127
developed to provide a solution, finally, a comparative case study (quantitative case study) is
applied to validate the proposed solution.
Logic
The gap has been highlighted within an intensive literature review to explore the existing
research to integrate between 4D/5D BIM as well as the automation process. Thereafter, the
framework will be articulated to manage the lack of integration/automation which has been
determined from the literature review. In order to apply the developed framework, the proof of
concept prototype will be developed as a plug-in inside the Navisworks. Thereafter, the case
study will be conducted in order to measure the applicability, validity, and practicality of the
developed prototype. Below figure (1) reveals all methods of conducting this research.
Figure 1. Research methodology
This paper is accepted to be published in Construction Innovation Information, Process,
Management journal. DOI: 10.1108/CI-11-2019-0127
Development of the framework with proposing tools
The proposed framework works from the detailed design stage when the 3D BIM model
becomes ready. The 4D/5D BIM manager begins to import the 3D design model to Navisworks
as 4D/5D BIM platform in order to emerge the schedule/costing process simultaneously.
Because of ABC interests by the level of consuming project resources (Hierarchy of project’s
organisation), Navisworks platform will be configured by distinguished colours to identify
each type of task (i.e. package level, daily task level). After that, starting to select the most
suitable Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) from the proposed library. The 4D BIM planner
will start to create the list of activities by using adverse direction against the traditional path in
4D BIM, the traditional path begins by writing the list of activities manually or import it from
any traditional scheduling software (i.e. Microsoft Project, Primavera), then the planner
estimates the durations based on the available resources and project quantities and in order to
simulate the project, the planner attach the corresponding design elements to every activity in
the model. However in this framework, the 4D planner will start by attaching the design
element firstly and after that, the corresponding activity will be selected from the proposed
library in order to support the automation and make the entire process completed automatically
with minimum human contribution to minimising the possibility of errors, particularly for the
complex project schedule.
Regarding supporting the automation of selecting the optimal construction method to perform
the activity, the library includes all possible methods to perform the activity, therefore the
planner will be able to select the suitable methods to each activity and the criteria of selection
can be selected from a wide range will be offered from the proposed library. The 4D planner
can just tick in correspondence with each criterion (ie, degree of complexity, duration). Genetic
Algorithm model will work here in order to select the best construction method of each activity
This paper is accepted to be published in Construction Innovation Information, Process,
Management journal. DOI: 10.1108/CI-11-2019-0127
based on the given criteria, with respect to the sequence of activities which represents the
sequence of model designs as attached.
𝑂𝑀 = min𝑀𝑉
∑ 𝐴𝐶(𝐼𝑒, 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒, 𝑑𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟, . . ) × 𝐶𝑜𝐴 (1)
Where,
MV: Method Value; AC: Activity Criteria; CoA: Cost of Activity.
Steps for implementing the proposed constructability optimisation method:
1. The user defines activities that require specific constructability methods, in other words,
the activities that can be executed using different tools.
2. Assign the appropriate resources (i.e. different types of equipment) to the selected
activities.
3. Select the optimisation criteria from the designed panel (i.e. complexity, degree of
uncertainty, etc.)
4. Run the optimisation process, then receiving the proper list of activities corresponding
to the optimised cost.
The figure (2) shows the differences between the traditional path of formulating the project
schedule as well as the proposed path.
This paper is accepted to be published in Construction Innovation Information, Process,
Management journal. DOI: 10.1108/CI-11-2019-0127
Figure 2. Comparison of traditional/proposed scheduling paths
Figure (1A) shows the configuration of Navisworks hierarchy level which helps the 4D planner
to track all consumed resources in the project as well as assign the right responsibilities to all
project stakeholders. On the other hand, when the animation option works each type of activity
has two distinct colours as the appearance colour during the execution and the another colour
when the activity has been accomplished, therefore this configuration could help to check the
performance of each resource in the project by measuring the duration of appearing in the
animation video. Moreover, the contribution of each party in the core team members by
following the summation of durations of their colours which appear in the animation feature.
