Detailed solution

Model Test 60 (GS paper I)

1. Plants do not move much and have many dead cells in their tissues. Therefore, they

do not need much energy. So, they have transport systems slower than those of animals.

In plants, the transport system consists of tube like passages made up of vascular tissue.

There are two types of vascular tissues in plants—xylem and phloem.

The vascular system extends from the roots through the stem and continues up to the

leaves. In the leaves it is clearly seen as a pattern of veins. Water and minerals are

transported from the roots upwards through the xylem tubes.

Phloem transports synthesized food from the leaves to the rest of the plant body. The

transport of water, nutrients and other substances from one part of a plant to another is

called translocation. The medium of transport in plants is water.

Transport of Water and Minerals:

The xylem tissue transports water and minerals. It consists of interconnected vessels

and tracheids organized into continuous conducting tubes stretching from the roots to

the leaves. These tubes carry water and minerals to all parts of the plant.

2.

3. The process by which pollen grains are transferred from anthers to stigma is referred as pollination. Pollination is of two types: viz. 1) Autogamy or self pollination and 2) Allogamy or cross pollination.

I. Autogamy

Transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma of same flower is known as autogamy or self pollination. Autogamy is the closest form of inbreeding. Autogamy leads to homozygosity. Such species develop homozygous balance and do not exhibit significant inbreeding depression.

4. 'Mallika' is the result of the hybridization of the Indian mango varieties 'Neelum' and

'Dasheri'. When grafted, the tree will remain a manageable size and is appropriate for

dooryard growing. Fruit is normally ready to harvest from June to July

5. For thousands of years, sesame seeds have been a source of food and oil. Sesame has

one of the highest oil content of any seed, some varietals exceeding 50 percent oil content

compared to soybean's 20 percent. Sesame oil is one of the most stable vegetable oils, with

long shelf life, because of the high level of natural antioxidants (sesamin, sesamolin,

and sesamol). Oil from the seed is used in cooking, as salad oils and margarine, and

contains about 47 percent oleic and 39 percent linoleic acid. Sesame seed oil, like

sunflower seed oil, is rich in Omega 6 fatty acids, but lacksOmega 3 fatty acids. Sesame

seed is also rich in protein, at 25 percent by weight.

6. Both the statement is correct.

i. HCI is secreted, providing an acid medium for pepsin action and kill most

bacteria and helps in digestion of food. When the food enters in duodenum (small

intestine), secretin is produced by intestine that stimulates pancreas for pancreatic

juice secretion.

ii. Enterogastrone is produced in small intestine.

7. Lachrymal is a tear produced gland which does not function due to deficiency of

vitamin -A. Deficiency of vitamin - B, causes loss of appetite, heart disorders,

muscular weakness etc.

Vitamin C cannot be made by the human body and so is an essential component of

the diet. It is needed for the health and repair of various tissues in the body,

including skin, bone, teeth and cartilage. Chronic (persistent) lack of vitamin C in the

diet can lead to a condition called scurvy. Symptoms of scurvy include easy bruising,

spontaneous bleeding and joint and muscle pains. Vitamin C deficiency can be

treated with supplements of vitamin C and a diet rich in vitamin C.

Vitamin D is essential to our bodies. We can't make it, so we have to get it in our diet, or get outside and have the sun make it for us (yep, sun light on our skin causes our skin to make Vitamin D).

Vitamin D does one thing in our bodies. Only one thing... it helps our intestine to absorb calcium from the foods we eat. Thus, Vitamin D increases the amount of calcium in our bodies. If our Vitamin D levels are low, then our intestines have a hard time absorbing calcium. This is why milk is fortified with Vitamin D. Did you ever notice that the milk you buy has "Vitamin D Fortified" written on it. We want our kids to drink milk so they get lots of calcium to build their bones strong... but without the Vitamin D, most of the calcium in the milk won't get absorbed. Our

intestines MUST have at least a little Vitamin D to absorb calcium. For you older people out there, did you notice that most of the calcium supplements (Citracal, Oscal, Caltrate, etc) will have Vitamin D added to the calcium pills? This is because our intestines need the Vitamin D molecule to absorb the calcium molecule through the intestinal wall and transport it into our blood. AGAIN.... Vitamin D does only one thing in the human... it helps our intestine to absorb calcium.

Thus, increasing a person's Vitamin D levels will increase the amount of calcium they absorb from their diet. If a person takes more Vitamin D, then the intestines will become more efficient at absorbing the calcium molecules in our diet, and these calcium molecules will be absorbed... your calcium will go UP.

8. Insulin is a peptide hormone composed of 51 amino acids. Insulin secrets from

pancreas (Islets of Langerhans).

9. Gibbon is the only ape found in rain forests of Assam in India, whereas

Pangolins are found in tropical Asia and Africa.

The Indian pangolin, thick-tailed pangolin, or scaly anteater (Manis crassicaudata) is

a pangolin found in the plains and hills of India, Sri Lanka, Nepal and Bhutan. It is not

common anywhere in its range. Like other pangolins, it has large, overlapping scales on its

body which act as armour. It can also curl itself into a ball as self-defence against predators

such as the tiger. The colour of its scales varies depending on the colour of the earth in its

surroundings. It is an insectivore that feeds on ants and termites, digging them out of

mounds and logs using its long claws, which are as long as its fore limbs. It is nocturnal and

rests in deep burrows during the day.

The Indian pangolin is endangered by hunting for its meat and for various body parts used

in traditional medicine.

10. Salient Features of Sahyadri 4 Hybrid Rice Variety for West Bengal

Hybrid: Sahyadri 4

Duration (Days): 115-120

Parentage : IR 58025A / KJTR 4

Yield (t ha-1) : 5.70

Salient features: Early; semi-tall (94-110 cm); non-lodging & non-shattering; long slender grains with intermediate

amylose (21%) & high ASV (7.0); high milling (71%) & HRR (58%)

11. INDIGENOUS PLOUGH

It is an animal drawn plough. It penetrates into the soil and breaks it open. It forms V shaped furrows with

15-20 cm top width and 12-15 cm depth. It can be used for ploughing in dry land, garden land and

wetlands. The size of the plough is represented by the width of the body and the field capacity is around

0.4 ha per day of 8 hours. The functional components include share, body, shoe, handle and beam.

Except share all other parts are made up of wood. In villages local artisans make the plough and supply

to the farmers. These ploughs are also called as country ploughs.

Wooden plough or Indigenous plough

Indigenous plough is an implement which is made of wood with an iron share point. It consists of body, shaft pole, share and handle. It is drawn with bullocks. It cuts a V shaped furrow and opens the soil but there is no inversion. Ploughing operation is also not perfect because some unploughed strip is always left between furrows. This is reduced by cross ploughing, but even then small squares remain unploughed.

12.

13. India became the first country in the world to formulate a National Family Planning

Programme in 1952, with the objective of "reducing birth rate to the extent necessary to stabilise

the population at a level consistent with requirement of national economy". Thus, the key

elements of health care to women and children and provision of contraceptive services have

been the focus of India’s health services right from the time of India’s independence.

Successive FiveYear Plans have been providing the policy framework and funding for planned

development of nationwide health care infrastructure and manpower. The Centrally Sponsored

and 100% centrally funded Family Welfare Programme provides additional infrastructure,

manpower and consumables needed for improving health status of women and children and to

meet all the felt needs for fertility regulation.

14. A Tale of Two Cities (1859) is a novel by Charles Dickens, set

in London and Paris before and during theFrench Revolution. The novel depicts the plight of

the French peasantry demoralised by the Frencharistocracy in the years leading up to the

revolution, the corresponding brutality demonstrated by the revolutionaries toward the

former aristocrats in the early years of the revolution, and many unflattering social parallels

with life in London during the same period. It follows the lives of several characters through

these events. A Tale of Two Cities was published in weekly installments from April 1859 to

November 1859 in Dickens's new literary periodical titled All the Year Round. All but three

of Dickens's previous novels had appeared only as monthly installments.

