details of subjects of electronics engg
TRANSCRIPT
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SoftTech Engineers Pvt. Ltd.
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SoftTech Engineers Pvt. Ltd. have developed Multimedia based eLearning Software Solutions for the Electronics & Telecommunication / Industrial Electronics / Instrumentation Engineering subjects.
Electronics Materials & Components (ET01)
Electronic Measuring Instruments (ET02)
Digital Techniques & Applications (ET03)
Electronic Devices and Circuits (ET04)
Electro Magnetic Field Theory (ET05)
Antenna Engineering & Waves Propagation (ET06)
Digital Communication & Circuits (ET07)
Digital Signal Processing (ET08)
Signals & Sensors ( ET09)
Microprocessor 8085 Lab (ET10)
Microprocessor & Microcontroller (ET11)
Power Electronics (ET12)
VLSI-Design Techniques (ET13)
Communication Systems (ET14)
Mobile Communication (ET15)
Data Communication & Networking (ET16)
Digital Image Processing (ET17)
Embedded Systems (ET18)
Microwave Engineering (ET19)
Optical Fibre Communication (ET20)
RFID System (ET21)
Bio-Medical Electronics Engineering (ET22)
Computerized Process Control System (ET23)
Industrial Automation (ET24)
Linear Integrated Circuits (ET25)
Numerical Methods and Computational Techniques (EE05)
Electronics Materials & Components (ET01) Audience: Students of Second Year Electronics Engineering
Objective: : At the end of the course the student will learn about materials used in construction and
fabrication of electronics and electrical components.
Contents
Electronic Materials-I
1. Introduction
2. Conductor Material
3. Magnetic Material
4. Conductinng Materials
Electronic Materials-II
1. Semiconductor Material
2. Silicon (Si)
3. Germanium (Ge)
4. Selenium (Se)
5. Silicon carbide (SiC)
6. Magnetic Materials
7. Classification of magnetic materials
8. Domains
9. Hysteresis
10. Hysteresis Loss
11. Permanent Magnetic Materials
12. CRGO
Electronic Passive Components-I
1. Introduction
2. Introduction to resistor
3. Characteristics of Fixesd Resistors
4. Skin Effect
5. Types of Fixed Resistors
6. Variable Resistors
7. Non Linear Resistors – Thermisters
Electronic Passive Components-II
1. Concept of Capacitor Formation
2. Expression for Capacitance
3. Types of Capacitor
4. Permittivity
5. Series and Parallel Combinations of Capacitor
6. Types of variable capacitors
7. Square law capacitor
8. General Purpose Variable Capacitors
9. Trimmer Capacitors
10. Characteristics of Capacitors
11. Specifications
Cables, Connectors & Wires
1. Introduction
2. Characteristics of Cables
3. Cables
4. Types of Cables
5. Types of Cable Sheaths Sheathed Cable
6. Connectors
7. Types of Connectors
8. Wires
9. Resistance Wires
10. Twin Core-Multicore Wires
11. Wire Sleevings
12. Characteristics of Insulating Materials
Inductor & Transformer
1. Introduction to Inductors
2. Winding of Inductor Coils
3. Specifications of Inductors
4. Types of Inductors
5. Frequency Response of an Inductor
6. Transformer
7. Core Construction
8. Coil Construction
9. Specifications of Transformer
10. Structure of Transformer
11. Impedance Ratio
12. Types of Transformer and their Applications
13. High Voltage Generation
14. Losses in Transformer
15. Shielding of Transformer
Switches, Relays & Displays
1. Introduction
2. Characteristics of Switches
3. Toggle Switch
4. Push Button Switches
5. Relays
6. General Purpose Relay
7. Reed Relays
8. Solid State Relay
9. Specifications of Relays
10. Testing of Relays
11. Types of Displays
12. LED (Light Emitting Diode)
13. LED 7 Segment Display
14. Liquid Crystal Display
15. Nixie Tube
Microphone, Speakers & Batteries
1. Introduction to Microphones & Loudspeakers
2. Capacitor Microphones
3. Crystal Microphones
4. Moving - coil Loudspeakers
5. Horn type Loudspeakers
6. Typical Specifications
7. Speaker baffles and enclosures
8. Battery
9. Types of Batteries
10. Maintenance & Safety
Integrated Circuits & Surface Mount Device
1. Introduction
2. Classification of ICs
3. IC Fabrication
4. Metallization
5. Testing
6. Advantages of SMC's
7. Meaning of the Surface Mount Technology
8. Soldering Process and Testing
9. Adhesives
10. Solder Paste
11. Soldering Technique
Printed Circuit Board
1. Introduction
2. Copper Used in PCB
3. Electrochemicals
4. Artwork Rules and Parameters
5. Preparation of single-sided PCB
6. Double sided PCB
7. Soldering and Soldering Techniques
8. Soldering with iron
9. Soldering
10. Art Work Solder Pads
11. Multi Layer Artwork
12. Additive Wiring
13. Metallic Core PCBs
14. Final Protection
15. Environmental Testing
16. Failure
17. Repair
18. Maintenance
19. Procedure of Manufacturing a PCB
Electronic Measuring Instruments (ET02) Audience: Students of Second Year Electronics Engineering
Objective: At the end of the course the student will learn about various measuring instruments like
oscilloscope, generators, wave analysers, digital instruments.
Contents
Fundamentals
1. Introduction
2. Instrumentation Systems
3. Static Characteristics
4. Dynamic Characteristics
5. Methods of Measurements
6. Types of Errors
7. Source of Errors
8. Standards
9. Power Isolation
Units of Measurement & Instruments
1. Introduction
2. Units of Measurements
3. Dimensions of a Physical Quantity
4. Permanent Magnet Moving Coil Type
5. D.C Ammeter
6. Multirange Ammeter
7. D.C Voltmeter
8. Multirange Voltmeter
9. Loading
10. A.C Voltmeter Using Rectifiers
11. A.C Voltmeter Using Half Wave Rectifier
12. A.C Voltmeter Using Full Wave Rectifier
13. Calibration of D.C Instruments
14. Ohm Meter
15. Multimeter or VOM
16. Wattmeter
Measuring Parameters
1. Introduction to Bridges
2. Wheatstone’s Bridge
3. Kelvin Bridge
4. Kelvin Double Bridge
5. Guarded Wheatstone Bridge
6. Three Terminal Resistances
7. A.C Bridges
8. Capacitance Comparison Bridge
9. Inductance Comparison Bridge
10. Maxwell's Bridge
11. Hay's Bridge
12. Schering's Bridge
13. Wien's Bridge
14. Harmonic Distortion Analysis
15. Phase Meter
Frequency & Time Measurement
1. Introduction
2. Frequency and Time Standards
3. Digital Frequency Meter
4. Basic Circuit for Frequency Measurement
5. Digital Frequency Meter
6. Time Base Selector
7. Measurement of Time
8. Universal Counter
9. Measurement Errors
10. Crystal Calibration
Oscilloscope
1. Introduction
2. Screens for CRTs
3. Deflection Sensitivity
4. Basic Principle
5. Block Diagram of Oscilloscope
6. CRT Connections
7. Applications of CRO
8. Vertical Deflection System
9. Horizontal Deflecting System
10. Triggered Sweep CRO
11. Trigger Pulse Circuit
12. Probes
13. Measurement Using CRO
14. Measurement of Phase Shift
15. Dual Trace Oscilloscope
16. Electronic Switch
17. Synchronization of the Sweep
Generators
1. Introduction
2. The Sine wave Generator
3. Standard Signal Generator
4. Modern Laboratory Signal Generator
5. Pulse Generator Circuit
6. AF Sine and Square Wave Generator
7. Function Generator
8. Audio Frequency Signal Generation
9. Video Pattern Generator
Wave Analyzers
1. Introduction
2. Basic Wave Analyzer
3. Spectrum Analyzer
4. Heterodyne Wave Analyzer
5. RF Spectrum Analyzer
6. Applications of the Spectrum Analyzer
7. Logic Analyzer
Digital Instruments
1. Introduction
2. Analog to digital Converters
3. Video Pattern Generator
4. Analog to Digital Conversion
5. Successive Approximation
6. Digital Voltmeter (DVM)
7. Dual Slope Integrating Type DVM
8. Digital Multimeter
9. Automation in Digital Instrument
10. Digital Storage Oscilloscope
11. Digital LCR Meter
12. Digital IC Tester
High Frequency Measurements
1. High Frequency Measurements
2. Q Meter
3. Causes of Error
4. Measurement of Capacitance
5. Measurement of Distributed Parameters
6. Transmission Line Parameters
7. Infinite Line
8. Line Distortion
9. Reflection and Reflection Coefficient (K)
10. Standing Wave Ratio (SWR)
11. Smith Chart
12. RF Voltage and power measurement
13. Antenna Radiation Pattern
Transducers
1. Electrical Transducer
2. Selecting a Transducer
3. Bimetallic Thermometer
4. Thermocouples
5. Pressure Measurement
6. Bourdon Tubes
7. Measurement of Flow
8. Measurement of Level
9. Capacitive Method
10. Measurement of Displacement
11. Pneumatic Flapper Nozzle Assembly
Digital Techniques & Applications (ET03) Audience: Students of Second Year Electronics Engineering
Objective: : At the end of the course the student will learn about number system, logic gates,
semiconductor theory, combinational logic circuits, electronic counters, converters, zener diode &
its applications.
Contents
Number Systems
1. Introduction
2. Binary Number System
3. Positive & Negative Logic System
4. Radix
5. Binary to Decimal Conversion
6. Decimal to Binary Conversion
7. Hexadecimal Number System
8. Hex to Binary and Binary to Hex Conversion
9. Decimal to Hexadecimal Conversion
10. Binary Addition and Subtraction
Logic Gates
1. Introduction
2. Types of Gates
3. ODD / EVEN Parity
4. De-Morgan's Theorems
5. Half Adder and Full Adder
6. Adder/Subtractor
Semiconductor Families
1. Introduction
2. Classification of IC's
3. Characteristics of IC's
4. Current and Voltage Parameters
5. TTL Technology
6. TTL NAND Gate
7. Tristate TTL Gates
8. TSL TTl NOT Gate
9. CMOS Inverter
10. PMOS
Combinational logic Circuits
1. Introduction
2. Multiplexers
3. 4:1 Multiplexer
4. Demultiplexers
5. The Decimal-to-BCD Encoder
6. BCD to Decimal Decoder
7. The IC 7446
8. Multipoint Combinational Circuits
Electronic Counters
1. Introduction
2. Multivibrators
3. Flip-Flop's
4. R-S Flip-Flop Using Gates
5. Clocked D Flip-Flop
6. Edge Triggering and Race Around Condition
7. T and M/S JK Flip-Flop
8. Asynchronous Counter Operation
9. A 3-Bit Asynchronous Binary Counter
10. Ring Counter
11. UP/DOWN Synchronous Counter
12. Serial IN/Serial OUT Shift Registers
A-to-D & D-to-A Converters
1. Introduction
2. Digital to Analog Converters (DAC)
3. The R/2R Ladder Digital-to-Analog Converter
4. Analog-to-Digital Conversion
5. Dual-Slope Analog-to-Digital Converter
6. Approximation Analog to Digital Converter
Computer Fundamentals
1. Block Diagram of a Computer
2. Input Devices
3. Central Processing Unit
4. Output Devices
5. Address and Data Bus
6. Semiconductor Memories
7. RAM's
8. Magnetic Disk (Hard Disks)
9. Magnetic Tape
Electronic Devices and Circuits (ET04) Audience: Students of Second Year Electronics Engineering
Objective: : At the end of the course the student will learn about various types of devices and
circuits used in electronics, integrated electronics, and regulated power supply.