The below equations shows how this can be calculated:
This paper is accepted to be published in Construction Innovation Information, Process,
Management journal. DOI: 10.1108/CI-11-2019-0127
𝐶𝐿 = ∑𝐷𝑜𝐶𝐴
𝑇𝐷% (2)
Where:
CL: Contribution Level for each party; DoCA: Durations of Colours Appearing; TD: Total
duration of the project animation scale.
The proposed library has been embedded into Navisworks by using Application Programming
Interface (API) which has been coded by C# .NET. This can support the dynamic/single
automation process by using a single platform, rather than exporting the data to several
platforms in order to perform each task such as import the list of activities from Microsoft
Project to emerge creation of 4D model as well as back to export the 4D BIM model to
Microsoft Project in order to extract the Budgeted Cost of Work Schedule (BCWS) which
represent the project budget. Currently, by adopting the proposed model, the planner will be
able to finish all planning and scheduling tasks on the same platform. On the other hand, when
the construction process starts, the 4D/5D BIM manager will be able to track the project by
using the same platform as well.
2. Comparison of traditional/proposed scheduling paths
This paper is accepted to be published in Construction Innovation Information, Process,
Management journal. DOI: 10.1108/CI-11-2019-0127
Figure 3. The proposed BIM activity library
After the creation of a list of activities by using the proposed library, there is a correlation
between the embedded Bills of Quantities (BoQ) and the embedded constructability methods
as well. Therefore, the duration will be determined automatically by using the following
formula:
𝐷 =𝑄 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑡𝑦𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙
𝑃 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 (3)
Where:
D: Duration of each activity/method; Q: quantity which will be derived automatically from the
3D BIM model; P: Productivity which updated to the proposed library.
Thereafter, the price of materials, equipment, and labour are updated to the library. The criteria
to enable GA to work can be selected from the proposed browser as it can be seen from the
below figure 5, section 3.
The figure 5, section 4 shows the output of the genetic algorithm optimisation process so that
each activity has three construction methods which these methods could survive during several
This paper is accepted to be published in Construction Innovation Information, Process,
Management journal. DOI: 10.1108/CI-11-2019-0127
iterations and the successful method will achieve the minimum required value to perform the
construction process as it can be seen from the figure (1-4).
Genetic algorithm population will be the project activities with their corresponding potential
methods, the fitness generation will be the method will achieve the minimum Method Value
(MV), which represent the initial cost after multiplying it by all different criteria which has
been selected previously, see figure 5, section 3. Therefore, the mathematical model should be
as follows:
𝑀𝑖𝑛(𝑀𝑉) = 𝐼𝐶 × 𝐹(1,2,3, … . , 𝑛) (4)
Where:
IC means Initial Cost; F means that factors
Thereafter, the optimal path of activities should be as follows:
𝑂𝑃𝐴 = 𝑀𝑖𝑛(𝑀𝑉)𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝐴 + ⋯ + 𝑀𝑖𝑛(𝑀𝑉)𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑛 (5)
Where:
OPA means that Optimal Path of Activities
Integration of data through the developed framework:
The below figure 4 shows the integration of data through the most three critical stages of the
IPD project, which are the detailed design stage, documentation and buyout stage. In these
three stages, the project information becomes completely shaped. Since IPD approach supports
the Risk/Rewards sharing as well as open pricing technique, therefore this enables to determine
the project costs fairly as well as exploiting all available resources which offer from all core
team members (client, main constructor, trade constructors and architect).Regarding the
integration between all tasks which included in this framework, figure 5 includes all tasks (1,
This paper is accepted to be published in Construction Innovation Information, Process,
Management journal. DOI: 10.1108/CI-11-2019-0127
2, 3, and 4) to shows how the proposed framework can be implemented. The process begins by
importing the 3D BIM model to Navisworks and thereafter creating the list of activities, and
the optimisation process for the different construction methods. All the mentioned tasks will
be implemented in a single platform (Navisworks).