15. The economy of India had undergone significant policy shifts in the beginning of the

1990s. This new model of economic reforms is commonly known as the LPG or

Liberalisation, Privatisation and Globalisation model. The primary objective of this model

was to make the economy of India the fastest developing economy in the globe with

capabilities that help it match up with the biggest economies of the world.

The chain of reforms that took place with regards to business, manufacturing, and financial

services industries targeted at lifting the economy of the country to a more proficient level.

These economic reforms had influenced the overall economic growth of the country in a

significant manner.

Liberalisation

Liberalisation refers to the slackening of government regulations. The economic

liberalisation in India denotes the continuing financial reforms which began since July 24,

1991.

Privatisation and Globalisation

Privatisation refers to the participation of private entities in businesses and services and

transfer of ownership from the public sector (or government) to the private sector as well.

Globalisation stands for the consolidation of the various economies of the world.

Dr Manmohan Singh, the present Prime Minister of India, was then the Finance Minister of

the Government of India. He assisted. Narasimha Rao and played a key role in

implementing these reform policies.

Narasimha Rao Committee's Recommendations

The recommendations of the Narasimha Rao Committee were as follows:

Bringing in the Security Regulations (Modified) and the SEBI Act of 1992 which rendered

the legitimate power to the Securities Exchange Board of India to record and control all the

mediators in the capital market.

Doing away with the Controller of Capital matters in 1992 that determined the rates and

number of stocks that companies were supposed to issue in the market.

Launching of the National Stock Exchange in 1994 in the form of a computerised share

buying and selling system which acted as a tool to influence the restructuring of the other

stock exchanges in the country. By the year 1996, the National Stock Exchange surfaced as

the biggest stock exchange in India.

In 1992, the equity markets of the country were made available for investment through

overseas corporate investors. The companies were allowed to raise funds from overseas

markets through issuance of GDRs or Global Depository Receipts.

Promoting FDI (Foreign Direct Investment) by means of raising the highest cap on the

contribution of international capital in business ventures or partnerships to 51 per cent from

40 per cent. In high priority industries, 100 per cent international equity was allowed.

Cutting down duties from a mean level of 85 per cent to 25 per cent, and withdrawing

quantitative regulations. The rupee or the official Indian currency was turned into an

exchangeable currency on trading account.

Reorganisation of the methods for sanction of FDI in 35 sectors. The boundaries for

international investment and involvement were demarcated.

16. The Indian government plans to fast-track an ill-conceived and potentially disastrous

scheme to link 30 rivers across the country, including the Brahmaputra and the Ganga in

the Himalayas.

The project aims to balance uneven water flow in different river basins. However, it has

been attacked by environmentalists and water experts who fear that linking rivers would

lead to an irreversible ecological disaster. The Congress-led United Progressive Alliance

(UPA) government, which followed the Vajpayee rule, had suspended the proposal when it

came to power in 2004.

Now, with the BJP back in power, the project has got a new lease of life. Water Resources

Minister Uma Bharti has called for fast-tracking the project. “All 30 interlinking rivers projects

can be completed within seven to 10 years, provided states agree,” she was

recently quoted as saying.

17. Nathu La is a mountain pass in the Himalayas. It connects the Indian state of Sikkim

with China's Tibet Autonomous Region. The pass, at 4,310 m (14,140 ft) above mean sea

level,[1] forms a part of an offshoot of the ancient Silk Road. Nathu means "listening ears"

and La means "pass" in Tibetan. On the Indian side, the pass is 54 km (34 mi) east of

Gangtok, the capital of Indian state of Sikkim. Only citizens of India can visit the pass, and

then only after obtaining a permit in Gangtok.

Nathu La is one of the three open trading border posts between China and India; the other

two are Shipkila in Himachal Pradesh and Lipulekh (or Lipulech) in Uttarakhand. Sealed by

India after the 1962 Sino-Indian War, Nathu La was re-opened in 2006 following numerous

bilateral trade agreements. The opening of the pass was expected to bolster the economy

of the region and play a key role in the growing Sino-Indian trade, but that has not

happened. Currently, agreements between the two nations limit trade across the pass to 29

types of goods from India and 15 from the Chinese side. The opening, however, shortens

the travel distance to important Hindu and Buddhist pilgrimage sites in the region.

18. The process of land revenue collection has two stages:

(a) Assessment (tashkhis/jama)

(b) Actual collection (hasil).

Assessment was made to fix the state demand. On the basis of this demand, actual

collection was done separately for kharif and rabi crops.

19. ight Absorption for Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis depends upon the absorption of light

by pigments in the leaves of plants. The most important

of these is chlorophyll-a, but there are several accessory

pigments that also contribute.

The measured rate of photosynthesis as a function of

absorbed wavelength correlates well with the

absorption frequencies of chlorophyll a, but makes it

evident that there are some other contributors to the

absorption.

The plot of the absorption spectra of the chlorophylls plus beta carotenecorrelates well

with the observed photosynthetic output. The measure of photochemical efficiency is

made by meauring the amount of oxygen produced by leaves following exposure to

various wavelengths.

It is evident from these absorption and output plots that only the red and blue ends of

the visible part of the electromagnetic spectrum are used by plants in photosynthesis.

The reflection and transmission of the middle of the spectrum gives the leaves their

green visual color.

20.

21. 2014 Theme: Ozone Layer Protection: The Mission Goes

On

In 1994, the UN General Assembly proclaimed 16 September the International Day for the Preservation of the Ozone Layer, commemorating the date of the signing, in 1987, of the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer (resolution 49/114).

States were invited to devote the Day to promote activities in accordance with the objectives of the Protocol and its amendments. The ozone layer, a fragile shield of gas, protects the Earth from the harmful portion of the rays of the sun, thus helping preserve life on the planet.

The phaseout of controlled uses of ozone depleting substances and the related reductions have not only helped protect the ozone layer for this and future generations, but have also contributed significantly to global efforts to address climate change; furthermore, it has protected human health and ecosystems by limiting the harmful ultraviolet radiation from reaching the earth.

The theme for this year’s celebration is “Ozone Layer Protection: The Mission Goes On”. The Montreal Protocol has so far been successful in meeting some of its targets on phasing out ozone-depleting substances. As a result, the abundance of ozone-depleting substances in the atmosphere is declining and the ozone layer is expected to recover around the middle of this century. There are, however, some remaining challenges to the phase-out of ozone-depleting substances

22. Corn Growth Stages

Growth stages are bundled in two categories: Vegetative growth stages and

Reproductive stages.

Reproductive Growth Stages

There are six stages to the Reproductive Growth Stages:

• Silking

• Blister

• Milk

• Dough

• Dent

• Maturity

23. Indian law specifically defines 64 industries as hazardous and it is a criminal offence to

employ children in such hazardous industries. In 2001, an estimated 1% of all child workers,

or about 120,000 children in India were in a hazardous job.

24. V. P. Menon, the Secretary of the States department of the Government of India,

travelled to Junagadh on 17 September 1947 and met Sir Shah Nawaz Bhutto,

the dewan (or Chief Minister) of Junagadh. Menon said he had brought a message from the

Indian Government and wished to deliver it to the Nawab in person. Bhutto said he could

not arrange a meeting with the Nawab as he was not feeling well. Menon expressed

displeasure, but conveyed the message of the Indian Government to Bhutto, insisting that

Junagadh should withdraw its accession to Pakistan. Bhutto told Menon that the accession

was now complete and that according to international law only the Government of Pakistan

was responsible.

