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18 International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science Research 2014; 4(1): 18-24 ISSN: 2249-0337 Original Article DETECTION OF ADULTERATION AND AUTHENTICATION OF ALOE VERA PRODUCTS BY ANALYTICAL AND PHARMACOGNOSTICAL TOOLS. Dr.Vinay Sharma 1 , Dr. Renuka 2 , Prof. P.K. Prajapati 3 , Dr. V.J. Shukla 4 , Dr. Harisha 5 M. Sc PhD (Medicinal plants) Department of RS & BK 1 , M. Pharm PhD Department of Pharmaceutical chemistry 2 ,M.D PhD Department of RS & BK 3 ,MSc. PhD Department of Pharmaceutical chemistry 4 ,MSc. PhD Department of Pharmacognosy 5 . E mail [email protected] Received 15 February 2014; accepted 14 March 2014 Abstract Analysis of botanicals is great challenge because they are complex mixture of compounds covering a broad range of substance classes and exhibit natural variability. Amog all Aloe vera is found to be mostly adulterated one. The present study was aimed to set the methods for detection of adulteration in Aloe formulation mainly aloe vera Gel and Kumari Asava. For the desired purpose different samples were prepared and analysis was carried out taking Alion as component of interest .To detect adulteration in both kind of formulation there are different sample prepared and analysis of main chemical constituents has been done. HPTLC and UV spctrophotometric methods were used as detection tools. The results shows that samples containing whole Aloe leaf shows presence of more Aloin content as compare to inner gel containing samples. Also market samples were analyzed to detect and quantify the Aloin samples and results shows that out of 4 samples only one sample shows the presence of Aloin content and that is also in very low amount. © 2013 Universal Research Publications. All rights reserved INTRODUCTION Aloe vera (Kumari) is a well known Plant which is one of the most discussed, studied, traded and paid plant. Aloe vera is a natural product that is now a day frequently used in the field of cosmetology, health drink and much more. It is found that still modern science has to be worked on it like Aloe has about 400 different species and different parts of plant offer disparate health effects from laxative to wound healing. The concept of whole leaf gel and inner gel is still debating [1] . A. vera is the most commercialized aloe species and processing of the leaf pulp has become a large worldwide industry and Aloe Vera itself become a trade name for all preparations. Currently Japan imports over fifty million dollars per year of aloe to treat people with ulcers and digestive problems [2] . Over a hundred thousand plants have been grown at one time in Florida, Texas, and Mexico for market, and it has been estimated that annual sales in this country amounts to millions of dollars. According to a survey in $125 million dollars of Aloe raw material cost is used in market [3] . The different cells of aloe leaf are responsible for different by products e.g rind provides the active carbon which is responsible for mannose and glucose formation [4] . Alotic cells secrete yellow colored, bitter liquid, as called Latex, Sap or Aloe juice3. The dried juice of aloe in the form of this sap later turns dark brown in color after drying [5] . This has anthraquinone glycosides which contain Aloin [6] . This colorless mucilaginous gel obtained from the parenchyma cells called Aloe Gel [3] . These cells have polysaccharides and various essential components. Adulteration is a practice of substituting original crude drug partially or wholly with other similar looking substances but the later is either free form or inferior in chemical and therapeutics properties [7] . A drug shall be deemed to be spurious- (a) if it is imported under a name which belongs to another drug; or (b) if it is an imitation of , or a substitute for, another drug or resembles another drug in a manner likely to deceive or bears upon it or upon its label or container the name of another drug unless it is plainly and conspicuously marked so as to reveal its true character and its lack of identity with such other drug ; or (c) if the label or the container bears the name of an individual or company purporting to be the manufacturer of the drug, which individual or company is fictitious or does not exist; or (d) if it has been substituted wholly or in part by another drug or substance; or (e) if it purports to be the product of a manufacturer of whom it is not truly a product [8] 9B. According to Indian Penal Code 1860;Whoever adulterates any drug or medical preparation in such a manner as to Available online at http://www.urpjournals.com International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science Research Universal Research Publications. All rights reserved

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18 International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science Research 2014; 4(1): 18-24

ISSN: 2249-0337

Original Article

DETECTION OF ADULTERATION AND AUTHENTICATION OF ALOE VERA

PRODUCTS BY ANALYTICAL AND PHARMACOGNOSTICAL TOOLS.