Figure 4. The Integration of data through the developed framework
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Management journal. DOI: 10.1108/CI-11-2019-0127
Figure 5. The integration/flow of data within the framework
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Management journal. DOI: 10.1108/CI-11-2019-0127
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Results and analysis 1
The description of the case study 2
The case study is a small house in order to be able to include and analyse all its data in this 3
paper, the chosen house is a part of a group of 100 identical house which the property 4
development firm (X) has decided to build this compound. The specification of each house is 5
as follows: (1) the gross floor area is about 192 m2; (2) the house has a single floor; (3) from 6
reviewing the Revit architectural plan, the spaces are a master bedroom with its own facilities 7
of a bathroom and a robing room, three bedrooms, large living room, kitchen, dining room, 8
another bathroom, family room and utility room. 9
The company chose the IPD to be the delivery approach of this large size project due to its 10
ability to share risk/rewards between all parties which enhance/sustain the relationship between 11
all traditional parties in the project and this was the main objective of implementing this kind 12
of delivery approach. The X Company intends to build a series of compounds based on the 13
same designs and using the same contractors, sub-contractors and architect. Therefore, this case 14
study focuses on one of these identical houses in order to apply the developed framework once 15
the 3D BIM model becomes available. To ensure the sustaining relationship between all parties, 16
the cost estimation must be more accurate and explicit throughout all different stages in the 17
IPD approach. 18
The configuration of ABC hierarchy level inside Navisworks 19
As aforementioned in the context of the framework, the main purpose of this configuration is 20
to follow the level of consumption of resources by each participant as well as measuring the 21
contribution of each participant by the duration of appearing their configured colour in the 22
animation video. Figure 6 shows the applied configuration using ABC hierarchy levels into 23
Autodesk Navisworks platform. 24
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Figure 6. The ABC-hierarchy configuration 25
Building List of Activities from the proposed library 26
By referring to figure (5-2) the list of activities can be designed by attaching the corresponding 27
activity to each design element from the model, therefore, figure (7) describes these steps in 28
details. 29
30
Figure 7. The List of activates 31
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Figure 7 reveals that all activities have been articulated (Direct, indirect and overhead) 32
activities, additionally, task type column shows that the overhead activities have been 33
categorised as a core team level, batch level, package level, and daily task level. From another 34
side, each type has a distinct colour to be shown during the animation process which will be 35
used in this paper to evaluate the level of contribution to each party. 36
Optimisation of constructability methods for each activity 37
As aforementioned, this optimisation process will be carried out automatically by embedding 38
GA into Navisworks as Plug-In, therefore the genetic algorithm model will be articulated based 39
on selecting criteria from the proposed browser (see fig 5-3). After that, the GA model will be 40
created automatically. The below figure (8) shows that the selected criteria in order to proceed 41
with the genetic algorithm optimisation. 42
Figure 8. The optimisation criteria browser 43
Based on the above figure, three criteria have been selected to perform this optimisation 44
(Degree of complexity, Risk, and Cost). Therefore, the Genetic algorithm model should be as 45
follows (refer to equation 4 and 5): 46
𝑀𝑖𝑛 (𝑀𝑉)𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑟𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 = ∑ 𝐼𝐶𝑖𝑗 × 𝐷𝐶𝑖𝑗 × 𝑅𝐹𝑖𝑗 (5) 47
The below figure 9 reveals the results of the optimisation process, therefore the thirteen direct 48
activities have been optimised by reaching to the most fitness three methods based on the 49
This paper is accepted to be published in Construction Innovation Information, Process,
Management journal. DOI: 10.1108/CI-11-2019-0127
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designed GA model. The below figure reveals that the optimal method in corresponding with 50
each direct activity, the presented cost represents the labour, equipment to each activity. The 51
total cost of performing direct activities is £32,524. However, the maximum cost to perform 52
these activities is £42,165, therefore the saving cost represents 22.86%, this percentage for a 53
single house is £9,641 and as mentioned in the context of a case study that the compound 54
includes 100 identical houses, therefore the saving cost around £964,100. 55
Figure 8. The optimisation criteria browser 56
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Management journal. DOI: 10.1108/CI-11-2019-0127
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Figure 9. Optimisation browser 57
The level of contribution based on the ABC hierarchy level 58
After analysing the animation video and applying equation 2. The below table shows the 59