Menon went to Bombay and met Samaldas Gandhi, a journalist of Rajkot who was related

to Mahatma Gandhi, and others, and unfolded the scheme of "Arziee Hukumat" (Provisional

Government)

25. India Organic is a certification mark for organically farmed food products manufactured

in India.[1] Thecertification mark certifies that an organic food product conforms to the

National Standards for Organic Products established in 2000.

Those standards ensures that the product or the raw materials used in the product were

grown throughorganic farming, without the use of chemical fertilizers, pesticides, or induced

hormones. The certification is issued by testing centres accredited by the Agricultural and

Processed Food Products Export Development Authority (APEDA). under the National

Program for Organic Production of the Government of India.

Even though the standards are in effect since 2000, the certification scheme and hence the

certification mark came into existence in 2002.

26. PRODUCTION

India produced around 1.24 million MT of certified organic products which includes all varieties of food products namely Sugarcane, Cotton, Oil Seeds, Basmati rice, Pulses, Spices, Tea, Fruits, Dry fruits, Vegetables, Coffee and their value added products. The production is not limited to the edible sector but also produces organic cotton fiber, functional food products etc. Among all the states, Madhya Pradesh has covered largest area under organic certification followed by Himachal Pradesh and Rajasthan.

27. EXPORTS

India exported 135 products last year (2013-14) with the total volume of 194088 MT including 16322 MT organic textiles. The organic agri export realization was around 403 million US $ including 183 US $ organic textiles registering a 7.73%growth over the previous year. Organic products are exported to US, European Union, Canada, Switzerland, Australia, New Zealand, South East Asian countries, Middle East, South Africa etc.. Oil seeds - Soybean (70%) lead among the products exported followed by Cereals & Millets other than Basmati (6%), Processed food products (5%), Basmati Rice (4%), Sugar (3%), Tea (2%), Pulses and Lentils (1%), Dry fruits (1%), Spices (1%) and others. 28. Types of Money Market instruments in India - Money market instruments take care of the borrowers' short-term needs and render the required liquidity to the lenders. The varied types of India money market instruments are treasury bills, repurchase agreements, commercial papers, certificate of deposit, and banker's acceptance. 29. Regional Rural Banks were established under the provisions of an Ordinance passed on 26 September 1975 and the RRB Act. 1976 to provide sufficient banking and credit facility for agriculture and other rural sectors. These were set up on the recommendations of The Narasimham Working Group[1] during the tenure of Indira Gandhi's government with a view to include rural areas into economic mainstream since that time about 70% of the Indian Population was of Rural Orientation. The development process of RRBs started on 2 October 1975 with the forming of the first RRB, the Prathama Bank.

30. Pulmonary Arteries

Carbon dioxide is removed and oxygen is retrieved in the

capillary beds

When this right ventricle contracts, it forces the pulmonary semilunar valve to open, allowing a rush of blood into the pulmonary trunk, which is the large artery that leaves the right ventricle. This trunk is very short, and it only spans about two inches (or about five centimeters) before it branches off into the right and left pulmonary arteries, which are the arteries that carry deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs. If you can imagine, it's not a long trip to the lungs from the heart. So even though these arteries are leaving the heart (which is a strong pump), they are pumped under relatively low pressure. Otherwise, blood would be pumped too forcefully into your lungs and it would overload your system. Because there is not as much force needed to travel that short distance to the lungs and because blood going to the lungs comes from the right ventricle, we see that the wall of the right ventricle is not as muscular as that of the left ventricle, which has a much bigger job, because its job is to pump blood throughout your entire body.

31. An optical fiber (or optical fibre) is a flexible, transparent fiber made by drawing glass (silica) or plastic to a diameter slightly thicker than that of a human hair. Optical fibers are used most often as a means to transmit light between the two ends of the fiber and find wide usage in fiber-optic communications, where they permit transmission over longer distances and at higher bandwidths (data rates) than wire cables.

Optical fibers typically include a transparent core surrounded by a transparent cladding material with a lower index of refraction. Light is kept in the core by the phenomenon of total internal reflection which causes the fiber to act as a waveguide. Fibers that support many propagation paths or transverse modes are called multi-mode fibers(MMF), while those that support a single mode are called single-mode fibers (SMF). Multi-mode fibers generally have a wider core diameter and are used for short-distance communication links and for applications where high power must be transmitted. Single-mode fibers are used for most communication links longer than 1,000 meters (3,300 ft).

32.

33. M3: M1+ Time deposits with the banking system = Net bank credit to the

Government + Bank credit to the commercial sector + Net foreign exchange assets of

the banking sector + Government’s currency liabilities to the public – Net non-monetary

liabilities of the banking sector (Other than Time Deposits).

34. Shakti Sthal:

Located on the banks of Yamuna River, Shakti Sthal is the memorial of Indira Gandhi,

the first and only woman Prime Minster of India.

35.

36. Yuan Longping born September 7, 1930 is a Chinese agricultural scientist and

educator, known for developing the first hybrid rice varieties in the 1970s.

Hybrid rice has since been grown in dozens of countries in Africa, America, and Asia—

providing a robust food source in high famine risk areas. For his contributions, Yuan is

sometimes called "The Father of Hybrid Rice" by the Chinese media.

37. India and Australia are believed to possess about 300,000 tonnes each; i.e. each has

25% of the world's thorium reserves

38. We always hear about how plants use carbon dioxide and give off oxygen as

waste, and how animals (like us) use oxygen and give off carbon dioxide as waste,

and how this is a very important cycle in nature. This is all true,but we don't hear

about as often is that plants need oxygen to survive, too.

Plant cells perform cellular respiration just like animal cells do, and this process

requires oxygen. Plants like rice can grow in wetlands because they have air

spaces between their cells, and they can move oxygen-rich air into those air

spaces. The reason why farmers grow rice in flooded fields is because the rice will

survive there, but many weeds will die from lack of oxygen because they don't have

air spaces between their cells. If you seal a plant in an airtight terrarium, it will still

grow because it can recycle both the oxygen and the carbon dioxide that it uses. If

you could magically remove all oxygen from the terrarium, though, the plant would

die.

39. Bio-fertilizers provide eco-friendly organic agro-input and are more cost-effective

than chemical fertilizers. Bio-fertilizers such

as Rhizobium, Azotobacter, Azospirilium and blue green algae (BGA) have been in use a

long time.Rhizobiuminoculant is used for leguminous crops. Azotobacter can be used with

crops like wheat, maize,mustard, cotton, potato and other vegetable

crops. Azospirillum inoculations are recommended mainly

forsorghum, millets, maize, sugarcane and wheat. Blue green algae belonging to a

general cyanobacteria genus,Nostoc or Anabaena or Tolypothrix or Aulosira, fix

atmospheric nitrogen and are used as inoculations for paddy crop grown both under

upland and low-land conditions. Anabaena in association with water fern Azolla contributes

nitrogen up to 60 kg/ha/season and also enriches soils with organic matter.

40. Concave mirrors are used by dentists because at a short range (object distances less

than the focal length) they produce magnified, upright images. It is useful to have a

magnified image of a tooth when you're looking for or repairing cavities, cracks, or other

abnormalities.

41. The nine judges' Bench presided by Mr. Justice Y.K. Sabharwal, the then C.J.I.

delivered a unanimous verdict on 11.1.2007 in I.R. Coelho (dead) by L.Rs. v. State of

Tamil Nadu and others, upholding the 'Basic Structure Doctrine', and the authority of the

judiciary to review any such laws , which destroy or damage the basic structure as

indicated in Art.21 read with Art.14, Art.19 and the principles underlying there under, even

if they have been put in 9th Schedule after 14th April, 1973. This case is popularly known

as The Ninth Schedule Case

This case is famously known as the Ninth Schedule case due of the politics involved and

the exhaustive discussions on the validity of the Article 31 (b) of our Indian Constitution.

