details of… endoparasites
DESCRIPTION
Details of… Endoparasites. Laboratory Procedures. Remember Endoparasites?. Major Classes of Endoparasites. Helminths Nematodes Tapeworms Flukes Arthropods Insects Arachnids Protozoa. Nematodes. In general are round in cross section, longer than they are wide and are unsegmented. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Details of…Endoparasites
Laboratory Procedures
Remember Endoparasites?
Major Classes of Endoparasites
Helminths Nematodes Tapeworms Flukes
Arthropods Insects Arachnids
Protozoa
Nematodes
In general are round in cross section, longer than they are wide and are unsegmented.
Can be in a variety of lengths. (Males smaller than Females)
Significant cause of disease in dogs and cats
Have varied life cycles
Roundworms
Medical Name: Toxocara canis, Toxocara cati, Toxascaris leonina
All three of these are common among dogs and cats.
Live in the small intestine Vary in length from 3 – 18 cm (average ~
7” in length)
Roundworms – cont’d
Methods of transmission:Direct (fecal/oral)TransplacentalTransmammaryPredation of foreign hosts
Roundworms – cont’d The eggs of T. canis can survive on the soil for
several years. (Fresh feces are NOT infective) Eggs are ingested and hatch in stomach,
penetrate bowel wall, enter portal bloodstream, wander through the liver and end up in the lungs.
They are coughed up and swallowed, molt in stomach and mature in small intestine.
Entire life cycle can take as little as 4-5 weeks.
Toxocara canis ova
Adult Roundworms
Toxocara sp. Clinical Signs
Heavy infections can produce abdominal cramps and distention, and obstruction of the intestinal tract.
Pulmonary edema, coughing, nasal discharge, and increased respiratory rates may also be seen.
Vomiting, diarrhea, emaciation, dull hair coat and restlessness are also often seen.
Toxocara Transmission to Humans
Toxocara larvae can cause:Visceral larval migransOcular larval migransNeural larval migrans
Hookworms
Medical name: Ancylostoma caninum, Ancylostoma tubaeforme, Ancylostoma braziliense, and Uncinaria stenocephalaOf these, the most commonly seen is
Ancylostoma caninum
A. caninum
Seen in over 20% of adult dogs Live in the small intestine Methods of transmission:
Skin penetrationDirect (Fecal/Oral)Transmammary/intrauterine
A. caninum
Growth and maturation process after ingestion is between 18-21 days.
Female can lay up to 30,000 eggs per day In environment, there are 3 stages: egg,
hatchling and larvae. (Takes 5 days) Larval stage is infective stage.
A. Caninum - Migration
Once in new host, some will burrow back into intestine to complete maturity
Others may burrow from intestines to lungs and mature there. Ascend up trachea, cause coughing and is
swallowed. Worm goes back to intestine to mature.
Ancylostoma ova
Adult Ancylostoma caninum
Ancylostoma Clinical Signs
Major CS are associated with blood loss and GI irritation.
Weakness, anemia, diarrhea, bloody or tarry stools, anorexia, depression, and death may also occur.
Larvae may wander into other organs causing secondary signs of hepatitis and pneumonia
Ancylostoma Transmission to Humans
Infective larvae can penetrate the skin causing cutaneous larval migrans
Whipworms
Medical name:Trichuris vulpisTrichuris serrataTrichuris campanula
Of these, most common is Trichuris vulpis
T. vulpis
Common in young and adult dogs (not often seen in very young b/c of prepatent period of 70-190 days)
Rare in cats Not often seen in very young animals Live in jejunum Method of transmission:
Primarily fecal/oral (direct)
T. vulpis
Eggs are passed in the stool Eggs are ingested by host and hatch in
small intestine. Larvae migrate caudally, where they
mature.
T. vulpis – Clinical Signs
Depend on the number of parasites present, but can include: Intermittent diarrhea, weight loss, emaciation,
anemia, abdominal pain, flatulence, and “flank suckling”.
Trichuris vulpis ova
Trichuris vulpis
Eggs are double operculated(Have 2 opercules, have an opercule on each end)Makes it easier for larva to hatch from egg
Eggs can live under proper conditions in the soil for up to five years.
Adult Whipworm
Heartworms
Medical name: Dirofilaria immitis Vector is mosquito Common in dogs, cats, ferrets and some
humans Pseudoheartworm exists that is not
pathogenic (Dipetalonema reconditum)
Microfilaria v- Dipetalonema
Remember that Microfilaria are one of the juvenile forms of Heartworm
Dipetalonema are usually non-pathogenic There are 3 main physical differences
between the two:HeadTail shapeType of movement
Microfilaria v- Dipetalonema
Microfilaria:Straight tailTapered headUndulating movement (no forward mvmt.)
Dipetalonema:Button-hooked tailBlunt headDefinite forward movement
Dirofilaria immitis Named “Heartworm” because it lodges in the
venous return of the heart; primarily the right atria, & right ventricle. Inhibits the flow of blood to and from the heart.
