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DETECTION OF FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE VIRUS O/ME-SA/IND-2001E IN JORDAN

M. Ababneh, W. Hananeh, Z. Ismail, M. Hawawsheh, M. Al-Zghoul, N. Knowles and C. van Maanen

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Jordan • Total surface area of

Jordan is 89.2 km2

• 90% of this area considered as semi-arid

• Jordan geographical areas: the highlands, the Jordan Valleyand the eastern desert.

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Jordan - governorates

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Jordan Livestock Population

Animal spp Population

Sheep 3,096,645

Goat 1,035,252

Cattle 82,400

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livestock production systems

• Cattle: The intensive production system isdominant in the eastern semi-arid area ofJordan.

• Holstein Friesian 96%

• 50% of cattle population in large scale andaverage-size farms.

• Small-scale production system in north partof Jordan valley with average of 20 dairycows.

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livestock production systems

• Sheep and goat: The “traditional” system of the village Bedouins, movements are seasonal. 70% of sheep and goats are in this system ( semi-extensive transhumant).

• Intensive system: governmental stations, private farms.

• Fattening system: a seasonal trade associated with the Ramadan and Haj.

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FMD history Jordan• Asia-1 isolated from FMD outbreak in 1961

• SAT 1 in 1962

• A in 1978

• O was reported in 1999

• Outbreaks 2006: O and A, samples were sent to Pirbright

• Vaccine used after 2006 contains O1 Manisa, O ME-SA PanAsia 2, A 22/Iraq/1964, A Iran 2005.

• Nationwide outbreaks in 2017

• New strain O/ME-SA/Ind-2001e was confirmed.

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Governorate Number of

outbreaks

Animal spp involved

Amman 8 6 sheep and 2 goat farms

Madaba 6 6 sheep farms

Balqa 1 1 sheep farm

Zarqa 9 9 cattle farms

Ajlun 6 3 cattle, 2 goat, 1 sheep farms

Irbid 5 4 cattle, 1 sheep farms

Almafraq 1 1 sheep farm

Jordan valley 5 1 cattle, 4 sheep/goat farms

Maan 2 1 cattle and 1 sheep farm

Tafila 11 1 cattle and 10 sheep farms

Reported FMD outbreaks Jordan 2017

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2017 FMD outbreak – clinical signs

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Date

outbreak

period

No. of

vaccinated

Farms

Case

Fatality

rate*

No. of

affected

animals

Total

No. of

animals

Animal species

affected

Location (No.

of Farms

affected ) January 25th –

March 6th

217

(46%)

472 3050 3 sheep flocks Amman (8)

53(68%) 78 400 3 sheep and goats

flocks

25(55%) 45 240 2 goats flocks

March 4 –6th 15(50%) 30 100 1 sheep flock Irbid (5)

4(19%) 21 74 4 cattle flocks

Feb 23th –

March 10th

5/9 1(0.03%) 298 1840 9 cattle flocks Alzaraqa (9)

Feb 28th–

March 10th

3 months

before the

outbreak

4(11%) 35 35 1 cattle Altafilah (11)

4/10 629(67%) 943 2366 10 sheep flocks

Feb 14th –

March 5th

1 month

before the

outbreak

0(0%) 15 15 Cattle Maan (3)

15(35%) 43 200 Sheep and goat

15(53%) 28 50 goat

Feb 12th –

March 18th

5/6 123(77%) 160 1900 6 sheep flocks Maddaba (6)

Feb 12th –

March 9th

1/3 0(0%) 52 52 3 cattle flocks Ajloun (6)

1/2 58(76%) 75 450 2 sheep flocks

0(0%) 10 100 1 goat

Feb 24th 14(50%) 28 150 Sheep flock Albalqa (1)

Feb 23th –

March 6th

126(77%) 163 400 2 sheep flocks Jordan Valley

(5) 94(63%) 150 255 2 sheep and goat

0(0%) 15 15 1 cattle flock

Feb 20th 15(30%) 50 200 1 sheep flock Almafraq (1)

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• Official recommendation triannual vaccinations for cattle andbiannual vaccinations for small ruminants

• Vaccine used contains O1 Manisa, O ME-SA PanAsia 2, A 22/Iraq/1964, A Iran 2005

• Actual vaccination coverage not known

• 8/19 (42%) of affected cattle farms had been vaccinated

• 10/26 (39%) of affected sheep farms had been vaccinated

• 0/10 affected goat farms or mixed farms had been vaccinated

• VM tests against isolates of sublineage O/ME-SA/Ind-2001d indicated that the O/PanAsia-2 and O/IND/R2/75 vaccines showed a good match with the O-Ind-2001d sublineage

• VM tests between the O/PanAsia-2 vaccine strain used in Jordan and the O/JOR/1/2017 isolate have not yet been done.