Dr.Vinay Sharma1, Dr. Renuka

2, Prof. P.K. Prajapati

3, Dr. V.J. Shukla

4, Dr. Harisha

5

M. Sc PhD (Medicinal plants) Department of RS & BK1, M. Pharm PhD Department of Pharmaceutical chemistry

2,M.D

PhD Department of RS & BK3,MSc. PhD Department of Pharmaceutical chemistry

4,MSc. PhD Department of

Pharmacognosy5.

E mail [email protected]

Received 15 February 2014; accepted 14 March 2014

Abstract

Analysis of botanicals is great challenge because they are complex mixture of compounds covering a broad range of

substance classes and exhibit natural variability. Amog all Aloe vera is found to be mostly adulterated one. The present

study was aimed to set the methods for detection of adulteration in Aloe formulation mainly aloe vera Gel and Kumari

Asava. For the desired purpose different samples were prepared and analysis was carried out taking Alion as component of

interest .To detect adulteration in both kind of formulation there are different sample prepared and analysis of main

chemical constituents has been done. HPTLC and UV spctrophotometric methods were used as detection tools. The results

shows that samples containing whole Aloe leaf shows presence of more Aloin content as compare to inner gel containing

samples. Also market samples were analyzed to detect and quantify the Aloin samples and results shows that out of 4

samples only one sample shows the presence of Aloin content and that is also in very low amount.

© 2013 Universal Research Publications. All rights reserved

INTRODUCTION Aloe vera (Kumari) is a well known Plant which is one of

the most discussed, studied, traded and paid plant. Aloe

vera is a natural product that is now a day frequently used

in the field of cosmetology, health drink and much more. It

is found that still modern science has to be worked on it

like Aloe has about 400 different species and different parts

of plant offer disparate health effects from laxative to

wound healing. The concept of whole leaf gel and inner gel

is still debating [1]

.

A. vera is the most commercialized aloe species and

processing of the leaf pulp has become a large worldwide

industry and Aloe Vera itself become a trade name for all

preparations. Currently Japan imports over fifty million

dollars per year of aloe to treat people with ulcers and

digestive problems [2]

. Over a hundred thousand plants have

been grown at one time in Florida, Texas, and Mexico for

market, and it has been estimated that annual sales in this

country amounts to millions of dollars. According to a

survey in $125 million dollars of Aloe raw material cost is

used in market [3]

.

The different cells of aloe leaf are responsible for different

by products e.g rind provides the active carbon which is

responsible for mannose and glucose formation [4]

. Alotic

cells secrete yellow colored, bitter liquid, as called Latex,

Sap or Aloe juice3. The dried juice of aloe in the form of

this sap later turns dark brown in color after drying[5]

. This

has anthraquinone glycosides which contain Aloin [6]

. This

colorless mucilaginous gel obtained from the parenchyma

cells called Aloe Gel [3]

. These cells have polysaccharides

and various essential components.

Adulteration is a practice of substituting original crude drug

partially or wholly with other similar looking substances

but the later is either free form or inferior in chemical and

therapeutics properties[7]

.

A drug shall be deemed to be spurious- (a) if it is imported

under a name which belongs to another drug; or (b) if it is

an imitation of , or a substitute for, another drug or

resembles another drug in a manner likely to deceive or

bears upon it or upon its label or container the name of

another drug unless it is plainly and conspicuously marked

so as to reveal its true character and its lack of identity with

such other drug ; or (c) if the label or the container bears

the name of an individual or company purporting to be the

manufacturer of the drug, which individual or company is

fictitious or does not exist; or (d) if it has been substituted

wholly or in part by another drug or substance; or (e) if it

purports to be the product of a manufacturer of whom it is

not truly a product[8]

9B.

According to Indian Penal Code 1860;Whoever adulterates

any drug or medical preparation in such a manner as to

Available online at http://www.urpjournals.com

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science Research

Universal Research Publications. All rights reserved

19 International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science Research 2014; 4(1): 18-24

lessen the efficacy or change the operation of such drug or

medical preparation, or to make it noxious, intending that it

shall be sold or used for, or knowing it to be likely that it

will be sold or used for, any medicinal purpose, as if it had

not undergone such adulteration, shall be punished with

imprisonment of either description for a term which may

extend to six months, or with fine which may extend to one

thousand rupees, or with both[9]

.