Contents
Introduction
1. Introduction
2. Modern Trends in Electronics
3. Communication & Entertainment Applications
4. Measurement & Instruments Applications
5. Defense Applications
6. Applications in Medicine
7. Passive Component
8. Active Component
9. Introduction
Semiconductor Theory
1. Bohr's Atomic Model
2. Silicon Orbits
3. Energy Levels
4. Energy Bands
5. Important Energy Bands in Solid
6. Classification of Solid & Energy Band
7. Bonds in Semiconductor
8. Effect of Temperature on Semiconductor
9. Hole Current
10. N type & P type Semiconductor
Rectifier Circuits
1. P-N Junction Diode
2. Properties of P-N Junction
3. Biasing the P-N Junction
4. Forward Biased P-N Junction
5. Reverse Biased P-N Junction
6. V-I Characteristic of a P-N Junction Diode
7. Types of Diodes
8. Rectifier Circuits
9. Comparison of Rectifiers
Filter Circuits
1. Introduction to Filters
2. Inductor Filters or Chock Filter
3. Capacitor Filter
4. LC Filter or Chock Input Filter
5. P Filter or CLC Filter
6. Half Wave voltage Doubler
7. Full Wave Voltage Doubler
8. Voltage Tripler & Quadrupler Circuits
9. Comparison of Filter Circuits
Zener Diode & Its Applications
1. Zener Diode
2. V - I Characteristics of Zener Diode
3. Zener Diode Specifications
4. Zener Diode Voltage Regulator
5. Optimum Value of Current Limiting Resistor
Bipolar Junction Transistor
1. Introduction
2. Transistor Construction
3. Unbiased Transistor
4. Transistor Biasing
5. Transistor Configuration
6. Common Base Connection
7. Characteristics of Common - Base Connection
8. Common Emitter Connection
9. Characteristics of Common Emitter Connection
10. Common Collector Connection
11. Commonly Used Transistor Connections
12. Transistor as an Amplifier in CE Arrangement
Field Effect Transistor
1. Introduction
2. Construction Details of N Channel JFET
3. Working Principle of JFET
4. Characteristics of JFET
5. Transfer Characteristics
6. Pinch off Voltage Vp
7. JFET Parameters
8. MOSFET
9. Enhancement Type MOSFET
Transistor Biasing & Stabilization
1. Introduction
2. Transistor Biasing
3. Selection of Operating Point
4. Methods of Transistor Biasing
5. Stability Factor
6. Hybrid Parameters
7. Parameters of Transistors
Transistor Amplifiers
1. Introduction
2. Classification of Amplifiers
3. Single Stage Transistor Amplifier
4. Phase Reversal
5. DC Load Line
6. Bandwidth
7. R-C Coupled Transistor Amplifier
8. Transformer Coupled Amplifier
9. Direct-Coupled Amplifier
Transistor AF Power Amplifiers
1. Introduction
2. Performance Parameters
3. Class A Amplifier
4. Class B Amplifier
5. Class AB Power Amplifier
6. Class C Power Amplifier
7. Single Ended Power Amplifier
8. Push Pull Amplifier
9. Complementary Symmetry Amplifier
Wave Shaping Circuits
1. General idea about different wave shapes
2. Review of transient phenomena in R-C and R-L circuits
3. R-C and R-L differentiating and Integrating circuits
4. RC filters, integrators and differentiators
5. Input / Output Characteristics and AC Behavior
6. Voltage Multipliers
7. LED Applications
8. Zener Diode Clipper Circuits
9. Use of Transistors for clipping
10. Diode clamping circuit for clamping to negative peak, positive peak or any other level
11. Ideal transistor switch
Timer I. C.
1. Block diagram of IC timer and its working
2. Use of 555 Timer as Astable Multivibrator
Multivibrator Circuits
1. Transistorized Astable Multivibrators
2. Single-Supply Astable Multivibrator
3. Astable Multivibrator Using CMOS Schmitt Trigger
4. Transistorized monostable multivibrators
5. Op-amp as Astable Multivibrator
6. Schmitt Trigger
Time Base Circuits
1. Simple method of generation of sawtooth wave using charging and discharging of a capacitor
2. constant current generation of linear sweep voltage circuit using op-amp
3. Cyclic Voltammetry
Integrated Electronics
1. Production of Electronic Grade Silicon
2. Crystal Structure and Growing
3. SI-Wafer Preparation
4. Wafer Processing
Regulated Power Supply
1. Specifications of a regulated power supply
2. Principles of series and shunt regulators
3. Three terminal voltage regulator IC
4. A Three Terminal Regulator Type Throttle
5. Voltage Dependent (Foldback) Current Limiting
6. Constant Current Vs. Foldback Limiting
7. Constant Current Limiting
8. Foldback Limiting
9. Basic working principles of a switch mode power supply
10. A switched-mode power supply, switching-mode power supply or SMPS
11. Continuously Variable Transmission
12. UPS
13. Dual Tracking Power Supply
14. voltage controlled oscillator
15. Phase Locked Loop
Thyristors & UJT
1. Silicon-Controlled Rectifier
2. The Silicon-Controlled Switch (SCS)
3. Silicon Unilateral Switch (SUS)
4. Silicon Bilateral Switch
5. Light Activated Silicon Controlled Rectifier (LASCR)
6. Unijunction Transistor
7. UJT Relaxation Oscillator
Electromagnetic Field Theory (ET05) Audience: Students of Second Year Electronics Engineering
Objective: At the end of the course the student will learn about fundamentals of Electromagnetic
wave.
Contents
Vector Analysis
1. Introduction
2. Scalars and Vectors
3. The Cartesian coordinate system
4. Vector Components and Unit Vectors
5. The Vector Field
6. The Dot Product
7. The Cross Product
8. Other coordinate Systems
9. The Spherical Coordinate System
Coulomb’s Law & Electric Field Intensity
1. Introduction
2. The Experimental Low of Coulomb
3. Electric Field Intensity
4. Field Due to a Continuous Volume Charge Distribution
5. Field of a Line Charge
6. Field of a Sheet of Charge
7. Streamlines and Sketches of Fields
Electric Flux Density, Gauss’s Law & Divergence
1. Introduction
2. Electric Flux Density
3. Gauss's Law
4. Application of Gauss’s Law
5. Differential Volume Element
6. Divergence
7. Maxwell's First Equation (Electrostatics)
The Vector Operator and the Divergence Theorem
Energy & Potential
1. Introduction
2. Energy Expended in moving a Point Charge
3. The Line Integral
4. Definition of Potential Difference and Potential
5. The Potential Field of a Point Charge
6. The Potential Field of a System of Charges
7. Potential Gradient
8. The Dipole
9. Energy Density in the Electrostatic Field
Conductors, Dielectrics & Capacitance
1. Introduction
2. Current and Current Density
3. Continuity of Current
4. Metalic Conductors
5. Conductor Properties and Boundary Conditions
6. The Method of Images
7. Semiconductors
8. The Nature of Dielectic Materials
9. Boundary Conditions for Perfect Dielectric
Materials
10. Capacitance
11. Several Capacitance Examples
12. Capcitance of a Two - Wire Line
Experimental Mapping Methods
1. Introduction
2. Curvilinear Squares
3. The Iteration Method
4. Current Analogies
5. Physical Models
Poisson's & Laplace's Equations
1. Introduction
2. Poisson’s and Laplace’s Equations
3. Uniqueness Theorem
4. Examples of the Solution of Laplace’s Equation
5. Example of the Solution of Poisson’s Equation
6. Product Solution of Laplace’s Equation
The Steady Magnetic Field
1. Introduction
2. Biot - Savart Law
3. Ampere's Circuital Law
4. Curl
5. Stokes' Theorem
6. Magentic Flux and Magnetic Flux Density
7. The Scalar and Vector Magnetic potentials
8. Derivation of Steady - Magnetic - Field Laws
Magnetic Force, Materials & Inductance
1. Introduction
2. Force on a Moving Charge
3. Force on a Differential Current Element
4. Force Between Differential Current Elements
5. Force and Torque on a Closed Circuit
6. The Nature of Magnetic Materials
7. Magnetization and Permeability
8. Magnetic Boundary Conditions
9. The Magnetic Circuit
10. Potential Energy & Forces on Magnetic Materials
11. Inductance and Mutual Inductance
Time Varying Fields & Maxwell's Equations
1. Introduction
2. Faraday's Law
3. Displacement Current
4. Maxwell's Equations in Point Form
5. Maxwell's Equations in Integral Form
6. The Retarded Potentials
The Uniform Plane Wave
1. Introduction
2. Wave Motion in Free Space
3. Wave Motion in Perfect Dielectrics
4. Plane Waves in Lossy Dielectrics
5. The Poynting Vector and Power Considerations
6. Propagation in Good Conductors: Skin Effect
7. Reflection of Uniform Plane Waves
8. Standing - Wave Ratio
Transmission Lines
1. Introduction
2. The Transmission-Link Equations
3. Transmission - Line Parameters
4. Two-Wire (High Frequencies)
5. Two-Wire (Low Frequencies)
6. Planar (High Frequencies)
7. Some Transmission-Live Examples
8. Graphical Methods
9. Several Practical Problems
Applications of Maxwell's Equations
1. Introduction
2. The Laws of Circuit Theory
3. The Resonant Coaxial Cavity
4. Radiation
Antenna Engineering & Waves Propagation (ET06) Audience: Students of Third Year Electronics Engineering
Objective: : At the end of the course the student will learn about fundamental concepts of antenna,
arrays and mobile communication, frequency bands, arrays of discrete elements, wave propagation.
Contents
Fundamentals of Antennas, Arrays and Mobile Communications
1. Introduction
2. Hertzian and Fitzgerald Elementary Radiators
3. Far-Field Antenna Properties
4. Antennas as Electromagnetic Circuits
5. Polarization
6. Directivity Patterns From Continuous Line Sources
7. Directivity Patterns From Area Source
Distributions
8. Fundamentals of Antenna Arrays
9. Basic Concepts in Mobile Communications
Frequency Bands for Military and Commercial Applications
1. Introduction to Frequency Bands
2. Interest for Military Applications
3. Interest for Commercial Applications
4. Examples of Fundamental Antenna Types
Arrays of Discrete Elements
1. Introduction
2. Antenna Array Factor and Antenna Indices
3. Linear Arrays
4. Uniform Linear Arrays
5. Chebyshev Arrays
6. Dolph-Chebyshev Arrays
7. Taylor Distributions
8. Bayliss Distributions
9. Modified Taylor and Bayliss Patterns
10. Planar Arrays
11. Circular Arrays
12. Array Synthiesis Techniques
13. Synthesis as an Optimization Procedure
14. Smart Antennas
Wave Propagation
1. Introduction
2. Fundamentals of Electromagnetic (EM) Waves
3. Propagation of EM Waves
4. Attenuation of Ground Waves
5. Extension Of Service Area
6. Sky Wave Propagation - The Ionosphere
7. The Ionosphere and its Layers
8. Virtual Height
9. Skip zone
10. Multiple Hop Sky Wave Propagation
11. Concept of Fading
12. Radio Horizon
13. Duct Propagation
14. Advantages and Applications
Digital Communication & Circuits (ET07) Audience: Students of Third Year Electronics Engineering
Objective: : At the end of the course the student will learn about fundamental concepts of digital
communication systems.
Contents
Introduction to Digital Communication
1. Learning Objectives
2. The Importance of Communications
3. Block Diagram of an Analog
Communication System
4. Baseband and Bandpass Transmission
5. Communication Systems using Modulation
6. Advantages of modulation
7. Analog to Digital Conversion
8. Advantages of Digital Representation of a Signal
9. Comparison of Analog and Digital Transmission
10. Advantages of Digital Communication
Multiplexing Techniques
1. Learning Objectives
2. Concept of Multiplexing
3. Types of Multiplexing
4. Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)
5. Digital Input
6. Demultiplexing
7. Multiplexing Hierarchy in FDM
8. Time Division Multiplexing
9. Synchronous TDM System
10. Synchronization in TDM System
11. Inverse TDM
12. Synchronous and Asynchronous Multiplexing
Modulation Schemes & Access Techniques
1. Learning Objectives
2. Modems
3. Need of Modulation
4. Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)
5. Transmission Bandwidth of the ASK Signal
6. Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)
7. Bandwidth for FSK in terms of Baud Rate
8. BPSK Generation
9. Frequency Spectrum of BPSK
10. Operation of DPSK generator
11. Advantages of QPSK
12. Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
13. CDMA Demultiplexer
Error Detection & Correction
1. Learning Objectives
2. Important Definitions Related to Codes
3. Error Detection
4. Use of Parity Bit to Decide Parity
5. Checksum for Error Detection
6. Two Dimensional Parity Check
7. The Vertical Redundancy Check (VRC) Bits
8. Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC)
9. CRC Checker
10. Error Correction Techniques
11. Hamming Codes
Switching Systems
1. Learning Objectives
2. Classification of Switching Systems
3. Types of Switching Networks
4. Electronic Space-Division Switching
5. Multistage switches
6. Block Schematic of Centralized SPC
7. Structure of Distributed SPC
8. Time Space Time Switches
9. Flow of slots between the switches
10. Time Division Space Switching
11. Two Stage Network
12. Comparison of Single Stage and Multistage Networks
Transmission Media
1. Introduction
2. Guided Media
3. Shielded twisted-pair (STP) Cable
4. Coaxial Cable Standards
5. Critical Angle
6. Cable Composition
7. Light Sources for Optical Cable
8. Radio Frequency Allocation
9. Propagation of Radio Waves
10. Terrestrial Microwave
11. Satellite Communication
12. Geosynchronous Satellites
13. Frequency Bands for Satellite Communication
14. Transmission Impairment
15. Shannon Capacity
Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)
1. Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) Services
2. Voice and Data Communication
3. Subscriber Access to the ISDN
4. Functional Grouping
5. Network Termination 2 (NT2)
6. Physical Layer Specifications for BRI
7. Connection and Topology
8. Physical Layer Specifications for PRI
9. Network Layer
10. Information Elements
11. Broadband ISDN
12. Physical Specifications
Digital Signal Processing (ET08) Audience: Students of Third Year Electronics Engineering
Objective: At the end of the course the student will learn about various digital signal processing
techniques, data compression techniques.