42. The first organisation in the Madras Presidency to agitate for the rights of Indians was

the Madras Native Association which was established by publicistGazulu Lakshminarasu

Chetty in 1849. This organisation did not survive for long and was eventually disbanded.

In May 1884, S. Ramaswami Mudaliar and P. Anandacharlu established the Madras

Mahajana Sabha.[1] The office of the Sabha functioned in the beginning at the office of The

Hindu, Ellis Road Junction, Mount Road. P. Rangaiah Naidu was elected President of the

Sabha with R. Balaji Rao as its Secretary. In September 1885, the Sabha in collaboration

with the Bombay Presidency Association and the Indian Association, sent a delegation to

England.

The Mahajana Sabha held its first conference between December 29, 1884 and January 2,

1885. The Sabha adopted a moderate policy in its early days. However, still, its aims and

objectives were considered seditious. In December 1895, on his visit to Madras,

the Viceroy of India, Lord Elgin refused to receive the welcome address from the Madras

Mahajana Sabha.

43. By far, the most common type of kidney stones worldwide contains calcium. For

example, calcium-containing stones represent about 80% of all cases in the United States;

these typically contain calcium oxalate either alone or in combination with calcium

phosphate in the form of apatite or brushite. Factors that promote theprecipitation of

oxalate crystals in the urine, such as primary hyperoxaluria, are associated with the

development of calcium oxalate stones.[12] The formation of calcium phosphate stones is

associated with conditions such ashyperparathyroidism[11] and renal tubular acidosis.

44. September 8 was proclaimed International Literacy Day by UNESCO on November

17, 1965. It was first celebrated in 1966. Its aim is to highlight the importance of literacy to

individuals, communities and societies. On International Literacy Day each year, UNESCO

reminds the international community of the status of literacy and adult learning globally.

Celebrations take place around the world

The theme of International Literacy Day 2014 is “Literacy and Sustainable Development”.

45. The Islington Commission was the public name of a 1912 Royal Commission on Public

Servcies in India under the Chairmanship of Lord Islington.

It made the following recommendations in its report submitted in 1915:

1. Recruitment to the superior posts should be made partly in England and partly in India.

However, it did not favour holding competitive exams simultaneously in England and India,

which was the prime demand of the Indian Nationalists.

2. 25% of the superior posts should be filled by Indians partly by direct recruitment and

partly by promotion.

3. The services under the Government of India should be categorised into Class I and

Class II.

4. The principle of maintenance of efficiency should be adopted while fixing the salaries of

civil servants.

5. There should be a probationary period of 2 years for direct recruits. For the ICS, it

should be 3 years.

46. The difference between a nation’s savings and its investment. The current

account is an important indicator about an economy's health. It is defined as the

sum of the balance of trade (goods and services exports less imports), net income

from abroad and net current transfers. A positive current account balance indicates

that the nation is a net lender to the rest of the world, while a negative current

account balance indicates that it is a net borrower from the rest of the world. A

current account surplus increases a nation’s net foreign assets by the amount of

the surplus, and a current account deficit decreases it by that amount. The current

account and the capital account are the two main components of a nation’s balance

of payments.

47. Auditing in the public Sector is an independent examination of ,and an

expression of an opinion on the financial statements of governments by a duly

appointed person(s) in accordance withall relevant statutory obligation.In other

words, auditing does not concentrate on fraud detectionalone, but rather, to look at

the financial and non-financialactivities of an organization in terms of management,

procedure,systems and statutory requirements to test the compliance levelin term

of operation with the overall aim of preventing fraudulentactivities of public officers.

48. Art. 51A, Part IVA of the Indian Constitution, specifies the list of fundamental

duties of the citizens. It says “it shall be the duty of every citizen of India:

1. to abide by the constitution and respect its ideal and institutions;

2. to cherish and follow the noble ideals which inspired our national struggle for

freedom;

3. to uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity and integrity of India;

4. to defend the country and render national service when called upon to do so;

5. to promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood amongst all the

people of India transcending religious, linguistic and regional diversities, to

renounce practices derogatory to the dignity of women;

6. to value and preserve the rich heritage of our composite culture;

7. to protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes,

rivers, and wild-life and to have compassion for living creatures;

8. to develop the scientific temper, humanism and the spirit of inquiry and

reform;

9. to safeguard public property and to abjure violence;

10. to strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual and collective activity,

so that the nation constantly rises to higher levels of endeavor and

achievement.

Further, one more Fundamental duty has been added to the Indian

Constitution by 86th Amendment of the constitution in 2002.

who is a parent or guardian , to provide opportunities for education to his child, or

as the case may be, ward between the age of six and fourteen years.

The fundamental duties however are non-justiciable in character. This means that

no citizen can be punished by a court for violation of a fundamental duty. In this

respect the fundamental duties are like the directive principles of the constitution in

part IV. The directive principles lay down some high ideals to be followed by the

state. Similarly, the fundamental duties in Art 51A, lay down some high ideals to be

followed by the citizens. In both cases, violation does not invite any punishment. It

is significant that the fundamental duties are placed at the end of part IV rather than

at the end of part III of the constitution. While part III containing fundamental rights

is justiciable, part IV containing the directive principles is not.

However, these fundamental duties are not mere expressions of pious platitudes.

Courts will certainly take cognizance of laws seeking to give effect to fundamental

duties.

Further, the fundamental duties enumerated in Art. 51A constitute a constant

reminder to the citizens that they have duties in building up a free, egalitarian and

healthy society. These are expected to act as damper to reckless and anti-social

activities on the part of some individuals.

Finally, the very fact that these duties figure in the constitution, keeps the door open

for the duties to be given higher constitutional at status in future through

constitutional amendments.

49. September 2 has been designated Coconut Day by the Asian and Pacific Coconut

Community (APCC) headquartered at Jakarta, Indonesia. The APCC's foundation

day also falls on September 2.

All major coconut-growing countries including India are members of the APCC. The

celebration is aimed at creating an awareness about the importance of the coconut

and its potential in alleviating poverty, encouraging investments and promoting the

development of the coconut industry in the member countries.

50. Irrigation for Wheat Cultivation

1. Rainfed wheat crop is grown on residual moisture in soil and dew formed during

winter.

2. In this case according to availability of water on to two irrigation at crown root

initiation and flowering stage may be given to obtain good yield.

3. For irrigated wheat crop five to six irrigations are given at 20-21 days interval.

4. First presoaking irrigation is given before preparing the final seedbed get better

crop stand.

5. Other irrigations are given at critical stages of growth. These stages are-

i) C.R.I. stage (Crown root initiation) after 20 to 25 days of sowing to promote

tillering.

ii) Late tillering stage.

iii) Earring or heading stage.

iv) Flowering stage.

v) Milk or Dough or grain formation stage.

6. Out of these CRI stage is the most critical stage for irrigation in wheat, because

any shortage of moisture at this stage results in less tillering, formation of small

eartheads and great reduction in yield.

7. Last irrigation is help full only for dwarf wheat but for tall growing wheat it may

result in lodging of the crop.

51. Linoleic acid (LA) is a polyunsaturated omega-6 fatty acid. It is a colorless liquid at

room temperature. In physiological literature, it has a lipid number of 18:2 cis,cis-9,12.

From the chemistry perspective, linoleic acid is a carboxylic acid with an 18-carbon chain

and two cis double bonds; with the first double bond located at the sixth carbon from

the methyl end.[3]

Linoleic acid belongs to one of the two families of essential fatty acids, which means that

the human body cannot synthesize it from other food components.