It is one of the most marketed drugs. Aloe vera has been

presented in a variety of OTC drug products [10]

.A. vera

must be “biologically alive” and must be in bio-available

from if customers around the world tend to experience full

scope and range of benefits from this plant. However, over

95% of the Aloes on the market today still use only the

inner gel and Stabilize the Aloe in a high-heat process

degrades some of the enzymes, polysaccharides and

mucopolysaccharides. High heat (pasteurization and/or

autoclave methods) breaks down the constituents in Aloe,

which are the most valuable for healing. It also degrades

enzymes necessary for digestion [11-13]

. Even some of

chemical constituents degrade in direct sun light [14]

. Some

research works showed that there is very less or negligible

amount of Aloin present in market samples.

Adulteration represents a major concern for the aloe vera

market, mostly because of the high cost of the raw

materials. Historically, the most common substance used to

adulterate aloe gel powder is malt dextrin[15]

. Glucose,

glycerine and malic acid have also been reported [6-17]

.

Many methods have been developed to detect adulteration

and establish the authenticity of aloe gel powders. L-malic

acid and some phenolic compounds (aloesin, barbaloin, and

aloe-emodin,aloin) have been proposed as markers.

Present research work is amid to set the methods for

detection adulteration in most used and marketed

formulation aloe vera Gel and Kumari Asava. To detect

adulteration in both kind of formulation there are different

sample prepared and analysis of main chemical constituents

has been done. The detection was carried out by HPTLC

and UV spctrophotometric methods.

MATERIAL AND METHODS As per the proposed study an attempt has been made to

develop the quality standards for detection of adulteration

by estimation of main chemical constituent Aloin, in

different fermented formulations of Aloe vera. Asava and

Aristha are self-generated alcoholic preparations of

traditional Ayurvedic system. It comes in Sandhana

Kalpana which means liquid in which drugs kept for long

period, getting fermented. [18]

Kumaryasva is prepared as

per the reference of Ayurvedic formulary of India,

Kumaryasva “B”[19]

and Yoga Ratnakara Utrardha, Gulma

rogadhikar [20]

. During pharmaceutical study, Kumari inner

gel was fermented by adding Sandhana dravyas in other

words Kumari asava with inner gel was prepared without

adding Prakshep dravyas and Haritaki kwatha. Coded as

sample C. The samples were prepared in laboratory of

Department of RS&BK, IPGT&RA Gujarat Ayurved

University,Jamnagar. Two different techniques High

performance thin layer chromatographic and ultraviolet

visible spectroscopy were used for investigation of samples

along with the pharmacogonosy study.

DRUG SAMPLE Previously standardized samples (fermented and aqueous)

were taken and are mentioned below

G1 : Whole leaf gel (Kumari swarasa)

G2 : Inner gel (Kumari swarasa)

A : Whole leaf having Kumari asava

B : Inner gel having Kumari asava

C : Fermented Inner gel

MS1 : Market sample of Kumari asava

MS2 : Market sample of Kumari asava

MS3 : Market sample of Kumari swarasa

MS4 : Market sample of Kumari swarasa

Aloin standard was purchased from TOTAL HERB

SOLUTIONS, Mumbai, Maharashtra. All chemicals used

were of AR grade. METHODSFORADULTERATION DETERMINATION

Following methods were adopted for the detection of

adulteration in different samples of aloe vera formulation

HPTLC Analysis

Sample preparation The dried residues(5 mg weighed separately) of all the

samples were soaked in 2 ml of methanol and subjected for

extraction in ultrasonication bath for 30 minute. The

samples were filtered and volume was made up to 5 ml

with methanol in a standard flask to get final concentration

of 1mg/ml for each sample.

Preparation of standard Aloin solution Aloin standard (2mg) was accurately weighed and

transferred to 2ml of volumetric flask. Crystals were

dissolved in methanol and the volume was adjusted up to 2

ml with methanol (1mg/ml).The standard stock solution

was used to prepare solutions with concentration 2.5,5,

7.5μg/μl respectively.