Contents
The Breadth and Depth of DSP
1. The Roots of DSP
2. Telecommunications
3. Audio Processing
4. Echo Location
5. Image Processing
Statistics, Probability and Noise
1. Signal and Graph Terminology
2. Mean and Standard Deviation
3. Signal vs. Underlying Process
4. The Histogram, Pmf and Pdf
5. The Normal Distribution
6. Digital Noise Generation
7. Precision and Accuracy
ADC and DAC
1. Quantization
2. The Sampling Theorem
3. Digital-to - Analog Conversion
4. Analog Filters for Data Conversion
5. Selecting the Antialias Filter
6. Multirate Data Conversion
7. Single Bit Data Conversion
DSP Software
1. Computer Numbers
2. Fixed Point (Integers)
3. Floating Point (Real Numbers)
4. Number Precision
5. Execution Speed: Program Language
6. Execution Speed: Hardware
7. Execution Speed: Programming Tips
Linear Systems
1. Signals and Systems
2. Requirements for Linearity
3. Static Linearity and Sinusoidal Fidelity
4. Examples of Linear and Nonlinear Systems
5. Special Properties of Linearity
6. Superposition: the Foundation of DSP
7. Common Decompositions
8. Alternatives to Linearity
Convolution
1. The Delta Function and Impulse Response
2. Convolution
3. The Input Side Algorithm
4. The Output Side Algorithm
5. The Sum of Weighted Inputs
Properties of Convolution
1. Common Impulse Responses
2. Mathematical Properties
3. Correlation
4. Speed
The Discrete Fourier Transform
1. The Family of Fourier Transform
2. Notation and Format of the Real DFT
3. The Frequency Domain's Independent Variable
4. DFT Basis Functions
5. Synthesis, Calculating the Inverse DFT
6. Analysis, Calculating the DFT
7. Duality
8. Polar Notation
9. Polar Nuisances
Applications of the DFT
1. Spectral Analysis of Signals
2. Frequency Response of Systems
3. Convolution via the Frequency Domain
Fourier Transform Properties
1. Linearity of the Fourier Transform
2. Characteristics of the Phase
3. Periodic Nature of the DFT
4. Compression and Expansion, Multirate methods
5. Multiplying Signals (Amplitude Modulation)
6. The Discrete Time Fourier Transform
7. Parseval's Relation
Fourier Transform Pairs
1. Delta Function Pairs
2. The Sinc Function
3. Other Transform Pairs
4. Gibbs Effect
5. Harmonics
6. Chirp Signals
The Fast Fourier Transform
1. Real DFT Using the Complex DFT
2. How the FFT works
3. FFT Programs
4. Speed and Precision Comparisons
5. Further Speed Increases
Continuous Signal Processing
1. The Delta Function
2. Convolution
3. The Fourier Transform
4. The Fourier Series
Introduction to Digital Filters
1. Filter Basics
2. How Information is Represented in Signals
3. Time Domain Parameters
4. Frequency Domain Parameters
5. High-Pass, Band-Pass and Band-Reject Filters
6. Filter Classification
Moving Average Filters
1. Implementation by Convolution
2. Noise Reduction vs. Step Response
3. Frequency Response
4. Relatives of the Moving Average Filter
Windowed-Sinc Filters
1. Strategy of the Windowed-Sinc
2. Designing the Filter
3. Examples of Windowed-Sinc Filters
4. Pushing it to the Limit
Custom Filters
1. Arbitrary Frequency Response
2. Deconvolution
3. Optimal Filters
FFT Convolution
1. The Overlap-Add Method
2. FFT Convolution
3. Speed Improvements
Recursive Filters
1. The Recursive Method
2. Single Pole Recursive Filters
3. Narrow-band Filters
4. Phase Response
5. Using Integers
Chebyshev Filters
1. The Chebyshev and Butterworth Responses
2. Designing the Filter
3. Step Response Overshoot
4. Stability
Filter Comparison
1. Match #1: Analog vs. Digital Filters
2. Windowed-Sinc vs. Chebyshev
3. Moving Average vs. Single Pole
Audio Processing
1. Human Hearing
2. Timbre
3. Sound Quality vs. Data Rate
4. High Fidelity Audio
5. Companding
6. Speech Synthesis and Recognition
7. Nonlinear Audio Processing
Image Formation & Display
1. Digital Image Structure
2. Cameras and Eyes
3. Television Video Signals
4. Other Image Acquisition and Display
5. Brightness and Contrast Adjustments
6. Grayscale Transforms
7. Warping
Linear Image Processing
1. Convolution
2. 3x3 Edge Modification
3. Convolution by Separability
4. Example of a Large PSF: Illumination Flattening
5. Fourier Image Analysis
6. FFT Convolution
7. A Closer Look at Image Convolution
Special Imaging Techniques
1. Spatial Resolution
2. Sample Spacing and Sampling Aperture
3. Signal-to-Noise Ratio
4. Morphological Image Processing
5. Rule four
6. Computed Tomography
Neural Networks
1. Target Detection
2. Neural Network Architecture
3. Why Does it Work?
4. Training the Neural Network
5. Evaluating the Results
6. Recursive Filter Design
Data Compression
1. Data Compression Strategies
2. Run-Length Encoding
3. Huffman Encoding
4. Delta Encoding
5. LZW Compression
6. JPEG (Transform Compression)
7. MPEG
Digital Signal Processors
1. How DSPs are Different from Other Microprocessors
2. Circular Buffering
3. Architecture of the Digital Signal Processor
4. Fixed versus Floating Point
5. C versus Assembly
6. How Fast are DSPs?
7. The Digital Signal Processor Market
Getting Started with DSPs
1. The ADSP-2106x family
2. The SHARC EZ-KIT Lite
3. Design Example: An FIR Audio Filter
4. Analog Measurements on a DSP System
5. Another Look at Fixed versus Floating Point
6. Advanced Software Tools
Complex Numbers
1. The Complex Number System
2. Polar Notation
3. Using Complex Numbers by Substitution
4. Complex Representation of Sinusoids
5. Complex Representation of Systems
6. Electrical Circuit Analysis
The Complex Fourier Transform
1. The Real DFT
2. Mathematical Equivalence
3. The Complex DFT
4. The Family of Fourier Transforms
5. Why the Complex Fourier Transform is Used
The Laplace Transform
1. The Nature of the s-Domain
2. Strategy of the Laplace Transform
3. Analysis of Electric Circuits
4. The Importance of Poles and Zeros
5. Design in the s-Domain
The Z-Transform
1. The Nature of the z-Domain
2. Analysis of Recursive Systems
3. Cascade and Parallel Stages
4. Gain Changes
5. Chebyshev-Butterworth Filter Design
6. Calculate Pole Locations in the s-Plane
7. Continuous to Discrete Conversion
8. Low-pass to Low-pass Frequency Change
9. Low-pass to High-pass Frequency Change
10. The Best and Worst of DSP
Explaining Benford's Law
1. Frank Benford's Discovery
2. Homomorphic Processing
3. The Ones Scaling Test
4. Writing Benford's Law as a Convolution
5. Solving in the Frequency Domain
6. Solving Mystery #1
7. Solving Mystery #2
8. Benford's Law Compliance Theorem
9. More on Following Benford's law
10. Analysis of the Log-Normal Distribution
11. The Power of Signal Processing
Signals & Sensors (ET09) Audience: Students of Second Year Electronics Engineering
Objective: : At the end of the course the student will learn about fundamentals signals and sensors.
Contents
Introduction to Sensor Based Measurement System
1. Introduction
2. General Concept and Terminology
3. General Input - Output Configuration
4. Other Characteristics: Linearity and Resolution
5. Other Sensor Characteristics
6. Temperature Sensors: Bimetals
7. Acceleration and Inclination Sensors
8. Magnetic Materials
9. Microsensor Technology
Resistive Sensors
1. Introduction
2. Potentiometeres
3. Strain Gages
4. Types and Applications
5. Resistive Temperature Detectors (RTDs)
6. Thermostators
7. Thermistor Types and Applications
8. Linearization
9. Magnetoresistors
10. Light Dependent Resistirs
11. Resistive Hygrometers
12. Resistive Gas Sensors
13. Liquid Conductivity Sensors
Signal Conditioning for resistive sensors
1. Introduction
2. Measurement of Resistance
3. Voltage Dividers
4. Potentiometers
5. Application to Thermistors
6. Dynamic Measurements
7. Amplifiers for Voltage Dividers
8. Wheatstone Bridge: Balance Measurements
9. Wheatstone bridge: Deflection Measurements
10. Differential and Instrumentation Amplifiers
11. Interference
12. Isolation Amplifiers
Reactance Variation & Electromagnetic Sensors
1. Interference
2. Capacitive Sensors
3. Differential Capacitor
4. Inductive Sensors
5. Eddy Current Sensors
6. Linear Variable Differential Transformers
(LVDTs)
7. Variable Transformers
8. Resolvers
9. Inductosyn
10. Electromagnetic Sensors
11. Electromagnetic Flowmeter
Signal Conditioning for Reactance Variation Sensors
1. Problems and Alternatives
2. AC Bridges
3. Capacitive Bridge Analog Linearization
4. Electrostatic Shields and Driven Shields
5. Carrier Amplifiers and Coherent Detection
6. Application to LVDTs
7. Resolver - to - Digital and Digital - to - Resolver
8. Digital-to-Resolver Converters
9. Resolver-to-Digital Converters
Self-Generating Sensors
1. Thermoelectric Sensors: Thermocouples
2. Common Thermocouples
3. Practical Thermocouple Laws
4. Law of Successive or Intermediate
Temperatures
5. Piezoelectric Sensors
6. Pyroelectric Sensors
7. Photovoltaic Sensors
Signal Conditioning for Self-Generating Sensors
1. Introduction
2. Chopper and Low-Drift Amplifiers
3. Chopper Amplifiers
4. Current Measurement by Integration
5. Noise in Amplifiers
6. Noise in Op Amps
7. Noise in Transimpedance Amplifiers
8. Noise and Drift in Resistors
9. Noise in Resistors
Digital and Intelligent Sensors
1. Introduction
2. Position Encoders
3. Absolute Position Encoders
4. Sensors Based on Quartz Resonators
5. Digital Quartz Thermometers
6. SAW Sensors
7. Digital Flowmeters
8. Variable CMOS Oscillators
9. Direct Quantity - to -Frequency Conversion
10. Calculation and Compensations
11. Current Telemetry: 4 to 20 mA Loop
12. Sensor Buses: Fieldbus
Other Sensing Methods
1. Introduction
2. Photodiodes
3. Position-Sensitive Detectors (PSDs)
4. Phototransistors
5. Charged - Coupled and CMOS Image
Sensor
6. Fiber-Optic Sensors
7. Ultrasonic-Based Sensors
8. Biosensors
Microprocessor 8085 Lab (ET10) Audience: Students of Second Year Electronics Engineering
Objective: At the end of the course the student will learn about microprocessor 8085
simulation used in laboratory.
Contents
Microprocessor - 8085 laboratory is a software program to enable the students to
try and test the programming logic of 8085 microprocessor without using any
hardware & trainer kits. The laboratory tutor includes the facility to display internal
registers, memory, stack level etc.
Microprocessor - 8085 laboratory is very flexible, reliable,easy to use pedagogical
tool which could be very effectively used to supplement laboratory exercise on
microprocessor /computer organization as a laboratory aid.
The student can visually see the details of all the execution steps and justify the
logic developed by them.
Absolute transparency in functioning of the microprocessor at register and
flag levels. Constantly displays the contents of all the memory locations that are relevant
to a program.
Quick assembly language programming saving great amount of time and efforts.
Indispensably useful for learning and teaching purposes. Makes writing machine code programs really easy because in this simulator
you just click at buttons for the mnemonics and everything else is done
automatically. Extensive and user friendly debugging facilities.
Shows all stack activities distinctly and even permits the user to inspect the stack area of the memory dynamically at run time.
Rovides valuable online guidance to the user through prompts and warnings.
The entire 64 kilobyte memory space is available for use, though the user is allowed to choose his own start address and stack location as per his
requirement. Total input validation - the beginner is guided all along by this well designed
and intelligent simulator, to a stage that we can say that it is almost
impossible to make a mistake. A well designed windows help system.
Microprocessor & Microcontroller (ET11) Audience: Students of Third Year Electronics Engineering
Objective: At the end of the course the student will learn about detailed concepts of
microprocessor 8085 and microcontroller 8051.
Contents
Microprocessor Systems Theory
1. Introduction to Microcomputer
2. Microcomputer Architecture & Organization
3. System Bus
4. Microcomputer Characteristics
5. Applications of Microprocessor
6. Microprocessor Architecture
The 8085 Microprocessor Theory
1. Introduction
2. Features of 8085A
3. Architecture of 8085
4. 16 Bit Registers
5. Pin Definitions of 8085
6. Interrupt Signals
The 8085 Instructions & Programming
1. Introduction
2. Steps Involved in Programming
3. Opcode Formats
4. Addressing Modes
5. 8085 Instruction Set
6. Arithmetic operations
7. Branch Group
8. Logic Group
9. Stack Operations
10. Program Examples
Timinng Diagrams
1. Instruction cycle, machine cycle, and T-state
2. Representation of Signals
3. 8085 Machine Cycles and Their Timings
4. Timing Diagrams for 8085 Instructions
Stacks & Subroutines
1. Concept of Stack
2. Stack Operations
3. PUSH Instructions
4. POP Operation
5. Subroutine
6. CALL
7. Machine Control
8. Nested Subroutines
9. Nested Loops
Memory Interfacing
1. Memory Module
2. ROM
3. RAM
4. Memory Structure & its Requirements
5. Basic Concept in Memory Interfacing
6. Address Decoding
7. Address Decoding & Memory Addresses
Interrupts
1. Introduction
2. Necessity of Interrupts
3. Classification of Interrupts
4. Nested Interrupts
5. Software Interrupts in 8085
6. SIM Instruction Format
I/O Data Transfer Techniques & Peripherls
1. Introduction
2. Microprocessor Controlled Data Transfer
3. Direct Memory Access 8237
4. Pin Diagram of 8237A
5. IC 8155
6. Interfacing 8155 with 8085 in I/O Mapped I/O
7. Programmable Peripheral Interface 8255A
8. Interfacing 8255 in I/O Mapped I/O
9. IC 8355/8755
10. Digital to Analog Converters (DAC)
11. Analog to Digital Converters
Microcontroller 8051
1. Introduction
2. Block Diagram
3. Serial Interface
4. Interrupts
5. Addressing Modes
6. Instruction Sets
7. CPU Timing
8. Timing Diagram for External Data Memory
9. 8051 a Boolean Processor
10. Power Saving Options
Memory & Interfacing Theory of 8051
1. Introduction
2. Internal RAM
3. The Stack & the Stack Pointer
4. Internal ROM
5. Connecting External Memory
6. 8751 EPROM Version
7. Keyboard Interface
8. Serial Communication
9. 8051 I/O Expansion using 8255
10. Multiprocessor Communication in MCS 51
11. Interfacing Examples
Study of 8051 & Derivatives
1. AT89C51/52-8-Bit Microprocessor
2. Program Memory Lock Bits
3. Programming the Flash
Power Electronics (ET12) Audience: Students of Final Year Electronics Engineering
Objective: : At the end of the course the student will learn about various electronic devices and
transducers, Electric circuit, typical industrial electronic systems, various high power electron
devices, working and control of high power supply systems, transformation of power supply to suit
the electronic system etc.
