detection of oil in sea ice - university of...
TRANSCRIPT
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Detectionofoilinseaice(remote)
JeremyWilkinsonOSICA(OilSpillsinIce-CoveredArcticwaters)Workshop
13-14MarchKlausHochheim Theatre,CEOS,UniversityofManitoba
Oilspillsandseaice
Needaholisticapproachtounderstandoilandseaice::
•Oil-iceinteraction,weatheringandmodelling,•Oildetectionandmonitoring,•OilSpillResponseTechniques.
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Differenttypesofoilspillaccidents
• Shippingaccident:• Onknownshippinglanes,• generally(butnotexclusively)undersummerconditions.
•Pipelinebreach:• Closetoshore• Anytimeofyear,butbreachduetoicescouringwillhaveahighprobabilityduringtheseaiceseason
•Blow-out:• knownlocation,• generallydrillingundersummerconditions• Oilwillbemixedwithgas.
Differentoilandicetypes
• Tremendousamountofoiltypes• Crudeoilsofdifferentoriginvarywidelyintheirphysicalandchemicalproperties.
• Refinedproductstendtohavewell-definedpropertiesirrespectiveofthecrudeoilfromwhichitwasderived.
• Tremendousamounticetypes.• Newice:frazil,nilas andpancakeice• Levelfirstyearice• reasonablylevelmultiyearice• Ridgediceandrubblefields• Marginalicezone:mixtureoficetypes,concentrationchangequickly• Drifting andfastice
NeedtounderstandhowdifferentoiltypeswillinteractwiththeseicetypesThencanbetterunderstandhowbesttodetectoil
spilledin,onandundertheseicetypes
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Conditions:openwater,summerandwinterOpen%water%condi.ons%
Ice%condi.ons:%Summer%
Ice%condi.ons:%Winter%Wind%and%%Ice%dri+%
Mul.year%ice%
New%Snow%Second%year%ice%
First;year%%ice%
Frazil%ice%Pancake%ice%New%ice%sheet%
Oil%trapped%in%rubble%begins%to%%be%encapsulated%
Oil%trapped%in%rubble%%
Previously%encapsulated%oil%
Previously%encapsulated%oil%
Mel.ng%snow%Oil%in%%
melt%ponds%
Oil%migra9on%via%brine%channels%
Wind%and%%Ice%dri+% Broken%floes%of%the%marginal%ice%zone% Open%ocean%
Open%ocean%
Mul.year%ice%
Pumping%%under%ice%
Lead%
Lead%+%frazil%
Some%oil%incorporated%in%new%ice%
Absorp.on%by%snow%Oil%under%snow%
Crack%
Ponded%oil% Oil:%spreading%%under%ice%
Oil%:%spreading%or%%being%encapsulated%%
Crack%Freezing%up%
Ponded%oil%
Pumping%%under%ice%
Oil%migra9on%stops%
Decreasing%wave%energy%due%to%sea%ice%Decreasing%turbulence%
Decreasing%wave%energy%due%to%sea%ice%Decreasing%turbulence%
Low%sea%state:%• Low%turbulence%• Low%emulsifica9on%• Low%dispersion%
Spreading%Oxida.on%
Spreading%Enhanced%emulsifica.on%
Reduced%emulsifica.on%
Biodegrada.on%Sedimenta.on%dissolu.on%
Enhanced%%dispersion%
Reduced%%dispersion%
High%sea%state:%• High%turbulence%• High%emulsifica9on%• High%dispersion%
Sinking%emulsions%
Rising%emulsions%
Summer%ice%condi9ons:%• Up%to%24Lhour%solar%input%• ‘Warm’%condi9ons%• Ice%and%snow%melt%• Less%dense%surface%waters%• Sea%ice%more%mobile%
Winter%ice%condi9ons:%• No%solar%input%• Cold%condi9ons%• Ice%growth%and%snowfall%• More%dense%surface%waters%• Sea%ice%less%mobile%
Melt%ponds%refreeze%
Reduced%evapora9on%
Evapora.on%
Further%reduced%
evapora9on%
• Reduced%%dispersion%• Reduced%emulsifica9on%• Reduced%dispersion%• Enhanced%dissolu9on%(possibly)%%• Unknown%biodegrada9on%or%sedimenta9on%rates%
24Lhour%oxida9on%%
No%oxida9on%%
• Reduced%%dispersion%• Reduced%emulsifica9on%• Reduced%dispersion%• Enhanced%dissolu9on%(possibly)%%• Unknown%biodegrada9on%or%sedimenta9on%rates%
Oil%under%snow%
Oil%in%snow%
Oilspreading:dependsonicetopography• Equilibriumthickness:aboutacentimetre• Movementverymuchdependentonundericetopography• Thicknessofoilvaries,butgathersthickestindepressions.• Driftingpack:Thicknessofoildependentontheriserateanddriftvelocityoftheice
• Verylittleinformationonwhathappensinanoilgasmixi.e.blowoutsituationOilformsbothpondsasawellassmallrivuletsthatmove
fromonedepressiontothenext.NORCORoilundericerecoverytestsBeaufortSea,May1975
!5# !4#
!3#
!2#
!1#
0# 1# 2#
Ice#Dra/#(m)# Oil#Depth#(m)#
Distance#(m)#
Distance#(m)#Distan
ce#(m)#
Distan
ce#(m)#
Ini;al#spill#site#
Ridge#
Lead#
Level#first!year#sea#ice#
Rivulet#flow###Pon
ding#
Volume#of#spill#500#m3#Volume#of#spill#0#m3#
Undericeoiltrajectorymodelrunonrealicetopography.Left:Iceconditionsbeforeoilspillapplied.Right:Resultsafter500m3ofoilspilledattheblacksquareregioninthecentreoftheimage.Oilspreadshowsbothrivuletflowandponding.Overallmodaloilthicknessunderthislevelfirstyearicewasjustafewcentimetres.(Wilkinson2012).