Chromatography conditions and procedure 5.0 μl of each sample and standard aloin 2.5 μl,5 μl and 7.5

μl respectively were applied on E Merk Aluminium plate of

0.2 mm thickness pre-coated with 0.2mm layers of silica-

gel 60 F254. Sample was applied with Linomat IV

applicator. The mobile phase used for chromatography was

ethyl acetate-methanol-water (10: 1.35: 1.0 v/v/v). [21]

Development of the plate was performed to a distance of

8.0 cm in chamber previously saturated for 5 min. Plate

was scanned at 254 nm and 359 nm using Deuterium

tungsten lamp. The Rf value and percentage area of each

spot were calculated.

Calibration curve for Aloin Calibration graph was found to be linear over the

concentration range 2.5-7.5μg/ μl. Linearity was evaluated

by determining three standard working solutions . The peak

area and concentration was subjected to least square linear

regression analysis to determine the correlation coefficient.

UV Profiling

Instrumental condition Instrument: Double beam UV spectrophotometer Shimadzu

Working wavelengths: 357 nm

Sample cell: Quartz cuvette

Monochromator: Grating

Detector: Phototube

Sample preparation Samples of 1mg/ml concentration were prepared by similar

20 International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science Research 2014; 4(1): 18-24

method as that for HPTLC sample preparation.

Standard Preparation Standard Aloin solution with conc. 1 mg/ml was prepared.

Determination of Absorbance value for standard and

sample 3 ml sample and standard solutions were taken separately

in UV Quartz cell and subjected to UV spectrophotometer.

The sample was read out at wavelengths 357 nm[22]

and

absorbance was measured.

Determination of linearity in Aloin standard Standard Aloin solutions in concentration range of 20-

100μg/ml were prepared and absorbance was measured at

357 nm taking methanol as blank. The resultant absorbance

values were used to generate calibration curve taking

absorbance and concentration on respective axis.

Correlation coefficient was calculated by using the linear

equation. The graph was found to be linear in range of 20-

100μg/ml. The coefficient of determination was 0.990.

(Plate: 9; Fig: 3)

Microscopy of Kumari Swarasa and Kumari Asava The samples Kumari swarasa and Kumari asava were

subjected for microscopy study.The samples were analyzed

under trinocular microscope for presence of typical

identifying characters. And it was found that Acicular

crystals were present in both Kumari swarasa as well as

Kumari asava sample.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION The chromatography method described utilizes silica gel

GF 254 HPTLC plates as stationary phase and ethyl

acetate-methanol-water (10: 1.35: 1.0 v/v/v) as mobile

phase which gives good separation of Aloin (Rf.=0.55)

standard. Table 5.4 shows the no. of spots and Rf at short

UV (254nm) and long UV (366). In Sample A (A-A4) 4

spots were detected at short UV and 5 spots were detected

at long UV. Sample B (B-B4) shows 3 spots at short UV

and 4 spots at long UV. 2 spots were detected in sample C

at short UV while 3 spots at long UV. Sample G1 shows 7

spots at short UV while 8 spots were detected at long UV.

Reference standard Aloin shows 3 spots under short UV

while 5 spots were detected at long UV (Table 1 and Fig.

1).

Sample MS1 shows 5 spots at both short and long UV.

MS2 shows 2 spots at short UV and 3 spots at long UV. In

MS3 at short long UV1 spot and at long UV 4 spots were

detected. MS4 was aloin free sample it was taken as blank

track. Reference standard Aloin shows 3 spots at short UV

and 5 spots were detected at long UV (Table 5.5).The

HPTLC fingerprint results reveals the presence of Aloin in

all samples(Table 2 fig. 2) .

The HPTLC fingerprint study was also carried out to

determine the amount of Aloin in all the samples including

market samples of Kumari gel and Kumari asava. The

results shows that when comparison was done between

sample G1 & G2 sample G1 shows more Aloin content as

compare to sample G2 the reason in sample G1 whole leaf

was used that contains more Alotic cells as compare to

inner gel which results in presence of more Aloin content in

G1(Table 3).

For sample A & B, Aloin was found to be more in sample

A then sample B the reason is whole leaf was used in this

preparation.