Contents
Introduction
1. Scope of Industrial Electronics
2. Power Electronics
3. Power Electronics V Communication Electronics
4. Scope & Application of Power Electronics
5. Classification of Power Processors
6. Classification of Power Converters
7. Merits & Demerits of Power Electronics
8. Interdisciplinary Nature of Power Electronics
9. Power Semiconductor Devices
Thyristor Principles and Characteristics
1. Introduction
2. Thyristor Family
3. Principle of Operations of SCR
4. Static Anode - Cathode Characteristics of SCR
5. The Two Transistor Model of SCR
6. Thyristor Construction
7. Gate Characteristics of SCR
8. Turn-on Methods of a Thyristor
9. Dynamic Turn-on Switching Characteristics
10. Turn-off Mechanism
11. Turn-off Methods
12. Thyristor ratings
13. Measurement of Thyristor Parameters
14. Comparison between Gas Tubes and Thyristors
15. Comparison between Transistors and Thyristors
Gate Triggering Circuits
1. Introduction
2. Firing of Thyristors
3. Pulse Transformers
4. Optical Isolators Optoisolators
5. Gate Trigger Circuits
6. Unijunction Transistor
7. Programmable Unijunction Transistor (PUT)
8. Phase Control using Pedestal & Ramp Triggering
9. Firing system for DC/DC Choppers
10. Firing Circuit for a Three phase Inverter Bridge
Series and Parallel Operation of Thyristors
1. Introduction
2. Series Operations of Thyristors
3. Need for Equalising Network
4. Equalising Network Design
5. Triggering of Series Connected Thyristors
6. Parallel Operation of Thyristors
7. Methods for ensuring proper current sharing
8. Triggering of Thyristors in Parallel
9. String Efficiency
10. Derating
Phase Controlled Rectifiers
1. Introduction
2. Phase Angle Control
3. Single phase Half wave Controlled Rectifier
4. Single phase Full wave Controlled Rectifier
5. Single phase Half Controlled Bridge Rectifier
6. Three phase Controlled Converters
7. Three phase Fully controlled Bridge Converter
8. The Effect of Input Source Impedance
9. Dual Converters
Inverters
1. Introduction
2. Thyristor Inverter Classification
3. Series Inverters
4. Self Commutated Inverters
5. Parallel Inverters
6. Single Phase Bridge Voltage Source Inverter
7. Three Phase Bridge Inverters
8. Three Phase Bridge Inverter with Input Circuit
Commutation
9. Voltage control of Single Phase Inverter
10. Voltage control of Three Phase Inverter
11. Harmonic Reduction
12. Harmonic Filters
13. Current source Inverters
Choppers
1. Introduction
2. Principle of Chopper Operation
3. Control Strategies
4. Step Up Choppers
5. Step Up/Down Choppers
6. Chopper Configuration
7. Chopper Commutation
8. Jones Chopper
9. Morgan Chopper
10. A. C. Choppers
Cycloconverters
1. Introduction
2. The Basic Principle of operation
3. Single phase to Single phase Cycloconverter
4. Three phase Half wave Cycloconverters
5. Cycloconverters Circuits for Three phase Output
6. Ring connected Cycloconverters Circuits
7. Output Voltage Equation
8. Control Circuit
9. Comparison of Cycloconverters and D. C. Link
Converter
10. Load commutated Cycloconverters
Electric Drives
1. Concept of Electric Drives
2. DC Drives
3. Single Phase DC Drives
4. Three Phase DC Drives
5. Chopper Drives
6. AC Drives
7. Induction Motor Drives
8. Speed Control of Three Phase Induction Motors
VLSI-Design Techniques (ET13) Audience: Students of Third Year Electronics Engineering
Objective: : At the end of the course the student will learn about basic concepts of VLSI devices,
their fabrication and design of VLSI.
Contents
Introduction to VLSI Design
1. Motivation of the Course
2. System approach to VLSI Design
3. Introduction to MOSFET
4. Modes of operation
5. MOSFET I-V characteristics
MOSFET
1. Advanced Topics
2. Short Channel Effect
3. Quantum Mechanical Increase Effect
Introduction to Fabrication Process
1. Motivation
2. Fabrication Process
3. General Aspects of CMOS Technology
4. Channel Stopper
5. Local Oxidation of Silicon (LOCOS)
6. Layout Design Rules
Programmable Logic Devices
1. Propagation Delays in MOS
2. Noise Margins
3. Regions of Operation
4. Few Definitions
5. Rise and Fall Times
6. Static Characteristics
Power Dissipation in CMOS Circuits
1. Motivation
2. How to Reduce Temperature
3. Dynamic Power Dissipation
4. Methods to Reduce Dynamic Power Dissipation
Basics of Semiconductor Memories
1. Introduction
2. Memory Classification
3. Memory Architecture and Building Blocks
4. SRAM Basics
5. CMOS SRAM Cell Design
6. WRITE Operation
7. NAND-based ROM Array
8. Few special Examples of Memories
9. Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory
I/O PADs
1. Introduction
2. Electrostatic Discharge (ESD)
3. Output Buffer
4. Tri-State Output Circuit
Introduction to VHDL
1. Introduction
2. Features of VHDL
3. Architecture
4. Introduction to Modeling styles
5. Data flow
6. Extended identifier
7. Process Types
8. Clocked Process
9. Functions and Procedures
Programmable Logic Devices
1. Introduction
2. Read Only Memory (ROM)
3. Programmable Logic Array (PLA)
4. Input Buffer
5. Implementation of Combination Logic Circuit
6. Programmable Array Logic
7. Complex Programmable Logic Devices (CPLDs)
8. Block Diagram
9. Field Programmable Gate Arrays
10. Architecture of FPGA
Subsystem Design Processes
1. Objectives
2. Some Problems
3. An Illustration of Design Processes
4. The Design of a 4-bit Shifter
5. Observations
Illustration of the Design Process
1. Objectives
2. Some Observations on the Design Process
3. Regularity
4. Design of a 4-bit Adder
5. A standard adder element
6. Adder element bounding box
7. Implementing ALU Functions with an Adder
Memory, Registers & M Aspects of System Timing
1. Objectives
2. The Dynamic Shift Register Stage
3. Three-transistor Dynamic RAM Cell
4. One-transistor Dynamic Memory Cell
5. Pseudo-static RAM/register Cell
6. Six-transistor Static CMOS Memory Cells
7. Write operations
8. Read operations
9. JK Flip-flop Circuit
10. Logic gate implementations
11. Random Access Memory (RAM) Arrays
Practical Aspects and Testability
1. Objectives
2. The Real World Of VLSI Design
3. Design Styles and Philosophy
4. The Interface with the Fabrication House
5. CIF (Caltech. Intermediate Form) Code
6. Aspects of Design Tools
7. Design Verification Prior to Fabrication
8. Test and Testability
9. Nature of failures in CMOS devices
10. The effect of memory
11. Improve controllability and observability
12. The use of inter-block multiplexers
13. Initialization of sequential logic
14. The use of bused structures
Communication Systems (ET14) Audience: Students of Electronics Engineering
Objective: : At the end of the course the student will learn about various types of transmission
lines, signal modulation and various types of communication systems like mobile, TV, Satellite,
Fiber Optic etc.
Contents
Introduction to Communication
1. Introduction
2. Elements of Communication System
3. Line Communication
4. Radio Communication
5. Noise
6. Classification of Electronic Communication
7. Types of Signals
Transmission Media
1. Introduction
2. Fundamentals of Transmission Lines
3. Types of Transmission Line
4. Characteristic Impedance
5. Propagation Coefficient
6. Losses in Transmission Lines
7. Information Propagation in Transmission Line
8. Standing Waves
9. Quarter and Half Wavelength Lines
10. Fundamentals of the Smith Chart
11. Wave Guides
12. Types of Waveguide
13. Waves Propagation in Rectangular Waveguides
14. TE & TM Modes
15. Circular Waveguides
Wave Propagation
1. Introduction
2. Fundamentals of Electromagnetic (EM) Waves
3. Propagation of EM Waves
4. Ground Wave Propagation
5. Sky Wave Propagation
6. Virtual Height
7. Multiple Hop Sky Wave Propagation
8. Concept of Fading
9. Space Wave Propagation
10. Multiple Space Wave Propagation
11. Shadow Zones
12. Duct Propagation
13. Tropospheric Scatter Propagation
Optical Fiber Cable
1. Need of Optical Fiber Cable
2. Introduction to Light
3. Reflection & Refraction
4. Dispersion, Diffraction, Absorption & Scattering
5. Advantages of Optical Fiber Cable
6. Fiber Cable
7. Fiber Characteristics & Classification
8. Numerical Aperture
9. Losses in Optical Fiber Cable
Amplitude Modulation
1. Amplitude Modulation
2. Mathematical Representation of AM Wave
3. Modulation Index
4. Frequency Spectrum of AM Wave
5. Time Domain
6. Power Relation in AM Wave
7. Generation of AM
8. AM Transmitters
Frequency Modulation
1. Introduction
2. Frequency Modulation (FM)
3. Phase Modulation (PM)
4. Characteristics of FM
5. Mathematical Representation of FM
6. Frequency Spectrum of FM Wave
7. Practical Bandwidth
8. Phase Modulation (PM)
9. Percent Modulation
10. Generation of FM
11. Types of Reactance Modulators
12. Indirect Method of FM generation
13. Need of an Audio Equalizer
14. FM Receivers
15. Balanced Slope Detector
16. Phase Discriminator
17. Ratio Detector
Pulse Modulation
1. Introduction
2. Sampling Process
3. Nyquist Rate
4. Pulse Amplitude Modulation
5. Types of PAM
6. Pulse Width Modulation
7. Pulse Position Modulation
8. Pulse Code Modulation
9. Quantization Process
10. Companding
11. Effect of Noise on the PCM System
12. Frequency Shift Keying
13. Phase Shift Keying
Television System
1. Introduction
2. Scanning
3. Interlaced Scanning
4. Scanning Periods
5. Picture Resolution
6. Brightness Gradation & Colour Characteristics
7. Vestigial Sideband Transmission
8. Total Channel Width
9. Colour Theory
10. Grassman's Law
11. Compositr Video Signal
12. Blanking Pulses
13. Front Porch
14. Vertical Sync Details
15. Monochrome Television Transmitter
16. Monochromr Television Receiver
17. Colour Picture Tube
18. PAL Coder
19. Encoding Circuit
20. PAL - D Decoder
21. IF Subsystem
22. Common Faults in TV Receiver
23. Antenna Parameters
24. Yagi - Uda Antenna
Satellite Communication System
1. Introduction
2. Allocated Frequency Bands & Uplink/ Downlink
3. Satellite Communication System
4. Basic Satellite System
5. Classification of Satellites
6. Synchronous Satellites
7. Satellite Look Angles
8. Satellite Footprints
9. Ground Station or Satellite Earth Station
10. DBS or Direct Broadcast Satellite
11. Cable Television (ATV)
12. Data Communication Services
13. Satellite Antennas
Fiber Optic Communication System
1. Introduction
2. Optical Transmitters
3. Lasers
4. Optical Receivers
5. Detector Characteristics
6. Applications of Optical System
Data Communication Systems
1. Introduction
2. Communication Model
3. Networks
4. Network Criteria
5. Mesh
6. Star
7. Tree
8. Bus
9. Ring
10. Local Area Network LAN
11. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
12. Wide Area Network (WAN)
13. Signaling Methods of LAN
14. Manchester
15. High Density Bipolar 3
16. Parallel Transmission
17. Frequency Division Multiplexing
18. Wave Division Multiplexing
19. Modem
20. Internet
Cellular Mobile & Facsimile Communication
1. Introduction to Cellular Mobile
2. A Basic Cellular System
3. Cellular Concept
4. Setting Size Limitations & Traffic Handling
5. Operation of Cellular System in Four Modes
6. Hand Off Mechanism
7. Concept of Frequency Reuse
8. Facsimile
9. Image Scanning
10. Data Compression
Mobile Communication (ET15) Audience: Students of Final Year Electronics Engineering
Objective: : At the end of the course the student will learn about wireless transmission system,
telecommunication system, satellite system, broadcast system and mobile network and transport
layer.