Vector is mosquito Prepatent period = 6 months Adults can live up to ~3-5 years Microfilaria can live up to 3 years
D. Immitis – Clinical Signs
Usually progressive as disease progresses.Gradual weight lossLoss of enduranceCoughingAccumulation of abdominal fluidLabored breathing Increased temperatureCyanotic MM
D. Immitis - Diagnosis
“SNAP” testDetects the hormone from the adult female
worm Blood smear
Looks for microfilaria in the blood Once diagnosed, disease state is
classified (graded) from 1-4
Classes of Heartworm Disease
Class 1 (Mild) Occasional cough, fatigue with exercise, or mild loss of
condition
Class 2 (Moderate) Occasional cough, fatigue with exercise, or mild to moderate
loss of condition
Class 3 (Severe) General loss of condition: fatigue with mild activity;
occasional or persistent cough
Class 4 (Very Severe) Caval Syndrome http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VOLzFsNOJ-
4&feature=player_embedded
“Reverse D” of Caval Syndrome
Cestodes
Dipylidium caninum (flea tapeworm) Taenia (tapeworm)
Dipylidium caninum (Flea tapeworm)
Most common tapeworm found in dogs and cats Animal becomes infected by ingesting the
intermediate host, the flea. Can infect humans Indicates presence of fleas May see on perianal area or can see egg baskets
on fecal flotation. The asexual process of forming segments is termed strobilation
Taenia (Tapeworm) Found as taenia pisiformis, taenia hydatigena, and
taenia ovis. Acquired by eating cysticerci (larval form) in rabbits.
(Predation of the host)
Trematodes (Flukes)
Platynosomum fastosum (lizard poisoning fluke of cats)
Nanopyetus salmincola (salmon poisoning fluke of dogs)
Alaria (intestinal flukes of dogs and cats) Fasciola Hepatica (common liver fluke)
Platynosomum fastosum (Lizard poisoning fluke of cats) Adult flukes of cats inhabit the liver, gall
bladder, bile ducts, and small intestine.
Nanophyetus salmincola (Salmon poisoning fluke) Vector for Neorickettsia hemintheca, Salmon
poisoning disease in dogs. Called “Elokomin fluke fever” Causes hemorrhagic enteritis with generalized
lymphadenopathy, vomiting, diarrhea, lethargy, inappetence, fever, and death.
Found in Pacific Northwest region of North America
Alaria (intestinal flukes)
Found throughout the northern half of North America
Mostly non-pathogenic. Lung migration may cause some damage Minor zoonotic potential from larval stages
from intermediate hosts.
Fasciola Hepatica (Liver Fluke) Requires an ________________ as an intermediate host. Has been identified World-wide and is responsible for substantial
losses of cattle and sheep. _____________ stage that migrates to the _________ after
ingestion is the infective stage. Feeds on liver tissue for _________ before migrating to the bile
duct where it begins to produce eggs. (Can reproduce ___________)
Mild infection = about ________ eggs produced per day per fluke with one animal depositing about ______________ eggs daily in a pasture.
Is capable of causing disease in humans who _______________________________ growing near snails habitat.
Clinical signs in animals include ________________, and __________________. (_____________is only occasionally seen)
Fasciola Hepatica Ova
Coccidians and Protozoans
Are single-celled organisims Are generally very host specific Primarily live in small intestine of dogs and
cats. Rarely a problem in the mature animal.
Coccidians (Are a type of protozoa)
Isospora spp. Toxoplasma gondii Cryptosporidium Sarcocystis
Coccidians – cont’d
Produce a condition called “coccidiosis” in the young animal.
Most common Clinical Sign is diarrhea which can lead to death, possibly due to dehydration and other loss of nourishment.
Diagnosed by seeing oocyst in fecal floatation of fresh feces.
Eimeria oocyst vs- Nematode ova
Toxoplasma
Is zoonotic Definitive host is any member of feline
family Can cause placental barrier in humans
and cause spontaneous abortion.
Sporozoites: “Super egg” that can remain dormant for a considerable amount of time in the environment until ingested by a host.
Tachyzoites: “fast dividers” Are the eggs that are rapidly dividing and causing infection in the host.
Bradyzoites: “slow dividers” Are the eggs that are semi-dormant in a host that is not the definitive host. Can begin life-cycle again if this host is consumed by definitive host. May also cause chronic infection.
Toxoplasma gondii (Toxo)
May cause transient diarrhea in cats
Highly pathogenic to humans, especially fetus in utero
Protozoans (Are not necessarily coccidians)
Anaplasma (and other blood parasites) Giardia
Are a flagellate protozoan NOT a coccidianCause diarrheaOccur as cysts or trophozoites in fecal
floatationTransmitted primarily by drinking stagnant
water
Giardia trophozoite