When comparison was carried between A, B & C, sample

C Shows more Aloin content the reason is there was no

prakshep dravya used in this preparation while in A & B

prakshep dravya were used which creates matrix

environment. As the matrix increases the Amount of

interfering components also increase this interferes with the

target components. Matrix is more in sample A & B so it’s

difficult to measure the Aloin content (Table 3).

Four marketed samples of Kumari gel and Kumari asava

coded as MS1, MS2, MS3 and MS4 were taken for the

study to find out the amount of Aloin and the results shows

that out of all 4 samples, Aloin was detected only in sample

MS2 and that is also in very low amount as compare to

laboratory prepared samples. The sample contains aloin in

the range as that of asav prepared from inner gel .So

Amount of Aloin gives an idea that by which part asava is

prepared. This tool can be used for detection adulteration

and authentication of product (Table 3).

The findings for UV study (Table 4) shows presence of one

component with ʎmax value the 357nm which shows the

presence of Aloin in all samples. The UV study was also

carried out to determine the amount of Aloin in all the

samples and to detect the presence of matrix and its affects.

When comparison was carried out between sample G1 and

G2 results shows that sample G1 contains more Aloin

content as compare to sample G2 the reason is same

presence of more Alotic cells in sample G1 then sample

G2.comparitive results for sample A and B shows more

Aloin content in sample A then sample B, reason is sample

A was prepared from whole leaf containing more Alotic

cells. When samples A,B and C were compared for UV

analysis results shows more Aloin content in sample C as

compare to sample A and B. it is due to reason that

prakshep dravya were used in sample A and B which

creates matrix environment while no prakshep dravya had

been used in sample C.

The samples were also studied out for the affect of heat on

the Aloin content. Table. 5. shows effect of heat at below

boiling point (800C). Before heating, Aloin was found more

(0.22) as compared after heating (0.18).The results directly

indicates that Aloin is heat sensitive content and it degrades

as the temperature increases which may result in reducing

the quality of product.

The samples were also studied to find out the matrix affect

in asav samples in context of recovery parameter (Table

no.6). The recovery study was carried out by standard

addition method. Known amount of standard 80%, 100%

and 120% was added. Samples of10 μg/ml was taken and to

this standard was added. The results show that Sample G1

shows 88% recovery. Sample G2 88% recovery and sample

A, B and C showed 75%, 80%, 98% recovery respectively.

A method is said to accurate if recovery is more than 90%.

Sample C passed the recovery parameter while recovery

result for sample A and B were not within acceptable limit.

The reason is presence of more matrixes that interferes the

response factor of target analyte Aloin. More the matrix it

will be difficult to measure out the active principle. The

results show practically interference of matrix component

over the response factor of target analyte that is Aloin.

21 International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science Research 2014; 4(1): 18-24

Table 1: Results for HPTLC of Samples of Kumari swarasa and Kumari asava and Aloin

Mobile phase: Ethyl acetate :Methanol :Water(10:1.35:1.0v/v/v)

Track

No. Samples

254 nm 366 nm

No. of

spots Rf value No. of spots Rf value

1 Sample A1 3 0.03,0.30,0.35 5 0.03,0.06,0.13,0.27,0.33

2 Sample A2 2 0.30,0.34 3 0.12, 0.27, 0.43

3 Sample A3 3 0.30,0.34,0.93 3 0.12,0.30,0.78

4 Sample A4 4 0.28,0.30,0.33,0.93 2 0.13, 0.28

5 Sample B1 2 0.31,0.34 2 0.15,0.31

6 Sample B2 2 0.31,0.35 3 0.14,0.29,0.34

7 Sample B3 2 0.31,0.34 2 0.12,0.31

8 Sample B4 3 0.31,0.34,0.56 2 0.29,0.55

9 Sample A 4 0.8,0.31,0.34,0.49 3 0.6,0.29,0.48

10 Sample B 2 0.31,0.34 4 0.12,0.16,0.28, 0.60

11 Sample C 2 0.30,0.33 2 0.30,0.66

12 Sample G1 7 0.30,0.33,0.10,0.23,0.27,0.

36,0.54 4 0.19, 0.33, 0.49,0.60

13 Sample G2 6 0.01,0.10,0.28,0.32,

0.66,0.74 8

0.07,0.17,0.24,0.30,

0.58,0.70, 0.73,0.78,

14 Aloin 4 0.32,0.66,0.72 6 0.01,0.26,0.31,0.34,0.40,0.62

Table 2: Results for HPTLC of Marketed sample of Kumari swarasa and Kumari asava

Mobile phase-Ethyl acetate: Methanol: Water (10:1.35:1.0v/v/v)