52. Christiaan Neethling Barnard (8 November 1922 – 2 September 2001) was a South

African cardiac surgeon who performed the world's first successful human-to-human heart

transplant.

Norman Shumway is widely regarded as the father of heart transplantation although the

world's first adult human heart transplant was performed by a South African cardiac

surgeon, Christiaan Barnard, utilizing the techniques developed and perfected by

Shumway and Richard Lower.[3] Barnard performed the first transplant on Louis

Washkansky on December 3, 1967 at the Groote Schuur Hospital in Cape Town, South

Africa.

53. Diabetes is a complex group of diseases with a variety of causes. People with

diabetes have high blood glucose, also called high blood sugar or hyperglycemia.

Diabetes is a disorder of metabolism—the way the body uses digested food for energy.

The digestive tract breaks down carbohydrates—sugars and starches found in many

foods—into glucose, a form of sugar that enters the bloodstream. With the help of the

hormone insulin, cells throughout the body absorb glucose and use it for energy.

Diabetes develops when the body doesn’t make enough insulin or is not able to use

insulin effectively, or both.

Insulin is made in the pancreas, an organ located behind the stomach. The pancreas

contains clusters of cells called islets. Beta cells within the islets make insulin and

release it into the blood.

54. IGCAR was established in the year 1971, under the Department of Atomic Energy,

Government of India.

The centre is engaged in broad based multidisciplinary programme of scientific research

and advanced engineering directed towards the development of Fast Breeder Reactor

technology.

Fast Breeder Test Reactor based on unique mixed Plutonium Uranium Carbide fuel, First

of its kind in the world and KAMINI Reactor, the only operating Reactor in the World using

U233 fuel are successfully operated.

The design of 500 MWe Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor is completed and the construction

is in progress.

55. Graphology is the analysis of the physical characteristics and patterns

of handwriting purporting to be able to identify the writer, indicating psychological state at

the time of writing, or evaluating personality characteristics.[1] It is generally considered

a pseudoscience.[2][3][4] The term is sometimes incorrectly used to refer to forensic document

examination.

Graphology has been controversial for more than a century. Although supporters point to

the anecdotal evidence of positive testimonials as a reason to use it for personality

evaluation, most empirical studies fail to show the validity claimed by its supporters.

56. The Regional Rural Banks (Amendment) Bill, 2013

Shareholding pattern: The Act specifies that of the capital issued by an RRB, 50 percent

shall be subscribed to by the central government, 15 percent by the concerned state

government and 35 percent by the Sponsor Bank.

57. The first known mutual aid society in India was probably the "Anyonya Sahakari

Mandali" organised in the erstwhile princely State of Baroda in 1889 under the guidance of

Vithal Laxman also known as Bhausaheb Kavthekar. Urban co-operative credit societies,

in their formative phase came to be organised on a community basis to meet the

consumption oriented credit needs of their members. Salary earners" societies inculcating

habits of thrift and self help played a significant role in popularising the movement,

especially amongst the middle class as well as organized labour. From its origins then to

today, the thrust of UCBs, historically, has been to mobilise savings from the middle and

low income urban groups and purvey credit to their members - many of which belonged to

weaker sections.

The enactment of Cooperative Credit Societies Act, 1904, however, gave the real impetus

to the movement. The first urban cooperative credit society was registered in Canjeevaram

(Kanjivaram) in the erstwhile Madras province in October, 1904. Amongst the prominent

credit societies were the Pioneer Urban in Bombay (November 11, 1905), the No.1 Military

Accounts Mutual Help Co-operative Credit Society in Poona (January 9, 1906). Cosmos in

Poona (January 18, 1906), Gokak Urban (February 15, 1906) and Belgaum Pioneer

(February 23, 1906) in the Belgaum district, the Kanakavli-Math Co-operative Credit

Society and the Varavade Weavers" Urban Credit Society (March 13, 1906) in the South

Ratnagiri (now Sindhudurg) district. The most prominent amongst the early credit societies

was the Bombay Urban Co-operative Credit Society, sponsored by Vithaldas Thackersey

and Lallubhai Samaldas established on January 23, 1906.

58. In physics, power is the rate of doing work. It is equivalent to an amount

of energy consumed per unit time. In the SI system, the unit of power is the

joule per second (J/s), known as the watt in honour of James Watt, the

eighteenth-century developer of the steam engine.

59. Crop Loans

Crop Loans are also called short term loans for “Seasonal Agricultural

Operations.” The Seasonal Agricultural Operations connote such activities as

are undertaken in the process of raising various crops and are seasonally

recurring in nature. The activities include, among others, ploughing and

preparing land for sowing, weeding, transplantation where necessary,

acquiring and applying inputs such as seeds, fertilizers, insecticides etc. and

labour for all operations in the field for raising & harvesting the crops. Thus,

the credit required to meet the current expenditure for raising the crops on

land till the crops are harvested is construed as production or short term

credit for seasonal agricultural operations.Kisan Credit Card SchemeCrop

loans are generally disbursed by the banks through the mode of Kisan Credit

Card (KCC). The Kisan Credit Card Scheme is in operation throughout the

country and is implemented by Commercial Banks, Cooperative Banks and

RRBs. All farmers including small farmers, marginal farmers, share croppers,

oral lessees and tenant farmers are eligible for issuance of KCC. KCC

holders are also covered under Personal Accident Insurance Scheme (PAIS)

against accidental death/permanent disability.

60. Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier (also Antoine Lavoisier after the French

Revolution; 26 August 1743 – 8 May 1794;]) was a French nobleman and

chemist central to the 18th-century chemical revolution and a large influence

on both the history of chemistry and the history of biology. He is widely

considered in popular literature as the "father of modern chemistry". This

label, however, is more a product of Lavoisier's eminent skill as a self-

promoter and underplays his dependence on the instruments, experiments,

and ideas of other chemists.

61. Cynodon dactylon, also known as dūrvā grass, Dhoob, Bermuda

grass, dubo, dog's tooth grass, Bahama grass, devil's grass, couch

grass, Indian doab, arugampul, grama, and scutch grass, is a grass that originated in

the Middle East. Although it is not native to Bermuda, it is an abundant invasive

species there. It is presumed to have arrived in North America from Bermuda, resulting in

its common name.

It is fast-growing and tough, making it popular and useful for sports fields, as when

damaged it will recover quickly. It is a highly desirable turf grass in warm temperate

climates, particularly for those regions where its heat and drought tolerance enable it to

survive where few other grasses do. This combination makes it a frequent choice for golf

courses in the southern and southeastern U.S. It has a relatively coarse-bladed form with

numerous cultivars selected for different turf requirements. It is also highly aggressive,

crowding out most other grasses and invading other habitats, and has become a hard-to-

eradicateweed in some areas (it can be controlled somewhat

with Triclopyr, Mesotrione, Fluazifop-p-butyl, and Glyphosate). This weedy nature leads

some gardeners to give it the name of "devil grass".

62.

The methods of isotope separation possess certain features that determine the areas of their m

ostefficientapplication. In the separation of light elements with mass numbers of about 40, distill

ation, isotope exchange, and electrolysisare the most economical and effective. Diffusion, centr

ifugation, and the electromagnetic method are used in the separation ofthe isotopes of heavy el

ements. Gaseous diffusion and centrifugation can, however, be used, if gaseouscompounds of

theseelements are available. Since such compounds are scarce, the real potential of these met

hods is limitedThermal diffusionpermits the separation of isotopes in both the gas and liquid sta

tes, but a is small for the separation ofisotopes in the liquidphase. The electromagnetic method

is characterized by high a, but it has low productivity and is used mainly in the productionof iso

topes on a moderate scale.