Contents
Introduction to Mobile Communication
1. Introduction
2. Applications
3. Location dependent services
4. Mobile and wireless devices
5. A market for mobile communications
6. A simplified reference model
Wireless Transmission
1. Introduction
2. Frequencies for radio transmission
3. Regulations
4. Signals
5. Antennas
6. Signal propagation
7. Additional signal propagation effects
8. Multi-path propagation
9. Multiplexing
10. Modulation
11. Amplitude shift keying
12. Multi-carrier modulation
13. Spread spectrum
14. Direct sequence spread spectrum
15. Frequency hopping spread spectrum
16. Cellular systems
Medium Access Control
1. Introduction
2. Motivation for a specialized MAC
3. Hidden and exposed terminals
4. SDMA
5. Fixed TDM
6. Classical Aloha
7. Carrier sense multiple access
8. Reservation TDMA
9. Multiple access with collision avoidance
10. Polling
11. Comparison of S/T/F/CDMA
Telecommunication Systems
1. Introduction
2. GSM
3. Mobile services
4. System architecture
5. Radio subsystem
6. Network and switching subsystem
7. Radio interface
8. Logical channels and frame hierarchy
9. Protocols
10. Localization and calling
11. Handover
12. Security
13. Authentication
14. New data services
15. System architecture
16. Physical layer
17. UMTS and IMT-2000
18. User equipment
Satellite Systems
1. Introduction
2. Applications
3. GEO
4. LEO
5. MEO
6. Routing
7. Localization
Broadcast Systems
1. Introduction
2. Overview
3. Cyclical repetition of data
4. Digital audio broadcasting
5. Multi-media object transfer protocol
6. Digital video broadcasting
7. DVB data broadcasting
8. DVB for high-speed Internet access
9. Convergence of broadcasting
Wireless LAN
1. Introduction
2. Infra red vs radio transmission
3. Infrastructure and ad-hoc networks
4. System architecture
5. Frequency hopping spread spectrum
6. Medium access control layer
7. Basic DFWMAC-DCF using CSMA/CA
8. MAC management
9. Wireless ATM working group
10. Mobile quality of service
11. Radio layer
12. Security
Mobile Network Layer
1. Introduction
2. Agent discovery
3. Registration
4. Tunneling and encapsulation
5. Minimal encapsulation
6. Optimizations
7. Hierarchical mobile IPv6 (HMIPv6)
8. Dynamic host configuration protocol
9. Destination sequence distance vector
Mobile Transport Layer
1. Introduction
2. Traditional TCP
3. Fast retransmit/fast recovery
4. Snooping TCP
5. Mobile TCP
6. Fast retransmit/fast recovery
7. TCP over 2.5/3G wireless networks
8. Performance enhancing proxies
Data Communication & Networking (ET16) Audience: Students of Final Year Electronics Engineering
Objective: At the end of the course the student will learn about fundamentals of data
communication systems and networking.
Contents
Data Communication
1. A Communications Model
2. Data Communications Model
3. Multipoint
4. Topology
5. Mesh
6. Tree
7. Bus
8. Ring
9. Hybrid Topologies
10. Transmission Mode
11. Simplex
12. Half-Duplex
13. Full-Duplex
14. Categories of Networks
15. Local Area Network (LAN)
16. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
17. Wide Area Network (WAN)
18. Internetworks
The OSI Model
1. Introduction
2. The Model
3. Layered Architecture
4. Peer-to-Peer Processes
5. Interfaces between Layers
6. Functions of the Layers
7. Synchronization
8. Presentation Layer
9. Application Layer
10. TCP/IP Protocol Suite
Signals
1. Introduction
2. Periodic and aperiodic Signals
3. Amplitude
4. Period and Frequency
5. More about Frequency
6. Time and Frequency Domains
7. Composite Signals
8. Frequency Spectrum and Bandwidth
9. Decomposition of a Digital Signal
Signal Encoding and Modulating
1. Introduction
2. Digital-To-Digital Conversion
3. Unipolar
4. Nonreturn to Zero (NRZ)
5. Differential Manchester
6. Bipolar Alternate Mark Inversion (AMI)
7. Analog-to-Digital Conversion
8. Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM)
9. Sampling Rate
10. Digital-To-Analog Conversion
11. Aspects of Digital-to-Analog Conversion
12. Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)
13. Bit/Baud Comparison
Transmission of Digital Data
1. Introduction
2. Parallel Transmission
3. Serial Transmission
4. DTE-DCE Interface
5. Mechanical Specification
6. Control and Timing
7. DB-9 Implementation
8. Null Modem
9. Modems
10. Modem Standards
11. Intelligent Modems
12. Cable Modem
Transmission Media
1. Introduction
2. Guided Media
3. Shielded twisted-pair (STP) Cable
4. Coaxial cable
5. Single Mode
6. Fiber-Optic Connectors
7. Propagation of Radio Waves
8. Terrestrial Microwave
9. Satellite Communication
10. Transmission Impairment
11. Noise
Multiplexing
1. Introduction
2. Many to One/One to Many
3. Frequency-Division Multiplexing (FDM)
4. Wave-Division Multiplexing (WDM)
5. Synchronous TDM Example
6. Bit Stuffing
7. Addressing and Overhead
8. Multiplexing Application
9. Common Carrier Services and Hierarchies
10. T Lines
Error Detection & Correction
1. Introduction
2. Types of Errors
3. Detection
4. Redundancy
5. Vertical Redundancy Check (VRC)
6. Longitudinal Redundancy Check (LRC)
7. Redundancy Bits
8. Positioning the Redundancy Bits
9. Calculating the r Values
10. Error Detection and Correction
Data Link Control & Protocol
1. Introduction
2. Line Discipline
3. How It Works
4. Flow Control
5. Stop-and-Wait
6. Sliding Window
7. More about Window Size
8. Lost Acknowledgment
9. Sliding Window ARQ
10. Lost Acknowledgment
11. Synchronous Protocols
12. Data Frames
13. Multiframe Transmission
14. Address Field
15. Information Field
16. Selective-Reject
17. Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)
18. Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)
19. Services
20. Analog and Digital Services to Subscribers
21. Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)
22. Functional Grouping
23. The ISDN Layers
24. U Interface
25. Connection and Topology
26. Message Type
27. Information Elements
28. Physical Specifications
Digital Image Processing (ET17) Audience: Students of Final Year Electronics Engineering
Objective: At the end of the course the student will learn about various digital image processing
techniques.
Contents
Continuous Image Characterization
1. Introduction
2. Image Representation
3. Two-Dimensional Systems
4. Singularity Operators
5. Additive Linear Operators
6. Differential Operators
7. Two-Dimensional Fourier Transform
8. Image Stochastic Characterization
Psychophysical Vision Properties
1. Introduction
2. Light Perception
3. Eye Physiology
4. Visual Phenomena
5. Monochome Vision Model
6. Color Vision Model
Photometry and Colorimetry
1. Photometry
2. Color Matching
3. Colorimetry Concepts
4. Tristimulus Value Calculation
5. Luminance Calculation
6. Tristimulus Value Transformation
7. Color Spaces
8. Colorimetric Color Spaces
9. XYZ Color Coordinate System
10. Subtractive Color Spaces
11. Video Color Spaces
12. Nonstandard Color Spaces
Image Sampling and Reconstruction
1. Introduction
2. Image Sampling and Reconstruction Concepts
3. Sampling Random Image Fields
4. Image Sampling Systems
5. Aliasing Effects
6. Image Reconstruction Systems
7. Implementation Techniques
8. Interpolation Functions
9. Effect of Imperfect Reconstruction Filters
Discrete Image Mathematical Characterization
1. Vector-Space Image Representation
2. Generalized Two-Dimensional Linear Operator
3. Image Statistical Characterization
4. Image Probability Density Models
5. Linear Operator Statistical Representation
Image Quantization
1. Introduction
2. Scalar Quantization
3. Processing Quantized Variables
4. Monochrome And Color Image Quantization
5. Color Image Quantization
Superposition and Convolution
1. Introduction
2. Finite-Area Superposition and Convolution
3. Sampled Image Superposition and Convolution
4. Circulant Superposition and Convolution
5. Superposition & Convolution Operator
Relationships
Unitary Transforms
1. Introduction
2. General Unitary Transforms
3. Fourier Transform
4. Cosine, Sine and Hartley Transforms
5. Sine Transform
6. Hadamard, Haar And Daubechies Transforms
7. Karhunen–Loeve Transform
Linear Processing Techniques
1. Introduction
2. Transform Domain Processing
3. Transform Domain Superposition
4. Fast Fourier Transform Convolution
5. Fourier Transform Filtering
6. Windowing Functions
7. Discrete Domain Transfer Functions
8. Small Generating Kernel Convolution
Image Enhancement
1. Introduction
2. Contrast Manipulation
3. Contrast Modification
4. Histogram Modification
5. Nonadaptive Histogram Modification
6. Adaptive Histogram Modification
7. Noise Cleaning
8. Nonlinear Noise Cleaning
9. Edge Crispening
10. Statistical Differencing
11. Color Image Enhancement
12. False Color
13. Multispectral Image Enhancement
Image Restoration Models
1. Introduction
2. General Image Restoration Models
3. Optical Systems Models
4. Photographic Process Models
5. Monochromatic Photography
6. Color Photography
7. Discrete Image Restoration Models
Point and Spatial Image Restoration Techniques
1. Introduction
2. Sensor Point Nonlinearity Correction
3. Display Point Nonlinearity Correction
4. Continuous Image Spatial Filtering Restoration
5. Inverse Filter
6. Parametric Estimation Filters
7. Application to Discrete Images
8. Pseudoinverse Spatial Image Restoration
9. Pseudoinverse: Image Blur Plus Additive Noise
10. Pseudoinverse Computational Algorithms
11. SVD Pseudoinverse Spatial Image Restoration
12. Statistical Estimation Spatial Image Restoration
13. Constrained Image Restoration
14. Constrained Restoration Techniques
Geometrical Image Modification
1. Introduction
2. Generalized Linear Geometrical Transformations
3. Separable Translation, Scaling, and Rotation
4. Spatial Warping
5. Perspective Transformation
6. Camera Imaging Model
7. Geometrical Image Resampling
Morphological Image Processing
1. Introduction
2. Binary Image Connectivity
3. Binary Image Hit or Miss Transformations
4. Additive Operators
5. Subtractive Operators
6. Binary Image Shrinking, Thinning
7. Binary Image Skeletonizing
8. Binary Image Generalized Dilation and Erosion
9. Binary Image Close and Open Operations
10. Gray Scale Image Morphological Operations
Edge Detection
1. Introduction
2. Edge, Line and Spot Models
3. First-Order Derivative Edge Detection
4. Edge Template Gradient Generation
5. Threshold Selection
6. Morphological Post Processing
7. Laplacian Zero-Crossing Detection
8. Edge-Fitting Edge Detection
9. Luminance Edge Detector Performance
10. Edge Detector Figure of Merit
11. Subjective Assessment
12. Line and Spot Detection
Image Feature Extraction
1. Introduction
2. Amplitude Features
3. Transform Coefficient Features
4. Texture Definition
5. Visual Texture Discrimination
6. Julesz Texture Fields
7. Pratt, Faugeras, and Gagalowicz Texture Fields
8. Texture Features
9. Dependency Matrix Methods
10. Gabor Filter Methods
11. Transform and Wavelet Methods
Image Segmentation
1. Introduction
2. Amplitude Segmentation Methods
3. Multilevel Luminance Thresholding
4. Multilevel Color Component Thresholding
5. Amplitude Projection
6. Clustering Segmentation Methods
7. Region Segmentation Methods
8. Boundary Detection
9. Heuristic Edge-Linking Methods
10. Snakes Boundary Detection
11. Texture Segmentation
12. Segment Labeling
Shape Analysis
1. Topological Attributes
2. Distance, Perimeter, And Area Measurements
3. Geometric Attributes
4. Spatial Moments
5. Discrete Image Spatial Moments
6. Shape Orientation Descriptors
7. Fourier Descriptors
Image Detection and Registration
1. Template Matching
2. Matched Filtering of Continuous Images
3. Matched Filtering of Stochastic Continuous Images
4. Matched Filtering of Discrete Images
5. Image Registration
6. Scale and Rotation Misregistration Detection
7. Generalized Misregistration Detection
PIKS Image Processing Software
1. PIKS Functional Overview
2. PIKS Imaging Model
3. PIKS Data Objects
4. PIKS Operators, Tools, Utilities, and Mechanisms
5. PIKS Application Interface
6. PIKS Core Overview
7. PIKS Core Image Data Object
PIKS Image Processing Programming Exercises
1. Introduction
2. Program Generation Exercises
3. Image Measurement Exercises
4. Image Restoration Models Exercises
5. Morphological Image Processing Exercises
6. EDGE Detection Exercises
7. Image Segmentation Exercises
8. Shape Analysis Exercises
Embedded Systems (ET18) Audience: Students of Final Year Electronics Engineering
Objective: At the end of the course the student will learn about basic embedded systems,
hardware, programming, real time operating systems.