percentage of contribution to each overhead hierarchy level from the core team member to the 60
daily task level. 61
Table 1: ABC hierarchy contribution 62
Name Start appearance Percentage (%)
Core team member level 20.83
Project Level 8.33
Package level 33.33
Daily task level 37.5
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As it can be seen from the below chart (1), daily task level represents the maximum contribution 63
by 37.5%, this reflects the importance of the high level of consumption by the supervisors, site 64
engineers. However, the core team level represents 20.83%, this reflects a high level of 65
contribution of owner, constructor, architect to management of the project, and this also can be 66
proved by checking the level of overhead per for the project level, which is 8.33%, and this is 67
the minimum level of contribution due to the IPD approach reduce the dominant of the project 68
contractor and sub-contractor management. Figure 10 shows all contribution proportions for 69
each level in the IPD organisation. 70
71
Figure 10. The overhead contribution level between all participants 72
Research implications 73
Below points summarise the implications of the developed framework: 74
1. The framework opens new horizons towards the automation of the project planning 75
and scheduling since a new philosophy is presented to the link between the project 76
design and systematised activities—The activities will be selected from a proposed 77
library. 78
Core team level ,
20.83
Pro
ject Lev
el
, 8.3
3 Package level,
33.33
Daily task level,
37.5
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
1
AXIS TITLE
PR
OJE
CT
LE
VE
LS
OVERHEAD CONTRIBUTION LEVEL
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2. Given, the users target the user-friendly platforms and processes, therefore, the 79
optimisation tasks using the genetic algorithm is proposed to be integrated into the 4D 80
BIM platform to facilitate its implementation. 81
3. The multi-objective optimisation is usually presented as a sophisticated process that 82
requires highly skilled users, particularly, researchers. However, in this research, the 83
multi-objective optimisation is presented in practical steps that allow any potential 84
users to carry out efficiently. 85
4. Given that the IPD approach is highly recommended in integration with BIM, 86
therefore, this research presented a tool to maximise the automation that enhances the 87
collaboration and trust among the core team members. 88
5. The developed framework enhances the integration of the 4D and 5D BIM models 89
since the output of the constructability optimisation is linked with the activities costs. 90
91
Conclusion and future directions 92
This paper introduced a framework to support 4D BIM automation/optimisation within the IPD 93
approach by integrating ABC in order to ensure that all activities will be considered, especially 94
overhead activities. Adopting a new direction to exploit the simulation feature of 4D BIM by 95
enabling analyse the level of contribution of each party in the IPD approach which facilitates 96
fair sharing of risk/rewards. Indeed, minimising the dominant/traditional role of the contractor 97
to manage the project in a separate environment and this has been proven by the case study 98
which revealed that the percentage of core team contribution is 20.83%, meanwhile, the project 99
contribution level is 8.33%. Regarding the multi-objective optimisation, this study adopts using 100
a genetic algorithm in order to search for the optimal constructability method to perform each 101
activity, the presented innovative method relies on enabling build the optimisation model 102
automatically through the developed prototype by using Navisworks to link all proposed 103
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process in a single/dynamic platform. The proposed “proof of concept” prototype includes 104
browsers to enable formulating the genetic algorithm model automatically by just selecting the 105
potential selecting criteria as well as enabling creating new criterion and configure it. 106
Regarding the automation in creating the list of activity, this research has changed the 107
philosophy of creating it whether manually or by importing it. Since the automation required 108
libraries such as structural, architectural, etc. therefore, this research proposed a library for 109
planning/scheduling which includes all needed activities in AEC industry as well as loaded 110
each activity by all possible methods to execute it. By linking the proposed library and 3D 111
model, the criteria for each method will be determined directly. Subsequently, it will be ready 112
to be exploited in the multi-objective optimisation process. 113
Even though, this model deals with the entire planning/scheduling process, however, there are 114
further sections will be added in order to link between 4D and 5D BIM to support the 115
optimisation stage to conclude the real prices of all used resources. Moreover, this research is 116
a part of a project to build an integrated cost management system within the IPD approach, 117
therefore, further researches are in progress to enable the proposed model to generate an 118
optimised cash flow which considers the availability of resources and showing the allocation 119
of all resources in 4D BIM to check the space/area management factor. 120
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