63. He became associated with Lokmanya Tilak while studying in college. By then,

they were both fired with the idea of serving their motherland. Vishnushastri

Chiplunkar established the New English School on 1st January 1880. Agarkar

joined Chiplunkar in 1881 after securing his Masters degree in Arts. In the same

year, Agarkar and Tilak together started the English newspaper Maratha and the

Marathi newspaper Kesari, with Agarkar as the editor of Kesari.

Later they also formed the Deccan Education Society and under its auspices

started the Fergusson College in 1885. Agarkar started teaching in this college and

later became the Principal of the College, holding the office until his death. He

believed that social revolution should occur first, that all undesirable social

practices like child marriages and untouchability should first be expelled before

attaining political freedom. This led to differences between him

and Lokmanya Tilak, who gave supreme priority to attaining freedom. Unable to

work together anymore under these differences, Agarkar resigned from the

editorship of Kesari in October 1887 and started his own

newspaper Sudharak (reformer) in 1888. He propagated individual freedom,

rationalism and social justice through the medium of Sudharak. He also strongly

voiced his opposition to unfair social practices like the Caste System (unequal

treatment to people of lower castes), child marriage, making widows bald

and Grantha-Dharma-Pramanya(blind following of religious scriptures and

practices without present day context). Sudharakwas published both in English as

well as Marathi languages. Namdar Gopal Gokhale shouldered the responsibility of

the English version of Sudharak for a brief period of time.

64. Dangis have taken their name from the tract of the country in Bombay State known as

Dangs. It is a hilly tract with heavy rainfall and very poor agricultural economy. The breed

has become well-known on account of its hardy nature and its ability to work hard under

heavy rainfall conditions. The Dangi breed, which is similar to Deoni, appears to fit into the

group of cattle represented by the Gir, Red Sindhi and Sahiwal.

Characteristics

The Dangis are of broken red and white or black and white color. The animals are medium

in size, with deep bodies and generally of ponderous build. The height behind the hump

ranges from about 45 to 50 inches while the heart girth measures from about 58 to 60

inches, on the average.

The head is usually small with a slightly protruding forehead. The muzzle is large. The

horns, though of variable size, are generally short and thick. The ears are small.

The animals have powerful hind and forequarters with a short back well-coupled, and the

legs are short and stout. The hooves are exceptionally hardy, being black and flint-like.

The dewlap is slightly pendulous. The sheath, though loose, is not excessively pendulous.

The hump is medium-sized and firm. The skin is of medium thickness and the coat is

shiny. It is observed to exude an oily secretion which protects it from heavy rain.

The Dangis are primarily medium-slow draft animals. They are well-known for their

excellent working qualities in heavy rain and in rice fields and also on the hilly tracks. They

are hardy animals and subsist mostly on grazing alone. As draft animals they carry heavy

timber at the rate of 2 to 3 miles per hour depending upon the type of terrain and can cover

a distance of 20 to 24 miles per day.

Cows are poor milkers but attempts have been made to improve their milking qualities.

65. Fermentation is a metabolic process that converts sugar to acids, gases or alcohol. It

occurs in yeast and bacteria, but also in oxygen-starved muscle cells, as in the case

of lactic acid fermentation. Fermentation is also used more broadly to refer to the bulk

growth of microorganisms on a growth medium, often with the goal of producing a specific

chemical product. French microbiologist Louis Pasteur is often remembered for his insights

into fermentation and its microbial causes. The science of fermentation is known

as zymology.

66. The Union Budget of India, also referred to as the Annual financial statement in the

Article 112 of the Constitution of India,[1] is the annual budget of theRepublic of India. It is

presented each year on the last working day of February by the Finance Minister of

India in Parliament. The budget, which is presented by means of the Financial bill and the

Appropriation bill has to be passed by the Houses before it can come into effect on April 1,

the start of India's financial year.

67. Fog is a complex atmospheric phenomenon. It is a visible mass consisting of

cloud water droplets or ice crystals suspended in the air at or near the Earth's surface. Fog

can be considered a type of low-lying cloud, and is heavily influenced by nearby bodies of

water, topography, wind conditions, and even human activities. In turn, fog has affected

many human activities, such as shipping and transport, warfare, and culture.

68. Shaikh Abu al-Faiz ibn Mubarak, popularly known by his pen-name, Faizi (24

September 1547 – 5 October 1595) was a poet and scholar of latemedieval India. In 1588,

he became the Malik-ush-Shu'ara (poet laureate) of Akbar's Court. He was the elder

brother of Akbar's historian Abul Fazl. Akbar highly recognised the genius in him and

appointed him tutor for his sons and gave place to him among his decorative 'Navaratnas'.

69. Many famous emperors in India had courtiers labeled in similar ways. For example, the

valuable members of the court of Krishna Deva Raya were termed Astadiggajas, the eight

giants.

70. Lakshman Sen the ruler of the Sena Empire had Pancharatnas (meaning 5 gems) in

his court; one of whom is believed to be Jayadeva, the famousSanskrit poet and author

of Gita Govinda.

71. The Ashta Pradhan (Marathi: अ�ूधान) (also termed Asta Pradhad or the Council of

8) was a council of eight ministers that administered the Maratha empire. The council was

formed in 1674 by founding Emperor Chhatrapati Shivaji.

The term Ashta Pradhan literally translates to "the Prime Eight", from

the Sanskrit ashta ("eight") and pradhan ("prime"). The body discharged the functions of a

modern council of ministers; this is regarded as one of the first successful instances of

ministerial delegation in India. The council is credited with having implemented good

governance practices in the Maratha heartland, as well as for the success of the military

campaigns against the Mughal Empire.

The coronation of Shivaji was held in 1674, at the fort of Raigad in present-day Indian state

of Maharashtra. On that occasion, Shivaji formalized the institution of a council of eight

ministers to guide the administration of his nascent state. This council came to be known

as the Ashta Pradhan. Each of the ministers was placed in charge of an administrative

department; thus, the council heralded the birth of a bureaucracy.

72. Chittaranjan Das (C. R. Das) (popularly called Deshbandhu "Friend of the country")

(5 November 1870 – 16 June 1925) was an Indian politician and Founder-leader of

the Swaraj (Independence) Party in Bengal under British rule.

Educated in England, where he became a Barrister, his public career began in 1909 when

he successfully defended Aurobindo Ghosh on charges of involvement in the previous

year's Alipore bomb case. In his Uttarpara speech, Aurobindo gratefully acknowledged that

Chittaranjan Das broke his health to save him.

He was a leading figure in Bengal during the Non-Cooperation Movement of 1919-1922,

and initiated the ban on British clothes, setting an example by burning his own European

clothes and wearing Khadi clothes. At one time, his clothes were tailored and washed in

Paris and he maintained a permanent laundry in Paris to ship his clothes to Calcutta. He

sacrificed all this luxury when he became attached to the Freedom Movement.

He brought out a newspaper called Forward and later changed its name to Liberty to fight

the British Raj. When the Calcutta Municipal Corporation was formed, he became its first

Mayor. He was a believer in non-violence and constitutional methods for the realisation of

national independence, and advocated Hindu-Muslim unity, cooperation and communal

harmony and championed the cause of national education. He resigned his presidency of

the Indian National Congress at the Gaya session after losing a motion on "No Council

Entry" toGandhi's faction. He then founded the Swaraj Party, with veteran Motilal

Nehru and young Hussain Shaheed Suhrawardy, in 1924, to express his uncompromising

opinion and position .

His legacy was carried forward by his disciples, and notably by Subhas Chandra Bose.

73. Pulses are major sources of proteins among the vegetarians in India, and complement

the staple cereals in the diets with proteins, essential amino acids, vitamins and minerals.

