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Detec%ng gravita%onalwave backgrounds with advanced detectors: Opportuni%es and challenges Eric Thrane (Monash University) DCC G1500532

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Page 1: Detec%ng(gravitaonal/wave( … · 2015-06-19 · Astrophysical(backgrounds:((BNS(example(3 N BNS =26(N BNS =260(E.(Thrane(and(J.(D.(Romano,(Phys.(Rev.(D,(88124032(2013)With(results(from(Wu,(Mandic,(&(Regimbau,(Phys

Detec%ng  gravita%onal-­‐wave  backgrounds  with  advanced  detectors:  

Opportuni%es  and  challenges  

Eric  Thrane  (Monash  University)  

DCC  G1500532  

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Stochas%c  backgrounds  

•  Superposi%on  of  GW  sources.  •  Astrophysical  sources  – AMer  radia%on-­‐dominated  era  –  Binaries,  rota%ng  neutron  stars,  the  first  stars  –  Cosmic  strings,  exo%ca  

•  Cosmological  sources:  created  during  radia%on  era.  –  Phase  transi%ons,  prehea%ng.  

•  Primordial  sources:  from  infla%on  

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Astrophysical  backgrounds:    BNS  example  

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NBNS=26  

NBNS=260  

E.  Thrane  and  J.  D.  Romano,  Phys.  Rev.  D,  88  124032  (2013)  With  results  from  Wu,  Mandic,  &  Regimbau,  Phys.  Rev.  D,  85  104024  (2012)  

Ini%al  LIGO  GW  

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Cosmological  sources  

•  For  most  cosmological  models  (e.g.,  phase  transi%ons,  prehea%ng),  numerical  studies  predict  ΩGW<10-­‐11.  – ~50x  too  weak  to  detect.  

•  What  is  the  common  physics  that  sets  this  scale?  

•  Assume  a  radia%on-­‐era  source  with  Gaussian  T(k)  with  characteris%c  wave  number  scale  k*  and  some  width  σ…  

4  Giblin  &  Thrane,  Phys.  Rev.  D,  90  107502  (2014)  

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A  “rule-­‐of-­‐thumb”  cosmological  source  

 •  Frac%on  of  energy  density  available  for  source:    ρs  =  αρ.  

•  How  quadrupolar  is  source:  β  =  |STT|2/|T|2.  •  Equa%on  of  state  parameter:  w  ≈  1/3.  •  Numerical  studies:  k*/H>100  (causality)  and  σ/k*>1/2  (the  process  has  non-­‐zero  width).  

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See:  P.  Binétruy,  A.  Bohé,  C.  Caprini,  and  J.-­‐F.  Dufaux,  JCAP  06,  027  (2012).    J.  F.  Dufaux,  Phys.  Rev.  Len.  103,  041301  (2009).  C.  Caprini,  R.  Durrer,  and  G.  Servant,  Phys.  Rev.  D  77,  124015  (2008).  

STT  =  the  transverse-­‐traceless  projec%on  of  the  anisotropic  stress  tensor    

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Observa%onal  Implica%ons  

6  Giblin  &  Thrane,  Phys.  Rev.  D,  90  107502  (2014)  

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Excep%ons  

•  Signals  from  phase  transi%on  during  non-­‐minimal  infla%on  are  “frozen  in.”  

•  Non-­‐standard  equa%on  of  state.  •  Massive  gravitons.  

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Interpreta%on  

•  The  rule  of  thumb  uses  simple  scaling  arguments  to  explain  why  many  cosmological  backgrounds  fall  below  ΩGW  <10-­‐11.  

•  If  a  model  predicts,  ΩGW  >>10-­‐10,  it  is  interes%ng  to  ask:  what  rule-­‐of-­‐thumb  assump%on  is  evaded  in  order  to  facilitate  this?  

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Final  results  from  ini%al  LIGO/Virgo:  No  detec%ons  

9  hnp://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLen.113.231101  hnp://journals.aps.org/prd/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevD.91.022003  

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Correlated  noise  from    Schumann  resonances  

10  Thrane,  Christensen,  Schofield,  Phys.  Rev.  D  87  123009  (2013)  

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Advanced  LIGO  Projec%ons  (2014)  

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SNR  =  24–470  

Thrane,  Christensen,  Schofield,  Effler,  Phys.  Rev.  D  90  023013  (2014)  

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Advanced  LIGO  Measurements  (2015)  

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SNRM  =  0.4–3.7  

With  Effler,  Schofield,  Christensen  and  Biscoveanu  

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Mi%ga%on  through  Wiener  subtrac%on  

•  Given  sufficiently  sensi%ve  magnetometers  placed  in  sufficiently  quiet  loca%ons    (~0.1  pT/rHz),  it  should  be  possible  to  subtract  correlated  noise.  

13  Thrane,  Christensen,  Schofield,  Effler,  Phys.  Rev.  D  90  023013  (2014)  

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Opportuni%es  and  challenges    

•  Astrophysical  detec%on  may  be  within  reach.  – Possible  sensi%vity  improvements  through  data  analysis  innova%on.  

•  Not  easy  to  concoct  cosmological  model  detectable  with  2nd-­‐genera%on  detectors,  but  detec%on  would  have  profound  implica%ons.  

•  Correlated  noise  budgets  are  essen%al  to  make  confident  detec%on;  contamina%on  may  be  less  than  ini%ally  feared.  

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Extra  slides  

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Communica%on  measurements:    power-­‐law  integrated  curves  

•  Measure  

•  Assume  power  law.  

•  Predicted  spectra  that  do  not  intersect  the  PI  curve  are  not  detectable.    

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Power-­‐law  integrated  curve:  Advanced  LIGO:  HL,  one  year,  design  sensi%vity  

E.  Thrane  and  J.  D.  Romano,  Phys.  Rev.  D,  88  124032  (2013)  

Thrane  &  Romano  

not  detectable  

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2014  Length  Coupling  

17  Effler,  Schofield,  Christensen,  Thrane  

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2014  Angular  Coupling  

18  Effler,  Schofield,  Christensen,  Thrane  

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2015  Coupling  

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Effler,  Schofield,  Christensen,  Thrane,  Biscoveanu  

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Hand-­‐waving  deriva%on  •  Strain  perturba%ons  obey  sourced  Klein-­‐Gordon  equa%on:  

•  S  =  anisotropic  stress  tensor  (depends  on  T).  •  Assume  a  parameterised  form  of  T:  

•  Calculate  ΩGW(k)  from  source  and  relate  it  to  ΩGW,0  today…  

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characteris%c  scale  

width  amplitude  

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Es%mate  β  from  simula%on  

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Chose  six  random  phases  for  T,  project  T  onto  S.  

op?mis?c  

realis?c  

pessimis?c  

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Rule  of  thumb  anecdote  

•  “Gravita%onal  Waves  from  Fragmenta%on  of  a  Primordial  Scalar  Condensate  into  Q  Balls”  

•  Contacted  by  author.  •  Not  a  model  I  was  familiar  with,  but  the  assump%ons  appear  to  obey  the  rule  of  thumb  assump%ons:  

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Energy  budget  

23  Mandic,  Thrane,  Giampanis,  &  Regimbau,  PRL  109,  171102  (2012)  

Parameter  es)ma)on  in  searches  for  the  stochas)c  gravita)onal-­‐wave  background  

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Example  two:  Galac%c  neutron  stars  

24  Talukder,  Thrane,  Bose,  Regimbau,  Phys.  Rev.  D,  89  123008  (2014)  

ellip?city  

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Con%ngency  plan:  Op%mal  weigh%ng  

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