Contents
Introduction to Embedded Systems
1. An Embedded System
2. Classification of Embedded Systems
3. Microprocessor
4. Microcontroller
5. Embedded Processor for a complex System
6. Other hardware units
7. Interrupts handler
8. LCD and LED Displays
9. Software Embedded into a System
10. Software in Processor Specific Assembly Language
11. Software in High Level Language
12. Models for Software Designing
13. Exemplary SoC for Cell-Phone
Processor & Memory Organisation
1. Structural Units in a Processor
2. Processor selection for an embedded system
3. Case study of a Real Time Robot Control System
4. Memory Devices
5. RAM Devices
6. Memory Selection for an Embedded System
7. Case Study of a Mobile Phone System
8. Allocation of Memory to Program Segments
9. Memory Blocks for Elements of the Different D. S.
10. The Memory Maps
11. Addresses at Map for Internal Devices
12. Direct Memory Access
13. Interfacing Processor, Memories and I/O Devices
Devices & Buses for Device Networks
1. I/O Devices
2. Synchronous, Iso-synchronous
3. Ex. of Internal Serial-Communication Devices
4. Sophisticated Interfacing Features in Device Ports
5. Timer and Counting Devices
6. Serial Communication using the 'I2c', 'Can'
7. Advanced Serial High Speed Buses
8. PCI and PCI/X Buses
9. Advanced Parallel High Speed Buses
Device Drivers & Interrupts Servicing Mechanism
1. Device Drivers
2. Device Driver ISR
3. Linux Internals as Device Drivers
4. Writing Physical Device Driving ISRs in a System
5. Virtual Devices
6. Parallel Port Device Drivers in a System
7. Serial Port Device Drivers in a System
8. Device Drivers for internal Programmable
9. Interrupt Servicing (Handling) Mechanism
10. Software Error Related Hardware interrupts
11. Classification of all interrupts as Non Maskable
12. Classification of Processors Interrupt Service Mechanism
13. Assignment of Priorities to Meet Service Deadlines
Programming Concepts and Embedded Programming in C and C++
1. Software Programming in Assembly Language
2. 'C' Program Elements
3. Preprocessor Directives
4. Use of Data Structures
5. Use of Modifiers
6. Use of Conditions, Loops and Infinite Loops
7. Use of Pointers, NULL Pointers
8. Use of Function Calls
9. Multiple Function Calls in Cyclic Order in the Main
10. Queues
11. Use of the Queues for Implementing
12. Stacks
13. Uses of a List of Active Device Drivers
14. Embedded Programming in C++
15. Embedded Programming in Java
16. Optimisation of Memory Needs
Program Modeling Concepts
1. Modeling Processes
2. Use of Control Data Flow Graph
3. Programming Models for Event Controlled
4. Use of the Petri Net model
5. FSM as a Special Case of Petri Net
6. Modeling of Multiprocessor Systems
7. Concurrent process of processors
8. Issues in Multiprocessor Systems
9. Synchronous Data Flow Graph (SDFG) Model
10. Homogeneous Synchronous Data Flow Graph
11. Acrylic Precedence Expansion Graph
12. Timed Petri Nets and Extended
13. Multi Thread Graph (MTG) System Model
Software Engineering Practices in the Embedded Software Development Process
1. Software Algorithm Complexity
2. Software development Process Lifecycle
3. Use of Linear Sequential Model
4. Use of the RAD Model
5. Software Analysis
6. Software Design
7. Software Implementation
8. Software Testing, Validating and Debugging
9. Real Time Programming Issues during the SDP
10. Issues in Design and Implementation
11. Software Project Management
12. Project Metrics
13. Software Maintenance
14. Unified Modeling Language (UML)
Real Time Operating Systems
1. Operating System Services
2. I/O Subsystems
3. Network Operating Systems
4. Real-Time and Embedded Operating Systems
5. Interrupt Routines in RTOS Environment
6. RTOS Task Scheduling Models
7. Performance Metric
8. IEEE Standard POSIX 1003.1b Functions
9. List of Basic Actions
10. Fifteen-Point Strategy
11. Embedded Linux Internals
12. OS Security Issues
13. Mobile OS
Real Time Operating System Programming Tools
1. Need of a well rested and Debugged RTOS
2. Use of C/OS-II
3. Use of VxWorks
Case Studies of Programming with RTOS
1. Automatic Chocolate Vending Machine
2. Sending Application Layer Byte Streams
3. Adaptive Cruise Control System in a Car
4. Embedded System for a Smart Card
Microwave Engineering (ET19) Audience: Students of Electronics Engineering
Objective: At the end of the course the student will learn about definition, history, generation,
applications of microwave.
Contents
Microwaves
1. Introduction
2. How do we "see" using Microwaves?
3. What do Microwaves show us?
What Are Microwaves?
1. Introduction
2. A Phenomenal Force
3. Is Microwave Radiation?
History
1. Planar Microwave Engineering
2. Birth of the vacuum tube
3. Armstrong and the Regenerative
Amplifier
4. The Wizard War
Definition & Generation
1. Microwave
2. Discovery
3. Frequency range
4. Microwave sources
5. Communication
6. Remote sensing
7. Navigation
8. Power
9. Microwave frequency bands
10. Microwave frequency measurement
11. Health effects
12. History and research
13. Klystron
14. Two - cavity klystron amplifier
15. Tuning a klystron
16. Optical klystron
17. Traveling-wave tube
How to generate Microwaves
1. Reflex oscillator used to generate high-p. m.
2.
3. The Magnetron Tube Used In Microwave Ovens
4. Basic Magnetron Operation
5. Effect of the Magnetic Field
Applications of Microwaves
1. Applications
2. Electronic Countermeasures
3. Delay Lines and Beam steering
4. LO distribution
5. Applications of Microwave Engineering
Transmission Media
1. Introduction
2. Fundamentals of Transmission Lines
3. Types of Transmission Line
4. Characteristic Impedance
5. Propagation Coefficient
6. Losses in Transmission Lines
7. Information Propagation in Transmission Line
8. Standing Waves
9. Quarter and Half Wavelength Lines
10. Fundamentals of the Smith Chart
11. Wave Guides
12. Types of Waveguide
13. Waves Propagation in Rectangular Waveguides
14. Propagation of TEM Waves
15. TE & TM Modes
16. Rectangular Waveguide
17. Circular Waveguides
Wave Propagation
1. Introduction
2. Fundamentals of Electromagnetic (EM) Waves
3. Propagation of EM Waves
4. Ground Wave Propagation
5. Sky Wave Propagation
6. Virtual Height
7. Critical Frequency
8. Skip Distance
9. Skip Zone
10. Multiple Hop Sky Wave Propagation
11. Concept of Fading
12. Diversity Reception
13. Space Wave Propagation
14. Multiple Space Wave Propagation
15. Optical Horizon
16. Radio Horizon
17. Shadow Zones
18. Polarization of Space Waves
19. Duct Propagation
20. Troposphere Scatter Propagation
21. Radio Frequency Bands used in Communication
Satellite Communication System
1. Introduction
2. Allocated Frequency Bands & Uplink/ Downlink
3. Satellite Communication System
4. Basic Satellite System
5. Classification of Satellites
6. Synchronous Satellites
7. Satellite Look Angles
8. Uplink & Downlink Frequencies Used
9. Factors for Up & Downlink Frequencies
10. Satellite Footprints
11. Satellite Attitudes
12. Ground Station or Satellite Earth Station
13. Satellite Communication Applications
14. DBS or Direct Broadcast Satellite
15. Cable Television (ATV)
16. Telephone Services via Satellite
17. Data Communication Services
18. Satellite Antennas
Optical Fibre Communication (ET20) Audience: Students of Final Year Electronics Engineering
Objective: At the end of the course the student will learn about fundamental concepts of optical
fiber communication, wavelength division multiplexing, optical amplifiers and optical networks.
Contents
Overview of Optical Fiber Communications
1. Introduction
2. Basic Network Information Rates
3. Elements of an Optical Fiber Transmission Link
4. Simulation and Modeling Tools
5. Advantages of Fiber optic cable
Structures, Fabrication & Waveguiding
1. The Nature of Light
2. Polarization
3. Types of Polarization
4. The Quantum Nature of Light
5. Basic Optical Laws and Definitions
6. Optical Fiber Modes and Configurations
7. Fiber Types
8. Advantages of Multimode fibers
9. Intermodal dispersion
10. Step-Index Fiber Structure
11. Ray Optics Representation
12. Maxwell’s Equations
13. Waveguide Equations
14. Modes in Step-Index Fibers
15. Single-Mode Fibers
16. Graded-INDEX Fiber Structure
17. Types of Glass Fibers
18. Mechanical Properties of Fibers
Signal Degradation in Optical Fibers
1. Introduction
2. Attenuation
3. Absorption
4. Bending Losses
5. Core and Cladding Losses
6. Signal Distortion in Optical Waveguides
7. Information Capacity Determination
8. Material Dispersion
9. Waveguide Dispersion
10. Signal Distortion in Single-Mode Fibers
11. Pulse Broadening in Graded-Index Waveguides
12. Dispersion Calculations
Optical Sources
1. Introduction
2. Energy Bands
3. Intrinsic and Extrinsic Material
4. The pn Junctions
5. Direct and Indirect Band Gaps
6. Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs)
7. Quantum Efficiency and LED Power
8. Laser Diodes
9. Laser Diode Structures and Radiation Patterns
10. Modulation of Laser Diodes
11. Temperature Effects
Power Launching and Coupling
1. Introduction
2. Power Launching versus Wavelength
3. Fiber-to-Fiber Joints
4. Mechanical Misalignment
5. Splicing Single-Mode Fibers
6. Optical Fiber Connectors
7. Connector Types
8. Types of fiber interconnection methods
9. Light Injection and Detection Systems
10. Profile Alignment System
11. Single Fiber Fusion Splicing
12. Fiber Preparation
13. Splice Evaluation
Photodetectors
1. Introduction
2. Avalanche Photodiodes
3. Photodetector Noise
4. Detector Response Time
5. Response Time
6. Avalanche Multiplication Noise
7. Temperature Effect on avalanche Gain
8. Comparisons of Photodetectors
Optical Receiver Operation
1. Introduction
2. Fundamental Receiver Operation
3. Digital Signal Transmission
4. Error Sources
5. Receiver Configuration
6. Digital Receiver Performance
7. Probability of Error
8. The Quantum Limit
9. Receiver Sensitivity Calculation
10. Preamplifier Types
11. High-Speed Circuits
Digital Transmission Systems
1. Introduction
2. Point-To-Point Links
3. System Considerations
4. Link Power Budget
5. Line Coding
6. Error Correction
7. Noise Effects on System Performance
8. Modal Noise
9. Mode-Partition Noise
10. Chirping
11. Reflection Noise
12. Overview of Analog Links
WDM Concepts and Components
1. Introduction
2. Operational Principles of WDM
3. Passive Components
4. The 2 x 2 Fiber Coupler
5. Scattering Matrix Representation
6. The 2x2 Waveguide Coupler
7. Star Couplers
8. Fiber Grating Filters
9. Tunable Sources
10. Tunable Filters
11. Tunable Filter Types
Optical Amplifiers
1. Introduction
2. General Applications
3. Amplifier Types
4. Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers
5. Amplification Mechanism
6. EDFA Architecture
7. EDFA Power-Conversion Efficiency and Gain
8. System Applications
9. Wavelength Converters
Optical Networks
1. Introduction
2. Basic Networks
3. SONET/SDH
4. SONET/SDH Networks
5. Broadcast-and-Select WDM Networks
6. Broadcast-and-Select Single-Hop Networks
7. Nonlinear Effects on Network Performance
8. Crosstalk
9. Optical CDMA
10. Ultrahigh Capacity Networks
11. Ultrahigh Capacity WDM Systems
12. Bit-Interleaved Optical TDM
Measurements
1. Introduction
2. Measurement Standards and Test Procedures
3. Optical Attenuators
4. Tunable Laser Sources
5. Optical Spectrum Analyzers
6. Optical Time-Domain Reflectometer (OTDR)
7. Multifunction Optical Test Systems
8. Attenuation Measurements
9. Insertion-Loss Method
10. Dispersion Measurements
11. Chromatic Dispersion
12. OTDR Field Applications
13. Attenuation Measurements
14. Eye Patterns
15. Optical Spectrum Analyzer Applications
16. EDFA Gain and Noise-Figure Testing
17. Noise-Figure Measurements
RFID System (ET21) Audience: Students of Electronics Engineering
Objective: At the end of the course the student will learn about fundamentals of RFID, transponder,
RFID interrogator, RFID antenna, controller and database.