They contain 22-24% protein, which is almost twice the protein in wheat and thrice that of

rice. Pulses provide significant nutritional and health benefits, and are known to reduce

several non-communicable diseases such as colon cancer and cardiovascular diseases

(Yude et al, 1993; Jukanti et al, 2012). Pulses can be grown on range of soil and climatic

conditions and play important role in crop rotation, mixed and inter-cropping, maintaining

soil fertility through nitrogen fixation, release of soil-bound phosphorus, and thus contribute

significantly to sustainability of the farming systems.

74. Frontline demonstrations on new production and protection technologies like High yielding

varieties, Sulphur application, Zinc application, Foliar application of 2 % urea, Insect pest

management, Seeds and soil treatment with Rhizobium + PSB, Package technology, Weeds,

Diseases and Nematodes management / control are conducted by research system of ICAR,

IIPR, SAUs, KVKs, at farmers’ fields to disseminate modern production technologies.

75. There are three main types of blood cancers:

Leukemia, a type of cancer found in your blood and bone marrow, is caused

by the rapid production of abnormal white blood cells. The high number of

abnormal white blood cells are not able to fight infection, and they impair

the ability of the bone marrow to produce red blood cells and platelets.

Lymphoma is a type of blood cancer that affects the lymphatic system,

which removes excess fluids from your body and produces immune cells.

Lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell that fight infection. Abnormal

lymphocytes become lymphoma cells, which multiply and collect in your

lymph nodes and other tissues. Over time, these cancerous cells impair

your immune system.

Myeloma is a cancer of the plasma cells. Plasma cells are white blood cells

that produce disease- and infection-fighting antibodies in your body.

Myeloma cells prevent the normal production of antibodies, leaving your

body's immune system weakened and susceptible to infection.

76.

77. In cold winter months, lakes and rivers freeze over forming ice. Yet, fish and other aquatic

animals manage to survive.

Animals like seals, penguins, walruses and a wide variety of sea birds are all fish eaters. They

live in the Arctic and Antarctic Circle, amidst the icecaps. The land is completely frozen. Yet

these animals manage to live in this region. How do they do it?

The icy waters of the Arctic and Antarctic Oceans support a great amount of marine life. For

millions of years life has remained unchanged, making it possible for these animals to adapt

themselves to these particular patterns of existence.

But they do get some help from nature. All liquids have a boiling point and a freezing point.

When water boils at a certain temperature it turns into steam. When it is cooled to a certain

temperature it freezes and becomes ice. Water boils at 100 degree Celsius (100 °C) and freezes

at 0 °C. When the outside temperature falls below the freezing point of water, lakes and rivers

get frozen.

However, only the top layer of the lake or river freezes. Underneath the frozen upper layer, the

water remains in its liquid form and does not freeze. Also, oxygen is trapped beneath the layer

of ice. As a result, fish and other aquatic animals find it possible to live comfortably in the

frozen lakes and ponds.

But why doesn’t the entire body of water freeze, like a giant, lake-sized ice-cube? Generally, all

liquids expand on heating, but water is an exception to this rule. If water is heated, its volume

gradually decreases. (This decrease in volume continues till the temperature rises to 4 °C.) At

temperatures over 4 °C water starts expanding. It then keeps expanding with the further rise in

temperature, till finally at 100 °C it turns into steam.

In other words, at 4 °C, water has the least volume (occupies the least amount of space) and

maximum density (is at its heaviest). This irregular expansion of water is called anomalous

expansion. This anomalous expansion plays an important role by only freezing the upper layer

in lakes and rivers.

78. Zero Based Budgeting

CREATION

This technique of budgeting was developed by Peter Phyrr and was first implemented at Texas

Instruments in the 1960s.The then President Jimmy Carter introduced this Budgeting system in

USA

STATUS IN INDIA

In India, the System was first implemented in the Department of Science and Technology in the

year 1983. The need for zero-based budgeting was also emphasized in the seventh five-year

plan. However not much has happened on this front since.

What actually is Zero Based Budgeting ?

Zero Based Budgeting (ZBB) is a technique of making plans and taking decisions, which

overturns the working procedure in traditional budgeting. In case of Zero Based Budgeting, the

function of each and every department is analyzed and evaluated in a comprehensive manner,

and all expenses increase only after such approvals. When discrepancies arise, Zero Based

Budget requires detailed justification from every divisional manager, starting from the lowest

levels, called the Zero-base. The Zero-base is however, least bothered about the overall increase

or reduction of the budget.

79. Freon is a registered trade name of DuPont, which it uses for a number

of halocarbon products. They are stable, nonflammable, moderately toxic gases or liquids

which have typically been used as refrigerants and as aerosol propellants. These include

the chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) implicated in ozone depletion, but also include newer

refrigerants which typically include fluorine instead of chlorine and do not deplete the

ozone layer.

80.

81. EFFECT OF EXOGENOUS GROWTH REGULATORS APPLICATION ON

JUNE FRUIT DROP AND FRUIT QUALITY IN CITRUS SINENSIS CV.

in a study by Kaur et al. (2000), growth regulators treatments 2,4-D, GA, NAA at 15 and

20ppm concentrations respectively reduced fruit drop in Kinnow mandarin. The highest fruit

drop control was exhibited by 2,4-D resulting in high yield and quality. It was reported by

Gomez Cadenas et al. (2000) that exogenous application of gibberellins had no effect on

abscission in citrus.

82. The International Day of Forests, the 21st day of March, was established by

resolution of the United Nations General Assembly on November 28, 2012. Each year,

various events celebrate and raise awareness of the importance of all types of forests, and

trees outside forests, for the benefit of current and future generations

The 2015 theme for the International Day of Forests is "Forests | Climate | Change".

83. Public opinion, an aggregate of the individual views, attitudes, and

beliefs about a particular topic, expressed by a significant proportion of a

community. Some scholars treat the aggregate as a synthesis of the views of

all or a certain segment of society; others regard it as a collection of many

differing or opposing views. Writing in 1918, the American sociologist Charles

Horton Cooley emphasized public opinion as a process of interaction and

mutual influence rather than a state of broad agreement. The American

political scientist V.O. Key defined public opinion in 1961 as “opinions held by

private persons which governments find it prudent to heed.” Subsequent

advances in statistical and demographic analysis led by the 1990s to an

understanding of public opinion as the collective view of a defined population,

such as a particular demographic or ethnic group.

84. Institute of Nano Science and Technology

Habitat Centre, Phase- 10, Sector- 64

Mohali, Punjab – 160062

85. Chandrakant T. Patel (11 July 1917-25 December 1990) was a cotton scientist, who

developed the world's first ever commercial cotton hybrid, known as Hybrid-4 (Sankar-4),

in 1970, which was later cultivated commercially in the states of Gujarat and Maharashtra.

86. The "rigidity" of air or its elastic modulus does not change with humidity. Density, however,

does. As the humidity increases, so too does the percentage of air molecules that are water

molecules. Water molecules are much less massive than oxygen, nitrogen or carbon dioxide

molecules, and so the greater the fraction of air that is made up of water vapor, the less mass

per unit volume, and the less dense the air becomes. Lower density translates into faster

sound wave travel, so sound waves travel faster at high humidity. The increase in speed,

however, is very small, so for most everyday purposes you can ignore it. In room temperature

air at sea level, for example, sound travels about 0.35 percent faster in 100 percent humidity

(very humid air) than it does in 0 percent humidity (completely dry air).