FMD and vaccination status

OS18 O/BHU/8/2016 (MG972482)

O/BHU/9/2016 (MG972483)

O/BHU/10/2016 (MG972484)

O/NEP/17/2015 (KY449050)

O/NEP/5/2016 (KY449053)

O/NEP/6/2016 (KY449054)

O/NEP/14/2016 (MG972562)

O/NEP/28/2015 (KY449052)

O/NEP/27/2016 (MG972569)

O/NEP/19/2015 (KY449051)

O/NEP/12/2016 (MG972560)

O/NEP/10/2016 (MG972558)

O/BAN/LK/Sa-248/2015 (KY077612)

O/UAE/2/2016 (MG972607)

O/BAN/GKa-236(pig)/2015 (KX712091)

O/BHU/2/2016 (MG972480)

O/XJBC/CHA/2017 (KY696708)

O/Zabaikalskiy/3/RUS/2016 (MG972584)

O/NEP/7/2016 (KY449055)

O/BAN/TG/Ba-268/2015 (KY077621)

O/BAN/SI/Sh-234/2015 (KY077610)

O/MYA/3/2016 (MG972516)

O/MUR/19/2016 (MG972510)

O/MUR/24/2016 (MG972515)

O/SAU/1/2016 (MG972593)

O/SAU/17/2016 (MG972598)

O/SAU/10/2016 (MG972597)

O/JOR/1/2017 (MH053353)

O/UAE/1/2015 (MG972605)

O/SAU/18/2015 (MG972589)

O/SAU/19/2015 (MG972590)

O/SAU/20/2015 (MG972591)

O/SAU/22/2015 (MG972592)

e

O/BHU/3/2009 (KM921814)

O/UAE/1/2014 (KM921877)

O/BAN/GA/Ka-213/2014 (KY077606)

O/BAR/8/2015 (MG972469)

O/BAR/14/2015 (MG972472)

O/NEP/1/2014 (KM921861)

d

c O/UAE/4/2008 (KM921876)

a O/KUW/3/97 (DQ164904)

b O/OMN/7/2001 (DQ164941)

Ind-2001

Srl-97

PanAsia

PanAsia-2

O1/Manisa/TUR/69 (AY593823)

ME-SA

SEA

EA-3

EA-4

WA

EA-1

EA-2

CATHAY

ISA-1

ISA-2

EURO-SA

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FMD outbreak summary

• All outbreaks confirmed by National Ref Lab in Jawa

• Strain identified :O/ME-SA/Ind-2001e (J.U.S.T research lab in collaboration with WRLFMD Pirbright)

• Number of submissions to reference laboratories for full characterization: 0

• Therefore no vaccine matching data available

• Response to outbreaks: Mass vaccination 2 million, quarantine, treatment affected animals, biosecurity and raising the awareness of farmers.

O/ME-SA/Ind-2001

Pool 1Pool 2

Pool 3Pool 5

Pool 4

FMD-free (without vaccination)

Sporadic

Endemic

Long-distance “trans-pool” movements from Pool 2• A/ASIA/G-VII

• Emerged in 2015• Rapid spread in parts of West EurAsia• Gap in vaccine coverage

• O/ME-SA/Ind-2001• Emerged in 2013• Expanding range of this lineage (East Asia and Middle East)

• Serotype Asia 1 • 2017: first reports of this serotype in Southeast Asia >10 years

• Sequence data indicates that there have been multiple “escapes” from the Indian sub-continent

Spread of O/ME-SA/Ind-2001:

Sri Lanka

20

14

20

13

Iran (2009)

2013Libya

North AfricaTunisiaAlgeriaMorocco

2014

Bahrain (2015x2)

Saudi Arabia (2013)Jordan (2017)

UAE(2014 and 2015)

Laos (2015)Vietnam (2015)Thailand (2016)Myanmar (2016)

China (2017)Russia (2016)

Mongolia (2015/17)South Korea (2017)

Malaysia (2018)

Mauritius (2016)

Pool 2Full genome sequence analysis:

Vaccines for O/ME-SA/Ind-2001

O 3039 O1 Manisa O/TUR/5/2009Mostly

matched86%

SomeMatches

33%

Almost all matched

95%

Many vaccine suppliers use multivalent vaccines

in vitro vaccine matching: 42 field isolates from Africa, Middle East and southeast Asia:

Potency testing in cattle: • PD50 study [CVL/WRLFMD/IZSLER]

• O-Manisa – heterologous protection ~ 3PD50

• Cases in Israel and Palestine

• FMD cases in cattle during February 2017

• Outbreaks in cattle in/close to the Gaza Strip

• Sequence links to recent cases in Egypt

• Recent reports of other FMDV serotypes in Israel

O/EA-3 moving in/to the Middle East

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Approach to FMD control to date

• Control measures were implemented: mass vaccination, ring vaccination, quarantine of infected flocks and epidemiological investigation

• There was no official control strategy for FMD

• In 2006 outbreaks field isolates were shipped to Pirbright. Vaccine matching was done consequently.

• In 2017 no samples were shipped to Pirbright (political sensitivities)

• A Risk Based Strategic Plan has been developed with assistance of EuFMD and has been submitted to the OIE/FAO FMD working group.

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Who needs to be trained?

PC Practitioner Network24

Livestock owners

Field veterinarians and para-veterinarians

Regional veterinary services

Centralveterinary services

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Iterative process – don’t give up!

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Acknowledgements

• Jordanian Veterinary Services

• Jordan University of Science and Technology

• WRLFMD

• EuFMD

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Thank you for your attention! Questions?