Contents
Basics of Auto ID
1. What is Auto ID
2. Why is auto ID
3. Optical
4. Magnetic
5. Electro-magnetic
6. Biometric
7. Touch
8. Smart Card
Barcode Basics
1. Barcode basics
2. How it works
3. How much data can you actually encode
4. Advantages of Bar Code
5. Disadvantages of Bar code
Auto-Identification techniques
1. Shortcomings of other Auto ID technologies
2. RFID advantages
Know about RF Frequencies
1. Radio waves
2. Wavelength
3. Data put on radio waves
4. What do you mean by RF
5. Other characteristics of radio frequencies
6. Antenna
Basics of RFID
1. What is RFID
2. System components
3. How RFID works
4. RFID - The Frequencies
5. Significance
6. Other RFID Benefits
7. RFID Applications
8. RFID Drawbacks
Tags and Readers
1. Tags and Readers
2. RFID Standards
3. Generation 1 RFID Protocol
4. Multi-Protocol Readers
EPC Global Network
1. Introduction
2. EPC Network Architecture
3. EPC Network Fundamental Components
4. EPC Network Data Standards
Savant Specifications
1. EPC Middleware - Savant
2. Savant – Processing Module
3. Savant – Application Interface
4. Content Layer
5. Transport Layer
6. Message Channels
Physical MarkUp Language (PML)
1. Introduction
2. PML Core
Business value of RFID
1. RFID converts information into business value
2. Few Examples
3. Major Opportunities
4. Expected Growth
Impact of RFID on Supply Chain Management
1. What is Supply Chain Management
2. RFID reshaping Supply Chain Management
3. RFID making waves in SCM
4. How RFID will automate the Supply Chain
5. Major advantages of RFID based SCM
6. Major Challenges
7. Few Major Players in RFID based SCM
RFID Success Stories
1. Case Studies
2. Problem definition
3. RFID Based Solution
4. Problem definition
5. RFID based solution
6. Results
Electronic Product Code
1. EPCglobal Inc.
2. Sun Microsystems
3. IBM
4. Hewlett-Packard
5. Microsoft
6. Oracle
7. SAP
RFID in DSD Use Case
RFID Major Players
1. RFID in Indian Scenerios
2. Standards Confusion
3. Will Indian companies get on RFID
Vendor Selection
1. Vendor Selection
2. RFID is not just RADIO WAVES
3. Vendor Selection
Hurdles
RFID Regulations – An Overview
1. Introduction
2. For UHF RFID tags and readers
3. Federal Communications Commission
Regulations
4. FCC Section 15.247
5. Maximum Conducted Output Power
6. RFID Operations within Different Bands
7. RFID Operations within Band 902 - 928 MHz
8. Certain Restrictions
9. Practice Questions
10. Regulations of European Radio communations Office
11. Standards Adopted by China and Japan
12. Standards Adopted by Other Countries
RFID and Business Process Integration
1. Course Users
2. Course Objectives
3. Introduction
4. Example of ERP Workflow Tool
5. Architecture Framework for RFID
6. Data and Device Management
7. Role and Functionality of Middleware
8. Data Filtering with Business Rules Engine
9. RFID Adoption Strategies
10. Enterprise Functions Affected by RFID Integration
11. RFID Best Practices
12. Pointers for the Future
Basics of RFID Technology
1. How RFID technology works
2. Basics of RFID Technology
3. Reader and Antenna Characteristics
4. Frequencies
5. Tag Packaging Formats
6. Readers
7. Antennas
8. Technical Considerations
RFID and Smart Packaging
1. Course Users
2. Course Objectives
3. Introduction
4. Examples of Smart Labels
5. Benefits of RFID in Smart Packaging Industry
6. Monitoring Product Integrity with RFID
7. Tracing and Tracking Doubtful Product with RFID
8. RFID in Smart Packaging Industry
9. Protection from Fake Brands
10. Smart Gadgets and Smart Stores
11. Limitations for Tagging Liquids
12. Other limitations
13. Knowledge Assessment
RFID Applications in Manufacturing
1. Course Users
2. Introduction
3. RFID in Overall Manufacturing Processes
4. RFID in Warehouse and Inventory Management
5. RFID in Production Planning and Operations
6. Schematic of RFID in Manufacturing Supply
Chain
7. Scheduling with RFID
8. RFID for Better Resource Utilization
9. Enterprise Wide Better Resource Utilization
10. Reader and Antenna Characteristics
11. RFID Components in Manufacturing Solution
12. RFID Systems Integration
13. Technical Obstacles for RFID in Manufacturing
RFID in Defense Applications
1. Course Users
2. Introduction
3. Supply Chain Issues in DoD
4. RTLS and its Applications
5. RFID Specifications for DoD Supply Chain
RFID Security and Privacy Issues
1. Course Users
2. Introduction
3. Benefits of RFID Technology
4. Possible Security Breaches
5. Privacy Concerns in Retail, Library and Health
6. Some Solutions for Privacy Protection
7. Knowledge Assessment
Windows CE .NET Application
1. Course Users
2. Introduction
3. RFID Communications
4. Overview of Operating Systems
5. Various Operating Systems
6. Windows CE.NET 4.2 Advantage
7. Overview of Win CE
8. The Platform Builder
9. Windows CE.NET Application Development
10. Application Development in Windows CE.NET
11. JETT.RFID Hand Held Reader
12. JETT.RFID Aesthetical Features
Operating System Details
1. Introduction
2. Functions of an Operating System
3. Sharing CPU
4. Sharing Memory
5. Sharing Storage Resources
6. Types of Operating System
7. Multi User Operating System
8. Multithread Operating System
Playing with JETT.RFID Reader
1. A Recap of RFID Technology
2. Active Tags
3. Technical Considerations
4. Introduction
5. Product and Systems Overview
6. JETT.RFID Aesthetical Features
7. Product and Systems Overview
8. RFID Module
9. Data Synchronization and Persistent
Registry
10. Customization Options
11. Troubleshooting JETT.RFID
Developing Common Application on JETT.RFID
1. Course Objectives
2. Introduction
3. Brief Overview of Compact Framework
4. Application Development in Windows Studio
RFID Installations
1. Course Users
2. RFID Hardware Placements in a Library
3. Techniques for Supply Chain Visibility with RFID
4. RFID Installations for Access Control
RFID Printers Operational Specifications
Readers Operational Specifications
Testing & Troubleshooting for Portals & Doors
Automatic Vehicle Identification
1. Introduction
2. Long Range Readers
3. Key features
Bio-Medical Electronics Engineering (ET22) Audience: Students of Electronics Engineering
Objective: At the end of the course the student will learn about fundamental concepts of bio
medical electronics.
Contents
INTRODUCTION TO BIOMEDICAL INSTRUMENTS
Biomedical Recorders
1. Electrocardiograph
2. Block Diagram Description
3. The ECG Leads
4. Unipolar Leads (V Leads)
5. Effects of Artifacts on ECG Recordings
6. Muscle Tremor
7. Microprocessor Based ECG Machines
8. Multichannel ECG Machine
9. Vector cardiograph (VCG)
10. Apex cardiograph
11. Phonocardiograph (PCG)
12. Origin of Heart Sounds
13. Microphones for Phonocardiography
14. Preamplifier
15. Electromyography (EMG)
16. Low Frequency and High Frequency Filters
Medical Display Systems
1. Introduction
2. Oscilloscope for Biomedical
Measurements
3. Recording from the Oscilloscope
4. Cardioscope
5. Light Modulation System
6. Selection of System Parameters
7. Cardiac Monitors Using Digital Memory
8. Frequency Response of Cardioscopes
9. Electrosurgery Interference
10. Leads off Detector
11. Multichannel Displays with Digital Memory
Foetal Monitaring Instruments
1. Introduction
2. Cardiotocograph
3. Methods of Monitoring Foetal Heart Rate
4. Foetal Phonocardiogram
5. FHR Measurement from Ultrasound Doppler F.S.
6. FHR Measurement with Direct FECG
7. Monitoring Labour Activity
8. Recording System
9. Continuous Monitoring of Foetal Scalp pH
Biomedical Telemetry
1. Wireless Telemetry
2. Modulation Systems
3. Transmitter
4. The Receiver
5. ECG Telemetry System
6. Typical ECG Telemetry System
7. Temperature Telemetry System
8. Telemetring Intra-arterial Pressure
9. Telemetry of ECG and Respiration
10. Obstetrical Telemetry System
11. Multi-Patient Telemetry
12. Transmission of Analog Physiological Signals
Computer Application in Medical Field
1. Introduction
2. Computer-Aided ECG Analysis
3. Classification Normal
4. Computerised Catheterisation Laboratory
5. Pressure Measurements
6. Computerised Patient Monitoring System
7. Clinical Laboratory Automation
8. Microcomputers
9. Interfacing Analog Signals to Microcomputers
10. Microprocessor Controlled Ventilator
11. Microprocessor Based Control of Fluid Therapy
PHYSIOLOGY AND MEASUREMENTS
Bioelectric Signals and Electrodes
1. Origin of Bioelectric Signals
2. Electrocardiogram (ECG)
3. Electroencephalogram (EEG)
4. Electromyogram (EMG)
5. Electrode-Tissue Interface
6. Metal-Electrolyte Interface
7. Electrolyte-Skin Interface
8. Silver-Silver Chloride Electrodes
9. Measurement of Skin Contact Impedance
10. Electrodes for ECG
11. Electrical Conductivity of Electrode Jellies & Creams
Physiological Transducers
1. Introduction
2. Linear Variable Differential Transformer
3. Special Considerations for the Design of Pressure
4. Transducers for Body Temperature Measurement
5. Electrical Resistance Thermometer
6. Optical-Fibre Temperature Sensors
7. Photoelectric Pulse Transducers
8. Piezoelectric Arterial Pulse Receptor
Recording Systems
1. Basic Recording System
2. Sources of Noise in Low Level Recording Circuits
3. Differential Amplifier
4. DC Preamplifier for Intracellular Recording
5. Damping Control and Frequency Response
6. Frequency Response and Sensitivity
7. Ultra-Violet (UV) Recorders
Cardiovascular Measurements
1. Introduction
2. ECG Amplifiers
3. Electrodes and Leads
4. ECG Recorder Principles
5. Types of ECG Recorders
6. Electrocardiographs for computer processing
7. Specific Direct Measurement Techniques
8. Measurement of Blood Flow and Cardiac Output
9. Magnetic Blood Flow Meters
10. Ultrasonic Blood Flow Meters
11. Measurement by Indicator Dilution Methods
Patient Care and Monitoring
1. Introduction
2. Patient-Monitoring Displays
3. Diagnosis, Calibration and Repairability
4. Other Instrumentation for Monitoring
Patients
5. The Organization of the Hospital
6. Pacemakers
7. Pacing Modes and Pulse Generators
8. Power Sources and Electromagnetic
Interference
MEDICAL IMAGING
X-Ray Machines and Computed Tomography
1. Introduction
2. Properties of X-rays
3. X-ray Image Intensifier Television System
4. X-Ray Computed Tomography (CT Scanner)
5. Contrast Scale
6. System Components
7. Scanning System
8. X-ray Source
9. Detectors
10. Processing Unit
11. Viewing System
12. Storing and Documentation
13. Spatial Resolution
14. Patient Dose in CT Scanners
Magnetic Resonance Imaging System
1. Introduction
2. Principles of NMR Imaging Systems
3. Free Induction Decay
4. Fourier Transform of the FID
5. The Bloch Equation
6. Image Reconstruction Techniques
7. Sequential Point Method
8. Discrimination Based on Relaxation Rates
9. Spin-echo Imaging Technique
10. Basic NMR Components
11. RF Transmitter System
12. Gradient System for Spatial Coding
13. Contrast Enhancement
14. Patient Couch
Ultrasonic Imaging Systems
1. Introduction
2. Velocity of Propagation
3. Generation and detection of Ultrasound
4. Active Element Diameter
5. Medical Ultrasound
6. Pulse Repetition Frequency Generator
7. Transmitter-Receiver Matching
8. Applications of A-Scan
9. B-Scanner using Articulated Arm
10. Mechanical Sector Scanner
11. Multi-Element Linear Array Scanners
12. Duplex Scanner
13. Display Devices for Ultrasonic Imaging
14. Three-dimensional Display
15. Biological Effects of Ultrasound
Medical Thermograph
1. Introduction
2. Infrared Radiation
3. Transmittance and absorption of infrared radiation
4. Thermographic equipment
5. Sensitivity of Thermographic Imaging System
6. Quantitative Medical Thermograph
7. The Software {SOFTA, CAM AT, GAMOS)
8. Pyroelectric vidicon camera
9. Applications of thermography
MANUFACTURING MANAGEMENT AND SAFETY OF MEDICAL EQUIPMENTS
Interference to Medical Electronic Equipment
1. Introduction
2. Types of Sources of EMI
3. EMI Effects
4. Intermodulation Problems
5. Some solutions
6. Halfwave shorting stub
7. Dealing with TVI
8. Dealing with signal overload problems
9. Attenuators
10. Wavetraps
11. Bandstop wavetrap
12. High-pass filters
13. ECG equipment and EMI
14. EMI to biomedical sensors
15. Some solutions
Quality Assurance & Quality Improvement
1. Introduction
2. The theory of variation
3. Creating a histogram
4. Using histograms in quality control
5. Interpreting QC histograms
6. Analyzing control charts
7. TQM, ISO-9000, and Six-Sigma
8. Total quality management
Medical Equipment Maintenance , Management Facilities, and Equipment
1. Introduction
2. Types of MROs
3. Levels of Capability
4. Types of Organization
5. Commercial MROs
6. Single-technician department
7. Technical personnel
8. Management approaches
Requirements Management
1. Introduction
2. Some definitions
3. Why are requirements important?
4. What types of requirements are there?
5. Requirements application
6. Traceable
7. How are good requirements written?
8. Unintended consequences
9. Approaches to requirements
Electrical Safety in Medical Environment
1. Introduction
2. Scope of electrical safety in medical institutions
3. Major organizations
4. Preventive maintenance to reduce electrical hazards
5. Physiological effects of electricity on humans
6. Leakage current
7. Current Definitions
8. Line isolation systems
9. Equipotential grounding in reducing electrical shock
10. Specialized electrical safety test equipment
11. Weighted risk current measurement
Electrosurgery Generators
1. Electrosurgery machines
2. Electrosurgery circuits
3. Solid-state electrosurgery generator circuits
4. Electrosurgery safety
NOICE SCREENING AND MANAGEMENT
Basic Theories of Measurement
1. Categories of measurement
2. Direct measurement
3. Indirect measurement
4. Null measurements
5. Factors in making measurements
6. Reliability and repeatability
7. Accuracy and precision
8. Measurement errors
9. Error contributions analysis
10. Operational definitions in measurement
Noise
1. Introduction
2. Atmospheric Noise
3. Extraterrestrial Noise
4. Industrial Noise
5. Internal Noise
6. Thermal Agitation Noise
7. Short Noise
8. Transit-Time Noise
9. Miscellaneous Noise
10. Noise Calculations
Signals and Noise
1. Types of signals
2. Static and quasistatic signals
3. Fourier series
4. Transient signals
5. Signal-to-noise ratio
6. Noise temperature
7. Using feedback to reduce noise
8. Noise reduction by signal averaging
Computerized Process Control System (ET23) Audience: Students of Electronics Engineering
Objective: : At the end of the course the student will learn about distributed control systems,
architecture of process control units, man machine interface.