87. The pigeon pea is also known as kardis, nandolo in Malawi, gandule bean, tropical green

pea, gandul or guandu in Latin America, kadios, Congo pea, gungo pea, gunga pea, fio-fio, no-

eye pea, orhor dal in Bangla, toor dal and arhar dal in Hindi , toor dal in Marathi, togari bele in

Kannada, thuvaram paruppu in Tamil, thuvara parippu in Malayalam, kandi pappu in Telugu,

Behliang in Zomi / Mizo and mbaazi, and, in Tanzania, mzimbili mussa.

88. A caldera is a cauldron-like volcanic feature usually formed by the collapse of land

following a volcanic eruption. They are sometimes confused with volcanic craters. The

word comes from Spanish caldera, and this from Latin caldaria, meaning "cooking pot". In

some texts the English term cauldron is also used.

The term caldera was introduced into the geological vocabulary by the German geologist

Leopold von Buch when he published his memoirs of an 1815 visit to the Canary Islands,

where he saw the Las Cañadas caldera on Tenerife, with Teide dominating the scene, and

the Caldera de Taburiente on La Palma.

89. National Wasteland Development Board was established in 1985 under the Ministry of

Forests and Environment mainly to tackle the problem of degradation of lands, restoration

of ecology and to meet the growing demands of fuel wood and fodder at the national level.

During the Seventh Five Year Plan, the strategy adopted by the National Wasteland

Development Board emphasised more on tree planting activities rather than Community

Participation for wasteland development, In the year 1992, the new Department under the

Ministry Of Rural Development (now Ministry of Rural Areas and Employment) was created

and the National Wasteland Development Board was placed under it.

90.

91. The 10th Schedule to the Indian Constitution, that is popularly referred to as the ‘Anti-

Defection Law’ was inserted by the 1985 Amendment to the Constitution. ‘Defection’ has been

defined as, “To abandon a position or association, often to join an opposing group” The

Advanced Law Lexicon defines defection as, “crossing the floor by a member of a Legislature

is called defection.” In short, defection is an act by a member of a particular party of disowning

his loyalty towards that particular party and pledging allegiance to another party. This is what

the Law Lexicon describes as ‘crossing the floor’.

The reasons for the addition of this Schedule were explained by the Statement of Objects and

Reasons of the Fifty-second Amendment (1985) to the constitution in the following words,

“The evil of political defections has been a matter of national concern. If it is not combated, it is

likely to undermine the very foundations of our democracy and the principles which sustain it.

With this object, an assurance was given in the address by the President to Parliament that the

government intended to introduce in the current session of Parliament an anti-defection Bill.

This Bill is meant for outlawing defection and fulfilling the above assurance.”

92. Protection of monuments, places and objects of historic and artistic interest and national

importance against destruction and damage, and separation of judiciary from executive in public

services are also the obligations of the State as laid down in the directive principles. Finally, the

directive principles, in Article 51 ensure that the State shall strive for the promotion and

maintenance of international peace and security, just and honourable relations between nations,

respect for international law and treaty obligations, as well as settlement of international

disputes by arbitration.

93. The National Development Council (NDC) or the Rashtriya Vikas Parishad is the apex body

for decision making and deliberations on development matters in India, presided over by the

Prime Minister. It was set up on 6 August 1952 to strengthen and mobilize the effort and

resources of the nation in support of the Plan, to promote common economic policies in all vital

spheres, and to ensure the balanced and rapid development of all parts of the country. The

Council comprises the Prime Minister, the Union Cabinet Ministers, Chief Ministers of all

States or their substitutes, representatives of the Union Territories and the members of the

Planning Commission. It is an extra-constitutional and non-statutory body. NDC is the listed as

an advisory body to Planning Commission but it's advice is not binding.

94. The Keoladeo National Park or Keoladeo Ghana National Park formerly known as the

Bharatpur Bird Sanctuary in Bharatpur, Rajasthan, India is a famous avifauna sanctuary that

plays host to thousands of birds especially during the winter season.

The sanctuary was created 250 years ago and is named after a Keoladeo (Shiva) temple within

its boundaries. Initially, it was a natural depression; and was flooded after the Ajan Bund was

constructed by Maharaja Suraj Mal, the then ruler of the princely state of Bharatpur, between

1726–1763. The bund was created at the confluence of two rivers, the Gambhir and Banganga.

The park was a hunting ground for the maharajas of Bharatpur, a tradition dating back to 1850,

and duck shoots were organised yearly in honor of the British viceroys

95. Kolleru Lake is one of the largest freshwater lakes in India located in state of Andhra

Pradesh . Kolleru is located between Krishna and Godavari delta. Kolleru spans into two

districts - Krishna and West Godavari. The lake serves as a natural flood-balancing reservoir for

these two rivers. The lake is fed directly by water from the seasonal Budameru and Tammileru

streams, and is connected to the Krishna and Godavari systems by over 68 in-flowing drains

and channels.this lake is a major tourist attraction. Many birds migrate here in winter, such as

Siberian crane, ibis, and painted storks.

96. The Cardamom Hills southern hills of India and part of the southern Western Ghats located

in southeast Kerala and southwest Tamil Nadu in South India. Their name comes from the

cardamom spice grown in much of the hills' cool elevation, which also supports pepper and

coffee. The Western Ghats, Periyar Sub-Cluster including the Cardamom Hills, is under

consideration by the UNESCO World Heritage Committee for selection as a World Heritage

Site.

The Cardamom Hills Central point is about 9°52'N 77°09'E. They cover about 2,800 km² of

mountainous terrain with deep valleys, and includes the drainages of the west flowing Periyar,

Mullayar and Pamba rivers. It includes Idukki Dam and Mullaperiyar Dam. They conjoin the

Anaimalai Hills to the northwest, the Palni Hills to the northeast and the Agasthyamalai Hills to

the south as far as the Ariankavu pass (at c. 9° N). The crest of the hills form the boundary

between Kerala and Tamil Nadu. (8,842 ft) in Eravikulam National Park, the highest point in

India south of the Himalayas

97. Mikir Hills are a group of hills located to the south of the Kaziranga National Park. It is

part of the Karbi Anglong Plateau.

98. A nearly three-decade-old political dispute in the Bay of Bengal seems to

have finally been resolved, though likely not in the way any of the parties

involved would have preferred: A tiny island territory claimed by both India

and Bangladesh has vanished under rising seas.Sea levels in the part of the

bay formerly home to New Moore Islandor South Talpatti Island, depending

on who you were talking to, "have risen much faster over the past decade

than they had done in the previous 15 years."

99. Seven endangered White-winged (Wood) Ducks (Cairina scutulata) swim in a small forest pool deep inside Nameri Tiger Reserve in Assam. Seven forms a substantial percentage of perhaps not more than 1000 individuals left in the world! Dibru-Saikhowa Biosphere Reserve and Nameri Tiger Reserve, both in Assam, form the strongholds of this bird in India. This forest duck is listed as Endangered because it has a very small and fragmented population which is undergoing a very rapid and continuing decline as a result of the loss of and disturbance to riverine habitats. The duck is an inhabitant of forest pools and thickly vegetated water bodies in or adjacent to forests. It is also found in meandering slow rivers

in forests. It has a wide distribution from NE India (Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Meghalaya and Nagaland), to Bangladesh, eastward to Indonesia.

100. In physics, escape velocity is the speed at which the sum of an object's kinetic

energy and its gravitational potential energy is equal to zero. It is the speed needed to

"break free" from the gravitational attraction of a massive body, without further propulsion,

i.e., without spending more fuel.

On the surface of the Earth, the escape velocity is about 11.2 kilometers per

second (~6.96 mi/s), which is approximately 33 times the speed of sound (Mach 33) and

several times the muzzle velocity of a rifle bullet (up to 1.7 km/s). However, at 9,000 km

altitude in "space", it is slightly less than 7.1 km/s.