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Oilencapsulation:Undergrowingconditions
Icegrowingwillencapsulatetheoil
Laboratory experiment showing the cross section of an oil-ice sandwich(Izumiyama et al., 2004)
Reducing)oil)thickness)
through)migra3on) Reducing)oil)thickness)
through)migra3on)
Reducing)oil)thickness)
through)migra3on)Reducing)oil)thickness)
through)migra3on)
Secondary*reflec,on*
Oil))bo6om)
Ice))bo6om)
Oil))bo6om)
Ice))bo6om)
Oil))bo6om)
Ice))bo6om)
Oil))bo6om)
Ice)bo6om?)
9)cm
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9)cm
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9)cm
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2)cm)
2)cm)
2)cm)
2)cm)
Oilverticallymigratesthroughtheiceinthesummer.
Sensorsthatshowpromise:encapsulatedandunderice
Above-icesensorsinclude:• frequencymodulatedcontinuouswave(FMCW)radars,
• groundpenetratingradars• visibleandinfraredcameras,• laserfluorescencepolarization(FP)sensor.
Below-icesensorsinclude :• spectralradianceandirradiancesensors,• laserfluorescencepolarization,• cameras,• Acoustics:narrowband,broadbandand
multibeam
Ideallysatellite,thenairborne,thenunderwater,thenonice
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Exampleofdetectiontechnique:sonar
• Positivedetectionofoil• Measuresthicknessofoil• Detectedencapsulatedoil(moreworkneeded)
Nextsteps:underice
Sensors• No silver bullet: mixture of sensor types• Camera, acoustics (sonar), laser fluorometer are most
promising sensors • The advantages and limitations of these sensors under
different sea ice and oil spill scenarios needs to be established through controlled and repeatable laboratory experiments focussing on sensor signal response both for oil under, and encapsulated, within ice.
AUV/ROVsNeed to advance capabilities with respect to (1)vehicle launch and recovery, (2)navigation in complex ice conditions, and (3)mission strategies and data telemetry so that
transition of research-level AUV technology to easy-to-use operational platforms can be most effective.
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Latestfindings…
• W.ScottPegau’s report“Detectionofoilon-in-and-underice.FINALREPORT5.3”
• ReportfromJointIndustryProgramme onoilspilldetectionandmappinginlowvisibilityandice:experimentalresults
• Mainlylevelicetest• Stilllotstodo…
http://www.arcticresponsetechnology.org/research-projects/oil-spill-detection-and-mapping-in-low-visibility-and-ice/research-report
Conclusions
• Windowofopportunity• Madegoodprogressoverthepastfewyears,butmuchneedstobedone.Generallyonlylookedattheeasiestofcases.
• Buildontheprogrammes thathavebeenperformedinthepast.• Aboveicesystems:idealsystem,butstillworktobedonebeforeitisoperational
• Belowicesystems:sensorswork,butneedtopushtheAUVtechnology.• Parisagreement,theworldwillmoveawayfromhydrocarbonssohowmuchdrillingwilloccurintheArctic.Thusshippingaccidentprobablymostlikely
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KeyQuestionsWindowofaopportunityisopen…Butforhowlong?
q Thesethreeterminalshandled(byship)acombined230,000barrelsadayinthesecondquarterof2016.Theflowofoilhasalmostdoubledfrom130,000barrelsinJanuarylastyear.
q ProductionfromRussia'snewArcticoilfieldscouldtop400,000barrelsadayby2020.Source: https://www.bloomberg.com/gadfly/articles/2016-07-17/more-oil-is-flowing-from-
one-part-of-the-arctic-than-libya
Things are changing, and changing fast…. Look at the Russian Arctic for example…