Contents
Distributed Control Systems 1. Reasons for Instrumentation
2. Categories of Instruments
3. Analog vs Digital
4. Control Using Computers
5. Distributed Control Concepts
6. Process Control and Process Management
7. Hardware of a Distributed Control System
Architecture of Process Control Units
1. Introduction
2. Types of Process Control Units
3. DCS with single-loop controllers only
4. DCS with both single-loop and multi-loop controllers
5. Structure of Process Control Units
6. Process input cards for Analog Input Signals
7. Process output cards for analog output signals
8. Digital Input Processing
9. Digital output Processing
10. Redundancy Aspects
11. Intrinsic safe operation of controllers
12. Analog Controllers
13. Digital Controller
Man - Machine Interface 1. Introduction
2. The operator Station Structure
3. Functions of the Operator Station
Industrial Automation (ET24) Audience: Students of Electronics Engineering
Objective: At the end of the course the student will learn about basics of industrial automation,
various types of control, robotic mechanism, etc.
Contents
Introduction to Industrial Automation
1. Introduction
2. Industrial Communication Networks
3. Transmission Media
4. Transmission Methods
Introduction to Sensors & Measurement Systems
1. Introduction
2. Position and Speed Measurements
3. Proximity Sensors and Switches
4. Linear Variable Differential Transformer
5. Digital Optical Encoder
6. Electrical Resistance Strain Gage
7. Measuring Resistance Changes
8. Force Measurement with Load Cells
9. Liquid-in-Glass Thermometer
10. Electrical Resistance Thermometer
11. Piezoelectric Accelerometer
12. Introduction to Temperature Measurement
13. Sources of temperature measurement error
14. Pressure and Force Measurement
15. Displacement and Speed Measurement
16. Rotary Variable Differential Transformer
Signal Conditioning and Processing
1. Introduction
2. Unbalanced D.C. Bridge
3. Push-pull Configuration
4. Capacitance Amplifier
5. Amplifiers
6. Errors and Calibration Introduction
7. Systematic Errors
8. Calibration and error reduction
Introduction to Process Control
1. Introduction
2. The Control Objectives
3. Example - Satellite altitude control system
4. Feedback Control System Characteristics
5. The Case for High-Gain Feedback
6. Proportional Mode of Feedback Control
7. Integral Mode of Feedback Control
8. Derivative Mode of Feedback Control
9. Alternative Control Configurations
10. Command Feedforward
11. Controller Tuning
12. Proportional Controller
13. Functions of a PID Controller
14. Adjustment Features in Industrial Controllers
15. Practical Controller Tuning Tips
16. Integrating Processes
17. Tuning Rules for Digital Controllers
Sequence Control, PLCs and RLL
1. Programmable Logic Control
2. Industrial Example of Discrete Sensors
3. Comparing Logic and Sequence Control
4. Evolution of the PLC
5. Application Areas
6. Special Purpose Modules
7. The Software Environment and Programming
8. Programming Languages
9. Typical Operands of PLC Programs
10. Realization of off-delay timer
11. Operation Set
12. Requirements Analysis
13. Design of RLL Program
14. Function Block Diagram (FBD)
15. Divergence of a Selective Sequence
16. The PLC Hardware Environment
Control of Machine Tools
1. Fundamentals of C.N.C
2. CNC Lathe (Horizontal Type)
3. Direct Measurement
4. Hydraulics
5. Pneumatics
Electric Drives
1. Learning Objectives
2. Concept of Electric Drive
3. Single Phase DC Drives
4. Single-phase Half-wave Converter Drives
5. Single-phase Semiconverter Drives
6. Three-phase half-wave converter drives
7. Three-phase Full-converter Drives
8. Three-phase Dual Converter Drives
9. Chopper Drives
10. Two-quadrant Chopper Drives
11. Induction-Motor Drives
12. Stator Voltage and Frequency Control
13. Analysis of induction motor with chopper
control
14. Synchronous Motor–General
15. Synchronous Motor with Different Excitations
16. Different Torques of a Synchronous Motor
17. Salient Pole Synchronous Motor
18. Hunting or Surging or Phase Swinging
Networking of Sensors, Actuators & Fieldbus
1. Introduction
2. Motivations for the Fieldbus
3. Fieldbus Topology
4. The Physical Layer
5. The Data Link Layer
6. The Link Active Scheduler (LAS)
7. Acyclic/Unscheduled Communication
8. The Fieldbus Message Sublayer (FMS)
9. Realisation of Distributed Control Functions
Introduction to Robotics
1. Automation
2. Subsystems in Robot
3. The Robot Control
4. Manipulators
5. Main bodies type
6. The End Effectors
7. Transmission Types
8. Tasks Planning for robots
9. Part selection by camera
Robotics Mechanisms
1. Introduction
2. Forward or direct kinematics
3. Accuracy & repeatability of EE of manipulator
4. Mechanism analysis
5. Spatial Manipulators
6. Transmission Angle
7. Decoupling of motion
8. Grippers in manipulators
Actuators for Robots
1. Drives in Manipulators
2. DC servo motor selection for intermittent
3. AC Servomotors
Trajectory Planning
1. Introduction
2. Continuous trajectories
3. Cubic Fit for Two Given Positions
4. AC Servomotors
5. Condition
6. Use of Higher Degree Polynomials
Robot Manipulators Kinematics
1. Introduction
2. Specifying position & orientation of rigid bodies
3. Euler Angles
4. Fixed frame rotation
5. Homogenous Coordinates
Robot Dynamics & Control
1. Fundamentals of Dynamics
2. Dynamical Equation
3. Inertia
4. Coriolis component of acceleration
5. Why Coriolis component of acceleration Exist
6. Why to study Robot Dynamics & Control
7. Micro-sensors
8. Fabrication Sequence of Magnetic Microactuator
9. Lagrangian Formulation for 2-R Manipulator
10. Introduction to Control
Acturator Dynamics & PD, PID Control
1. Actuator dynamics
2. Types of Servo-Motors
3. Information about Control Strategies
4. Control Strategy for PD control
5. Equivalent Spring-Mass-Damper system
Linear Integrated Circuits (ET25) Audience: Students of Third Year Electronics Engineering
Objective: : At the end of the course the student will learn about operational amplifiers and their
applications, instrumentation amplifiers, analog to digital and digital to analog converters, signal
generators, phase locked loop, log and analog operational amplifiers, voltage regulators.
Contents
Operational Amplifiers
1. Introduction
2. Amplifier Fundamentals
3. Op-Amp Symbols and Terminals
4. Block Schematic of Op-Amp
5. Basics of Differential Amplifier
6. Transistorised Differential Amplifier
7. Common Mode Operation
8. Configurations of Differential Amplifier
9. Constant Current Bias
10. Improving Differential Voltage
11. Output Stage in Op-Amp
12. Open Loop Configuration of Op-Amp
13. Important Op-Amp Parameters
14. Bias Current and Offset Voltage Compensation
15. Frequency Response of an Op- Amp
16. Concept of Frequency Compensation
17. Internal Compensation Technique
Applications of OP-AMP
1. Introduction
2. Inverting Amplifier
3. Non-Inverting Amplifier
4. Voltage Follower
5. Summer or Adder Circuit
6. Non-inverting Summing Amplifier
7. Subtractor or Difference Amplifier
8. Op-Amp Integrator
9. Practical Integrator
10. Summing Integrator
11. Op-Amp Differentiator
12. Input and Output Waveforms
13. Practical Differentiator
14. Applications of Practical Differentiator
Instrumentation Amplifiers
1. Introduction
2. Requirements of a good Instrumentation Amplifier
3. Difference Amplifier Using Op-Amp
4. Modified Difference Amplifier
5. Instrumentation Amplifier with Two Op-Amps
6. Three Op-Amp Instrumentation Amplifier
7. Instrumentation Amplifier with Active Guard Drive
8. Digitally Programmable Instrumentation Amplifier
9. Current Output Instrumentation Amplifier
10. Instrumentation Amplifier Using Transducer Bridge
11. Applications of Instrumentation Amplifier
12. Temperature Indicator
A/D and D/A Converters
1. Introduction
2. Digital to Analog Converter
3. DAC Characteristics
4. Binary Weighted Resistor D/A Converter
5. Inverted R/2R Ladder D/A Converter
6. Quantization Error
7. Successive Approximation A/D Converter
8. Flash A/D Converters
9. Dual Slope A/D Converter
10. Sample and Hold Circuits
11. Performance Parameters of S/H Circuits
Signal Generators
1. Introduction
2. Multivibrators Using Timer IC 555
3. Applications of Monostable Multivibrator
4. Applications of A stable Multivibrator
5. Multivibrators Using Op-Amps
6. Sinusoidal Generators
7. Triangular Wave Generator
8. Sawtooth Wave Generator
9. Function Generator IC 8038
10. Typical Connection
Phase Locked Loop
1. Introduction
2. Basic Pll Operation
3. Important Definitions Related to PLL
4. Transfer Characteristics of PLL
5. Monolithic Phase-Locked Loops IC 565
6. 565 PLL Applications
7. Frequency Synthesizer
8. FM Detector
9. Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) Demodulator
10. AM Detection
11. Frequency Translation
Log and Antilog OP-AMP Amplifiers
1. Introduction
2. Fundamentals of Log Amplifiers
3. Basic Log Amplifier Using Diode
4. Basic Log Amplifier Using Transistor
5. Temperature Compensated log Amplifier
6. Stability Considerations
7. Antilog Amplifier
8. Basic Antilog Amplifier Using Diode
9. Basic Antilog Amplifier Using Transistor
10. Temperature compensation antilog amplifier
11. Log ratio Amplifier
12. Analog Voltage Multiplier Circuit
13. Analog Voltage Divider Circuit
14. Multiplier Integrated Circuit
15. Performance Parameters of Multiplier
16. Applications of Multiplier
17. Phase Angle Detection Using Multiplier
18. Multiplier Techniques
Voltage Regulators
1. Introduction
2. Factors Affecting the Load Voltage
3. Shunt Voltage Regulator
4. Transistor Shunt Regulator
5. Shunt Regulator Using Op-Amp
6. Emitter Follower Series Voltage Regulator
7. IC voltage regulators
8. Three Terminal Fixed Voltage Regulators
9. IC Series of Three Terminal Regulators
10. Limitations of Linear Voltage Regulators
11. Step Down Switching Regulator
Numerical Methods and Computational Techniques (EE05) Audience: Students of Second Year Electronics Engineering
Objective: At the end of the course the student will learn about various types of numerical methods
and computational techniques.
Contents
Linear Systems of Equations & Matrix Computations
1. Introduction
2. Direct Methods for Solving Linear Systems of EQUATIONS
Gauss Elimination Method with Partial Pivoting
1. Introduction
2. Gauss Elimination method
Determinant Evaluation
1. Introduction
2. Gauss Jordan Method
3. LU Decompositions
Doolittle’s LU Decomposition
1. Introduction
Doolittile's Method with Row Interchanges
1. Introduction
2. Stage 1: Rows of U
Iterative Methods for S. L. S. of Equations
1. Introduction
2. Jacobi Iteration
3. Introduction
4. Examples
Gauss - Seidel Method
1. Introduction
2. Examples
Successive Overrelaxation (SOR) Method
1. Introduction
2. SOR scheme
3. Examples
Review of Properties of Eigenvalues & Eigenvectors
1. Introduction
2. Eigen value
3. Properties
Similar Matrices
1. Introduction
2. Examples
Hermitian Matrices
1. Introduction
2. Examples
Gramm – Schmidt Orthonormalization
1. Introduction
2. Examples
3. Characteristic Polynomial
Vector and Matrix Norms
1. Introduction
2. Examples
3. Definition
4. Matrix norms
Eigen Value Computations
1. Introduction
2. Examples
3. Computation
Eigenvalues of a Real Symmetric Tridiagonal Matrix
1. Introduction
Tridiagonalization of a Real Symmetric Matrix
1. Introduction
2. Examples
Jacobi Iteration for Finding E. of a R. S. M.
1. Introduction
2. Examples
The Q R decomposition
1. Introduction
2. Examples