Track no. Samples

254 nm 366 nm

No. of

spots Rf value No of spots Rf value

1 MS 1 5 0.09,0.60,0.66,0.71,0.81 5 0.09,0.15,0.66,0.89,0.89

2 MS2 2 0.09,0.31 3 0.39,0.55,0.90

3 MS 3 1 0.43 4 0.05,0.13,0.41,0.94

4 MS 4 -- -- -- --

5 Aloin 3 0.02,0.16,0.31 5 0.02,0.07,0.15,0.47,0.63

Table 3: Quantitative estimation of Aloin by HPTLC

Sample Amount of Aloin in μg/5 μg of methanol extract

G1 2.5

G2 2.0

A 1.21

B 0.22

C 0.46

MS 1 ND

MS 2 0.26

MS3 ND

MS4 ND

Table 4: Quantitative estimation of Aloin by UV spectrophotometer

Samples Average Absorbance at 357 nm Quantity of Aloin in μg/5μg

G1 0.177 1.9

G2 0.040 0.44

A 0.351 3.9

B 0.248 2.7

C 0.455 5.0

22 International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science Research 2014; 4(1): 18-24

Table 5: Effect of heat on Aloin in Kumari swarasa

Condition Amount of Aloin in μg/5 μg of methanol extract

Before heating 0.22

After heating 0.18

Table 6: Results for Recovery study

Accuracy and recovery for Sample G1

Amount taken(µg/ml) Amount added (µg) Absorbance % recovery

10 0 0.087 -

10 80 0.470 70%

10 100 0.589 79%

10 120 0.715 83%

Accuracy and recovery for Sample G2

Amount taken(µg/ml) Amount added (µg) Absorbance % recovery

10 0 0.115 -

10 80 0.387 81%

10 100 0.572 85%

10 120 0.681 88%

Accuracy and recovery for Sample A

Amount taken(µg/ml) Amount added (µg) Absorbance % recovery

10 0 0.183 -

10 80 0.598 69%

10 100 0.822 75%

10 120 0.451 59%

Accuracy and recovery for Sample B

Amount taken(µg/ml) Amount added (µg) Absorbance % recovery

10 0 0.119 -

10 80 0.451 73%

10 100 0.621 80%

10 120 0.623 80%

Accuracy and recovery for Sample C

Amount taken(µg/ml) Amount added (µg) Absorbance % recovery

10 0 0.217 -

10 80 0.492 97%

10 100 0.639 97%

10 120 0.704 98%

Fig. 1: HPTLC fingerprint Kumari swarasa and asav

23 International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science Research 2014; 4(1): 18-24

Fig. 2: HPTLC of Market Samples of Kumari Swarasa and

Kumari Asava

Fig 3. A) Graph Area of Aloin Standard, B) Graph Height of

Aloin Standard

Fig.4: Linearity graph for Aloin (UV)

Fig.5: Acicular Crystals in Kumari Gel

Fig.6: Acicular Crystals in Kumari Asava

When microscopy of Kumari gel and Kumari asava were

analyzed acicular crystal were present as it can be seen in

parenchymatous region in T.S of Kumari leaf. In asava

sample the Kumari gel was used which is the main

ingredient of Kumari asava. Because of this acicular

crystals seen under microscopy. It can be a key character

for authentication and detection of adulteration in Kumari

asava if acicular crystals found in drug it is assured that

asava is prepared by Aloe gel (Fig.5 & 6).

CONCLUSION UV Spectroscopy can be used for detection of particular

chemical constituent in compound formulations. Recovery

falls within the acceptable limit as per ICH guidelines

method so method is said to be accurate. Presence of

acicular crystals and amount of Aloin can be a

characteristic element to detect adulteration and

authentication. Based upon the all results and findings it

can be concluded that the formulation in which whole aloe

is used will contain more Aloin content as compare to inner

gel formulations.

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Source of support: Nil; Conflict of interest: None declared