determine the force necessary to remove a piece of adhesive tape from a horizontal surface....
TRANSCRIPT
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DETERMINE THE FORCE NECESSARY TO REMOVE A PIECE OF ADHESIVE TAPE
FROM A HORIZONTAL SURFACE. INVESTIGATE THE
INFLUENCE OF RELEVANT PARAMETERS.
Adhesive tape
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Overview
microscopic view adhesion and cohesion - rupture
macroscopic view fracture energy of adhesives
experimental setup adhesive tape properties
conditions angle width temperature
surface tension model
conclusion
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Adhesion and cohesion
intermolecular interactions ADHESION force between two different
bodies (or different surface layers of the same body) tape-glue, glue-surface
COHESION force attraction between like-molecules van der Waal's forces glue ~ forms threads
backing
surface
glue
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Cohesive rupture
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Adhesive rupture
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cohesive/adhesive rupture obtained peel rates ~ 1mm/s force necessary!
greater force higher peel rate
peel off starting glue forms N0 threads
as the peel-off starts number ~ conserved
Rupture
*A. J. Kinloch, C. C. Lau, J. G. Williams, The peeling of flexible laminates. Int. J. Fracture (1994) c
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Adhesion and cohesion
critical condition for lstrand = lcritical
F
F
F
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Adhesive energy/surface Ga
F1
Fu
peel-off force
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describes tape-surface bond
MOSTLY COHESIVE RUPTURE • PEEL RATE 1mm/s
• ADHESIVE ENERGY/SURFACE work done peel-off force – stretching and
dissipation peeling-off work stretching + dissipation work
Adhesive energy/surface Ga
dl
dU
dl
dU
dl
dU
bG dsa
1
dlFdU u )cos1(
dldbhUUd ds
0
)(
b width l lenghtε elongation ơ tensile strength
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Adhesive energy/surface Ga
b width l lenghtε elongation ơ tensile strengthb
FG
u
a
)cos2
1(
bhE
Fu
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Relevant tape propertieswidth b=25 mm, lenght l=50m, thickness h, Young’s modulus
low temperature universal masking tape slightly-creped paper
backing, rubber adheive
measured thickness (h) (backing+adhesive)
0.151 mm
biaxial oriented polypropylene tape biaxially oriented
polypropylene backing, synthetic rubber adhesive
0.0475 mm
creped transparent
l
rRh
2)(
repedcreped
V tape volume R full radius r central circle raius
bhlrRbV 2)(
l
rRh
2)(
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Relevant tape propertieswidth b=25 mm, lenght l=50m, thickness h, Young’s modulus
creped transparent28 /102 mNE 28 /1004.1 mNE
bh
FE u
Fu
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Parameters
two tapes (creped/transparent) elongation, adhesion to backing
two surfaces (aluminium, laminate) adhesion to surface, roughnes
peel-off angle component of Fu which overcomes adhesion force expressed with
tape width glued surface areas
temperature adhesive surface tension changes
b
FG
u
a
)cos2
1(
)cos2
1(
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Experimental setup - angle
adjustable slope laminate and
aluminium plate attached
piece of tape 15 cm an easily filled pot
various sizes protractor 1 kg cylinder to
maintain even pressure
stopwatch PEEL RATES < 1 mm/s l=5cm
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adhesive tape is placed on the plate and pressed
m=1kg, 2.5cm*10cm (p=const=4kPa) 15 cm total lenght 10 cm pressed, 5 cm thread for pot
slope – measured angle (every 15°) pot filled until the adhesive starts to peel off
time measured every 2.5 cm if ~constant velocity of peel progression
valid measurement
pot weighed (digital scale)
Experimental setup - angle
mgFg
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Surface comparison
angle/force dependency first order inverse function temperature 20°C
cos
21
)(
a
u
GconstF
0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0 1,2 1,4 1,6 1,8 2,0
For
ce (
N)
0
5
10
15
20
25
aluminiumlaminate
2/)8230( mJGa 2/)6158( mJGa
1- ε/2+cosθ
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0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0 1,2 1,4 1,6 1,8 2,0
For
ce (
N)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
creped - aluminiumtransparent- aluminium
Tape comparison
angle/force dependence first order inverse function temperature 20°C
2/)5244( mJGa
cos
21
)(
a
u
GconstF
2/)8230( mJGa
1- ε/2+cosθ
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Tape width dependence
Initial width: 50 mm marked tape
every 10 mm cut on the surface
described method angle 90° temperature 20°C
b
FG
u
a
)cos2
1(
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width/force dependence
linear progression
temperature 20°C
au bGF )2
1(
TAPE – WIDTH (laminate)
bhE
Fu
tape width (m)0,00 0,01 0,02 0,03 0,04 0,05 0,06
For
ce*(
1+ /
2) (
N)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
2/5173 mJGa
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thermodynamic system minimum free energy
gives the number of forming threads surface tension depends on
temperature temperature gradient plate development
(aluminium) creped and transparent tape angle 90°
Temperature dependence
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Temperature dependence
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Temperature dependence
*wikipedia: surface tension http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_tension
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Gradient plate
small stove heated at one end
water (20°) cooled at other
wait until equilibrium occurs measured temperatures
infrared thermometer marked every 10°C
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Gradient plate
aluminium plate 90 cm*50 cm, 3 mm ± 0.1 mm thick heat flows from the hot end to the cool end
thermal conduction calibration
20°C - 80°C (± 2 °C )
factory data creped tape 105 °C transparent tape 70 °C
pressed along the ~ same temperature marked distance
described method critical temperatures effective values
internal energy is defined as the surface energy
distance (cm)
0 20 40 60te
mpe
ratu
re (
°C)
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
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temperature/force dependency
regression fit
agreement with theoretical explanation
CREPED – TRANSPARENT COMPARISON
temperature [K]
300 320 340 360
For
ce [
N]
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
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Conclusion
set peel-conditions fracture energy / surface Ga evaluated for
creped tape aluminium , laminate
transparent tape aluminium , laminate
determines the necessary force conducted experiment for relevant parameters
changed Fu (in accordance to prediction) – same Ga
angle (45°-135°) width
temperature (surface tension model) agreement
2/8230 mJGa 2/6157 mJGa
2/5244 mJGa 2/5173 mJGa
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References
A. N. Gent and S. Kaang. Pull-off forces for adhesive tapes. J. App. Pol. Sci. 32, 4, 4689-4700 (1986)
A. J. Kinloch, C. C. Lau, and J. G. Williams. The peeling of flexible laminates. Int. J. Fracture 66, 1, 45-70 (1994)
Z. Sun, K. T. Wan, and D. A. Dillard. A theoretical and numerical study of thin film delamination using the pull-off
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THANK YOU!
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Rayleigh instability criteria
surface tension property of surface that allows it to resist
external force explains why a stream of fluid breaks up into
smaller packets with the same volume but less surface area overcomes surface energy tension – minimises
surface energy
breaks into just two parts due to viscosity
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Relevant tape propertiesYoung’s modulus E accordance to factory data
factory data elongation at break ε
12 % tensile strength ơ
90 N/ 25 mm
Hook’s law
90 %
110 N/ 25 mm
creped transparent
bh
Fu0l
l
28 /102 mNE 28 /1004.1 mNE
Young’s modulusdescribes the elastic properties of a solid undergoing tension
bh
FE u
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Temperature dependence derivation
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Temperature dependence derivation